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Esperanto - English

Dictionary


by

Montagu C. Butler


London 1967



Revised Edition

by

Bernhard Pabst


<

Berlin 2014




Butler, Montagu C. Esperanto – English Dictionary (London 1967). Reviziita eldono fare de Bernhard Pabst. Berlino: Reviziinto 2014. Kontakto: bernhard.pabst[ĉe]gmx.de (anstataŭigu [ĉe] per @).



Titolpaĝo de la eldono 1967:



ESPERANTO - ENGLISH

DICTIONARY


BY


Montagu C. Butler


Member of the Academy of Esperanto

Member of the Lingva Komitato (1918-1949)



Published by the British Esperanto Association (Inc.)

140 Holland Park Avenue, London, W.ll

1967






Teksto de la kvara paĝo, eldono 1967:





ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Printed by

The Blackburn Times, Northgate, Blackburn



The publishers wish to express appreciation

and thanks to the printers for the excellent

and expeditious production of the dictionary


WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR


Original works:


Step by Step in Esperanto.

First Lessons for Young Children.

Linguaphone Rapid Esperanto Course.

Hints for Speakers.

Klasifo de Esperantaj Temoj.

Raporta Stenografio.

Himnaro Esperanta.

Kantaro Esperanta.

Muzika Terminaro. (With Frank Merrick)

Proverbs: Esperanto-English.

Raporta Stenografio 5-a Eldono 1920

Step by Step in Esperanto 8-a Eldono 1965

Kantaro Esperanta 1926, 358 Songs.

Himnaro Esperanta 1966, 279 Hymns.


Translated :


Linguaphone Conversational Course (Esperanto).

La Vivo de Nia Sinjoro Jesuo. (Charles Dickens),

(with E. S. Pay son) Luno de Israel. (Rider Haggard)

(with others) La Fina Batalilo

Also numerous monographs, and an extensive unpublished work "For advanced students" in ten typescript volumes, which may be consulted in the B.E.A. library.



CONTENTS / ENHAVO



CONTENTS / ENHAVO 5

Enkonduko al la prilaboro 2014 7

PREFACE 9

Postnotoj al la ‘Preface’ 11

ARRANGEMENT OF MATTER 14

SIGNS 15

ABBREVIATIONS (SUBJECTS) 15

ABBREVIATIONS (WORDS) 16

BOOK TITLES 18





Enkonduko al la prilaboro 2014

La komitato de Esperanto-Asocio de Britio, posteulo de la iama Brita Esperanto-Asocio, dankinde konsentis pri skanado kaj libera rehavigado de la klasika vortaro Esperanto-Angla de Montagu C. Butler el la jaro 1967. La skanita dosiero aperis en formo de bildo-pdf, ne estis do komputile traserĉebla. Per tekst-rekona programo la pdf-dosiero estas transformita al traserĉebla kaj prilaborebla dosiero kaj – parte – adaptita al la bezonoj de ĉefe komputil-ekrana anstataŭ libroforma konsultado. Intertempe komenciĝis la laboroj aktualigi ĝian vortprovizon, aldonante vortojn el la Oficialaj Aldonoj 8 (1974) kaj 9 (2007), la liston de rekomenditaj landnomoj k.t.p.

Kvankam ĝi aĝas jam preskaŭ 50 jarojn, la vortaro Esperanto-Angla de Butler (1967) daŭre meritas tian prilaboritan reaperon kaj oftan konsultadon, eĉ de Esperantistoj, kiuj ne aŭ ne bone regas la anglan. Ĝis en nia epoko la vortaro elstaras pro sia "klasikeco" bazita ĉefe sur la verkaro de Zamenhof (ofte precize citita) kaj la multaj sinonimoj, kiuj faras ĝin kvazaŭ tezaŭro. Ĉe bazaj vortoj kiel "levi", "preni", "ĵeti" k.t.p. oni facile trovas 20 ĝis 30 kunmetaĵojn kaj derivaĵojn apud la baza radiko, krome lavangon de vortoj, kiujn oni kutime kombinas kun ili (ekz. "ĵeti pilkon" kaj dekduon de aliaj aĵoj, kiujn oni kutimas ĵeti). Aldoniĝas abundo de referencoj al simil  aŭ kontraŭsencaj vortoj (sinonimoj kaj antonimoj). Ĝi listas ne nur izolitajn vortojn, sed prezentas ilin tiel, kiel ili en la praktiko kutime aperas, nome en tipaj kombinaĵoj. Pro tiuj ecoj, la vortaro estas tre helpa por komencantoj, eĉ tiuj kun nur ioma, ekzemple lerneja kono de la angla.

Relative malmultaj detaloj ne plu estas aktualaj. Butler ekz. registras "ofendi leĝon", nuntempe ne plu rekomendinda esprimo el Plena Vortaro de 1930/1934. La nomo de la azia regiono, nomita en la angla Bengal, laŭ Plena Ilustrita Vortaro (2005) estas Bengalio, laŭ Butler Bengalo, kiu laŭ PIV tamen estas ano de la ĉefa gento vivanta en Bengalio. La nuna rekomendita formo de la afrika lando Bocvano, ĉe Butler aperas kiel Botsvano. Kelkajn malmultajn tiajn detalojn ni jam ĝisdatigis. En la nuna maŝinlegebla formo similaj arkaismoj estas facile aktualigeblaj.

La eldono de 1967 aperis en poŝformato kun amplekso de precize 450 paĝoj de 18 x 12 cm. Tiu aranĝo kaŝas la veran amplekson kaj riĉecon de la vortaro. Ĝi nome estas tre densigita per kompleksa sistemo de mallongigoj, inspirita de la angla stenografio. Tiel ekzemple la ofta angla finaĵo  ation kiel en consultation en la originala vortaro estas redonita per –atn (consultatn), t.e. la vokaloj „io“ estas ellasitaj. Simile la finaĵo –ive aperas kiel –v, la vokaloj i kaj e estas forstrekitaj (impressiveimpressv). Ekzistas trideko de pliaj similspecaj mallongigoj. Tiu eco siatempe ebligis limigi la paĝonumeron kaj tiel la preskostojn. Ĝi tamen malfaciligas la legadon kaj postulas iom da sperto de la uzanto, precipe de komencantoj kun limigita kono de la angla. Por la nuna elektronika eldono la aspekto de malaltaj preskostoj ne plu estas grava. Pli gravas intuicia komputila serĉebleco. Ni pro tio remetis la de Butler „ŝparitajn“ literojn, tiel ke oni povas serĉi je „consultation“ kaj „impressive“ anstataŭ je „consultatn“ kaj „impressv“. Simile ni penis fari la indikojn de fakoj pli facile kompreneblaj, ekz. ŝanĝis la originalan „(bt)“ por „botanics“ (botaniko) al „(bot)“, „(ch)“ al „(chem)“ (chemistry - kemio) k.t.p.

Derivaĵojn de anglaj vortoj la libroeldono indikas per referenco al majuskle skribitaj traduko(j) de la baza esperanta vorto. Tiel ekz. „facila“ estas tradukita anglen (i.a.) per „Facil/e“, ĝia derivaĵo „facilaĵo“ (i.a.) per „f-ity“. Tiun oni devas mense rekompletigi al facil/ity, facility. Por la elektronika versio ni remetis la klartekstan „facility“, tiel ke oni povas komputile serĉi la vorton. Okaze la libro kombinas plurajn koncizigajn metodojn, tiel ke restas nur plu volapukeca litersekvo: „falĉ-i“ – ekzemple - estas tradukita (i.a.) per „Mow, Reap”, tiel ke la traduko de “falĉisto” estas indikita per “m-(r-)er”, kiu signifas “m-er, r-er” aŭ klartekste “mower, reaper”. En tiu laste nomita formo la tradukoj nun estas troveblaj en la elektronika versio.

Fundamentajn kaj oficialajn vortojn la libroeldono indikas per majuskla skribo. Ni ŝanĝis al natura uskleco kaj indikas la „Akademian“ statuson de vorto per sigeloj, ekz. „[UV]“ = radiko trovebla en la Universala Vortaro, „[F]“ = radiko trovebla en la Fundamento de Esperanto ekster la ĝusta alfabeto de la Universala Vortaro (ekz. *BEN-iben-i [UV]).

La rezulto de tia kaj multaj similaj prilaboradoj celantaj pli grandan, „komputil-taŭgan“ redundancon montras jenaj ekzemploj:

Libroeldono 1967


Elektronika eldono 2014

*FACIL-a, Easy (w.s.), Facil/e, Light·1 (simple, opposite difficult): ~a labor-(lingv-problem-task-voj-)o. 2 light (malpeza): ~a man(-mor-paŝ-plum-vent-)o. 3 (neforta, neintensa): ~a dorm-(ridet-suspir-)o. 4 easy, frail, weak: ~a mor-(virt-)o. ~e, l-ly, readily, with f-ity. ~e forges-(pardon-parol)i. ~e lernebla, e. to learn. ~aĵo, f-ity, convenience. ~eco, ease. (pli)~igi, f-itate, l-en, simplify. f alleviate, ease, mitigate. ~~i kor-(labor-)on. ~igo, ~iĝo, relief, respite, simplificatn (El 8/15). ~anima, airy, frivolous, reckless (Jg 9/4). ~kora, l-hearted. ~mova, agile, nimble, quick, spry. ~pieda, l-footed. Mal~a. difficult, arduous, hard, knotty, tough, trying. ~~e (apenaŭ, pene), with difficulty. ~~aĵo (baro), difficulty, obstacle. ~~igi, hinder.


facil-a [UV], easy (w.s.), facile, light- 1 (simple, opposite difficult): ~a laboro, lingvo, problemo, tasko, vojo. 2 light (malpeza): ~a mano, movo, paŝo, plumo, vento. 3 (neforta, neintensa): ~a dormo, rideto, suspiro. 4 easy, frail, weak: ~a moro, virto. ~e [F], lightly, readily, with facility. ~e forgesi, pardoni, paroli. ~e lernebla, easy to learn. ~aĵo, facility, convenience. ~eco, ease. (pli)~igi, facilitate, lighten, simplify, f alleviate, ease, mitigate. ~~i koron, laboron. ~igo, ~iĝo, relief, respite, simplification (El 8/15). ~anima [F], airy, frivolous, reckless (Jĝ 9/4). ~kora, light-hearted. ~mova, agile, nimble, quick, spry. ~pieda, light-footed. Mal~a, difficult, arduous, hard, knotty, tough, trying. ~~e (apenaŭ, pene), with difficulty. ~~aĵo (baro), difficulty, obstacle. ~~igi, hinder.

FAKT-o, Fact, thing certainly known to be true, or have occurred. ~o historia. Jama ~o, fait accompli. ~oj donitaj, data. ~a,  ual, actual, based on f., de facto. ~e, actually, in (as a) f. Dum ~e, whereas. Compare efektiv, real. || ~itivo, (gr) -itive, causative, e.g., ig.


fakt-o [OA], fact, thing certainly known to be true, or have occurred. ~o historia. Jama ~o, fait accompli. ~oj donitaj, data. ~a, factual, actual, based on fact, de facto. ~e, actually, in (as a) fact. Dum ~e, whereas. Compare efektiv, real.

faktitiv-o, (gram) factitive, causative, e.g., ig.

*FALĈ-i (-n), Mow, Reap, cut (grass etc.). […]. ~isto, m-(r-)er. ~maŝino, m-(r-)ing machine, grass-cutter. […].


falĉ-i (-n) [UV], mow, reap, cut (grass etc.). […]. ~isto, mower, reaper. ~maŝino, mowing machine, reaping machine, grass-cutter. […].

[balanc]iĝado, rock-(swing-toss-)ing


~iĝado, rocking, swinging, tossing.


Tekstrekona prilaboro de skanita vortaro ĉiam estas tikla afero. La du lingvoj, la ŝanĝo inter normala, kursiva kaj grasa skribo, la multaj mallongigoj kaj specialaj simboloj (ekz. la tildo ~) kaj ankoraŭ aliaj faktoroj, malfaciligas aŭtomatan, perkomputilan simbolrekonon. Tio ankaŭ kaj speciale validas por la prilaboro de la Butler-vortaro, presita per tre malgranda skribo (okpunkta Times New Roman). Malgraŭ zorga kontrollegado estas tre probable, ke restas skan-eraroj. Tipaj problemoj estis la distingo inter majuskla kaj minuskla I / i (Irlando, insulo), minuskla l (libro) kaj la cifero 1 (unu). Oftaj estis misinterpretoj de minuskla e (erinaco) kiel minuskla c (citrono) aŭ inverse, ekzemple en la ofta esperanta silabo –ec aŭ la angla mallongigo „dce“ (dance), la malĝusta ekkono kaj intermiksado de minusklaj j (jes), ĵ (ĵus) kaj kursiva f (fabelo) kaj de ankoraŭ pluraj aliaj grafike similaj literoj kaj simboloj. Atentigojn pri tiaj eraroj kaj ĉiun komentojn ni petas sendi al la kontaktadreso indikita sur p. 2.

Enhave ni ŝanĝis preskaŭ nenion ĝis nun, ĉefe nur aldonis la liston de rekomenditaj landnomoj de la Akademio (2009). Aktualigo kaj modernigo, ekz. per registrado de la 8a kaj 9a Oficialaj Aldonoj de 1974 kaj 2007, per aldono de vortoj el „modernaj“ fakoj informatiko k.t.p., estas ankoraŭ farenda.

La anglajn tradukojn ni lasis tute senŝanĝe, eĉ se ni foje havis la impreson, ke ne ĉiu plu estas laŭ la nunaj kutimoj. Aparte ni atentigas pri la averto de Butler, ke la uzo de ligo-streketoj ”is not, and is not intended to be, a guide to their use in English prose”.

Berlino, en Majo 2014

Bernhard Pabst


PREFACE

[Ni redonas tie ĉi - enhave senŝanĝe, inkluzive de la piednotoj – la originalan antaŭparolon de Butler el la jaro 1967. La ruĝaj ciferetoj (1) referencas al niaj klarigoj kaj komentoj en la “Postnotoj al la ‘Preface’” malsupre – BP]

For over fifty years the English-Esperanto Dictionary [i.e. Esperanto-English Dictionary] compiled by Edward A. Millidge1 in 19122, with various reprints and revisions, has been the trusted guide of English-speaking Esperantists. Mr Millidge was completing a new and enlarged edition when, in 1941, a bomb destroyed his precious manuscript. Before his death in 1942 [read: 1941], he told me that if for any reason he were unable to bring out a new edition, he hoped I would undertake the task. And when, later, others repeated this request, I could not well refuse, though very conscious of my inadequacy.

Mr Millidge’s dictionary is, of course, the basis of the present work. But since I alone am reponsible for all additions, changes, and imperfections, I hesitate to give this book his name.

Every lexicographer must draw largely on the work of previous writers. In general I have followed the Plena Vortaro and its Supplement3, which, though not official, are universally recognized as of great weight. Only seldom have I ventured to differ. Examples have been freely drawn from these and many other works. Some duplication is due to the fact that all quote largely from Zamenhof4. I attach special importance to examples from La Biblio5, as being Zamenhof’s greatest translation, and the world’s best known literature.

I have throughout consulted 70 Esperanto technical vocabularies6, and 40 other works. Bird-names are largely from Nomaro de Svedaj Birdoj (1950, 1953)7, and Stojan’s Ornitologia Vortaro8. I am very grateful to many friends, too numerous to mention, for most valuable collaboration; and especially to Mr C. D. A. Capp9, for whose continuous help and encouragement I find no adequate words to express my indebtedness.

Contents. A dictionary is, of course, only a selection from the wealth of the language. I have wished to give the words most likely to be useful to the ordinary English speaker; and in order to save space have omitted many words mainly of antiquarian, local, or national interest. The omission of a word does not mean that its use is deprecated. The inclusion of a word, on the other hand, does not necessarily mean that its use is recommended.

Neologisms. These should be used only when certainly needed; not to replace well-established forms in the Fundamento.[1]

Technical Terms. Many words found indispensable by the specialist mean little to the man in the street. I have included those most commonly met; others are given in the fakaj terminaroj. As with other languages, many terms have two forms: (a) in technical language (t.l.) and (b) in ordinary language (ordinary language). Both have their place according to circumstances. In non-technical use a clear ordinary language form is often preferable to the t.l. of the specialist.

Abbreviations10. The use of these is, I hope, justified by saving in space.

Compound words are placed logically under the final root. Thus, ĉielarko, lumturo, come under ark, tur, not under ĉiel, lum. But no invariable rule is possible. Flagoj and Veloj seem better listed under these headings, but boatoj and ŝipoj under the first root.

Adjective-noun compounds are similarly listed at the second root. Thus, maraglo, mara aglo, come under agl. If one of such alternatives is given, the other may usually be inferred.

Hyphens. The use of hyphens in this work is not, and is not intended to be, a guide to their use in English prose.

Pseudo-affixes11. Which are preferable: “international” forms with -acio, -ika, -atoro, and the like; or “regular” formations from a single root? E.g., is it better to use four roots (kooper-i, kooperaci-o, kooperator-o, kooperativ-ismo), or one only (kooper-i,  ado,  isto, -ismo)? Zamenhof says (L.R.) that though both uses have the right to exist, one may hope that the “international” irregularities will eventually be dropped as archaisms, and that one may even advise this. Millidge inclined to the international forms. Present usage, however, is against them. Certainly -acio should be rejected when it means nothing more than -ado or –aĵo.[2]

Some proposed misanglicisms, e.g., dumping-o, fadingo, instead of dump-ado, fado; and mitingo (which means nothing more nor less than kunveno), are deliberately omitted.

Root-endings12. How far should ~ino, -ulo, ~ilo, and the like be modified to avoid apparent clash with suffixes? No invariable rule is possible. Usage varies: much can be said on both sides. For botanical and zoological terms (not chemical terms) -eno seems generally better than -ino[3]. Albumen and albumin; mandaren and mandarin; are differentiated. I have followed F in preferring -olo to -ulo: the only F exception is betulo.[4] Both ovol and ovul (Humpty-Dumpty!) are met. F and OV sometimes use ~ilo, sometimes -elo. In case of doubt -elo may be preferable.[5]

Technical affixes (e.g., -iv, -iz, -oz) have been used sparingly, for technical terms. For the suffix  ojd, and in various similar forms, I follow a very respectable minority in preferring -ojd (one syllable) to -oid (two syllables, suggestive of -id).13 Thus: sferojdo, hemorojdo. Both forms are found and admissible. In every living language such questions arise: e.g., in English, -ise or -ize.

Interjections may be (a) official (Nu!); or (b) formed from Esperanto roots (Peston! Mis! Ek! Aĉ!); or (c) (in a translation) simply transcribed from the original (e.g., Bailey’s Ĝi! in Petrolo14); or (d) assimilated from a national language. Kawasaki15 and Waringhien16 have collected many such expressions from Zamenhof and other writers, and have classified and defined them. Few are really international, and such lists are somewhat tentative. Almost any sound (like English Well! No! or Esperanto Nu! Ne!) may express many different meanings according to context and intonation, and we need not tabulate and memorize every possible shade of meaning in every context. On the other hand, if one pricks one’s finger one cannot wait to consider which of various possible alternatives may best express one’s feelings!

Similar remarks apply to onomatopoeic words and expressions. English is rich in these; but their equivalents in other languages, equally rich, are very varied and different. Edmond de Amicis17 (Lingvo Internacia18, Aug. 1914) lists 13 Italian verbs used in Florence to describe the sound made by the teeth in crunching new bread. A comparison of 25 English onomatopoeic words, which an Englishman might suppose to be international, with their equivalents in other languages, showed that only two of them are common to all. But a translator from an English text may legitimately use the English "plop" to express the sound of a pebble dropping into water, even if that word is not in the Esperanto dictionary. Time and literature are gradually stabilizing usage in these matters.

Vibration frequencies are calculated by equal temperament from A = 440.


Postnotoj al la ‘Preface’

  1. Edward Alfred Millidge: Naskiĝis en Kingston on Thames je 1865-07-13, mortis je 1941-03-22 (probable ne 1942, kiel erare skribas Butler), estis angla komercisto kaj de 1903 esperantisto. Li i.a. estis kunredaktoro de “The British Esperantist”, aŭtoro de multaj artikoloj kaj de la miniatura lernilo “ŝlosilo” (“A Key to Esperanto“), krome membro de la Lingva Komitato kaj de la Akademio de Esperanto, el kiu li eksiĝis en julio 1932. Pliajn detalojn vd. en Vikipedio. Pri lia vortaro de 1912 vd. sub 2.

  2. Millidge, “English-Esperanto Dictionary”: Butler celas la vortaron Esperanta-Angla de Millidge, sed erare indikas “Angla-Esperanto”. — Jam en 1905 Millidge komenciĝis kolekti materialon el ĉiaj fontoj, precipe el la verkoj de L.L. Zamenhof por sia vortaro, aperinta unuan fojon en 1912 kiel parulo al la alidirekta vortaro Angla-Esperanta de Joseph Rhodes (1908), kiun Butler – iom surprize – eĉ ne mencias, sed probable ja konsultis. Same kiel la vortaro de Butler, ankaŭ la Millidge-vortaro registras multajn derivitajn vortojn kaj esprimojn kun ilia angla signifo. Kvankam represita ĝis 1956, ĝi tamen baze restis sur la stato de 5-a eld. de 1924. Postaj prilaboroj temis nur pri indiko de la oficiala stato de jam registritaj vortoj kaj unu paĝo de 27 intertempe oficialigitaj, sed ne jam notitaj vortoj:

Millidge, Edward A[lfred] (1865-1941) [W]. The Esperanto-English Dictionary. London: Stead’s Publishing House, 1912. xix, 480 p. — 17 x 11 cm. BIL 1910. ĉ. 55.000 kapvortoj.

2a eld. 1913. 496 p.

3a rev. plil. eld. 1919. 500 p.

5a rev. plil. eld. London: Ernest Benn Ltd, 1924. xx, 483, [5] p.

represo 1931 de la 5a eld. 1924.

repr. Rickmansworth: The Esperanto Publishing Co. Ltd, 1942. xx, 489, [2] p. — Kun listo de la vortoj oficialigitaj per la Oficialaj Aldonoj 2 (1919), 3 (1921), 4 (1929), 5 (1934) kaj 6 (1935) sur p. 482 ss; pr. Billing & Sons Ltd, Guildford & Esher. 17 x 10 cm.

repr. 1947 de la eld. 1942.

2a repr. 1956 de la eld. 1942.

Suplemento 1957: Broadribb, Donald R. (1933-2012) [W]; Nace, P.E.. A Supplement to the Esperanto-English Dictionary of Millidge. New York: [D.R. Broadribb & P.E. Nace], 1957. ii, 14 p. — 415 kapvortoj.

Kiel forte la vortaro de Butler imitas la strukturon de tiu de Millidge montras specimena vortaro-artikolo el Millidge (stato 1924 / 1956). Jen la komenco de litero P):

P Twentieth letter of the alphabet; consonsant, pronounced as in English.

pacf-o, peace, repose from strife; ~a, of peace, peaceful, pacific, at peace; ~ama peace-loving; ~ema, peaceable, mild, pacific; ~ulo, ~emulo, a man of peace; ~e, at peace, in peace, peacefully; ~igi, [...]; ~iga, [...]; ~iganto, [...]; ~iĝi, [...]; inter~o, [...]; mal~o, [...]; mal~eto, [...]; mal~i, [...]; mal~iĝi, [...]; mal~igi [sinsekvo tia, ~iĝ antaŭ ~ig] [...]; mal~ema, contentious, quarrelsome; sen~a; restless, agitated. Cf. disput’, kverel’, kviet’, trankvil’.

paciencf-o, [...].

  1. Plena Vortaro and its Supplement: PV de 1930, en ĝia prilaborita versio de la 2a eld. 1934 kaj PVS de 1954 estis la fakta kvazaŭ-normo, kiam Butler verkis sian vortaron. Multaj vortaroj kun Esperanto kiel fontlingvo, ellaboritaj inter 1933 (Nylén, Esperanto-sveda) kaj 1967 (Butler), baziĝas sur PV aŭ PV kun PVS. En 1970 tiun gvidan rolon transprenis la posteulo de PV, nome Plena Ilustrita Vortaro (PIV). Prilaboritaj eldonoj aperis en 2002 kaj 2005. De 2010 tiu lasta estas ankaŭ rete konsultebla je vortaro.net. Ni planas iom post iom adapti Butler al la moderna uzo, kiel ĝin redonas PIV 2005. Jen la bibliografia datumoj de PV:

Grosjean-Maupin, E[mile]; Esselin, A[lbert]; Grenkamp-Kornfeld, S[alomon]; Waringhien. G[aston]. Plena Vortaro de Esperanto. Paris: Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, 1930. xv, 517, [1] p. — pr. Centra Presejo Esperantista, V. Polgar, Paris. 20 x 15 cm. Kutima siglo PV 1930. Difinoj en Esperanto. Ĝia 2a eld., korektita de Waringhien kaj poste ĉiam senŝanĝe represita ĝis 1996 estis multfoje tradukita aŭ adaptita al vortaroj de la tipo Esperanto – xy. Kun ĝia posteulo PIV 1970 ĝi pro tio fariĝis la plej enflu-hava vortaro de Esperanto. Multaj recenzoj kaj studoj, vd. apartan ĉapitron. 6.902 kapvortoj.

2a rev. eld. 1934. 511, [1] p. — pr. Granchamp, Annemasse. 20 x 15. Kutima siglo PV 1934 aŭ simple nur PV.

3a eld. 1947. — 20 x 14cm.

Supl. Waringhien, G[aston]. Suplemento. 1954. 63, [1] p. — pr. Munier, Paris. 21 x 16. 1.176 kapvortoj.

4a eld. inkl. Supl. 1953 [1954]. 511, 63, [1] p. — 14 x 10 cm.

5a eld.

6a eld. 1960? 511, 63 p.

7a eld. Japanio, 1964. 511, 63 p. — 17 x 12cm.

8a eld. Nagoya 511, 63 p. —

9a eld. Nagoya: 1979. 511, 63 p.

10a eld. Parizo: SAT, 1988. 511, 63 p.

11a eld. Paris: SAT, 1996. 511, 63 p. — Ĉiuj eld. post 1964: 17 x 12 cm.

  1. quote from Zamenhof”: Vd. la liston de mallongigaj nomita “Book Titles”. Ili troveblas nuntempe in la Plena Verkaro Zamenhofa (PVZ), red. de Itô Kanzi dum preskaŭ 20 jaroj de 1973. Ofte de Butler cititaj fontoj kiel ekz. la (plej parte nur post la morto de Zamenhof publikigitaj) Fabeloj de Andersen (FA) troveblas ankaŭ en la interneto je la adreso tekstaro.com.

  2. Biblio: Pri la traduko de la Biblio al Esperanto oni laboris dum preskaŭ 20 jaroj de 1907 ĝis 1926. Zamenhof transprenis la taskon traduki la Malnovan Testamenton. Lia manuskripto tamen trairis la – ankaŭ lingvan - filtrilon de brita komisio. Rezulte oni ne povas esti tute certa, ke iu formo vere estas Zamenhofa. La vortumo de Butler “Zamenhof’s greatest translation“ povas esti misgvida. Prave la diversaj eldonoj de PIV distingas inter aplik-ekzemploj sendube de Zamenhof (markitaj per Z) kaj tiuj el la Biblio (markitaj per X). — La Biblio troveblas plurloke en Interneto. Tradukokomparon ebligas http://unbound.biola.edu/.

  3. 70 Esperanto technical vocabularies: Vd. Ockey, Edward; Sutton, Geoffrey. Bibliografio de vortaroj kaj terminaroj en Esperanto 1887-2002, publikigita 2003 en la retejo de Universala Esperanto-Asocio, www.uea.org. Daŭrigo ĝis 2013: Pabst, Bernhard. Berlina Komentita Bibliografio de Vortaroj kaj Terminaroj de Esperanto 1887-2013 (BKB). Berlino 2014 (malneta pdf-dosiero).

  4. Nomaro de Svedaj Birdoj: Gerdman, Birger. Nomaro de svedaj birdoj - sveda latina esperanta. Stockholm: Sveda sekcio de ISAE, 1953, [14] p. — Por pli modernaj ornitologiaj terminaroj, aperintaj post 1967, vd. la bibliografiojn menciitaj sub 6.

  5. Stojan’s Ornitologia Vortaro: Stojan, P.-E. [Piotr Jevstafijevič]. Ornitologia Vortaro oklingva de birdoj Eŭropaj. Prova litografa eldono de la aŭtoro. Moskvo: Librejo “Esperanto”, 1911, 216 p. (596 nomoj).

  6. C. D. A. Capp: Angla esperantisto, i.a. kuntradukinto de la Angla Antologio 1000-1800 (1957).

  7. Abbreviations: Multaj “stenografiaj” mallongigoj uzataj en la originalo “por ŝpari spacon” estis rekompletigitaj en tiu prilaborita eldono por faciligi perkomputilan serĉadon, vd. la enkondukon al la eldono 2014.

  8. Pseudo-affixes: Temas pri “eterna” diskuto de Esperanto. Butler aludas al jena Lingva Respondo (LR 52A) de Zamenhof el la jaro 1911:

“Kelkaj samideanoj forte malaprobas la uzadon de vortoj kun pseŭdosufiksoj cio, toro k.t.p. (ekzemple: “civilizacio”, “redaktoro” k.t.p.); ili diras, ke de tiaj vortoj ni devas preni nur la radikan formon (ekzemple: “civiliz”, “redakt”) kaj ĉiujn devenajn formojn uzi nur kun sufikso aŭ finiĝo pure Esperanta (ekzemple: “civilizo”, “redaktejo”, “redaktisto” anstataŭ “civilazacio”, “redakcio”, “redaktoro”). Kompreneble, se tia vorto, kiel ekzemple “redaktejo”, estus tute identa kun la vorto “redakcio” kaj povus ĝin perfekte anstataŭi, certe neniu el ni plendus, se la vorto “redakcio” baldaŭ malaperus el nia lingvo; sed se iu diras, ke la formoj pseŭdosufiksaj estas kontraŭ-Esperantaj, aŭ ke ili prezentas malaprobindan enkondukon de novaj vortoj, mi opinias, ke li eraras. Tiaj formoj, kiel ekzemple “redakcio”, “civilizacio” estas nek kontraŭ-Esperantaj, nek novaj, ĉar laŭ la №15 de nia gramatiko ili plene apartenas al nia lingvo jam de la unua momento de ĝia naskiĝo. Ni povas esperi, ke pli aŭ malpli frue la pseŭdosufiksaj vortoj “fremdaj” fariĝos arĥaismoj kaj cedos sian lokon al vortoj “pure esperantaj” ni povas eĉ konsili tion; sed postuli tion ni ne povas, ĉar la diritaj vortoj ne sole havas en nia lingvo (laŭ la №15) plenan rajton de ekzistado, sed ankoraŭ dum longa tempo multaj el tiuj pseŭdosufiksaj vortoj estos pli oportunaj, pli naturaj kaj pli kompreneblaj, ol la ilin anstataŭontaj vortoj “pure Esperantaj”. Ne venis ankoraŭ la tempo, ke ni estu tro pedantaj. Estas vero, ke sekve de nia toleremeco ni por kelkaj vortoj havos dum kelka tempo formojn duoblajn (ekzemple: “evolucio” kaj “evoluo”); sed ŝajnas al mi, ke estas multe pli bone havi en la unua tempo ian “embarason de riĉeco”, ol malutili al si per ia ne sufiĉe matura dekreto, elĵetante el la lingvo vortojn, kies elĵetindeco ne estas ankoraŭ por ni tute certa. [Respondo 55, Oficiala Gazeto, IV, 1911, p. 222].“

De tiam, tra la epoko de la Butler-vortaro, ĝis al niaj tagoj nenio ŝanĝiĝis kaj spite de ĉiuj teoriaj konsideroj, esperantistoj daŭre sendas leterojn al „redakcioj“ aŭ „redaktoroj“ (foje al „redaktistoj“ aŭ „redaktantoj“).

  1. Root-endings: Temas pri alia “eterna” diskuto en Esperanto. En la unua periodo Zamenhof laŭeble aliigis radikojn, kiuj finiĝas per la samaj literoj kiel esperantaj sufiksoj por eviti (ŝajn )koliziojn. Tiel la Fundamenta formo estas delfeno, kvankam la internacia formo de la vorto donus *delfino, kiu “kolizias” kun la sufikso por krei virinajn formojn –in (tiel nomitaj “falsaj parencoj”). En 1911 Zamenhof klarigis, ke li ne plu tiel farus, se li kreus la lingvon nun. Ofte la ebleco de miskompreno estas pure teoria, la ŝanĝo for de la internacia formo malfaciligas lernadon – kio estu delf-ino? – La parto de Lingva Respondo 52B pri “falsaj parencoj” tekstas:

“Tio sama [principo] estas ankaŭ kun la diversaj finiĝoj, kiujn mi en la unua tempo ŝanĝadis pro ilia simileco kun Esperantaj sufiksoj, sed kiujn mi nun ordinare ne ŝanĝas, sekve mi konsilas uzi –ilo, -ino, -ulo k.t.p. [1911, PVZ IX, 236]”

Detale pri la demando, kiu tuŝas preskaŭ ĉiujn esperantajn sufiksojn, vd. nun: Kavka, Josef. Homonimoj en Esperanto, konsiderataj nomenklature. Dobřichovice: KAVA-PECH, 1996.

oid aŭ –ojd: Jam Butler koncedas, ke la subtenantoj de “ ojd” estas “respektinda malplimulto”, dum la plimulto pledas por “ oid”. Duonan jarcenton pli poste la demando probable estas decidita favore al “ oid”. Ĝi estas la formo preferata de PIV de 1970 ĝis 2005 kaj pro tio trovebla en plej multaj modernaj vortaroj dulingvaj, kiuj baziĝas sur ĝi.

Bailey, Petrolo: William Bailey (1866-1946) estis angla muzikisto kiel Butler. Esperantisto de 1905, li jam kunlaboris ĉe la vortaro de Millidge kaj kontrolis la tradukojn de la Biblio (vd. supre). “Petrolo!” estas traduko de li el Upton Sinclair, aperinta en Londono 1936.

Kawasaki: Kawasaki Naokazu (1902-1991) estis japana esperantologo kaj membro de la Akademio. Li i.a. kontribuis al la Enciklopedio de Esperanto (1933) kaj al la Nova Vortaro Esperanto-Japana (1963).

Waringhien: Gaston Waringhien (1901-1991) estis franca profesoro pri literaturo kaj grava kunlaboranto de PV 1934, ĉefredaktoro de PIV 1970, kunaŭtoro de la Plena Analiza Gramatiko (PAG, 5a eld. 1985) kaj multjara membro kaj prezidanto de la Akademio. Dum jardekoj li estis unu el la plej influhavaj intelektuloj de Esperanto.

Edmond de Amicis: itale Edmondo de Amicis (1846-1908) estis itala verkisto, de kiu aperis pluraj tradukoj al Esperanto inter 1906 kaj 1936 kaj denove en la 1980-aj jaroj.

  1. Lingvo Internacia: Apud la “Revuo” la plej grava internacia Esperanto-periodaĵo antaŭ la unua mondmilito, kiu aperis inter 1895 kaj 1914. Ĝi estas rete konsultebla je www.onb.ac.at/sammlungen/plansprachen/19056.htm.


ARRANGEMENT OF MATTER

1 The Root. If followed by “[UV]”, “[OA]” or “[F]” it is official. If marked by “[UV]” it is in the Universala Vortaro (UV) of the Fundamento. If followed by “[OA]”, it is in an Oficiala Aldono (OA). A few roots used in the Fundamento are not listed in the UV. These are indicated by “[F]”.

Other roots are not officialized, but can be used with discretion.

The Fundamento remains unchangeable for all time, as a stabilizing influence. The national-language translations in the UV contain some errors of spelling or of meaning; these were officially corrected about 1922 (see Fundamento, Albault): nevertheless in reprints the Fundamento remains unaltered as an historic document. Not every OA root is beyond criticism: a very few (in my opinion) need reconsideration by the Academy (e.g., budĝet).

I have corrected a few mistranslations found in various dictionaries, e.g., at nap, rap.

2 Grammatical Termination (-o, -i, -a). This denotes that the root is substantival, verbal, or adjectival, in character. With a very few roots (see korekt) usage is hybrid (duklasa). The termination is given as a guide to current usage, but means no more than this: it is not sacrosanct, nor intended to support any particular theory.

3 Bracketed indications. After a verb, (-n) suggests a direct object; a preposition suggests a prepositive (= an indirect object introduced by a preposition); (abs) (nt) suggest an absolute or an intransitive use. Thus: plaĉ-i (-n, al, abs) means that one may say Tio min plaĉas, Tio plaĉas al mi, or (absolutely and elliptically) simply Tio plaĉas. Sopiri (al, por, je) means that one may say sopiri al (por, or je), but it does not rule out the use of other prepositions, or of the direct object: sopiri (-n).

Such indications merely record common usage. There is no rule that certain verbs must or must not take a direct object. Most “transitive” verbs can be used elliptically with no expressed object. Most direct objects can be replaced by a prepositive, and vice versa. Context, clarity, and the meaning of the root, are the best guide.

4 Similar expression, or definition, in Esperanto. As an aid to clarity, or as an ordinary language equivalent of the technical language term: e.g., akordiono (tirharmoniko); lemno (akvolento).

5 English definition, with near synonyms, to aid the translator. Various shades of meaning are shown by 1, 2, 3, f (= figurative use).

6 Latin name. Scientists differ on many of these, or revise them. I have endeavoured to give the latest names.

7 Derivatives, in the following order: X-termination; X-suffix; X-another root; prefix-X; another root-X. Thus: ludi, ludilo, ludpeco, reludi, damludo. No attempt has been made to list the innumerable possible formations from one root. If the elements of the grammar are known, the meaning of adresita, readresi, is obvious. Nevertheless, such forms may be included in order to suggest suitable English equivalents. The use of ~ant, ~at, implies similar forms with ~int, ~it, ~ont, ~ot.

8 Other roots for comparison.


SIGNS

[UV]

A root listed in the Universala Vortaro of the Fundamento.

[F]

A root used in the Fundamento, but not so listed.

Rim.:

N.B. Note (rimarko).

>

Wider meaning than; including; some species are; a species is.

<

Narrower meaning than; part of the meaning of; a species of.

(...)

Alternatives. E.g., ~(ad)o = ~o or ~ado according to meaning. Hermet(ik)a means hermeta or hermetika, no preference indicated. Other things being equal - an important reservation - the shorter form is usually preferable.

=

Gazono = razeno means that both terms are found, and are more or less synonymous: the second seems preferable.

[.]

Not recommended. E.g., ilustr[aci]i means that ilustri is better than ilustracii.

[Ne = ]

Popular error or misusage to be avoided. Thus: konsekvence [Ne = consequently] means “Warning: konsekvence does not mean consequently”. See flos and ŝat.

ABBREVIATIONS (SUBJECTS)

(ac)

acoustics

(adj)

adjective

(adv)

adverb

(agr)

agriculture

(alg)

algebra

(anat)

anatomy, physiology

(ant)

antiquities

(arch)

architecture

(arit)

arithmetic

(as)

astronomy

(av)

aviation

(Bb)

Bible

(bev)

beverage

(bid)

building

(bio)

biology

(bot)

botany

(box)

boxing

(Bud)

Buddhism

(cal)

caligraphy

(carp)

carpentry

(cer)

ceramics

(cgm)

card game

(chem)

chemistry

(chs)

chess

(cin)

cinema

(cl)

clothing

(col)

colloquial, s

(com)

commerce, finance

(comp) [6]

computer science

(conj)

conjunction

(cul)

culinary

(cy)

cycling

(dance)

dance

(dec)

decoration

(des)

design

(drs)

draughts

(ecc)

ecclesiastical

(econ)

economics

(el)

electricity

(ent)

entomology

(eth)

ethnology

(etym)

etymology

(fac)

facetious

(fin)

finance

(geog)

geography

(geol)

geology

(geom)

geometry

(gm)

game

(gram)

grammar

(her)

heraldry

(Hin)

Hinduism

(hist)

history

(hor)

horology

(hort)

horticulture

(ich)

ichthyology, fishes

(ins)

insurance

(intj)

interjection

(intvl)

interval (musical)

(iron)

ironical

(jur)

jurisprudence

(lin)

linguistics

(lit)

literature

(log)

logic

(m.i.)

musical instrument

(mar)

maritime, nautical

(mat)

mathematics

(mec)

mechanics, -ism, engineering

(med)

medicine, pathology

(met)

meteorology

(metr)

metrology

(mil)

military

(min)

mineral, mining

(mod)

modern

(mot)

motoring

(mt)

metallurgy

(mus)

music

(myth)

mythology

(nt)

intransitive

(num)

numismatics, coin

(nwk)

needlework

(obst)

obstetrics

(occ)

occultism

(onom)

onomatopoeic

(opt)

optics

(org)

organ

(orn)

ornithology, bird.

(pal)

palaeontology

(pej)

pejorative

(pfx)

prefix

(ph)

physics

(phar)

pharmacy, drugs

(phi)

philosophy

(phlt)

philately

(phon)

phonetics

(phot)

photography

(pleon)

pleonasm

(pol)

politics

(ppfx)

pseudo-preffix not official

(psfx)

pseudo-suffix not official

(prep)

preposition

(pron)

pronoun

(pros)

prosody, poetry

(psy)

psychology

(pyr)

pyrotechnics

(rad)

radio

(rc)

roman catholic

(rel)

religion

(rh)

rhetoric, figure of speech

(ry)

railway

(sctg)

scouting

(Sfx)

suffix

(soc)

sociology

(sp)

sport

(sten)

stenography

(surg)

surgery

(taut)

tautology

(tech)

technology

(tel)

telegraphy, telephony

(tex)

textile

(th)

theatre

(thl)

theology

(trig)

trigonometry

(typ)

typography

(vb)

verb

(vet)

veterinary

(vn)

violin

(zoo)

zoology






ABBREVIATIONS (WORDS)

Noto 2014: Kvankam ni penis malŝlosi multajn “vort-mallongigojn”, ni redonas la originalan liston el la eldono de 1967 ĉi tie, okaze ke ni pretervidis rekompletigi iun mallongigitan formon.

* : malŝlositajn vort-mallongigojn


a.

also (= another form
also used)

abbrn *

abbreviation

abs. *

absolute

abt *

about

a.f. *

also figuratively

agn *

again (against)

Am. *

American

anr *

another

artfcl *

artificial

auth-tv *

authoritative

auth-ty *

authority

bcm *

become

bgn *

begin

bld *

build

bn *

been

btwn *

between

cm *

come

cmbn *

combine

cd *

could

char. *

character

clr *

colour

cp *

compare
replaced by the arrow (➞) used in : http://vortaro.net/

cmpnd *

compound

crltv *

correlative

def. *

definite (indef)

den. *

denotes

diffce *

difference

difft *

different

dn *

down

e.g.

for example

Eng. *

English

esp. *

especially

Esp. *

Esperanto

e.w. *

early writings

fam. *

family

fem.

female, feminine

flwr *

flower

fm *

from

Fr.

French

frt *

fruit

f.w. *

from which

g-

genus

G.

German

gen.

general (generally)

Gk

Greek

govt

government

gt *

great

gv *

give

Heb.

Hebrew

hv *

have

I.

Italian

i.a.

inter alia (among others)

intl *

international (intnl)

i.o. *

instead of

L.

Latin

lang. *

language

mn *

mean (meaning. mns)

m.s. *

many species

mtrl *

material

nn

noun

n.s. *

narrow sense

ntn *

nation * (ntnl, intnl)

num. *

numerous

o-a *

one another

obj. *

object (objn, objv)

obs. *

obsolete

offl *

official

o.l. *

ordinary language

opn *

opinion

opp. *

opposite

orig. *

original

o’o *

one’s own

o’s *

one’s

pn *

person (pnl, impnl)

pple *

people

pplr *

popular

pr.

pronounce

prob.

probable, probably

Pt

part

pwr *

power

quality

quality

qn *

question

qty *

quantity

q.v. *

which see

R.

Russian

reg. *

regular

rnd *

round (arrnd, surrnd)

rt *

root

sev. *

several

shd *

should

sim. *

similar

sm *

some (smthg, smtms, smwht)

s-o *

someone

Sp. *

Spanish

sp. *

species

subj. *

subject (subjv)

substce *

substance

tgthr *

together

thg *

thing

t.l. *

technical language

tm *

time

twd *

toward

us. *

usually

vrs *

various (vrty)

wd *

would, word, -ward

wmn *

woman, women

w.s. *

wide sense

wtht *

without

Z.

Zamenhof



-ce

-ence (sentce)

-flns *

-fulness

-g

-ing (lovg)

-lsns *

-lessness

-mt

-ment (treatmt)

-n

-ion (concessn, relatn)

-sm *

-some (handsm)

-v

-ive (excessv)

Under each entry an English word with a Capital Initial may be represented by its first letter; the doubled letter representing the plural. Thus, under Attribute: a., aa., = attribute, attributes. Use of diagonals: Abb/ot, -ey, -ess = abbey, abbess.



BOOK TITLES


Malnova Testamento


(Ge)

Genezo

(El)

Eliro

(Le)

Levidoj

(No)

Nombroj

(Rd)

Readmono

(Jos)

Josuo

(Jĝ)

Juĝistoj

(Ru)

Rut

(1 Sa)

Samuel

(2 Sa)

Samuel

(1 Rĝ)

Reĝoj

(2 Rĝ)

Reĝoj

(1 Kr)

Kroniko

(2 Kr)

Kroniko

(Ez)

Ezra

(Ne)

Neĥemja

(Es)

Ester

(Ij)

Ijob

(Ps)

Psalmaro

(Se)

Sentencoj

(Pr)

Predikanto

(Alt)

Alta Kanto

(Jes)

Jesaja

(Jer)

Jeremia

(Pl)

Plorkanto

(Jeĥ)

Jehezkel

(Da)

Daniel

(Ho)

Hoŝea

(Jl)

Joel

(Am)

Amos

(Ob)

Obadja

(Jona)

Jona

(Mi)

Miĥa

(Na)

Naĥum

(Ĥb)

Ĥabakuk

(Ce)

Cefanja

(Ĥg)

Ĥagaj

(Ze)

Zeharja

(Mal)

Malaĥi



Nova Testamento




(Mt)

Mateo

(Mk)

Marko

(Lk)

Luko

(Jn)

Johano

(Ag)

Agoj

(Ro)

Romanoj

(1 Ko)

Korintanoj

(2 Ko)

Korintanoj

(Ga)

Galatoj

(Ef)

Efesanoj

(FIp)

Filipianoj

(Kol)

Koloseanoj

(1 Tes)

I Tesalonikanoj

(2 Tes)

II Tesalonikanoj

(1 Tm)

I Timoteo

(2 Tm)

II Timoteo

(Tit)

Tito

(Fl)

Filemon

(He)

Hebreoj

(Ja)

Jakobo

(1 Pe)

I Petro

(2 Pe)

II Petro

(1 Jo)

I Johano

(2 Jo)

II Johano

(3 Jo)

III Johano

(Ju)

Judas

(Ap)

Apokalipso



(2 Sa 3/6) = II Samuel, ĉapitro 3, verso 6.




Others


Noto 2014: La bibliografiaj indikoj post la semikolo estas aldonitaj por ĉi tiu prilaboro. Plej multaj el la referencitaj tradukoj de Zamenhof estas rete konsulteblaj je tekstaro.com.


(BE)

The British Esperantist

(E)

Ekzercaro; 2a eld. 1898, poste senŝanĝe represita en F.

(F)

Fundamento; 1a eld. 1905; nun komentita 9a eld. 1963 aŭ postaj senŝanĝaj represoj.

(FA)

Fabeloj (1 FA, 2 FA, 3 FA, 4 FA); trad. el Andersen, postmorte aperinta

*(GD)

Georgo Dandin; trad. el Molière, Paris: Hachette 1908.

*(Gm)

Gimnazio, trad. el Ŝolom Alejĥem, Paris: Hachette 1909

*(H)

Hamleto; trad. el Ŝekspiro, Nurnbergo: Tümmel 1894. 3a eld. Paris: Hachette ĉ. 1904.

*(If)

Ifigenio; trad. el Goethe, Paris: Hachette 1908.

*(K)

Fundamenta Krestomatio; 1a eld. Paris: Hachette 1903. Lasta prilaboro: 17a eld. 1954, fotorepr. 1969 (kun komentoj). La unuopaj eld. okaze estas malsamaj.

(LR)

Lingvaj Respondoj (1962 edition [t.e. 6a eld]); nun plilarĝigita 7a eld. 1990, PVZ kromkajero 8

(LZ)

Leteroj de Zamenhof; 2 vol., I – 1901-1906, II- 1907-1914. Paris: SAT 1948.

*(M)

Marta; trad. el Orzeszkowa, Paris: Hachette 1910.

(OV)

Originala Verkaro; ed. Johannes Dietterle, Leipzig 1929.

(P)

Proverbaro; Paris: Hachette 1910. Multaj postaj eld. kaj prilaboroj, ekz. Stafeto 1974, repr. Pekino 1990, k.a.

*(Rj)

Rabistoj; trad. el Ŝiller’, Paris: Hachette 1908.

*(Rn)

Rabeno; trad. el Heine, Paris: Hachette 1909.

*(Rz)

Revizoro; trad. el Gogol, ĉ. Paris: Hachette 1907.

* References are to the original Hachette edition.



A

A [F], letter A. (ac) 440 vibroj sekunde. A-be (bemola), A flat. A-is (diesa), A sharp. A natura, A natural. Aboco-libro, ABC-book. ~kordo, A-string. ~vorto (adjektivo), adjective.

-a [UV] (-rilata), adj. ending; denotes relation or quality corresponding to the root. The simple form -a is usually sufficient, but more precise forms are available if wanted. It shows I (noun root): 1 RELATION, (a) Genitive (-de -o), belonging to. Homo, mano, mia libro. (b) Material ( = consisting of). Ora vazo, silka tuko. (c) Possession (~~-hava, -porta). Korna besto. (d) Multitude (= Mult-a, -plena, -riĉa, -oza). Ŝtona vojo. (e) Order. Dun. (f) Preposition (ĉe)rivera promeno, (en) Haga kongreso, (por)poŝa tranĉilo, (pri)muzika leciono, (pro)domsi elspezo. 2 QUALITY, APPEARANCE (= -aspekta, -eca, -forma, -ojda, -simila, ŝajna; kvazaŭa Anĝela voĉo, reĝa sinteno. II (verb root): 1 RELATION, (per)skriba respondo, (por)montra. fenestro, (pri)ama poemo. 2 QUALITY (= -anta, -eca, -ema, -iva, -hava, -plena). Helpa mano, nutra manĝo, rifuza gesto. Rim.: Compare -a (quality), -anta (action). Ama vorto, word of love; amanta filo, loving son.

abak-o, abacus (wide sense). (mat) ~~ kalkulilo. (arch, carp) = kapitela (balustra) supro.

abat-o, [UV] abbot. ~ejo, abbey. ~ino, abbess.

abdik-i (-n) [OA], Abdicate, relinquish, renounce, surrender (rajtojn, tronon); resign (oficon). ~o, abdication. ~into. ➞ demet, eksiĝ, forlas, rezign.

abdomen-o, abdomen. ~a, abdominal. ➞ ordinary language ventr.

abel-o, [UV] Bee (Apis). Labor~o, worker bee. Vir~o, drone. ~aro, ~svarmo, swarm of bees. ~ejo, apiary, bee garden. ~ino, fem. bee. ~isto, beekeeper, apiarist. ~ujo, ~korbo, hive, skip. En ~ujon ne blovu. ~bredo, ~kulturo, apiculture. ~reĝino, queen-b. ➞ burd, merop, vaks, vesp.

aberaci-o, (as, bi, opt), aberration, deviation from type. ~o kromata, planeda, sfera. ~a, aberrant. ➞ delokiĝ, devojiĝ, devi, variaĵ.

abi-o, [UV] fir tree (Abies), typical silver f. (A. alba). Granda ~o, giant fir (A. grandis). Greka ~o, Greek fir (A. cepha- lonica). Hispana ~o, (pinsapo), Spanish fir (A. pinsapo). Kristnaska ~o, Christmas tree (more correctly Norvega piceo). ~a frukto (strobilo), fir cone. ~a ligno (a. pinligno), fir wood, deal. ~a pinglo, fir needle. ➞ cug, duglasi, pice, pin, pini.

abism-o [OA] (profundegaĵo), (geol) abyss, bottomless chasm, lowest depth, deep gorge (Ge 1/2). La profundaj ~oj de la oceano. ~a, abyssal. ~a roko. f abysmal. En~iĝi (fali en ~on), sink into the depths, be engulfed, overwhelmed, swallowed up. f Fremda animo estas ~o sen limo. ➞ faŭk, senfund.

abiturient-o, [OA] secondary school student past leaving-exam stage. ~a diplomo, school-leavg (higher-school) certificate. ➞ bakalaŭr.

ablativ-o, [UV] ablative case. ~o absoluta.

abneg-i (-n), deny one’s, give up, renounce. ~i kredon, rajton. Sin ~i, sacrifice one’s interests. ~(ad)o [abnegacio [OA]], renunciation, self-denial (-sacrifice). ➞ abdik, altruism, rezign, sinofer.

abol-i (-n) (forigi), abolish, do away with, make an end of. ~i leĝon, moron, sklavecon. ~o, abolition, annulment, repeal, recission. ~iĝi, ~ismo. ~isto, abolitionist. ➞ nulig.

abomen-o [UV] (al, antaŭ, kontraŭ). abomin/ation, abhorrence, detestation, loathing. ~i (-W, -(‘ =senti ~on), abominate, abhor, execrate, loathe (Ps 139/21). ~i mensogon (mensogi). ~(ind)a, abominable, detestable, loathsome, odious, revolting. ~a ago, odoro. Kiel ~el How disgusting! ~(ind)aĵo, abomination, atrocity. (Se 11/1). Tiu kafo estas ~aĵo (wretched stuff). ➞ antipati, naŭz. opposite log, simpati.

abon-i (-n), [UV] subscri/be for (to), pay for temporary use of, take in. ~i gazeton, loĝion. ~o, ~pago, ~prezo, subscription. ~antaro, subscribers, circulation. ~igi (ion, iun), canvass, get subscribers for, get to s. ~ilo, subscription form. ~into, subscriber. ~bileto, ~karto, season ticket. Mal~i, cancel subscription. ➞ kotiz.

abort-i (nt) [OA] (fuŝnaski), abort, have premature delivery, miscarry, f be fruitless, come to nothing, remain undeveloped. ~a, abortive, arrested, fruitless, undeveloped. ~o, miscarriage, premature birth. ~aĵo, ~ito, abortion. ~igi, cause abortion. ~igilo, abortifacient. ~isto. ➞ antaŭtemp, nevivipov; rudiment; fiask, senrezult.

abrad-i, abrade, rub or scrape off, wear away by rubbing. ~o, abrasion. (med) rough or sore place on skin caused by this. ~a, abrasive. ~aĵo, abrasive substance, e.g., emery. ➞ erod.

abrikot-o, [UV] apricot. ~arbo, apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca).

abrotan-o, southernwood, lad’s love (Artemisia abrotanum). ➞ artemizi.

abrupt-a, [OA] Abrupt (wide sense), hasty, sudden; disconnected, precipitous, sharp, sheer, steep, f blunt, brusque, rough, short. ~a halto, malsupreniro, stilo. (mus) ~a modulaĵo. ~e demandi, foriri. ~aĵa, craggy, rugged. ~ulo. ➞ neatendit, subit; brusk, krud, krut; klif.

absces-o, [UV] Abscess, gathering (El 9/9). Gingiv~o, gumboil. ~i, form an a. ➞ frostoŝvel, furunk, pus(tul), tumor, ulcer.

abscis-o, (geom) abscissa.

absid-o, (ecc, arch), apse. ➞ apsid.

absint-o, [UV] 1 wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) (Rd 29/18). 2 ~aĵo, ~likvoro, absinthe. ~ismo, absinthism. ➞ artemizi, vermut.

absolut-a [FE], absolut/e (wide sense), unconditional, unqualified, unrestricted). ~a oboe, povo, reĝo, regulo. ~a dezerto (J1 2/3). ~a vantaĵo (Ps 39/5). (gram) without relation to context. ~a participo. (chem) (mus) pure. ~a alkoholo. muziko, piĉo, silento. ~e, absolutly, completely, entirely. ~e ne, not in the least. La ~o, the A. ~ismo (pol) (thl), absolutism. ~isto, absolutist. ➞ nedepend, senescept, senkondiĉ, senlim-, senrezerv; pur, senmiks. opposite relativ.

absolv-i (-n, de) (malkondamni), absolve, acquit, exonerate, shrive, free from blame. [Ne= finish studies, pass exam.]. ~o, absolution, acquittal, discharge, formal forgiveness, remission. ➞ indulgenc, pardon, pekliberig, sen-kulp(-pek)ig.

absorb-i (-n) [OA], (tute okupi), engross, absorb (the attention, mind). ~a, engrossing. ~iĝi (de, en, per), be engrossed (wrapped up) in, bury one’s in. ~ata, engrossed (buried, intensely interested, wrapped up) en sia laboro. ➞ profundiĝ, sorb.

abstin-i [OA] (sin deteni) (de), abstain (keep one’s away, refrain) from, indulging in something, e.g., alkoholo, tabako, viando. ~o, abstinence, (pol) abstention from voting. ~ema, abstemious, sparing in use of. ~emo, sobriety. ~ismo, temperance movement. ~ulo, abstainer, teetotaller. ➞ fast, moder, sobr, vegetar, kontraŭ-.

abstrakt-i (-n) (de) [OA], abstract; disengage attention from, isolate, separate in thought. ~a, abstract, not concrete. ~e, in the abstract. ~o, ~ado, ~aĵo, abstraction, withdrawal. ➞ apartig, nereal, spekulativ, teori. opposite konkret.

absurd-a, [OA] absurd, irrational, nonsensical, preposterous, ridiculous, unreasonable. ~a ideo, konkludo, suspekto. ~aĵo, ~eco, absurdity. Rekta ~o. Pruvo per ~o. Redukto al ~o. ~igi, stultify. ➞ kontraŭlogik, malkonsekvenc, malraci, sensenc, sinkontraŭdir.

abund-a (grandkvanta) [OA], abundant, ample, copious, luxuriant, plentiful, profuse. ~a manĝo, rikolto. ~aj haroj, larmoj. abound, be plentiful, luxuriate. ~(ec)o, abundance, more than enough, profusion (Ij 21/23). Mal~a, rare, scanty, scarce. Super~a, tro~a, superabundant, excessive. ➞ amas, luks, malmank, plenplen, riĉ, sufiĉeg, svarm.

abutil-o, mallow bush, flowering maple (Abutilon).

abutment-o, (arch) abutment, buttress, pier (of arch, bridge), prop. ~aĵo, cordon.

-ac-oj, (bot) (sfx) denotes family (-aceae). Lili~oj, liliaceae. Roz~oj, rosaceae. (zoo) Krust~oj, crustacea. ~a, crustaceous.

acer-o, [UV] Maple (Acer). ~o Norvega, Norway m. (A. platanoides). Platan~o, great or sycamore m. (A. pseudoplatanus), ordinary language "sycamore". ~a sukero. ➞ platan, sikomor.

aceren-o = perĉo.

acet-, (chem) acet-. ~a, acetic. ~ato, acetate. ~atacido, acetic acid. ~ileno, acetylene ~ometro, acetimeter. ~ono, acetone.

acid-a, [UV] acid; sharp to taste, sour, tart. ~a frukto, salo. f biting, severe. ~a humoro, provo, respondo. ~o, acid. Gras~o, fatty a. Abomena ~aĵo. ~eco, acidity. ~eta, acidulous. ~igi, ~izi, acidify. ~ometro, acidimeter. ➞ akr, amar, korod, maldolĉ, pik, ranc. ➞ Sulfat~o, sulphuric a., Sulfit~o, sulphurous a., Sulfid~o, hydrosulphuric a., forming sulphacidates, -ites, -ides, respectively.

Acor-oj

-aĉ, [OA] pej. [sfx officialized in 1910], denotes disparagement, contempt, dislike = abominble, horrid, odious, wretched, vile; (col) awful, don’t think much of it, "rotten". Dom~o, hovel; hund~o, cur; infan~o, brat; virin~o, hag. Bel~a, tawdry; dik~a, bloated; humil~a, grovelling; mol~a, flabby. Babil~i, jabber; konstru~i, jerry-build; skrib~i, scrawl. ~a, poor, "rotten", etc. ~aĵo, trash. ~iga, pejorative. ~ulo, wretch. ~aspekta, unsightly. ~odora, stinking. Aĉ! (interjection), Awful! Rotten! Tosh! etc. ➞ fi, fuŝ, mis, ve. Rim: ➞ -aĉ (colloquial, subjective), denotes unfavourable opinion: fi- (objective, stronger), denotes shamefulness, moral badness. ➞ vivaĉi, drag out a miserable existence; fivivi, live a wicked life.

aĉakaturo (noteto), (mus) acciacatura, crushing-note.

aĉet-i, (-n) [UV] buy, purchase. ~i kontante, kredite, pogrande. ~anto, ~isto, buyer, purchaser. ~ebla, for sale. ~propono, offer. Antaŭ~i, buy in advance. El~i, redeem. El~a mono, prezo, ransom. El~into, Redeemer. Kun~anto, co-purchaser. sub~i, [UV] (korupti, ŝmiri la manon), bribe, corrupt, suborn. ~ebla, venal. ➞ akapar, butikum, klient, pag, prez, vend.

-ad [UV] (sfx denotes Action). 1 ~ado (a) (with noun root) adds the idea of action (~~la ago -i, -ation, -ing). Krono, a crown; kron-ado, coronation, crown ing. Najlo, a nail; najl~o, nailing. Sango, blood; sang~o, bleeding, (b) (with verb root) denotes action in general, as distinct from an isolated act or an abstraction. Bato, a blow; bat~o, beating. Vivo, life; viv~o, living. Mi amas lud~on, I like playing (to play). 2 ~adi reinforces the idea of action. The action is (a) Continued, persistent. Kur~i, keep on running. (b) Repeated (= often, continually). Mi salt~is (kept on jumping about) la tutan tagon. Vizit~i, often visit, (c) Habitual, customary. (En junulaj tagoj mi) kant~is, (used to, was accustomed to, would often) sing. Ada, ade, continually, unceasingly.

adaĝ-o, (mus) adagio, leisurely movement.

adapt-i (-n al) [OA] (alĝustiĝi, konformiĝi), adapt, adjust, fit, suit; alter, modify, make suitable. ~aĵo, adaptation. ~ebla, adaptable, ~iĝi (sin ~i), adjust one’s (to), (el) ~ilo, adapter. ➞ akomod, alfar, laŭ, modif.

adasism-o, (pros) rhyme by repetition of a sfx, e.g., diradas, kuradas; beleco, boneco. ~isto.

adekvat-a, adequate, proportionate to what is necessary, sufficient. ~eco, adequacy. Ne~a, inadequate. ➞ ekvivalent, sufiĉ, taŭg.

aden-ito (~ojda, ~omo), (technical language) = aden-itis (-oid, -ome); (ordinary language) = gland-inflamo (~eca, ~eca tumoro).

adept-o, [OA] 1 adept, expert, person fully proficient. 2 initiate, insider. ~o de E., good Esp-ist. ~a, proficient, skilled. ~igi (inici). ➞ ekspert, spert, kompetent, lert, majstr; aliĝint, disĉipl.

adher-i (nt, al), adhe/re, cleave to, stick. ~(aĵ)o, adhesion. ~ema (algluiĝema), adhesive, sticky, tacky. ➞ algluiĝ, alteniĝ, koher; resti ĉe.

adiant-o (harfiliko), maiden-hair fern (Adiantum).

adiaŭ, [UV] (interjection) (etym. = Al Dio), Adieu! Good-bye! (-n, al) (diri ~), bid farewell to, take leave of. ~a (farewell) kiso, kunveno, letero. ~o, leave-taking, parting. ~oj, farewells. ~diro, valediction. ➞ Ĝxis la revido.

adici-i [OA] (sumigi), (arit) add (tot) up, cast. ~o, addition. ➞ aldon, kalkul.

adjekt-o, (gram) circumstantial complement (of a predicate).

adjektiv-o, [UV] (a-vorto), adjective. ➞ atribut, epitet.

adjunkt-o, assistant (colleague, deputy) to an official. ➞ asesor, helpant, koleg.

adjutant-o, [OA] (mil) adjutant (2 Rĝ 25/19). ~o kampa, ĝenerala, aide-decamp. ➞ help.

administr-i (-n), [UV] administer, manage (affairs, estate); carry on, conduct, direct. aferojn, bienon, distrikton. ~a, administrative, executive. ~a komitato. ~ado, administration. ~anto, manager. ~antaro, Board of M-ment. ~ejo, gen. offices. Mis~i. [administraci-o [OA] = ~o, ~ado, ~antaro, ~ejo]. ➞ direkt, gvid, konduk, organiz, reg.

admir-i (-n), [UV] admire, look up to, think fine. ~o, admiration. Rigardi ~e (kun ~o). ~i bildon, pejzaĝon, verkon. ~egi, marvel at. ~inda, admirable. ➞ estim, respekt, ŝat; plaĉ, rav.

admiral-o [OA] (mar), admiral. ~a ŝipo, flagship. ~ar(ej)o, admiralitat-o, [OA] admirality. ➞ atalant, limenit.

Admiralt-oj.

admon-i (-n), [UV] admonish. 1 exhort, advise, "talk to", warn (Jĝ 14/15). 2 censure, reprimand. ~o, admonition, advice, reproof. Re~o, Deuteronomy. Lit~o, "curtain lecture". ~a, admonitory. De~i, dissuade from … ing, advise not to … ➞ avert, konsil, moralig, riproĉ.

adob-o, adobe, (a) sun-dried clay, (b) hut made from this.

adoks-o, (bot) moschatel (Adoxa).

adolesk-a, adolescent, between childhood and maturity, growing up, teen-aged, ~ulo.

adolt-a, adult, grown-up, mature, of age. ~o, adult ➞ plenkresk, matur.

adonid-o, (bot) pheasant’s eye (Adonis).

adopt-i (-n) [OA], adopt. 1 (infanon, etc), ~a, by adoption, adoptive (patro), adopted (infano). ~intoj (~aj gepatroj), parents by adoption. ~ito, adopted child. 2 take for and use as one’s own, embrace, take up. ~i kutimon, lingvon, metodon, nomon. ➞ fil(iri)ig; akcept, alpren, alproprig.

ador-i (-n), [UV] adore. 1 Worship as deity (Ne 8/6). ~ejo, sanctuary, shrine, place of w. ~kliniĝi (antaŭ), bow in w. 2 admire profoundly, idolize, regard with utmost respect and affection. Vivanton ni malhonoras, mortinton ni ~as. ~inda, adorable. ➞ apoteoz, kult, preĝ; ameg, ŝateg.

adrenalin-o, (chem) adrenalin.

adres-o [F][OA], address, destination for mail. ~o Londona, telegrafa, Sub la ~o, at the address. ~i (-n) (al), address, direct, send, f ~i al iu dankon. [Ne= alparoli]. ~aro, ~libro, address , directory. ~loko, place of destination. ~ilo, addressing machine. Mis~i. Re~i, readdress, forward. ➞ direkt.

adstring-a, Astringent, (med) binding, styptic, f severe, -aĵo, a. ~i, constrict. ➞ acid.

adulari-o (lunŝtono), (min) moonstone, species of glassy feldspar.

adult-i [UV] commit adultery. ~(em)a, adulterous. ~ul(in)o. Sang~o, incest. ➞ fals, fi-miks.

adurol-o, (phot) adurol.

advent-o, [OA] (Kristalveno) advent. ~a dimanĉo. ~ismo, (rel.) ~isto.

adventic-a, adventitious, casual, from without. ~a membrano, radiko. (jur) ~a heredaĵo.

adverb-o, [UV] adverb. ~a klaŭzo. ➞ e-vort.

advokat-o, [OA] (jur) 1 advocate, barrister, counsel. ~o por la diablo. 2 one who pleads for another, speaks for a cause; intercessor (Jo 2/1). ~i (pro), plead; support, speak for (on behalf of). ~aro, the bar. ~iĝi, be called to the bar. ➞ defend, pled, proparol.

adz-o, adze. ~i, cut with an a.

aer-o,, [UV] air, atmosphere, f kastelo en ~o. (En)~a, of air, airy, aerial. ~eca, etherial, light. ~(iz)i, inflate. ~umi, [UV] air, aerate, expose to air. ~umi ĉambron, panon, tolaĵon. ~umado, air-conditioning. ~omanka, stuffy. Sen~a (vakua), airless. ➞ atmosfer, vent; freŝ, liber; trablov, ventum.

Aero- (pfx): -batiko; ~bia (~viva); ~dino; -dinamiko; -dromo; ~gramo (air letter); ~lito, [OA] (stony meteorite); ~logio, ~naŭto, ~naŭtiko (aeronavigado); ~plano, [OA] ~stato, ~statiko. ➞ aviad, balon, biplan, meteorit, monoplan.

afabl-a (al, kontraŭ), [UV] affable, friendly, kindly. ~a vorto. ~e rigardi, saluti (1 Sa 30/21). Kiu agas ~e, vivas agrable. ~aĵo, ~eco, affability, courtesy, kindness. Havu la ~econ .../’, be so good as to … ~ulo. mal~a, [UV] surly, rough, ungracious. ➞ amik, bonvol, ĝentil, komplez.

afazi-o, aphasia, loss of power of speech. ➞ afoni.

afekci-o, (psy, med) affect/ion. 1 mental state, emotion. 2 bodily disorder. ~i (-n), affect, move, touch (feelings). ~a, affective, emotional. ➞ ekscit, emoci, impres, influ, kortuŝ; atak, kapt, perturb.

afekt-i [UV] (ŝajnigi). 1 (nt) act affectedly, attitudinize, be affabed (unnatural), mince, put on airs (side), show off, simper, smirk, strut. ~i antaŭ la spegulo. 2 (-n), assume a character, imitate, pretend to be (do, feel, have). ~i drinkulon, saĝon. ~i nescii. ~o, affabation, pretence, show, studied display. ~(em)a, affabed, artificial, assumed. ~aĵo, mannerism. ~ulo, poseur. Kia ~ulo! Doesn’t he put on airs! Ne~a, Sen~a, unaffabed, simple. Bel~a, dandified, foppish. Distance, distant, haughty, reserved. Ĉasta, honta, prudish. Moral~o, pi~o, cant. ➞ formal, imit, poz, rol. opposite natur, senart, simpl. [Ne= efik, influ, kortuŝ, rilat].

afeli-o, (astr) aphelion, orbital point farthest from sun. ➞ apsid, apoge. opposite periheli.

afer-o, [UV] Affair. 1 Object, thing. Kolekti siajn ~ojn (belongings). Senpova kolero, ridinda ~o. 2 business, concern, matter. ~o de gusto, matter of taste; de la koro, love-affair; de honoro. Malbona ~o, sorry business. Al la ~o! To business! Tio ne estas via ~o, that is no business of yours. Havi ~on kun, deal (have to do) with (4 FA 43/28). La ~o estas, the thing is that. Pri kio estas la ~o? What is it all about? Tio estas alia ~o (alters the case, is another question). Nia A~o, our movement. ~oj, business dealings (transactions). Paroli pri ~oj, talk shop. La ~oj estas la ~oj, business is business Ŝtataj ~oj, matters of state. ~ema, businesslike. ~isto, businessman. ~papero, business document. Ĉef~o, great thing, main point. Mult~a, ~oplena, busy. ➞ objekt, tem, negoc.

aferez-o, (rh) aphaeresis, "front-cut", e.g., (a)migdalo, (forte)piano, (omni)buso, (tele)fono, (violon)ĉelo. ➞ apokope.

Afgan-ujo / Afganio AF

afid-o (plantlaŭso), aphis, green fly (Aphis). ~a sukero, honey-dew. ~omanĝa, aphidivorous.

afiks-o, [OA] affix (= prefix or suffix).

afin-eco, affinity, relationship, structural resemblance. (chem) (kombiniĝemo), attraction, chemical affinity. ~a, having affinity with.

afiŝ-o, [OA] bill, placard, poster. Man~o, hand-bill. ~i i-n), display a placard, put up a notice. ~ejo, ~kolono, hoarding. ~isto, bill-sticker. ~ulo (sandviĉulo), sandwich-man. ➞ anonc, aviz.

aflikt-i, (-n) [OA] afflict, distress (with bodily or mental sufferg), grieve, pain. ~o, affliction, distress, misery, trouble. ~igi (pri, pro), be afflicted, distressed, cut up; grieve, take to heart (Ge 6/6). ➞ ĉagren, dolor, prem.

afoni-o, (senvoĉeco) (med) aphonia. ~a, voiceless. ➞ afazi.

aforism-o, [OA] aphorism, short pithy maxim. ➞ aksiom, lakon, maksim, mot, sentenc.

afrank-i, (-n) [OA] frank, pay postage (carriage) on, stamp. ~ita letero, stamped letter. ~(aĵ)o, postage, ~ite, postage paid, "post free". ~maŝino, stamping machine. ~ŝulda marko, postage-due stamp. ➞ stamp.

Afrik-o, [OA 8] Africa. Sud-Afriko ZA.

afrikans-o, africans language.

afrikat-o (phon), affricative (c, dz, ĉ, ĝ).

afrodit-o (mara pikvermo), sea mouse (Aphrodite).

aft-o (buŝveziketo), aphtha, ~oj, thrush. ~a febro, foot and mouth disease.

afust-o, [OA] (mil) gun carriage.

ag-i (kun, kontraŭ) (nt), [UV] act, behave. ~i affable, juste, noble. ~i, sur (-n). ~o, act, action, deed. Vortojn ŝparu, ~ojn faru. ~oj, (Bb) Acts. ~ado, action(s) (1 Sa 29/6). Libereco de ~ado. ~ado subĉiela, field work. ~ada (Executive) Komitato. ~(em)a, active, energetic. ~maniero, method. Kontraŭ~i, counteract. Kun~i, cooperate, work hand in hand. Mis~i, Re~i, react. (➞ reakci). ➞ akt, aktiv, efik, funkci, kondut, proced, sinokup.

agac-i (-n, abs) [UV]. 1 (dentojn, nervojn), grate, jar upon, set on edge. 2 (tun), annoy, get on one’s nerves, irritate. Tio (min) ~as. ~a, aggravating, annoying, irritating, provoking. ~iĝi, be set on edge (Jer 31/2). ➞ inch.

agam-o, agama lizard (Agama).

agami-o, (orn) agami heron, trumpeter (Agamia).

agap-o, (rel) agape, love-feast.

agapant-o, African lily (Agapanthus).

agar(agar)-o, (pharm) agar-agar, preparation from Gracilara confervoides (agaragar) or from Gigartina.

agarik-o (lamenfungo), agaric (Agaricus), genus of gill-bearing fungi, especially Kamp~o, (common edible or field) Mushroom (A. campestris). ~a saŭco, m-ketchup. The horse-m is A. arvensis. ➞ fung, ŝampinjon.

agat-o, [OA] (min) agate. ➞ kalcedoni, kvarc, obsidian, oniks, opal.

agav-o, agave (Agave). ~o Amerika, American aloe, century plant. ~a vino, pulque. ➞ alo, sisal.

agend-o (memorlibro), engagement -(memorandum-) book. ➞ aferlist, program, tagord.

agent-o (pernio) [OA], agent. Reklam~o, advertising agent. Bien~o, komerc~o, patent~o, ŝip~o. ~ejo, agency bureau. Edziĝ~ejo. ➞ komisiit, maklerist, perul.

agerat-o, floss-flower (Ageratum).

agit-i (-n) [OA], 1 agitate, move; shake (arbon, botelon), stir (tniksafon). La hundo (ĉevalo) ~as (wags, whisks) sian voston. 2 disquiet, disturb, excite, trouble. ~i la merkaton. ~ata, broken (dormo) choppy, rough (maro); restless (paciento); troubled (animo). Haroj ~ataj (ruffled) de la vento. ~(ad)o, agitation, movement, shaking, waving. ~iĝi, be agited, in ferment, toss (in sleep). ~ilo, mixer, stirring rod. ~isto, agitator. ➞ kirl, sku; ekscit, ribelig; demagog.

agl-o,, [UV] eagle (Aquila). Fiŝ-o (pandiono), osprey. Imperiestra ~o, imperial eagle. Kri~o, spotted eagle. Reĝ~o, golden eagle. ~a, aquiline. ~a flugilo (El 19/4). ~ejo (~onesto), eyrie. ~ido, eaglet. ~oŝtono (aetito), eaglestone. ➞ akrevid, penetrem; cirku, folk, gipaet, haliaet.

aglomer-i, ~iĝi, agglomer/ate, collect (crowd) into a mass. ~(aĵ)o, (geol) agglomeration. ➞ konglomer.

aglutin-i (-ojn) (kunglui), agglutinate, unite as with glue. ~a agglutinative. E-o estas lingvo ~a (combining independent unchangeable roots to express compound ideas). ~iĝi, (vundoj) close up, heal. ➞ cikatr, glu.

agnat-a, agnate, descended from same male ancestor; of same clan or nation. ~o, a. ➞ afin, parenc.

agnosk-i, officialy recognize. ➞ konfes, rekon.

agnostik-a, agnostic, (rel) denying possibility of knowledge about God. ~ismo, agnosticism. ~ulo, a.

agoni-i, (nt) [OA] be dying, at the point (in the throes) of death: breathe one’s last, f La tago ~as. ~o, death agony (struggle). ~ante, with one’s dying breath, at one’s last gasp. ➞ angor, mort, stertor. [Ne= agony (dolorego)].

agorafobi-o, fear of open spaces (public places). ~ulo. opposite klostrofobi.

agord-i, (-n) [UV] (mus) (put in) tune, syntonize. pianon. (rad) ricevilon. f attune. ~i ammon, parolon. ~o, tun, tuning. Kanti, ludi, pensi ~e, in t. ~ilo, tuning hammer (peg). ~isto, tuner. Mal~a, out of tune. Mis~i, put out of tun. f set at variance. ➞ akord, fork, harmoni, piĉ, temper.

agr-o, cultivated field. ~aro, landed property. ~ara, agrarian.

agrabl-a, (al, por) [UV] (plaĉa, plezuriga), agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, nice; gratifying (memoro); prepossessing, winsome (vizaĝo). Vi ne estas ~aj al mi (Mai 1/10). ~aĵo, amenity, pleasure. Mal~a, disagreeablea, offensive, invidious (tasko). ➞ bonven, log, simpati. opposite ĉagren, ĝen, ted.

agraf-o, [OA] Clasp, Hook, or similar fastener; buckle (rimena); catch, hasp (fenestra)’, clasp (albuma)’, clip (for papers), staple (binding). (bid) cramp-iron, dowel. ~i, fasten (per ~o); clip together (paperojn); do up (robon); hook up (kurtenon). ~ilo, stapler. ~ingo, eye (in hooks and eyes). Mal~i, unclasp, undo, unfasten, unhook. ➞ kramp.

agregat-o, aggregate, collected amount; (ph) mass of homogeneous particles, (bio) closely packed, clustered. ➞ aglomer, amas.

agres-i (nt) (iniciati kverelon), be the aggressor, assume the offensive. ~o, aggression, unprovoked assault. ~anto, aggressor, assailant. ~(em)a, aggressive, offensive, provocative, disposed to aggression.

agrikultur-o = agrokultivo, terkultivo, agriculture, farming.

agrimoni-o, (bot) agrimony (Agrimonia).

agronom-o, [OA] agronomist. ~io, [OA] agronomy, husbandry, rural economy, scientific agriculture.

agropir-o (hundherbo), couch (dog) grass, quitch, twitch (Agropyron). ➞ cinodont.

agrostem-o (bot), corn-cockle (agrostemma githago).

agrostid-o, bent grass (Agrostis).

aguti-o, (zool., ordinary language) agouti (Dasyprocta).

aĝ-o, [UV] age. 1 (in years) Havi la ~on de (Ez 3/8). be … years old. Je mia ~o, at my time of life. Kiain mi havis vian ~on (was your age). Kiom~a vi estas? (Kiom vi ~as)? How old are you? ~a tri jarojn, three years old. Mi estas pli ~a (older) ol vi. Grand~a, aged. Matur~a, grown-up. Mez~a, middle-aged. plen~a, [UV] of age. Plen~(ec)o, majority. Plenaĝulo, adult. Sam~a, contemporary 2 Epoch, generation, period. La ora (ŝtona) ~o, the golden (stone) age. ➞ adolt, beb, infan, jun; epok, jar.

aĝi-o, [OA] agio (charge on currency exchange). Bank~o, bank rate. ➞ kurtaĝ, makler, valut.

aĝiot-i, speculate in stocks, ~ado, stock-jobbing. ➞ arbitraĝ, spekul.

aha! (interjection) aha! denotes irony, surprise, suspicion, triumph. li kriis.

ahem! (interjection) cough to attract attention, gain time, etc.

aĥ! (interjection, emotional variant of ha!). Ah! Alas! Heigh ho!

ailant-o, ailanthus, tree of heaven (Ailanthus). ➞ lak.

air-o, hair-grass (Aira).

aj! aŭ! (both Z.), (interjection). Oh! Ow! Den. sudden twinge of pain.

ajapan-o, ayapana (Brazilian tree) (Eupatorium triplinerva).

ajl-o, [UV] garlic (Allium sativum). ~a radiko. ➞ ampelopraz, askelon, cep, pore, ŝenopraz.

ajn, [UV] denotes indef-ness. 1 (with ki-correlative) = -ever, -soever (Ps 39/5, 58/5). Kio ~, (two words, no hyphen) what(so)ever. Manĝu kion ~, Eat anything (you like) (whatever it may be). 2 (with i-correlative): similar meaning. Manĝu ~ ion eat anything (it doesn’t matter what). 3 (with neni -correlative): nenio nothing at all, absolutely nothing. 4 (with ĉi-correlative): ĉio absolutely everything. ~a (=ia ajn). En ~a triangulo ABC, in any triangle ABC. S-ro ~ulo, Mr X, Mr So-and-so.

ajug-o, (bot) bugle (Ajuga).

ajut-o, delivery tube, jet, to regulate flow of liquids; mouth-piece of artificial fountain. Ŝpruc~o, spray nozzle. ➞ blovtub.

-aĵ, [UV] afx (➞ -age in package, denotes concrete idea). thing (object, matter, stuff). Viaj ~oj, your things (goods, etc.). I. (adj. root): = io -a. Bel~o (= io bela), a beautiful thing. Nov~o (= io nova), news, novelty. II. (vb root): = (a) (active) = io -anta; (b) (passive) = io -ata, as shown by context, or by addn of ant or at. Examples: 1 Nutr(ant)~o, nourishment; okaz~o, happening; rest~o, remainder; sorĉ~o, spell. 2 kre(at)~o, creation; aĉet~o, purchase; cit~o, quotation; hered~o, heritage. III. (noun root): = io. (a) rilate al: Lit~o, bedding; ret~o, network, (b) farita el: Lan~oj, woollens; ov~o, egg-dish, (c) farita de: Arane~o, spider’s web; majstr~o, masterpiece. Rim.: ➞ -aĵo (concrete), -eco (abstract). Acid~o, something acid, ~eco, acidity. Montru amikecon per amik~oj. Rim.: ➞ -aĵo, -ilo. With a passive meaning the distinction is clear: kudr(at)~o, sewing; kudrilo, needle. With an active meaning the distinction is finer; sometimes either form will serve. Generally -aĵo = substance, material; -ilo = object, tool. Hejt~o, fuel; hejt-ilo, stoking-iron. Rim.: Sometimes -aĵo is contracted to -o. Neĝa kovr(aĵ)o, produkt(aĵ)oj de la tero. Rim.: ➞ -aĵ, -ul. Bon~o = io bona, bona afero. Bonulo = iu bona, bona homo.

aĵur-a (tru-plena), open-work, perforated, pierced. ~a segado, fretwork ~a ŝtrumpo. ~a silueto de la Eiffel-turo. ➞ puntec, travidebl.

akaci-o, [OA] acacia (Acacia). Araba ~o, gum arabic tree. ~a ligno (El 25/10). ➞ kateĉu, robini.

akademi-o, [OA] academy. 1 Society or institution for cultivating or promoting art, literature, or science. La Franca ~o. La ~o E-ista. ~o de muziko. 2 Place of learning or study = altlernejo, gimnazio. ~a, academic. ~a demando. ~ano, academician.

akalef-o (marurtiko), sea-nettle (Acalepha) > hidrozo, meduz. ➞ fizali, polip.

akant-o, (bot) acanthus (Acanthus). ~o sendorna, bear’s breech, (arch) ~a folio, a. (ornamaĵo).

akantias-o, piked dog-fish (Acanthias).

akapar-i (-n) [OA], corner, buy up, monopolize. ~i tritikon. f bag (secure) la plej bonajn sidlokojn. ~i atenton. ~o, corner, monopoly. ➞ kartel, monopol, trust.

akar-o, [UV] mite, tick (Acarus). Fromaĝ~o (tiroglifo), cheese-mite. Rikolt~o (lepto), harvest-mite. (-tick.). Skabi~o (sarkopto), scab mite. Ŝaf~o (iksodo), sheep-tick.

akcel-i (-n), [UV] accelerate, put on pace, quicken, speed up. ~i la pulson, trafikon, la paŝojn. f advance, expedite, hasten. ~i progreson. sciencon. ~(ad)o, acceleration. (astr) ~o luna, stela, tajda. (ph) rate of increase in velocity. ~a forto, accelering force. ~a pedalo. ~aĵo, ~ilo, (ch) (mec) (phot) accelerator. ~iĝi, go faster, ~ita movo, (ph) progressively quicker motion. ~mezurilo, accelerometer. Mal~i, retard, slacken, slow down. ~~ilo, retarder. ➞ plirapidig, progresig. opposite brems, prokrast.

akcent-o, [UV] accent (wide sense), stress. ~o prozodia, oratora, silaba, tonika. (mus) ~o forta, strong accent of bar. ~i (-n), accentuate, emphasize, give prominence (importance) to. f intensity. la antaŭlastan silabon. (mus) ~ita noto, pulso. Sen~a, unstressed, weak. Sen~a silabo. ➞ emfaz, relief, substrek; (super)sign. Rim.: Akcent is gen. used for stress of syllables, emfaz for stress of words or meaning.

akcentor-o = pronelo.

akcept-i [UV] (-it) (wide sense), accept, take, consent to receive. 1 (preni), take what is offered. ~i artikolon, donacon, honoron. 2 (adopti), adopt, take to one’s. ~i formon, mienon. 3 (allasi), admit, agree to, allow the truth of. ~i argumenton, ekskuzon, proponon. ~i kiel fakton, take for granted. 4 acquiesce in. ~i defion, inviton, kondiĉon. 5 (bonvenigi), welcome. ~i gaston, vizitanton (Mai 1/9). 6 (preni sur sin), honour (kambion), undertake (oficon). ~o acceptance. ~a tago, at-home day. ~anto, drawee (of bill). ~ebla, admissible, eligible. ~ejo, reception room. ➞ konsultej. ~inda, acceptable, welcome. Mal~i, decline, blackball, rebuff, refuse, reject, repulse.

akcesor-a, [OA] accessory, additional, adventitious, subordinate, contributive. ~a afero, profito. Ludi ~an rolon, play a minor part. ~a garantio, collateral security. ~aĵo accessory adjunct, smaller article. Flankenlasi ~aĵojn, ignore minor details. ~ulo, accessory ➞ apart, flank, neĉef, neprincip, suplement.

akci-o, [OA] (com) share. ~a, joint-stock (banko), limited (kompanio). ~a makleristo, share dealer.

akcident-o, [OA] accident. 1 disaster, mischance, mishap. ~o fervoja, smash. ~o persona, casualty. Esti trafita de ~o (havi ~on), come to grief. Alveni sen~e, safely. 2 (phi) unessential property (quality). ➞ hazard, malfeliĉ, neintenc, okaz, (mus) kromsign.

akcipitr-o, [UV] goshawk (Accipiter). ➞ falk, milv, niz.

akciz-o, [OA] excise duty. ~i, excise. ~ebla, ~opaga, excisable. ➞ dogan, impost.

aken-o, (bot) achene. ~a tufo (papuso), pappus.

akile-o (milfolio), milfoil, yarrow (Achillea millefolium). ➞ ptarmik.

akir-i (-n) [UV] (havigi al si), acqui/re, come to have, gain, get, obtain, secure, win. ~i favoron, on, influon, laboron, permeson, profiton (1 Sa 1/18). Kiel ~ite, tiel perdite. ~ita gusto, karakterizaĵo. ~aĵo, acquisition. ~ebla, obtainable. ~eblaĵo (Jos 11/14), ~ema, acquisitive. Batal~o, milit~o, rab~o, venk~o, (predo), booty, loot, plunder, prey, spoil. Flat~i (elflati), win by flattery (coaxing, wheedling). Plor~i, get by tears. Re~i, recover (breath, etc.). ➞ gajn, kapt, konker, obten, rikolt.

aklam-i (-n, al, abs) [OA], acclaim, applaud, loudly cheer, hail, welcome. Oni ~is lin reĝo. ~o, acclamation. Elektita per ~o. La ~ado estis longa. ➞ aplaŭd, hurai, omaĝ, ovaci, salut, vivu!.

akn-o, [UV] pimple, acne. Suferi de ~oj. Pus~o, pustule. ~(ohav)a, ~oza, pimply. ~ulo.

akolad-o, ~i, 1 accolade (ceremonio kavaliriga). 2 (mus, typ) (kuniga krampo), brace, bracket ( }.

akolit-o, (rc) acolyte.

akomod-i (-n al), accommodate, adapt, adjust, arrange, fit, suit (to circumstances or wishes). Sin ~i al, adapt one’s to, come to an arrangement (get on) with, (opt) ~i (fokusi) okulon al distanco. ~ebla, adjustable. ~iĝema, accommodating, obliging. ➞ adapt, alfar, alĝustig, kompromis.

akompan-i, [UV] accompany. 1 act as companion to, attend, escort, go with. ~i blindulon. 2 (mus) ~i kant(ist)on. ~ata de, accompanied by, to the accompaniment of. ~(aĵ)o, accompaniment. ~anto, companion. ~isto, accompanist. ➞ eskort.

akonit-o, aconite, friars’ caps, monk’s -hood, wolf’sbane (Aconitum). ➞ erantid.

akor-o, (bot) sweet flag (Acorus).

akord-o, [OA] accord, agreement (of feelings, ideas, opinions, etc.), conformity, harmony. Komuna ~o, common consent, (gram) concord (e.g., agreement of adj. with noun). (mus) chord. Sept~o. Sestri~o. ~o diatona, kromata, maĵora, minora, rompita, tonika. ~i (esti en ~o), agree, be consistent (in harmony), conform, correspond, square, tally), (colour) match. ~a kun, compatible with. ~igi, make to agree, reconcile. ~igi du vidpunktojn. ~iĝema, conciliatory. Mal~o, conflict, discord. ➞ agord, konkord, konsent, unuec; sest, triad.

akordeon-o (tirharmoniko), (m.i.) accordion.

akr-a [UV] (wide sense), sharp, keen. 1 (= akuta, pika, tranĉa): fine-edged, pointed. ~a angulo, dento, glavo, krajono, tranĉilo. 2 (= klara): clear-cut, well-defined. ~a impreso, silueto. 3 (of sound): harsh, shrill. ~a disonanco, sono, tono. 4 (of taste): ac(r)id, biting, pungent, tart. ~a gusto. 5 (= penetrema, subtila): acute, keen, quick, sensitive. ~a cerbo, okulo, rigardo. 6 (= dolora, forta, trapika): intense, painful, severe. ~a doloro, frosto, vento. 7 (= maldolĉa, morda, sarkasma): acrimonious, bitter, harsh. ~a riproĉo, voĉo. ~igi, sharpen, whet, put an edge on. ~~a ŝtono, hone, whetstone. Krajon~~ilo, pencil sharpener. Leda ~~ilo (razrimeno), strop. ~evida, sharp-sighted. Mal~a, blunt, dull, muffled. ~~igi, deaden, soften, tone down. ➞ damp, dies, obtuz, sufok.

akre-o, acre, ~aro, acreage.

akredit-i (-n), accredit, give standing to, send with credentials (~aĵoj). ~i ambasadoron. ➞ kredit, legitim, plenpov, rajtig.

akrid-o, [UV] Locust (Acridium) > the true locusts and grasshoppers with short antennae. ~o migra, migratory 1. > pakitelo; melanopolo (Am); skistokerko (N. Africa). ~aro (El 10/14). ➞ gril, katidid, lokust.

akrobat-o, [OA] acrobat, tumbler, etc. (av) ~aĵo, stunt. ➞ ekvilibr, gimnast, ŝnurdanc.

Akrocefal-o = kanbirdo.

akromat-a, (opt) (senkolora), achromatic. ~eco.

Akrostik-o £~a, acrostic.

aks-o, [UV] 1 (mezlinio), (mat, opt), axis, straight central line (real or imaginary). ~o magneta. ~o de globo, kristalo, rotacio, vido. f central organ. ~o de alianco, movado. (av) ~o flurezista, leva, longa, normala, transa, drag (lift, longitudinal, normal, lateral) a. 2 (mec) axle (tree), cross-shaft, pin, spindle (on which wheel etc. revolves). Pedal~o, krank~o, rad~o, ~o fiksita, kuplita, libera, movebla. ~a, axial. ~ingo (nabo), hub, nave. ~ujo (~lagro), axis box, bearings. ➞ pivot, spindel, ŝaft.

aksel-o, [OA] 1 (anat) armpit. 2 (bot) axil. ~a, axillary. ➞ aks.

aksiom-o, [OA] axiom, established principle, self-evident truth, truism. ~o Eŭklida. ~a, axiomatic. ➞ aforism, evident, postul.

aksiometr-o, (mar) steering indicator, tell-tale.

aksis-o, axis (or spotted) deer (Axis).

aksolotl-o, axolotl, larval form of Ambistomo tigra.

akt-o, [OA] act (wide sense) [Ne= action (ago)]. 1 (th) act. Komedio tri~a. Inter~o, interval. 2 (jur) brief, deed, title, legal or official document. ~o de Parlamento. ~oj publikaj, public registers. Akuz~o, bill of indictment. Nask~o, Mort~o, birth (death) certificate. Transdon~o, deed of conveyance. Vend~o, bill of sale. ~aro, dossier. ~isto, registrar. ~ujo, portfolio. ➞ ag, atest, leĝ.

akte-o, baneberry, herb Christopher (Actaea).

aktin-a (chem, phot) actin/ic. ~ometro, actinometer.

aktini-o, 1 (chem) actinium (Ac). 2 (zoo) (maranemono, mara rozo), sea anemone (Actinia).

aktiv-a [UV] (agema), active (wide sense). 1 acting, alert, diligent, effective, energetic. ~a armeo, intereso, membro, servo. ~a komerco, brisk trade. 2 (gram) ~a voĉo. 3 ~o (com), assets, credit. ➞ hav, kapital, kredit, posedaĵ. ~igi, actuate, stimulate. ~igi poke (revive) la fajron. ➞ funkciig, instig, stimul. (phi) ~ismo, ~isto, activism, activist. Ne~eco, inaactivity. Retro~a, retroactiva. opposite pasiv.

aktor-o, [OA] (th) Actor, player. ~aro, company. Ĉef~o, star a. ➞ dram, mimik, prezent, teatr.

aktual-a [OA] (hodiaŭa, nuntempa). present(-day), of present interest, current, immediate, now existing. Ne=actual (efektiva, fakta). ~aĵo (~a demando), question of present interest, of the hour (moment). ~a valoro, present value. Prezoj ~aj, ruling prices. ~e, at the present time, just now.

aktuar-o (ins) actuary. ➞ asekur, statistik.

akumul-i (-n) (amasigi), accumulate, amass, heap (pile) up, hoard. ~aĵo, accumulation. (el) ~ilo, accumulator, storage battery. ➞ bateri, pil.

akupunktur-o, (med) acupuncture.

akurat-a [OA] (Justatempa), punctual, prompt, regular, to time. ~a alven -(ferm-)o. [Ne= accurate (ĝusta, senerara)]. ~e, punctually, when due. ~e pagi, veni. ~e je la oka, at 8.0 sharp. Ne~a, unpunctual, irregular, late. ➞ preciz, regul.

akustik-o, acoustics. La ~o de la ĉambro. ~a, acoustical.

akuŝ-o,, [UV] (obsolete) labour, confinement, childbirth, delivery. ~o antaŭtempa, premature delivery. ~i, be brought to bed. ~ant(~ul)ino, woman in labour (travail) (Ps 48/6). ~ejo, lying-in hospital, nursing-home. ~igi (-n), deliver of a child, attend in child-birth. ~ist(in)o, [UV] accoucheur, midwife, obstetrician (El 1/19) (LR 20). ~arto (obstetriko), obstetrics. ➞ abort.

akut-a, [OA] Acute (wide sense). 1 (akra): sharp, penetrating. ~a observo. 2 (med) (kriza, severa; opposite kronika). ~a atako, kataro. 3 (geom) ~a angulo. ➞ obtuz. 4 (typ) ~a supersigno (´), acute accent. ~eco, acuity.

akuz-i, (-n, ke, pri) [OA], accuse, blame for, impute to, lay fault on. Our) charge (tax) with, indict (Rd 19/18). ~o, accusation, charge, indictment (Ez 4/6). ~anto, plaintiff. ~ato, accused, defendant. Mis~i, accus falsely. ➞ denunc, imput, plend.

akuzativ-o, [UV] Accusative (case). ~o de almovo (direkto), a. of direction. ~igi, put into the a.

akv-o, [UV] 1 water. ~o dolĉa (opposite sala), kur(ant)a, star(ant)a. Ban~o, kran~o, mar~o, mineral~o, pluv~o, roz~o, sankt~o, sod~o, trink~o. Muel~o, mill race (stream). Tegment~o, cavesdroppings. Turn~o, eddy, whirlpool. Verŝ~o, waste water. 2 water solution, or fluid of similar appearance. Fort~o, aqua fortis (nitric acid). Kalk~o, lime-water. Kolonja ~o, eau de Cologne. Reĝ~o, aqua regia (mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids). Ŝaŭm~o ("Sod~o"), aerated water. Spruc~o, spindrift, spray. ~(ec)a, of water, aquatic, aqueous. ~(um)i (-n) (Ge 13/10). ~(um)ilo, watering can. ~uma ĉaro, watering cart. ➞ asperg, irigac, verŝ. ~aro, waters. ~ero (~oguto), drop of water. ~ejo (Le 11/36). ~ujo, cistern, reservoir, tank (Pr 2/6). ➞ cistern. Sankt~ujo, holy water stoup. ~e saturita, waterlogged. El~ĝi, emerge. En~igi (mergi, trempi), immerse. Sen~a (seka), waterless, thirsty (tero). Sen~igi, dehydrate, dry. Sub~igi, submerge. ➞ dren. Sub~iĝi, sink. ➞ alfundiĝ, sink. super~i [UV] (inundi), deluge, flood, overflow. ➞ diluv, inund.

akvafort-o, [OA] etching, metal-plate engraving. ~i, etch. ~aĵo, etching. ➞ akvatint, mezotint.

akvarel-o [OA] (akvopentraĵo), watercolour (painting). ~a farbo, watercolour. ~e, in watercolours. ➞ akv.

akvari-o, [OA] aquarium, tank for fish (plants).

akvamarin-o, (min) aquamarine (bluverda berilo). ~a, bluverda.

akvatint-o, (phot, typ), aquatint. ~aĵo, a. ➞ mezotint, lavum, tuĉ.

akvedukt-o (akvokondukilo), aqueduct, culvert.

akvilegi-o, [OA] (bot) columbine (Aquilegia).

al [UV] (malde), (prep) To, towards. Den. 1 Approach: Iri, veni. Iri ~ Oslo = iri Oslon. Rim.: Strictly, al denotes aim: -n = al+ĝis (the aim is reached). 2 Direction, aim. Of action: Doni, pagi, sendi La vojo ~. Of feeling: Esperi, fidi, minaci, sopiri ~. Of thought: Diri, ordoni, respondi ~. Of will: Abomeno, amo, favoro, inklino ~. 3 Concern, relation. Cedi, plaĉi, rilati, servi, ŝajni ~. 4 (= direktita al) (➞ de): Amo ~ Dio; akcepto ~ la reĝo; kontentigo ~ soifo; mortigo ~ malamiko; provo ~ solvo. 5 (= por): Akiri ~ si (ion); deziri, konveni ~. 6 (= ĝis): ŝanĝi ~ io = ŝanĝi en ion. ~aĵo, annexe. PFX; ~iĝi ally one’s to, join. ~iĝilo, membership form. ~paŝi, step towards, approach, (av) ~teriĝo, landing flight. ~veni, arrive (Ge 33/18). Sometimes denotes addition: ~diri, ~doni, to add.

PHRASES: Ekiri ~ Oslo, start for Oslo. Kaŝita al mi per kurteno, hidden from me by a curtain. Kio estas ~ vi? What is the matter with you? ~ mi estas varme, I feel hot. Lavi al si la manojn (= siajn manojn), wash one’s hands.

al-o, outstanding sidepart: aisle (preĝeja); arm (semafora); blade (helica, remila); flank (armea); fluke (ankra); mudguard (aŭta); panel (triptika); sail (ventmuelila); wing (konstruaĵa, naza, partia, pizflora). (av) Direkt~o, tail fin.

-alo, 1 (bot sfx) denotes order (-ales) e.g., roz~oj, rosales > ribacoj kaj rozacoj. 2 (ch sfx) den aldehydes and acetals e.g., etan~o, ethanal.

alabastr-o, [OA] ~a, alabaster. ➞ gips, marmor.

alarm-i (-n) [OA], (give the) alarm, rouse to vigilance, warn of danger (J1 2/1). ~o, a., alert, call to arms or for help, (air-raid) warning. [Ne= timig], ~a horloĝo, a-clock. ~a sonorilo, communicate cord, tocsin. ~isto, alarmist. ~ilo, alar(u)m. Brul~ilo, Fajr~ilo, fire-alarm.

alaŭd-o, [UV] (orn) Lark (alauda). Arb~o, wood-lark (Lullula). Kamp~o, sky-lark. Mont~o, shore-lark (Eremophila). Tuf~o, crested-lark (Galerida). ➞ delfini.

alb-o, alb; surplice reaching to feet. ➞ surplis.

alban-o, [OA 8] Albanujo, Albanio [OA 8] AL

albatros-o, albatross (Diomedea).

albed-o, (as, opt) albedo.

albin-o [OA 4], (bot) (med) albino. ~eco, ~ismo, albinism.

albit-o (min) albite, white feldspar. ➞ feldspat.

albug-o (med) albugo.

album-o, [OA] album. Foto~o. Skribi en ~o. ~o liberfolia, loose-leaf album. ~folio, album leaf. ➞ memorlibro, skizlibro.

albumen-o, albumen. 1 (bot) endosperm from grains, etc. 2 (ovblanko, ovalbumino), white of egg (Ij 6/6).

albumin-o, (chem) albumin, protein soluble in water, coagulable by heat. Lakt~o, ov~o. (phot) albuminize, coat with a. ~ojdo, albuminoid. ~urio, albuminuria, Bright’s disease.

alburn-o, 1 (bot) (sukligno), sapwood. 2 (ich) (blankfiŝo), bleak (Alburnus).

alcion-o, [UV] 1 (orn) (Blufiŝisto) (better alcedo), kingfisher (Alcedo). 2 (myth) halcyon, f ~aj tagoj.

alcioni-oj, alcyonaria (soft corals), cow-paps, dead man’s fingers.

ald-o, [OA] (male) alto, falsetto, highest male voice. ~(ul)o, alto singer. ~hobojo, English horn, cor anglais. ~(violon)o, viola. ~a klefo, A-clef (with C on middle line). ➞ kontralt.

aldehid-o, (chem) aldehyde.

Alderne-o.

ale-o, [OA] (arbvojo), tree-lined garden path (lane, walk), woodland avenue, (av) Flug~o, flight-way. ➞ avenu.

alegori-o, [OA] allegory, figurative tale (=extended metaphor). ➞ parabol.

alegr-o, (mus) allegro (=lively). ~eto, allegretto.

alektor-o, denotes various partridges (chucor, red-legged, etc.) (Alectoria).

alen-o [OA] (truigilo), awl, punch (El 21/6).

alergi-o, (med) allergy. ~a, allergic.

aleron-o, (av) aileron, wing-tip.

alez-i, bore by grinding, smooth or enlarge the bore (of gun, cylinder, or other tube). ~ilo, reamer. ➞ bor, frez.

alfabet-o, [UV] alphabet. ~a ordo.

alfenid-o, German (nickel) silver (various alloys of Cu, Zn, Ni).

alfresk-a (subĉiela), open-air, out-of- doors. ~a manĝo, koncerto.

alg-o, [OA] seaweed in gen. (Alga). ~oj brunaj, ruĝaj, verdaj. ➞ fuk, zoster.

algebr-o, [OA] algebra.

Alĝeri-o [OA 8] DZ,

alĥemi-o [OA 2], alkemi-o [OA 8], alchemy. ~isto, alchemist.

ali-a [UV] (malsama, neidenta), other. 1 (adj.) different. Tute ~a afero. ~aj domoj, ~aj homoj. iu ~a. someone else. ~a vin laŭdu, let someone else praise you (Se 27/3). Neniu ~a, ol (krom), no one other than. 2 (pron) La ~a, the other one. Unu la ~an, each other. Unu la ~ajn, one another. Kritiki ~ajn, criticize others De ~a, someone else’s, ~e, otherwise. l = in another way (alimaniere). 2 = (or) else, if not. ~ ne, not otherwise (4 FA 202/25). ~(aĵ)o (io ~a), something else. Tio aŭ ~o, this or that (Pr 11/6). Nek io, nek ~o, neither one thing nor the other. ~eco, difference, dissimotherity. ~igi (~iĝi), alter, change. ➞ metamorfoz, ŝanĝ, transform. ~ulo, another (some other) person. ~ulaj aferoj, other people’s business. ~ula kampo, another’s field. ~dir(~vort)e, in other words. Inter~e, inter alia, among other things. Kun~e, with other things. Sen~e (just that and) nothing more. ➞ ankoraŭ, ceter, diferenc. if A proposed crltive series alial ... is inadmissible (alia, alie, having other meanings). Nevertheless, alies (col)=someone else’s, though unorthodox, is useful.

alianc-o, alliance. 1 in marriage. 2 (pol) confederation. Triopa ~o, triple alliance. ~ano, ~ito, ally. ~iĝi, join, (side) with. ➞ feder, koalici, interlig, unuiĝ.

aliari-o, garlic mustard, hedge garlic, Jack by the hedge (Alliaria). ➞ sizimbri.

alibi-o, [OA] (jur) alibi. Prezenti (Pruvi) ~on.

alidad-o, alidade, movable index-arm of quadrant etc.

aligator-o, [OA] alligator (Alligator).

alil-o, (chem) allyl.

aliment-o, maintenance, support, sustenance. ~i, feed, keep going, supply. ~i fabrikejon per elektro; fajron per karbo; ĵurnalon per novaĵo. ~a valoro, food value. ~a fako, catering department. ~a karto, ration card. ~a pago, (jur) alimony; ~tubo, alimentary canal. ~ado, provisioning. ~aĵo, foodstuff. ~ilo, (mec) feeder.

aline-o, [OA] (typ) indentation (break) at begining of paragraph. ~a, indented. ~izi, break up (copy) into paragraphs. ➞ paragraf.

alis-o, (bot) alison (Alyssum).

alism-o (akvoplantago), water-plantain (Alisma). ➞ sagitari.

aliteraci-o, alliteration (e.g., la vojo, la vero, kaj la vivo (Jn 14/6). Vd Ge 15/17; Rd 32/14, 28; Se 12/28.

aliz-o, common whitebeam (Sorbus aria). Various species, Kimra, Kornvala, salik-folia, Sveda. ➞ aŭkupari, sorp.

alizarin-o, alizarin, madder dye. ➞ rubiaj.

alk-o, [UV] (zoo) elk, (Am) moose (Alces).

alka-o, (orn) auk. ~ego, great auk (Alea impennis). ~eto, little auk ➞ fraterkol, uri.

alkal-o, alkali, e.g., sodo. Ter~o, alkaline earth e.g., kalko. ~a, alkaline. ~eco, alkalinity ~ojdo, alkaloid.

alkali-o (alkala metalo), alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr). Ter~o, alkaline earth metal (Ca, Sv, Ba, Ra).

alkekeng-o, winter cherry, strawberry tomato (Physalis alkekengi).

alkemil-o (dama mantelo), lady’s mantle (Alchemilla). Kampa ~o, parsley piert.

alkohol-o, [OA] alcohol, spirit(s). ~o industria, methylated spirit. ~a, alcoholic, spirituous. ~a fermento. ~a lampo. ~aĵo ~a (fluido), alcoholic liquor, tincture. ~ismo, alcoholism. ~izi, alcoholize. ~ulo, alcoholic. ~ometro. Sen~a, free from alcohol. ➞ abstin, drink, likvor, -ol, rektif.

alkov-o [OA] (litniĉo), alcove, vaulted recess in wall or hedge (especially for bed).

almanak-o, [OA] almanac, annual calendar. ➞ kalendar.

almenaŭ, (adv) 1 (ne malpli ol; se ne pli; minimume). at Least (not less than). ~ du jaroj, two years at least Se mi havus ~ pencon!, If I had but a penny! 2 (ĉiuokaze); (eĉ se ne ... tamen); merely (Es 7/4). ~ li iros, He, at least, (at any rate, anyway) will go. Se vi ne helpos, ~ ne malhelpu!. ~ provu!

almoz-o, [UV] alms, charitable relief. akcepti ~on. don?i ~on. pet?i ~on. ~(pet)i, beg (Ij 20/10). Viv?i ~e, by charity. ~isto, almoner. ~ujo, alms box. ~ulo, almsman. ~ulejo, almshouse. ~o¨don?ema, charitable.

aln-o, [UV] (bot) alder (Alnus). ~o blanka, grey a.

alo-o, [OA] (bot) aloe(s) (aloes) (Ps 45/8). ~aĵo, bitter aloes. ➞ agav.

aloj-o, (mt) Alloy. a. f Feliĉo sen~a. ➞ amalgam.

alonĝ-o (plilongigo), extension, allonge (document), leaf (table).

alopat/io, allopathy. ~o, allopath. ➞ homeopati.

alopekur-o (vulpa vosto), foxtail grass (Alopecurus).

alopias-o, thresher (fox) shark (Alopias).

alotrop-o, Allotrop/e. ~a, -ic.

alos-o (ich) shad (Clupea alosa).

Alp-o, Alp. ~a, -ine. ~a bastono, -enstock. ~a korno, -ine horn. ~a planto, rockery plant. ~ano, -ine dweller. ~isto, -inist.

alpak-o, (zoo) alpaca (Lama pacos). (tex) ~a drap-(fel-lan-led-)o.

alt-a, [UV] high, lofty. 1 (vertically): ~a arbo, homo, monto. ~a maro, high tide. 2 great, outstanding: ~a estimo, nivelo, ofico, prezo, temperaturo, tensio. 3 (nobla): ~a celo, penso, sento. (Bb) A~a Kanto, Song of Solomon. 4 (mus) high-pitched. ~a sono, voĉo. ~piĉa piano. ~(ec)o, altitude, elevation, eminence, height. ~o, (bridge) clearance, headway. ~o super-mara (above sea-level). ~e, highly, on high, aloft. ~e taksi, rate highly. rigardi ~en, look upwards. ~aĵo, high place (1 Sa 9/13). ~aĵeto, bank, hillock, mound. ~igi, exalt, raise. Prez~igi (fin) bull. ~iĝi, rise, soar, (av) ~iĝrapido, rate of climb. ~indikilo, height indicator. ~kreska, tall. ~lernejo, high-school. ~limo, (fin) ceiling. ~ometro, altimeter, height gauge. mal~a, [UV] low. ➞ bas, profund. mal~igi, abase, lower, reduce, (fin) bear. La Plej~ulo, the Highest. Pli~igi, advance elevate, promote.

altan-o (altejo), (arch) artificialy raised place, high look-out (balcony, terrace, etc.). ➞ balkon, belvidej, teras.

altar-o, [UV] altar. ~a tuko, altar-cloth.

alte-o, [UV] (bot) marsh mallow (Althaea). Roz~o, hollyhock. ➞ malv.

altern-i (nt), [UV] alternate, succeed one another by turn. Ruĝo ~is kun bluo. Ĉe la tablo ~is viroj kaj virinoj. ~a, alternating, in turn, each after one of the other kind. ~aj anguloj, folioj, rimoj. ~aj linioj, every other line, (agr) ~a kultivado, rotation of crops. ~a kurento, alternating current. ~e, by turns, turn and turn about. ~(ad)o, alternation. ~ado de lumo kaj ombro. (bid) (brika) junt~o, bond. ~igi, interchange alternatly. ~igi virojn kaj virinojn. ~ilo, alternator, generator for alternating current.

alternanco, alternance. ➞ ŝanĝ, vic.

alternativ-o,, [OA] alternative, either of two possible courses, one of various possibilities. ~a, mutually exclusive. ~a propono, signifo. ➞ elekt, selekt.

altitud-o, (as) (geog) (geom) altitude, height.

altruism-o (malegoismo), altruism.

altruist-o, altruist. ~a, altruistic. ➞ filantrop, homam, neprofitem, sindon, sinforges.

aluat-o, howler monkey (Alouatta).

alucit-o, alucite, plume-moth (attacking corn) (Alucita).

alud-i [UV] (-n, al, pri) allude (refer indirectly or covertly) to, mention (touch) in passing. ~o, allusion, implied reference. Por saĝulo sufiĉas ~o. ~o vualita (insinuo), hint, innuendo. ➞ menci, tuŝ.

alumet-o, [UV] match. ~o sendanĝera, vaksa. ~ujo, matchbox.

alumin-o, (chem) alumin/a, A12O3. ~ato, aluminate. ~izi, aluminize. ➞ alun, korund.

alumini-o, [OA] (chem) aluminium (Al), ~aĵoj, aluminium-ware.

alun-o, [UV] alum. ~ado, (phot) hardening in alum bath. ~ito (ŝton~o), alum stone, alunite.

aluvi-o, alluvium, water-borne deposit. ~a, alluvial.

alveol-o (kaveto), alveolus, cavity, socket. ~o buŝa, denta, pulma; cell (of honeycomb). ~hava, ~oza, alveolate, cellular, honeycombed, pitted. ➞ cel.

am-i (-n), [UV] love (has wide sense of Fr aimer). 1 Love, feel affection for: ~i edzon, infanon. 2 be attached to (fond of), care for, delight in, like: ~i muzikon, like (be fond of) music. Kiu ~as honoron, ~u laboron. Teatr~anto (FE). Ŝi diris, ke neniu ŝin ~as (cared for her). ~ata de la tuta mondo, a universal favourite. Eĉ por pomo putranta troviĝas ~anto. 3 (with infinity): ~i danci, love (to dance). Vi ~as preni, ~u redoni. ~ema, ~oplena, of 1ove, loving, affectionate, fond, tender. ~o, love. Havi (senti) ~on al iu (io). Pro ~o al, for the love of. Malsana de ~o (Alt 5/8). ~ataĵo, (Jes 44/9). ~at(in)o, loved one, beloved, darling, sweetheart. ~egi (-n), love passionately, adore, ~eto, liking ("a tiny seed of love") for. Mi nur ~etas lin. ~igi (-n), endear. ~igilo, love-potion. ~inda, lovable (➞ ĉarm, plaĉ). ~afero, ~intrigo, ~rilato, love-affair. -deklaro, ~esprimo, ~ĵuro, ~konfeso, ~letero. ~dezira, ~sopira, thirsting for love. ~vundita, love smitten. Ek~i (-n), en~iĝi (al iu, en iuri) fall in love. En~igi, captivate, enamour. Ge~antoj, lovers. Mal~o (kontraŭ), enmity, hatred. Mal~inda, hateful, odious, detestable. Pli~i (ol), prefer (to). Sen~a, loveless, cold, indifferent, unloving. Mon~a, mercenary, sordid. Mon~o, cupidity. Sin~o, self-esteem, egoism. ➞ ador, amor; amindum; favor, fremd, simpati; ŝat; karesem, tener.

amalgam-o, (chem) amalgam, alloy with mercury, f merger, ~i, amalgamate, f combine, unite. ~i ideojn, societojn. ~iĝi, amalgam ➞ aloj, kunfand, miksaĵ.

amand-o, kernel of fruit. ĉeriz~o, cherry stone.

amanit-o, amanita fungus (Amanita) > ~o bulba, verda, deathcap (A. phalloides), Muŝ~o (muŝfungo), fly agaric (A. muscaria).

amar-a, [OA] bitter (to taste). ~a bedaŭro, doloro, kritiko, riproĉo. Dolĉ~o, (bot) bitter sweet (Solanum dulcamara). ➞ acid, akr, gal, maldolĉ.

amarant-o, amaranth, love-lies-bleeding, Prince’s feather; pigweed (Amaranthus). ~a, amaranthine, purplish.

amarilid-o, belladonna lily (Amaryllis belladonna).

amas-o, [UV] (great unorderly) accumulation, mass; heap, pile. ~o da mono, ŝtonoj, ŝuldoj. f concourse, crowd, multitude, swarm, throng. Miks~o, hotch-potch, jumble, litter, medley, mess. Neĝ~o, snow-drift. Pajl~o, straw stack. popol~o, [UV] crowd, multitude, mob, populace. popol~ano, man in the street. Sterk~o, dunghill. ~a (grandara), mass. ~a buĉad-(kunven-)o. Flugi, kolektiĝi ~e, swarm (El 38/8). ~igi, accumulate, amass, collect, heap up, hoard. ~iĝi, come (crowd) together. ~produkto, mass product. ➞ akon, aglomer, greg, kolekt, mas, svarm.

amator-o [OA 8], amateur; one fond of, connoisseur, fancier, ~a, amateur, amateurish, unprofessional, unskilful. ~e, as a hobby, for the love of the thing, amateurishly. ~i, be an amateur, dabble. ➞ am, dilet, nemeti, neprofesi, ŝat.

ambasad-o. [OA 8] (ambasadoro kun ties sekvantaro, konsilantaro ktp.) embassy.

ambasador-o [OA 2], 1 ambassador. 2 official deputy, messenger. ~ejo (ambasado), embassy.

ambaŭ, [UV] (ĉiuj du) (pron), both. ambaŭmanoj, ambaŭokuloj. ambaŭ tie, neither. ambaŭ ne povas, neither can. ambaŭdekstra, ambidexterous. ambaŭflanka, on both sides (Jen 45/7). ambaŭflanke presita. ambaŭmane, with both hands. ambaŭseksa, hermaphrodite. ambaŭtranĉa, two-edged. ➞ kaj ... kaj. IT ambaŭ la is usually avoided (LR/121). But ambaŭ la knaboj venis, and la knaboj ambaŭ venis, follow English usage (though la ambaŭ knaboj does not, and are defensible) (➞1 Kr 12/15) (➞2 FA 67/29, 130/21; Rd 9/17)

ambici-a, [OA] (altaspira), ambitious, desiring distinction (glory, honour, power, etc.). f high-flown, pretentious, showy (of style, work). ~o, ambition. ~i, aspire to, be ambitious of, covet, pursue with ardour. ~ulo, careerist, pusher. Sen~a, disinterested, modest. ➞ aspir, gloram, honoram, streb.

ambigu-a, ambiguous.

ambistom-o, species of salamander (Ambystoma). ➞ aksolotl.

ambl-i (nt) ~o, amble. 1 (horse) lift two feet on same side together. 2 go at an easy pace.

ambon-o (early ecc arch), ambo, platform, pulpit (Ne 8/4, 2 Kr 6/13).

ambos-o, [UV] 1 Anvil. Inter martelo kaj ~o. ~o dupinta, two-beaked a. 2 (anat) ear-bone.

ambr-o, [OA] amber(gris), substance from sperm whale. ➞ sukcen.

ambrosi-o, (bot) ragweed (Ambrosia). ➞ setieci.

ambrozi-o, [OA] ambrosi/a, food of the gods, f something delightful to taste or smell. ~a, ambrosial. ~a gust-(manĝ-odor-)o.

ambulanc-o [OA] (kampa hospitalo), ambulance, field hospital.

ameb-o, (zoo) amoeba, microscopic animalcule.

amel-o, [UV] starch. ~o jod-(terpom-tritik -)a. ~(ec)a, starchy, ~a glao, starch-paste. ~i, starch (clothes, etc.). ➞ dekstrin.

amen! [UL] (interjection) Amen! So be it! Mi al ĉio diras ~o diablon ne forpelas.

amend-i (-n), (jur, pol), amend, correct, improve, make better, modify (text of project, etc.). ~o, amendment. ➞ modif, plibonig.

ament-o, (bot) amentum, catkin. ~acoj, amentaceae.

Amerik-o. [OA 8] America.

ametist-o, [OA] amethyst, mauve vrty of quartz colored by manganese.

amfi- (Gk pfx = on both sides), Amphi-.

amfibio, [UV] (av, zool), amphibian. ~a, amphibious. ~a animalo, tanko.

~bolo, (min) -bole > hornblende, (rh)

amfibologio (dusencaĵo), amphybology, ambiguous speech.

amfibrako, (pros) amphibrach ("). ~okso, (ich) lancelet (Amphioxus). ~podoj, -pods, > sand-fleas / (-hoppers).

amfiteatr-o, [OA] theatre, building with rising seats round central space. ➞ aren.

amfium-o, blind eel, Congo snake (Amphiuma).

amfor-o, [OA] (ant) amphora; two- handled vase, (astr) Aquarius.

ami-o, (ich) bowfin (Amia).

amiant-o, amianthus, silky vrty of asbestos.

amidol-o, (phot) amidol.

amik-o, [UV] friend. ~o bona, intima, nova. ~o en ĝojo kaj ploro. ~(iĝem)a, friendly, amicable, sociable. ➞ afabl. ~a helpo, konsilo, nacio, riproĉo, servo, vento. ~e, as a friend. be friends, on good terms. ~aĵo, friendly act, greeting. ~aro, circle of friends. ~eco, friendliness, friendship. ~iĝi, become (make). I ~iĝema, sociable. ~ino, girl (lady) friend. Kor~o, bosom friend. Mal~o, foe, enemy. Mal~a, hostile, inimical. Mal~igi, set at variance. Re~iĝi, be reconciled. ➞ kontraŭ, malam. Fianĉ~o, best man. Pseŭd~o, false friend. Re~igi, reconcile. Sen~a, friendless. II ~o, (rel) Friend, Quaker.

amil-o, amyl (C5H2).

amin-o, amine (NH2).

amindum-i (kun), [UV] Court, make love to, woo. ~ado, c-ship. ➞ am, flirt, koket, okulum, svat.

amirid-o (Amyris), genus of American trees > Jamaican rosewood.

amnesti-o [OA], amnesty, act of oblivion, gen. pardon. ~i (-n).

amnezi-o (perdo de memoro), amnesia.

amni-o, (obsolete), amnion. ~a, (amniotic) fluido. ➞ oment.

amodit-o, sand-eel, launce (Ammodytes).

amofil-o, marram gass (Ammophila).

amom-o, ginger-wort (Amomum) (Ap 18/13). ➞ azar, kardamon.

amoni-o, ammonium (NH4). ~a klorido = salamoniako.

amoniak-o, [UV] ammonia (NH3), or solution of this.

amonit-o, ammonite fossil.

Amor-o, Cupid, god of love (1 FA 34/11). f amour, sexual love. ~a, amatory, amorous. ~a revo. ~i, be amorous, ~oveka, sexy. ➞ amem.

amorc-o, cartridge (percussion) cap. ➞ eksplodigil, prajm.

amorf-a (senforma), amorphous, shapeless, structureless, non-crystalline.

amortiz-i (-n), [OA], amortize, progressively diminish, abate, weaken. Absorb (ŝokon); allay (doloron, febron); break the force of (falon); cool, damp (pasion); extinguish, liquidate, pay off (ŝuldon); subdue (lumon). ~o, deadening, etc. ~a kaso, sinking fund. ~ebla, (com) redeemable. ~ilo, damper. ➞ damp.

ampelopraz-o, wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum).

ampelops-o, (bot) ampelopsis creeper (Ampelopsis) > Virginia creeper.

amper-o, ampere, unit of current. ~metro, ammeter. ➞ kulomb.

ampleks-o, [UV] compass, dimension, extent, magnitude, proportions, range, scope, volume. Interna ~o, capacity. Natura ~o, natural size. Surfac~o, superficies. ~o de ideo, instrumento, organizo, voĉo. ~i (-n), comprise, cover, include, reach, take up. La ĉielo de ĉieloj ne povas vin ~i (1 Rĝ 8/27). Egal~a, sam~a, of the same scope (size). Grand~a, mult~a, vast~a, capacious, comprehensive, extensive, wide. ~~a agado, scio, verko. ➞ dimensi, enhav, grand, skal, spac, volumen.

amplif-i (-n), Amplif/y, enlarge, expand, increase strength of. (el) ~i kurenton, oscilon, tension. f add details. ~o, -ication. ~ilo, -ier. ~ilo (mal)altfrekvenca. (phot) enlarger.

amplitud-o, (ph) amplitude. ~o de ondo. ➞ ampleks.

ampol-o [OA 8], ampulla, (hollow) bulb, bulging extension. 1 (pharm) bottle with long neck and bottom bulge. 2 bulb for electric light or thermometer. 3 (bio) dilated end of duct or vessel. ~forma, flask-shaped. ~tubo (pipeto), pipette.

amput-i (-n). [OA], (surg) amputate, cut off. ~i membron. f cut down, curtail. ➞ fortranĉ.

amulet-o, [OA] amulet, charm worn against evil. ➞ talisman.

amuz-i (-n, per), [UV] Amus/e, entertain, tickle the fancy of. ~o -ment (reed), pleasant diversion. ~a, -ing, diverting, droll. ~aĵo, -ment, pastime. ~aĵeto, plaything. ~iĝi (Je, kuri), a. (enjoy) one’s, be -ed (laugh) at. Bone ~iĝi, have a good time ~iĝo, -ment (felt). ~ilo, toy. ~isto. entertainer. Kortega ~isto, court fool, jester. Mal~i, bore. ➞ distr, gajig, malenuig, ridig, komik, ludil, ted.

-an, [UV] (sfx) = man (belonging to). 1 Member, unit. Akademi~o, academician; polic~o, policeman. 2 Inhabitant of, dweller in. Afrik~o, African; orient~o, oriental. 3 Adherent, disciple, follower, partisan, one on the side of, pro-. Krist~o, Christian; vegetar~o, vegetarian.

~o, adherent, member, etc. ~aro, [UV] band, circle, company, group, party, troop. ~iĝi, become a member, join. ~kotizo, membership subscription. ➞ ist, ul.

-an, (ch afx), denotes paraffin hydrocarbons. Met~o, et~o, prop~o, but~o, pent~o.

anabapt/ismo, ~isto, anabapt-ism, ist. ➞ rebapt.

anafor-o (ripetita frazkomenco), (rh) anaphora (Mt 5/3-11).

anagal-o, [OA] pimpernel, poor man’s weatherglass (Anagallis).

anagir-o, (bot) bean trefoil (Anagyris).

anaglif-o, anaglyph. 1 embossed ornament. 2 (phot) stereoscopic picture in superimposed complementary colours. ➞ relief.

anagram-o, [OA] anagram, e.g. evil, Levi, live, veil, vile.

anakardi-o, cashew nut, ~arbo, c. tree (Anacardium).

anakolut-o (pensrompo), (rh) anacolution, breaking the sequence of thought (Mk 11/32; Lu 5/14).

anakond-o, (zoo) anaconda (Eunectes). ➞ boa.

anakronism-o, [OA] anachronism.

anal-oj (jarkroniko), (hist) Annal/s, yearly records, narrative of historical events. ~isto, -ist. [Ne = jarlibro]. ➞ kronik.

analfabet-o, ~a, illitera/te (nelegiv-ulo, ~a), ~eco, -cy.

analitik-o, (log) (mat) analytic/s. ~a. -al. ~a geometrio.

analiz-i (-n) [OA], analyse, examine minutely the constitution of, reduce to primary parts. ~i argumenton, solvaĵon, substancon. Juĝa ~o (1 Sa 12/7). ~o kvalita, kvanta. En la fina ~o. when all is said and done, all things considered, (gram) ~i (a., parse) frazon. (lit) abstract, outline, precis. ~a. analitical. ~ema, critical. ~isto, analyst. Sin~o, introspection.

analog-a, [OA] Analog/ous, parallel, similar. ~(aĵ)o, -ue, -y. ~eco, agreement, resemblance of form or function. (log) rezonado laŭ ~eco, reasoning by -y, from parallel cases, (lin) imitation of construction or inflection.

anamirt-o, fish (Indian) berries, "cockles" (Anamirta).

ananas-o, [UV] pineapple (Ananas sativus)

anapest-o, [OA] (pros) anapaest (""-).

anarĥi-o (anarki-o), [OA] Anarch/y, absence of government, disorder, pol. confusion. ~ismo, ~isto, -ism, -ist (a. anark-ism, -ist). ➞ ĥaos, nihil, senbrid, senord.

anarkik-o (mara lupo), sea-wolf, wolf- fish (Anarchicas lupus).

anas-o, [UV] ~ino, Duck (Anas). ~oj, denotes ducks in gen. Brunkapa ~o, common pochard. Fajf~o, wigeon. Histrion~o, harlequin duck. Krik~o, teal. Kuler~o, shoveller. mol~o [UV] (= somaterio), eider. Pintvosta ~o, pintail. Rok~o, scaup (Aytha marila). Sovaĝa ~o, wild duck, mallard. ~ido, -ling, ~iri, waddle. Vir~o, drake. ➞ fuligol, kerkedol, klangol, melanit, merĝ, nirok, somateri, streper, tadorn.

anastatik-o (Jeriĥa rozo), rose of Jericho (Anastatica).

anatem-o, (ecc) Anathem/a, ban, curse by the Church, excommunication. Sub ~o (Jos 6/17). f execration, imprecation. ~i (-n), -atize, curse. (Rd 7/2,26), ~aĵo, (~ito), accursed thing (person). ➞ ekskomunik, elpel, malben.

anatom-io,, [OA] Anatom/y. ~a, -ical, structural. ~(iist)o, -ist.

anfi-o, Reed, tongue, of m.i. ~instrumento. ~o libera, free r. ~a familio.

anĉov-o, [OA] spiced Anchovy or sprat. ~a butero, a-paste. saŭco. ➞ engraŭl, sprot.

andant-o, (mus) andant/e (= moderately slow) ~ino, -ino.

Andoro AD

andren-o, andrena, solitary bee (Andrena).

andromed-o, andromeda, bog rosemary, heathwort (Andromeda).

andropogon-o, genus of grasses (Andropogon) > broom sedge.

androsem-o, tutsan (Hypericum androsemum). ➞ hiperik.

anekdot-o [OA] (rakonteto), anecdot/e, narrative of detached incident. ~a, -al. ~aro. ~ema, garrulous. ~isto.

aneks-i (-n) [OA], Annex. 1 (pol) take possession of (teritorio etc.). 2 append. ~(aĵ)o, 1 -ation. 2 annex, addition to document, building. ~ismo, ~isto, -ation -ism (-ist). ➞ proprig, preni por si.

anelid-o, annelid, segmented (or bristle) worm (Annelida).

anemi-o (sangmanko), Anaem/ia, unhealthy pallor. ~o pereiga, pernicious a. ~a, -ic, lacking blood. ~igi, impoverish, weaken, ~ulo, -ic.

anemon-o [OA] (ventrozo), Anemone, wind-flower. Paska ~o, pasque flower (A. Pulsatilla), f Mar~o, sea-a (aktinio).

anerojd-a, aneroid. ~a barometro.

anestez-i (-n), (sensentigi), Anaesthe/tize. ~o, -sia, local insensibility. ~aĵo, ~ilo, -tic. ~isto, -ist. ➞ kloroform, narkot.

anet-o, (bot) dill (Anethum). ~akvo, d-water.

aneŭrism-o, (med) aneurism, localized dilatation of artery. ➞ varik.

angelik-o, [OA] (bot) angelica (Angelica).

angi-o, blood-vessel, lymph-vessel. ~a, vascular.

angil-o, [UV] Eel (Anguilla). Mar~o (kongro), conger. Sabla ~o, sand-e. ~ejo, e-pond. ➞ kongr, muren.

angin-o, [OA] Angina. Brust~o (a. brustangoro), a. pectoris. ➞ tonsilit.

Angl-ujo, Anglio [FE]

anglikan-o, anglican, churchman, member of the Church of England (~a eklezio). ➞ cant.

Angol-o AO

angor-o, [OA] anguish, severe bodily or mental pain, intense distress (Ce 1/15). Brust~o, angina pectoris. Mort~o, pangs of death. ~a, harrowing, heart-rending, poignant. ➞ agoni, doloreg.

angostur-o, Angostura (Cusparia angostura). ~a ŝelo, a-bark. ~a likvoro, a-bitters.

angul-o, [UV] 1 (geom) Ang/le. ~o akuta, obtuza, acute (obtuse) angle. ~o orta (ort~o), right a. Vid~o, a. of sight, (av) Driv~o, staŭl~o, trak~o, drift-, stall-, track-angle. (mec) frot~o, prem~o, friction-(pressure-) angle. 2 Corner (malvasta loko). ~o de ĉambro, domo, kameno. ~o de la kamparo. Kaŝ~o, nook, recess. ~a, angular; bony (vizaĝo); rugged (konturo). Iri ~en (ĉirkaŭ la ~on), turn the c. ~aĵo (~fero, ~relo) a-iron, V-rail. ~eco, angularity. ~eto, niche, nook. ~ilo, square. ~mezurilo, protractor. ~ŝtono, cornerstone (Ij 38/6). Egal~a, equiangular. En~igi, corner. t= premi al la muro (senelirejo). Rekt~a, rectangular. > oblongo. Strat~o, street c. Tri~o, (geom, m.i.), triangle. similar kvin~o (pentagono), pentagon.

angvis-o, (zoo) blindworm, slowworm (Anguis).

anĝel-o, [UV] Angel. ~o falinta, malbona. Gard~o, guardian a. f lovely or innocent being. ~(in)o mia! ~a, -ic. ~a kanto, vizaĝo. ~aro, host of angels. (col) ~eto, little cherub. Ĉef~o, arch-a. ➞ diabl, kerub, seraf, skvaten, spirit.

anĝelus-o, Angelus. 1 prayer. 2 (~a sonorilo), a-bell.

anhel-i (spiregi), (nt) be out of breath, breathe hard, gasp, pant. ~i pro kurado. ~antaj ĉevaloj. "Rapidu!" ŝi ~is (gasped).

anhidr-a, (chem) anhydr/ous, water-free. ~a kalko, quicklime. ~ido, -ide. Sulfata (sulfita) ~ido. ~ito, ~ite (Ca S04).

anil-o, Anil, indigo plant (Indigofera anil). ~ido, -ide.

anilin-o [OA] (fenilamino), Aniline. ~a nigra, a-black. ~a presado. ~a ruĝo (fuksino), fuchsine, magenta. Roz~o, ros-a.

anim-o, [UV] Anim/ating spirit, soul. 1 (immaterial being): La senmorteco de la ~o. 2 (emotional being) (1 Sa 18/1): Nobla ~o. Lia tuta ~o ribelis kontraŭ tio. 3 (heart, central part): Li estis la ~o de la entrepreno. 4 (life) (Ge 1/30, Ps 33/19): Ellasi sian ~on. ~a, of the soul. -ate, breathe life into, enliven, quicken, inspirit. ~ita (actuated prompted) de ĵaluzo; (buoyed up) de espero. ~eco, -ation. ~ismo, -ism. Bon~a, benignant, good-natured Egal~a, calm, even- tempered. ~~eco, equity. Facil~a (Ce 3/4), fickle, frivolous, hare-brained. grand~a, [UV] high-souled, magnanimous. Larĝ~a, liberal-minded. Malgrand~a, mean, small-minded. Re~i, re-a. Simpl~a, ingenuous, naive, simple-minded, straightforward, unaffected. Sobr~a, sober-minded. Trankvil~a, placid. Unu~a, unanimous. Vent~a, flighty, scatter-brained, ➞ inspir, psik, spirit. Opp korp, mens.

animal-o [OA 8], Animal, living being, member of the ~a regno (a. kingdom). ~ismo, -ism

animalkul-o, animalcule.

aniz-o, [UV] Anise (Pimpinella anisum) ~a semo, aniseed, ~likvoro, a- cordial. ➞ ilici (stel~o).

ankaŭ (adv), [UV] Also, too. ~ mi kantos, I, too, will sing. Amiko de amiko estas ~ amiko. Ne nur …, sed not only … but a. ➞ ceter, krom. Precedes the word to be emphasized.

ankiloz-o (artika rigidiĝo), ankylosis, stiffening of joints. ~igi, ~iĝi.

ankoraŭ (adv), [UV] 1 (ĝis nun, ĝis tiam) (shows continuation, no change) = Still, Yet, till (up to) now (tm in question). Li ~ kantas, he (was and) is s. singing. Virino - juna. Rim.: Place ankoraŭ before a negative word. ~ ne, not y., s. not. Li - ne kantas, he (was not, and) is s. not singing, he is not singing y. ~ neniam, never yet. A7~nenion scias, we know nothing yet, we s. know nothing. 2 (denove, plue, ree), s.(y.) another (more, besides). ~ kelke da vortoj, s. (y.) a few words more. - alia, yet another. Ni bezonas ~ du, another two (two more). Kion What else? ➞ ali, bis, jam, krom, pli, plu. Rim.: Use jam ne, not ne ankoraŭ.

ankr-o, [UV] Anchor. Flot~o, sea-a, drogue. ~o granda (malgranda), sheet (ketch) a. ~i (-n, abs) (ĵeti ~on), anchor, cast (drop) a. ~i ŝipon. f fix firmly. ~ita, at anchor. ~ejo, anchorage. ➞ rod. ~iĝi, f settle down. ~otreni, drag a. ➞ grapl, ŝtok.

ankuz-o, (bot) alkanet, anchusa (Anchusa).

anobi-o (frapskarabo), death-watch beetle (Anobium). ~a larvo, bore-worm, ~borita (vermborita), worm-eaten.

anod-o, (el) anode, positive pole or terminal.

anodont-o, swan mussel (Anodonta).

anofel-o, malaria gnat (Anopheles), ordinary language moskit.

anomali-o, [OA] anomaly, departure from normal, irregularity. ~a, anomalous, abnormal, exceptional. ➞ aberaci, nenormal.

anomur-o, hermit crab (Anomura). ➞ pagur.

anon-o, custard apple, etc. (Anona).

anonc-i (-n, al, pri; ke), [UV] announce, advertise, give out, give public notice of, make known, notify, proclaim; break (malbonan novaĵon); intimate presence of (vizitanto); publish (banns). Esti preĝej~ita, have one’s banns read, (cgm) declare. ~o, announcement, notice, notification, proclamation. Edziĝ~o, gazet~o. Lum~o, illuminated sign, (rel) Annunciation. (mus) ~o (a ~sekcio) (de fugo, sonato), exposition. ~ado, advertising. ~anto, (th) ~isto, compere, publika ~isto, town crier. ~ilo, prospectus. ~agento, ~oficejo, advertising agent (agency). ➞ afiŝ, aviz, inform, publik, reklam, sciig.

anonim-a, [OA] Anonym/ous, nameless, unnamed. ~a bonfaranto, aŭtoro, letero. ~eco, -ity. ~ulo, a. person. ~a societo, joint-stock (limited liability) company. ➞ inkognit, nekonat, pseŭdonim, sennom, sensubskrib.

anorak-o, (cl) anorak.

ans-o (tenilo). 1 knob (porda, tirkesid). 2 other outstanding pt; bight, loop (ŝnura); ear (sonorila); haft (ponarda, riglila); handle (korba, kruĉa; tasa); sash-fastener (fenestra); shank (butona). ~eto, ring of metal. ~igi (meti ~e), put akimbo (la brakojn), (org) Tir~o, stop. ➞ klink.

anser-o, [UV] ~ino, Goose (Anser). ~oj> geese (in gen.), ~o blankfrunta, white- fronted g.; blankvanga, barnacle g.; faba, bean g.; griza, greylag; Kanada, Canada g.; kolringa, brent g.; neĝa, snow g.; ruĝkola, red-breasted g. ~a. anserine, silly, f ~a haŭto, g-flesh. ~ido, gosling. ~bleki, gaggle. ~vice, in single file. Vir~o, gander.

anstataŭ, [UV] instead of. 1 (prep) = as a Substitute for, in place (default, lieu) of, for. Mi iris ~ li. ke ĉiu iru. 2 (conj) (before infinitive). Li dormis ~ labori (instead of workg). Skribu al li, ~ (skribi) al mi. Write to him instead of (writg) to me. Iri dekstren, ~ (iri) maldekstren. ~a, proxy, spare, refill. (➞ provizor, vie). ~e, instead, as a s., in exchange, in (his) stead. ~e de, in exchange for. ~i (-n), [UV] act (be a s.) for, be in (fill, take) the place of, represent, understudy. Mi ~os vin. ~aĵo (surogato), s. ~anto, ~ulo, s., proxy. ➞ agent, vikari. ~igi A per B; replace A ‘by B(=s. B for A, put B in place of A). ~igo, substitute, supersession. Ne~igebla, irreplaceable. Rim.: The accusative after anstataŭ is useful to avoid ambiguity. Petro batis Paŭlon ~ (bati) Vilhelmon. Vilhelmo word mean instead of W’s doing so). Mi helpos vin ( ~~ al vi) ~ Petron (al Petro). ~ Petro word mean Peter’s doing so. But Z. sometimes omits the accusative where no ambiguity is possible, e.g., ~ kafo li donis al mi teon (E/26). Vd. LR.77.

anstrom-o, (ph) angstrom.

-ant, [UV] (ending of present active participle) = -ing. Fal~a folio, falling leaf. Instru~e, (by, in, when, while, teaching), oni lernas. Li staris, nenion dir~e (without saying anything). IT -anto usually means a person (=-antulo). Rigard~o, looker-on. But it may also mean an object (=-antaĵo), Divid~o, divisor.

antagon/ismo, antagon/ism, active opposition. Veki ~ismon, -ize. -isto, -ist, adversary, opponent. ➞ konflikt, kontraŭul, batalant, opon, opozici.

antanaklaz-o, (rh) use of word with different meanings in same sentence, e.g., "The more I think of it, the less I think of it." ➞ Mat 8/22, vortludo.

antaŭ [UV]. I (prep): Before (place or time), (a) PLACE: = before, in front of. (Position): stari ~ la domo, iri ~ la domon. Jxeti perlojn ~ porkojn. (Priority): ~ ĉio, Above (first of) all, especially (➞ precip). Aferoj ~ plezuro. (In the presence of): Parolu ~ li, speak in his presence. Timo ~(or al) Dio, fear of God. (From): Kaŝu nenion ~ (or de) mi, Hide nothing from me. (b) TIME (= pli frue ol): (a) b., earlier than. ~ tiam, b. then ~ la oka, b. 8.0. (b) Ago (= b. now, in the past): ~ du jaroj, two years ago. ~ longe, long since. ~ nelonge, recently, not long ago . ~a, antecedent. X Fore, front. La ~a vico. 2 Former, previous, prior, quondam. En ~a vivo. ~e, X (fronte), ahead, in advance, Li marŝis ~e. 2 First, previously, ~e pensu, poste agu. Jam ~e, beforehand. ~(ir)i, precede. ~en, forward(s), onward(s), to the front. ~enigi, further, help on, promote. ~enema, forward, progressive, pushing. ~(aĵ)o, (fronto), fore (part), front, prow; vamp (ŝuo). ~eco, precedence, priority. ~ulo, fore-runner, predecessor. Mal~e(n), at (to) the back (rear), abaft, aft, astern, behind. Kap~e, head foremost.

II. antaŭ PFX. Ante-, fore-, pre-. X ~brako, forearm. ~ĉambro, anteroom. ~klarigo, preamble. 2 ~dati, antedate. ~historia, prehistoric. ➞ anticip, baldaŭ, fru, iam, pra; opp post.

III. antaŭ ol (rarely, antaŭ kiam): (conj) = before, ere. ~~ mi venis, b. I came. ~~ vi iros, b. you go. ~~ morti, b. dying. Parolu ~~ li (parolas), speak b. he does.

Antarkt-o [OA 9], ~a [OA 9]. la A~a cirklo; A~a klimato; A~a glacio.

antem-o, anthem, British species of motet, usually with Biblical words.

antemid-o. Chamomile (Anthemis). ~o fetora, stinking c. ~o flava, yellow c. ~o grenkampa, corn c. ➞ kamomil, matrikari.

anten-o, [OA] 1 (ent, zool) feeler, horn (➞ palpil, tentakl). 2 (rad) aerial. ~o direktebla, dissenda, frama, libera, pendanta, riceva. ~a drato, aerial wire.

antenari-o, (bot) cat’s foot, mountain everlasting (Antennaria).

anter-o, (bot) anther, pt of stamen containing pollen.

anti- = kontraŭ, anti-, against, opposed to. ~alkohola, ~biotika, ~febra, ~klerikala, ~sepsa, ~tusa; ~ciklono, ~klimakso, ~militismo, ~semito.

antiar-o, antiar, Javanese tree (Antiaris). ~o toksa, upas tree.

anticip-i (-n), [OA], Anticipat/e. 1 act (take, use) in advance. ~i pagon. 2 be beforehand, before another, forestall. ~i agon. 3 realize in advance, bank (reckon) on. ~i konkludon de argumento. 4 expect, fore-see (taste), have a previous impression, look forward to. ~i deziron, eventon, sukceson. ~o, -ion, foretaste, instinctive prevision. (rh) prolepsis (Mt 3/9); ~a (antaŭdata), in -ion (advance). ~a pago. (mus) ~a noto, -ion note. Pagi, danki, ĝui ~e.

antidork-o (saltantilopo), springbok. (Antidorcas).

antidot-o (kontraŭ), antidote. ➞ kontraŭrimed, kontraŭvenen.

antifon-o, (mus) Antiphon; versicle sung by one choir in response to another. ~a, -al, sung alternately, decani against cantoris. ~a kantado. ~aro, -ary. ➞ antem, ĉant.

Antigvo kaj Barbudo AG

antikv-a, [UV] antiqu/e. 1 ancient, from old time, of the past. ~a ceremonio, lingvo, tempo, urbo. 2 Old-fashioned. ~a mebl -(rob-)o. De ~e, of olden time. ~aĵo, object. of ancient art, relic. ~aĵisto, dealer in -ities. ~eco, -ity. ~isto, -arian. ➞ arkaik, arkeolog, malmodern, malnovmod, praform, pratemp.

antilid-o, kidney vetch, lady’s fingers (Anthyllis).

antilokapr-o, prongback, pronghorn (Antilocapra).

antilop-o, [OA] antelopo (Antilope) (Rd 14/5). ➞ antidork, antilokapr, cefalof, gazel, kama, oriks.

antimon-o, [UV] (chem) antimony, stibium (Sb).

antinomi-o, antinomy, contradiction, discrepancy (in a law, or between laws or opinions). ➞ paradoks.

antiop-o, (ent) Camberwell beauty butterfly, mourning cloak (Nymphalis antiopa.)

antipati-o (al, inter, kontraŭ) [OA], antipathy, constitutional or settled aversion, strong dislike. ~oj kaj simpatioj. ~a, repugnant, to which one has aversion. ~a homo, kutimo. Li estas por mi ~a, I dislike him. ➞ abomen, alergi, malestim, malinklin, naŭz, opposite simpati.

antipirin-o, (med) antipyrin.

antipod-o, [OA] Antipod/es, other side of earth. ~a (diametre kontraŭa), direct opposite. Lando ~a. ~ano, ~ulo, -ean.

antiren-o (leonfaŭko), (bot) snapdragon, bunnie’s mouth (Antirrhinum).

antitez-o, [OA] (rh) antithesis, contrast of ideas, phrases, words (Mk 2/27; Jes 59/9; 65/13,14).

antoksant-o, vernal grass (Anthoxanthum). ~o odora, sweet v-g.

antologi-o, [OA] anthology, collection of choice poems, etc. ➞ krestomati.

antonim-o, (rh) antonym, word with opposite meaning.

antonomazi-o, (rh) antonomasia, use of epithet or descriptive phrase instead of proper name.

antracit-o (ŝtonkarbo), anthracite.

antraks-o, anthrax, inflammatory skin lesions. 1 of sheep and cattle. 2 in man by infection from this. ➞ absces, furwk, karbunkol.

antrisk-o > beaked parsley, bur chervil (Anthriscus). ➞ cerefoli.

antrop- (hom-), (ppfx) anthrop-. ~ocentra, -ocentric. ~ojda (homsimila), -oid.

antropolog-o, [OA] ~io, [OA] -ologist, -ology. ~ometrio, -ometry, ~omorfismo, (rh) -omorphism, attribution to God of human form or personality.

antus-o = pipio.

Anunciaci-o [UV] = anonco (rel).

anus-o, (anat) An/us. ~a. -al.

aorist-o, (gram) aorist, tense with limitation.

aort-o, [OA] aorta, chief artery from heart.

apaĉ-o, apache, 1 West American indian. 2 city rough, hooligan.

apanaĝ-o, ap(p)anage, allowance to royal children. 2 perquisite.

aparat-o, [OA] apparatus. 1 outfit, plant, set, tackle. 2 appliance, device, gear, mechanism. 3 instrument, machine. ~o administra, fota, fotografa, telegrafa. Gas~o, gas fittings. (anat) ~o digesta, reprodukta, spira. ➞ ekip, il(ar), instrument, maŝin, organar.

apart-a, [UV] Separ/ate. 1 apart, distinct, independent, particular, reserved. ~a ĉambr-(fak-kovert-kupe-)o. ~a loko por ĉio. 2 one’s own., e.g., special, out of the ordinary, unique. ~a intereso, trezoro (Mai 3/17). (typ) ~aj literoj, movable type. ~e, -ately, (e)specially; aloof, aside, in a stage whisper. ~aĵo, -s. compartment, section(Ge 6/14); ~eco, characteristic, speciality. ~ejo. ~igi (-n de), -ate, isolate, segregate, set apart (aside) (Ge 1/4); devote, reserve. ~igo, distinction (El 9/4). ~iĝema, unsociable, ~ismo, -ism. Nc~igebla, in-able, indissolubly bound. ➞ fak, flank, komun, malkun, precip, sol, special.

apartament-o [OA] (ĉambraro), apartments), flat, suite (of rooms).

aparten-i (al), [UV] 1 belong to. Ĝxi ~as al mi ~~ Ĝi estas mia, it is my property. 2 appertain (be appropriate or due) to. be the affair of, depend on, relate to. Lingvaj decidoj ~as al la Akademio. La honoro ~as al vi. Tio ne ~as al (does not fall within) miaj devoj. Ne ~as al mi (~i), It does not behove (fall on) me, is not incumbent on me (to). 3 Be one (or, part) of. Mi ~as al la komitato. ~aĵo, (Ge 2/1).

apati-o, [OA] Apath/y, indifference, insensibility to suffering, mental indolce. ~o de la publiko. Afekti ~on, Levi el ~o, rouse. ~a, -etic, listless. ➞ indiferent, malvigl, nesentem, senenergi, senpasi.

apatur-o, purple emperor butterfly (Apatura).

apeks-o, apex, peak, tip, top. vertex. ~a, apical.

apel-i [apelaci-i [OA]] (alvoki proteste aŭ por subteno), Appeal. ~i al publika opinio (sento de justo, supera tribunalo). ~i kontraŭ verdikto. ~o, appeal. ~a tribunalo, court of a. ~anto, appelant. Juĝo sen~a, final judgment. ➞ sin turni.

apenaŭ [UV] (etym = kun peno), Hardly, Only Just, barely, scarcely. 1 (achievement): (= preskaŭ ne): only with difficulty. Mi ~ povas vidi (= mi preskaŭ ne povas vidi), I can hardly (o.j., scarcely) see, I can see only with an effort. ~ kaŝita, thinly disguised. Rim.: Conversely, apenaŭ ne = preskaŭ (Ps 73/2). Li ~ ne dronis = li preskaŭ dronis), he almost (all but, well nigh) drowned, barely escaped drowning. 2 (time) (nur ĵus): ~ ŝi venis. she had hardly (o.j.) come. ~ li ricevis ĝin, no sooner had he got it (than). (Ge 40/10, 1 Sa 4/18, 1 Rĝ 14/17, Ps 37/36) 3 (measure) (ne pli ol): not more than, at the most. Mi rest is ~ du horojn. ~a, almost imperceptible.

apendic-o, (anat) appendix. ~o vermoforma. ~ito, appendicitis.

aper-i (nt), [UV] Appear. 1 (ekesti, vidiĝi): become visible (manifest), come into view, show, turn up. ~i ĉe la pordo (antaŭ la publiko). Jam ~is la primoloj. 2 (sin montri): present one’s. ~i antaŭ la tribunalo. 3 (eldoniĝi): be published. La libro ĵus ~is. ~o, appearance, -ing (➞ epifani). ~aĵo, ~anto, apparition, phenomenon (➞ fenomenon, fantom, vizi). ~eti, show the tip of one’s nose. ~igi, bring out, cause to a., reveal. ➞ malkaŝ, malkovr. (phot) (riveli), develop. ~igilo, developer. Ek~i, break out, crop (loom) up. mal~i, [UV] disappear, pass away, vanish. ~~i kiel vaporo (ŝtono en maron). ➞ forpas, neniiĝ, mort, pere, vaporiĝ. ~~ema (efemera), ephemeral, passing. ~~igi, efface, remove (➞ detru, elimin, forig, forviŝ, vual). ~~inta, missing. Re~i, reappear. ~~antoj, ghosts (Ibsen). [Ne= seem (aspekt, mien, ŝajn)].

aperitiv-o (alcoholic) aperitif, appetizer.

apertur-o, [OA] (malfermaĵo) (Ge 7/11, El 39/23, Jos 10/22), Aperture, gap, mouth, opening, orifice. ~o de buŝo, fenestro, kamero, puto, tubo, vesto. Son~oj de turo (1 FA 36/40). ➞ bus, fend, luk, tru.

apetit-o,, [OA] Appet/ite. desire (inclination) for food, etc, relish. Bremsi (curb), Perdi (lose) la ~on. Bonan ~on! ~i (al), crave for, desire. ~odona, ~veka, -izing. Manĝi bon~e, heartily. Sen~a, without a. ➞ dezir, gust, ĝu, palatoplaĉ.

api-o, [OA] smallage, wild celery > fool’s watercress (Apium). ➞ celeri, petrosel.

apik-a, steep, vertical, (mar) Ankri ~e (superankre), up and down.

apios-o, (bot) earthnut (Apios).

aplanat-a, (opt) aplanatic. ~a lenso.

aplaŭd-i (-n, al, abs), [UV] applaud; express approval, especially cheer, clap. ~i oratoron, spektaklon. f commend, publicly praise. ~i ies kuraĝon. ~o, applause, loud approbation. ~egi (tondre ~i), (th) bring the house down. ~ema, appreciative. ~istaro, (th) hired clappers. ➞ aklam, gratul, laŭd, ovaci.

aplik-i (-n, al) [OA], Appl/y, bring to bear on, employ (use) for special purpose, put into contact with, practice, turn to account, utilize. ~i epiteton, kataplasmon, leĝon, metodon, regulon, sperton. Sin ~i al, a. one’s to. ~itaj sciencoj. ~o, -ication. ~o (de bandaĝo), devotion (al studado). ~ebla, ~iĝi, (be) -icable. ➞ adapt, almet, praktik, rilatig, utilig, uz. [Ne= apply (sin turni al)].

aplomb-o, [OA] 1 assurance, balance, coolness, equilibrium, poise, self-confi- dence (self-possession). Vi havas ~on, you’re a cool customer. 2 (~aĵo), cheek. Kia ~o! What impudence! ~a, cool. Sen~a, shaky, wobbly. ➞ sinfid.

apocen-o, dog-bane (Apoeynum). ~o kanaba (Hinda kanabo), Indian hemp (A. cannabium).

apog-i (-n, je, kontraŭ, per, sur) [UV] (subteni), Support. 1 Place (rest) on for s. ~i la kapon sur la mano(j)n. 2 Give s. to. ~i kandidaton, proponon; muron per trabo. Sin ~i (al, sur), lean, rest. s. one’s against (upon) (Jeh 29/7). f rely on, use as basis. ~i sin sur la fakto, ke … ~o, s. (Ij 24/23). ~o morala. ~a relo, stango, trabo, prop, shore. ~ilo, something to lean against, or on, s., brace, prop, rest, stay, staff, strut, back (de seĝo), rail (de ŝtuparo) (balustraro) (El 21/19). Kap~ilo, head-rest. Libr~ilo, book-end. Man~ilo, handrail. Menton~ilo, (vn) chin-rest. Mur~ilo (abutmento), Trus~ilo, brace, strut. ~iĝilo, staff (Ps 23/4). ➞ baz, help, ste, strut.

apoge-o, [OA] (astr) apogee, furthest point from earth, f climax. Esti ĉe (en) la ~o (at the height, in the hey-day) de sia famo. ➞ afeli, klimaks, kulmin, zenit. Opp perige.

apoĝatur-o, (mus) appogiatura, leang note.

apokalips-o, apocalypse, revelation, especially (Bb) Revelations. ~a, -tic. ➞ rivel. apokope-o (fintranĉo), (rh) apocope, elision of last part of word., e.g., aŭt(o-mobil)o, fot(ografaĵ)o, kin(ematograf)o, taksi(metr)o, tram(veturil)o. ➞ aferez, sinkop.

apokrif-o, [OA] Apocryph/a. ~a, of the A., -al. f of doubtful authenticity, false, spurious. ➞ fals, neaŭtent.

apolog-o, [OA] = fablo.

apologi-o, apolog/ia, defence, explanation, vindication. ~o de Sokrato, pro sia kredo [Ne= ekskuz, pardonpet]. ~i (pro). defend, justify. ~isto, -ist. ~arto, -etics, ➞ defend, pravig.

apopleksi-o, [OA] Apople/xy, cerebral haemorrhage. Atako de ~o, stroke. be -ctic. ~eca, ~ema, ~ulo, -ctic. ➞ paraliz.

aposiopez-o (subita silento), (rh) aposiopesis, breaking off, leaving hearer to supply words unsaid. (Ps 6/3; Da 4/21, Ag 23/9).

apostat-o, Aposta/te. f turncoat. ~i, -tize, renounce one’s faith (party, vows). ~eco, ~iĝo, -cy. ➞ prozelit, renegat.

aposterior-a, (log) a posteriori, based on fact and experience; (log) inductive, reasoning from effects to cause, (lin) derived from natural langs. Esperanto estas ~a lingvo.

apostol-o, [OA] 1 Apostle, especially one of the 12 (Mt 10/2). 2 f pioneer, missionary, leader of reform. ~a kredkonfeso. ~ado, ~eco, apostleship. ➞ misi, pionir, propagand.

apostrof-o, [OA] apostrophe. 1 (gram) sign of elision. 2 (rh) (alparolo), exclamatory address (especially to absent person or thing). ~i (-n), apostrophize (both meanings). ➞ alparol, elizi.

apotek-o, [OA] chemist’s shop, drugstore. ~aĵoj, drugs, medicine. ~isto, druggist, pharmaceutical chemist. ➞ drog, farmaci, ĥxemi.

apoteoz-o, [OA] Apotheos/is, deification, deified ideal. -ize.

apozici-o, [OA] (gram) apposition. ➞ apud- met, epitet.

apr-o, [UV] wild boar (Sus ~orofa). ~ino, wild sow. ➞ fakofer, pork, (ich) ~ofiŝo, boarfish (Capros).

apret-i (-n), dress, finish, glaze, get up, stiffen (leather, textile, etc), (av) dope. ~ado, ~aĵo, dressing, etc. ~isto, finisher. ➞ glazur, pretig.

aprez-i, appraise, estimate the artistic value of.

April-o, [UV] April. ~a pluvo, ŝerco, vetero.

aprior-a, a priori, based on theory instead of facts and experience, (log) deductive (reasoning), from cause to effect, (lin) theoretical, artificial. Solresol estis ~a lingvo.

aprob-i (-n), [UV] 1 Approv/e (of), be pleased (hold) with, commend, like. ~i agon, ideon, planon. 2 authorize, certify, confirm, recognize, sanction. Profesoro ~ita. ~o, -al, certificate (of document), commendation, consent. Mal~i, dis-a, censure, condemn. ➞ laud, sankci; certig, diplom. opposite kondamn.

apsid-o, (astr) apsis: Ap-(peri-)helion (of planet); apo-(peri-)gee of moon. ~a linio, line of apsides (joining these). ➞ absid.

aptenodit-o, ➞ pingven.

apterig-o (a. kivio), (orn) kiwi (Apteryx).

apud (a. apude de), [UV] (prep) 1 (flanke de)’. at (the side of), beside. 2 (Najbare, proksime, de): by, close to, near. Tablo ~ la seĝo. Sidu ~ mi. Metu ĝin ~ min. ~a, adjacent, adjoining, contiguous, neighbouring. ~a domo. ~e, alongside, at the side, near by, close. Staru ~e. ~(est)i, be near (➞ limtuŝ). ~eco, ~esto, proximity. ➞ ĉi, flank, najbar, nekst, proksim.

apus-o, (orn) swift, martinet. (Apus).

-ar, [UV] (sfx) Collection (group, set) of (several or all) units of the same kind, regarded as a whole. It forms "nouns of multitude", (a) (people): band, bevy, circle, company, crew, crowd, gang, host, team, (b) (animals): brood, flock, herd, litter, pack, swarm, etc. (c) (Objects): code (reguloj), forest (arboj), peal (sonoriloj), set (verkoj), suite (ĉambroj), etc. E.g., adres-(amik-best -hom-kamp-klav-pin-plant-tend-)aro, which see Rim.: An ar-word denotes a unity, complete in itself. Vagonaro is more than aro da vagonoj; it is the combination we call a train. A vort~o is not any group of words, but a dictionary. ~o, group, etc. ~iĝema, gregarious, social. ➞ amas, band, greg, grup, hard, kolekt, kompleks, sum, svarm, trup. opposite er.

ara-o, (orn) macaw (Ara).

arab-o [OA 8], Arab.

arabesk-o, [OA] (des, mus) arabesque.

arabid-o, rock cress (Arabis).

aragonit-o, (min) aragonite.

arak-o, (bev) arrack, rice brandy.

arakid-o (ternukso), groundnut, monkeynut, peanut (Arachis).

arali-o, aralia (Aralia). ~o dorna, angelica tree (A. spinosa).

arane-o, [UV] Spider. Akva ~o (argiron- ekto), diving spider. Birdomanĝa ~o (avikulario), bird-eating s. ~o diadema, garden-s. Dom~o (tegenario), house-s. Nigra ~o, black widow. ~aĵo, ~a reto (teksaĵo), s’s web, cobweb. ~ojdo, arachnid. ➞ atip.

aranĝ-i (-n, ke, por, pri), [UV] Arrange (wide sense) 1 (ordigi) put in order; ~i ĉambron, kravaton, liton, tablon. 2 (reguligi) adjust, dispose of, settle. ~i aferon, disputon, proceson. 3 form plans for, get up, manage, organize, take steps: ~i akcepton, feston. Komunikon, kongreson. 4 (mus) (adapti): ~i solkanton kiel kvarteton. ~o, -ment. Pari ~ojn, Bon~o (Se 8/14), Har~o, coiffure. ~ema, contriving, ingenious. Antaŭ~i, pre-a. Antaŭ~ita decido. En~i set (gems). Mal~i, dis-a, jumble, put out of order, upset. Fin~i, conclude, settle. Sulk~i kampon, (Jes 28/24). ➞ konfuz, malordig, renvers.

araŭkari-o, monkey puzzle, Chili pine (Araucaria).

arb-o, [UV] Tree. Kia la ~o, tia la frukto. Frukt~o, fruit-tree. Nuks~o, nut-tree. Pan~o, breadfruit tree. (artokarpo). Tulip~o (liliodendro). Vaks~o (miriko). ~a, arboreal. ~aro, [UV] forest. ~ara (-oza, -oriĉa), sylvan, well-wooded. ~ara gardisto, ranger. ~areto, grove, small wood. ~arigi, afforest. ~(ar)ismo, forestry, woodcraft. ~(ar)ismano, woodcrafter. ~(ar)isto, forester, ~etaĵo, [UV] brushwood, bush, scrub. ~etaro, coppice, plantation, thicket. ~ido, sapling. ~idejo, nursery. ~okulturo, arboriculture. Pra~aro, virgin forest. Sub~aĵo, undergrowth (-wood). Re~arigi, reforest. ➞ arbed, arbust, bosk, lign, vepr.

arbalest-o [OA] (ŝultra pafarko), crossbow.

arbed-o, shrub branching from base, e.g., ribo, kratago. Rim.: The distinction between arbed and arbust seems doubtfully useful: perhaps arbed might be dropped.

arbitr-a, [UV] Arbitrary. 1 At discretion. 2 capricious, despotic, high-handed, overbearing. ~a ago, elekto, juĝo, povo, regulo. ~o, caprice, choice, discretion, free will, good pleasure, option. Laŭ la ~o (at the mercy) de. Agi ~e (laŭ sia ~o), at will. ~i, lay down the law. ~aĵo, a. act. ➞ bontrov, kapric, libervol, propradecid; despot, tiran.

arbitraci-o, [OA] Arbitrat/ion, settlement by arbiter. ~a kortumo, court of a. ~a decido, settlement by a. ~a komisiono, board of referees. ~e, by a. ~i, arbitrate, decide by agreed judge(s). ~anto (Ij 9/33), -or, arbiter, judge, mediator, referee, umpire. ➞ akordig, aranĝ, juĝ.

arbust-o, [OA] shrub, bush (trunk woody at base, herbaceous at top), e.g., frambujo (➞ arbed). ~aĵo, ~aro, brushwood, scrub, shrubbery. Dorn-o (Jĝ 9/14). Pik~o (Jes 5/6). ➞ vepr.

arbut-o, arbutus, strawberry-tree (Arbutus). ~a arbo, frukto. ➞ frag.

arĉ-o, [UV] (mus) Bow, fiddlestick (kun haroj kaj stango). ~kordo, b-string. f havi plurajn kordojn por sia ~o.

ard-a, [OA] Ard/ent, burning, glowing, hot, fiery, blazing, scorching (suno), live (karbo), raging (febro). f eager, fervent, fierce, keen, lively, passionate. ~a atako, deziro, parolo, sento. ~anta (forno) (Da 3/6). ~o, -our, eagerness, enthusiasm, fervour, zeal. Seks~o, rut. be a. (burning hot). La fajro, forno ~as. ~aĵo, glowing matter. Karb~aĵo, embers, live coals. ~ilo (mufo), (gas) mantle. Blank~a (inkandeska), white hot. Ruĝ~a (brulruĝa), red hot. ➞ brul, flam, varmeg; fajr, fervor, pasi.

arde-o, [UV] heron (Ardea) (Le 11/19). Nokt~o, night heron. (Nycticorax). ~o purpura, purple heron. ➞ egret.

ardez-o, [UV] Slate (min). ~a lato, roof s. ~ejo, s-quarry. ~(kolor)a (blugriza), s-gray. ➞ skist. 2 (skrib~o), writing-s. ~a krajono (grifelo), s-pencil.

are-o, Area, extent of surface, region, tract, (bid) court, yard. Plank~o, floor space, f province, range, scope (de kompetento, influo, tribunalo). (av) Alteriga ~o, landing-a. Sam~a, of equal a. ➞ ampleks, aren, surfac, teren, volumen, zon.

arek-o, betel palm (Areca), Kateĉu~o, catechu-palm (A. catechu), ~a nukso, areca nut. ➞ kateĉu.

aren-o, [UV] arena, central area, f field, scene of conflict, (box) ring. Eniri la ~on, enter the lists (fray). ➞ batalej, luktej.

arenari-o (Arenaria). 1 (bot) sandwort. 2 (orn) (ŝtonturnulo), turnstone.

arenikol-o, lugworm (Arenicola).

areol-o (areeto), (bot) (zool), areola, small surrounding area, patch, spot.

areometr-o [OA] = hidrometro.

areopag-o, areopagus, site of Gk tribunal, f authtive impartial tribunal.

arest-i, [UV] Arrest, apprehend, seize, take in charge (into custody), catch attention. Sub ~o, under a., in custody. ~ejo, cell, detention room. ~igi have -ed. give into custody. ~ito, prisoner, ~ordono, warrant of a. ➞ gard, kapt, karcer, malliber.

argan-o (a. gruo), (mec) Crane, derrick. ~o kun stango, jib. c. Mura ~o, wall c. ~o sur relponto, travelling c. Svinga ~o, swing c. ➞ gru, puli, turnil, vine.

argant-o, species of tick > Miana bug (Argas).

argemon-o, devil’s fig, prickly or Mexican poppy (Argemone).

argen-o, fritillary butterfly (Argynnis).

Argentin-o AR, Argentina.

argil-o, [UV] Clay. Fajr~o, pip~o, skist~o, fire-(pipe-) c., shale. Kalk~o (marno), marl. Modla ~o. Potista ~o, potter’s c. ~eca, ~oza, -ey, argillaceous. ~a pipo, tero. ~a dometo (planko), mud hut (floor). ~aĵo, crockery, earthernware, pottery. ➞ kaolin, porcelan, terakot.

argironet-o (akva araneo), diving spider (Argyroneta).

argon-o, (chem) argon (A).

argonaŭt-o, 1 (myth) argonaut. 2 (zoo) paper-sailor(-nautilus) (Argonauta).

argument-o, [UV] Argument, reasoning advanced (Ij 23/4) ~o ĝusta, valida. Tiri ~on el, infer (deduce) from. ~i (pri, ke, kontraŭ), argue, maintain by reasoning. ~i pri ĉio, ~i, ke. ~ado, debate. ~ema, -ative. Kontraŭ~o, objection. For~i, argue away. ➞ diskut, inferenc, pruv, rezon, silogism.

arĝent-o, [UV] Silver (Ag) ~a, s. ~a kulero, monero, pokalo. ~a nitrato (oksido). f silvern, silvery, silver-toned. ~a brilo, rido, sono, voĉo. ~(iz)i, plate, cover with s. ~aĵ(ar)o, s-plate, etc. ~itaĵo, s-plated article. ~ero, s-coin.

ARĤ- = ARK- (RK as an alternative for RĤ was approved by LK in 1922 and confirmed in OA 8, 1974: “La ses formoj: alkemio, arkaismo, arkitekturo, kemio, mekaniko kaj monarko estas oficialigitaj kiel paralelaj al la Oficiala alĥemio kaj al la Fundamentaj arĥaismo, arĥitekturo, ĥemio, meĥaniko kaj monarĥo.”).

arĥaism-o [F] (a. ARK- [OA 8]), archaism, obsolete word or phrase; imitation of this. ➞ arkaik.

arĥitektur-o [UV] (a. ark- [OA 8]) architecture.

ari-o, [OA] 1 air, melody, tune. 2 Aria. ~eto, ditty. 2 arietta.

arid-a, arid, barren, dry, parched.

arier-o, (mil) rear, hinder pt. ~gardo, rear-guard.

aril-o, (bot) aril, extra seed-covering.

arist-o, (bot) (zoo) arista, awn, beard( gre/ta), bristleOKa). ➞ ar.

aristokrat-o [OA 1], Aristocra/t, nobleman. ~a, -tic. ~aro, -cy, nobility, f best representatives (of intellect, etc). ~eco, -cy, high birth, quality, etc. ~ismo = aristokrati-o [OA 8], regime in which pol. power belongs to the -cy.

aristoloki-o, birthwort (Aristolochia). ➞ serpentari.

aritmetik-o [OA] (nombroscienco), arithmetic.

ark-o, [UV] 1 arc, curve, pt of circle or other conic section. 2 (el) arc: ~lampo. 3 Arch: Kurba, ogiva, triumfa, volba ~o ~o de fenestro. 4 (pafarko). (mil) Bow: Malstreĉi la ~on, unbend the bow f relax. Apog~o, flying buttress. Balanc~o, rocker (de brakseĝo). Ĉiel~o, (pIuv~o), rain-bow. Mian ~on mi metos en la nubon (Ge 9/13). Nebul~o, fog-b. Pied~o, instep. Pint~o (ogivo), ogive. Vest~o, coat- hanger. ~aĵo, [UV] (volbo), arch. ~o ĉiela, subtera. ~aĵo de ponto, (tunelo). ~aĵa, arched, vaulted. ~aĵaro, arcade, cloister. ~igi (fleksi), arch, bend, camber, curve, hump. ~igi branĉon, la brovojn, la porson (kato). (Paf)~isto, bowman, archer, (astr) Sagittarius.

arka-a, see arkaika.

arkad-o, [OA] Arcade, archway, passage arched over. Blind~o, blind a. ➞ galeri, klostr, kolonaĵ, pergol.

arkaik-a, [OA] (arĥ- [OA]) (a. arka-a). archaic, antiquated, no longer in gen. use, primitive. ~a diro, parolo, forto. ~aĵo, ~eco (= arkaismo, arĥaismo [OA 8]). ➞ antikv, eksmod, malmodern, primitiv.

arke-o, (Bb) (Noah’s) ark (Ge 6/14). ➞ kest. tabernakl.

arkeologi-o, [OA] arkeolog-o [OA] (a. arkeologi/ist-o) (a. arĥ- [OA]), archeology, archeologist.

arkipelag-o [OA] = insularo, archipelago.

arkitekt-o [OA] (a. arĥ- [OA]), architect.

arkitektur-o [OA] (a. arĥ- [OA]), architecture, science or style of building.

arkitrav-o, architrave. 1 main beam resting on column(s). 2 moulded frame.

arkiv-o [OA] (arĥ- [OA]), archives, files, records. 1 (dokumentaro). 2 ( = ~ejo), place where these are kept, records office. Formeti en ~on. Regna (Ŝtata) ~o. ~isto. archivist, filing clerk, keeper of records, registrar. ➞ registr.

arkivolt-o, archivolt, undercurve of arch, moulding on this.

Arkt-o [OA 9] (~a regiono), the Artic. ~a [OA 9] (nordpulusa), Arctic, north polar. A~a cirklo, A~a klimato, A~a Oceano. opposite antarkt.

arkti-o, tiger moth (Arctia caja). ~a (lana, ursa) raŭpo, woolly bear. ➞ lap.

arktostafil-o, bearberry (Arctostaphylos).

arleken-o [UV] (burleskulo). Harlequin, buffoon, clown, mountebank. Vestita ~e, in motley. ~aĵo, -ade, slapstick. ➞ grotesk, klaŭn, petol.

arm-i (-n kontraŭ), [UV] 1 Arm (against), accoutre, equip (fit out, furnish, provide) with arms. urbanojn. Sin ~i, a. one’s, take up with arms. 2 brace, fortify, strengthen. ~ita betono, reinforced concrete. ~ita drato, fadeno, vitro. Ne ~ita (naked) okulo. ~(ad)o, armament, -ing. Limigo de ~ado. 3 (her) ~oj (arms) de urbo. ~aĵo (armaturo), -our, accoutrement, mail, plate, sheathing. ➞ kiras, ŝild, ŝirmil. ~iloj, arms. ~ilejo, (arsenate), -oury, arsenal. ~il(far)isto, armourer. ~ilportisto, armour bearer. ~itoj, -ed men. Mal~i, Sen~(il)igi, disarm. Re~ado, rearmament. Sen~a, defenceless, unarmed. ➞ armatur, ekip.

armadel-o, armadillo. 1 = dazipo. 2 (~eto) armadillo, species of woodlouse (➞ dazip, onisk).

armatur-o (fortigaĵo), Armature (wide sense). brace, defensive cas-(cover-sheath-)ing, framework, reinforcement (betona), truss (traba), roofing (tegmenta), f backbone, sinews (de entrepreno). ~o betona, fera, ligna; mura, tegmenta, volba; horizontala, vertikala. (el) ~o de magneto. ~i, furnish with an a. ➞ armaĵ.

arme-o, [OA] Army, force(s), host. ~o aer-(ŝtat-)a. Mar~o, navy. Sav~o, Salvation a. Ter~o, ground forces, f body, host. ~o de akridoj, oficistoj. ~ano (soldato). ~estro (generate). ➞ amas, legion, militistar, svarm, trup.

Armenujo, Armenio [OA 8] AM.

armeri-o, (bot) thrift (Armeria) ~o mara, sea pink.

armilari-o, honey fungus (Armillaria).

armistic-o (batalhalto), armistice, short temporary truce.

armoraci-o (ordinary language kreno), horse-radish (Armoracia).

arnik-o, [OA] (bot) arnica (Arnica) mountain tobacco. ~aĵo, tincture of a.

arog-i (al si) (-n, -i), Arrog/ate to one’s, claim unduly, have the audacity, presume (Da 7/25). ~i al si privilegion, rajton, ~anta [UV] (ofende fiera), arrogant, forward, high-handed, overbearing, presumptuous, uppish. ~~a fripono, maniero, parolo.

~~(ec)o, -ance, "cheek", effrontery, presumption. ~~aĵo, piece of impudence.

arok-i, (chs) castle. ~o, castling. ➞ tur.

arom-o, [OA] Arom/a, subtle pervasive quality, delicate fragrance, sweet smell. ~o de kafo, teo, supo, vanilo; de floroj, spicoj. Balzama ~o. f ~o de romaneco. ~a, -atic, balmy, fragrant (El 30/23). ~aj lilioj. (cul) ~aj herboj, mixed herbs. ~i, (nt) be fragrant. ~aĵo, -atic substance, spice. ~igi, -atize.

arorut-o (marant-amelo), arrow-root, ➞ marant.

arpeg-o, [OA] ~i, (mus) arpeggio.

arsen-o. Arsen/ic (As). ~a, -ical. ~ato, arsenate. Plumb~ato, zink~ato. ~atacido, a-acid. ~ido, -ide. -iko, [UV] white a. (~oza oksido) (As203).

arsenal-o (armilaro, armilejo), arsenal, armoury, (also figuratively)

arsin-o, (chem) arsine (As H3).

art-o, [UV] Art. 1 artistry, dexterity, knack, skilful workmanship. 2 object. to which this is applied (Ps 58/5). ~o aplikita, dekora. Naĝ~o, Nigra ~o, black magic. ~(ec)a, ~(oplen)a, of art, artistic (El 38/23). ~a bindo, lingvo, verko. ~e laborita (El 26/1). 1 done by art. 2 artificial. ~e farita lumo, spektaklo. ~aĉo, meretricious art. ~aĵo, ~objekto, ~verko, work of art. ~ismo, ~sento, artistry, artistic talent. ~isto, -ist. ~isma, ~ista, ~plena, artistic. ~amanto, art lover. ~laborejo, studio. Bel~oj (beletro), fine arts. Kontraŭ~a, inartistic, clumsy, crude, uncultured, unskilful. Sen~a (naiva, natura, simpla), without art, artless, naive, natural. Paroli sen~e, speak unaffectedly. ➞ afekt, artifik, inĝeni, lert. opposite natur.

artemizi-o, mugwort, wormwood. (Artemisia). ➞ abrotan, absint, drak- unkol.

arteri-o, [OA] (anat) Arter/y. Kol~o (karotido), carotid a. f (trafikvojo), channel of communication or supplies, -ial road, thoroughfare. Gas~o, gas main. ~a, -ial. ~a sango. ~ito, -itis. ~osklerozo, -oschlerosis, hardeng of the aa. ➞ aneŭrism.

artifik-o [UV] (lert-ruz-aĵo), artifice, contrivance, device, dodge, expedient, stratagem, subterfuge, trick (Ps 10/2). ~o de advokato, ĵonglisto, komercisto, milito. ~a, artful, crafty, cunning, tricky. ~i, concoct, contrive, devise, work up. Sen~a (senkaŝa, natura, simpla), artless, guileless, ingenuous, sincere, straight- forward, without subterfuge. ➞ elturniĝ, intrig, lert, mistifik, ruz.

artik-o [UV] (anat, mech), Articul/ation, Joint; connection, hinge, link, (bot) node. Genu~o, man~o, pied~o. ĉarnir~o, glob~o. ~(ohav)a, j-ed. ~a stango, a-ated rod. ~i, a-ate, connect by j. (phon) divide into syllables or words., pronounce distinctly. ~ado, a-ation, clear utterance. ~igi silabojn. De~(El~)igi, dis-j. (-locate), put out of j., uncouple. En~igi, set, reassemble. ➞ artrit, artropod, junt, sinovi.

artikl-o, (com) article of commerce, commodity. ➞ var.

artikol-o, [UV] Article. 1 (gram) "La" estas ~o determina, difina. 2 (lit) composition. Ĉef~o, leading a. ~o pri Esp-o. [3 = artiklo (K176/27)]. ➞ afer, af, objekt, var; ese, traktaĵ.

artileri-o, [OA] Artillery. 1 (kanonaro), cannon, ordnance. ~o kampa, 2 (kanonistaro). ~ano, (kanonisto), a-man, gunner.

artiŝok-o, [UV] globe artichoke (Cynara). ➞ heliant, kardort.

artokarp-o (panarbo), breadfruit tree (Artocarpus).

artrit-o, [UV] artikinflamo), arthrit/is. ~a, -ic. ➞ podagr, reŭmatism, sinovi.

artropod-oj, (artikpieduloj), (zool) arthropoda.

arumo, (bot) arum (Arum), especially A. maculatum, cuckoo-pint, lords and ladies, wake-robin. ➞ kala, kardamen.

arvikol-o, water-vole (Arvicola). ➞ mikrot.

-as, [UV] ending of present tense. Den. state or action (a) at the time of speaking: li dormas (nun). Mi vidis, ke li dormas (was sleeping), (b) in general: Oni dormas (kutime) en la nokto. ~tempo, present tense.

as-o, [UV] ace, the "one" on cards, dice, etc. ➞ atut.

asafetid-o, asafoetida, gum from farolo.

asbest-o, (min) asbestos. ➞ amiant, amfibol.

ascend-i (supreniri), ascend, come (go slope) up(wards), climb, mount, rise, ~i mont-(river-tron-)on. ~o, ascen-sion-t. ~i al la ĉielo. ~a aero, vento. (av. ~ometro, rate-of-climb meter. ~otago, Ascension day, Holy Thursday.

ascidi-o, (zoo) sea-squirt (Ascidium). ➞ nepent, utrikl.

asekur-i (-n, kontraŭ), [UV] 1 Assur/e, secure value of property if lost, or specified sum on death: ~i domon, la sort-(viv-)on. 2 Insur/e against accident (damage, fire, loss, risk): Laboro ~as kontraŭ mizero. Fajr~o (~o kontraŭ fajro), Fire i-ance. Viv~o (~o pri vivo), Life i-ance. ~a kompanio (societo), i-ance company. ~a pago, premium. ~isto, underwriter. ~agento, i-ance agent. ~ito, party i-ed. ➞ cert-(sekur-sendanĝer-)ig, protekt.

asemble-o, (jur, pol), Assembly, gathering of deliberative body, legislative council. ~a ĉambro.

aseps-a (sensepsa), Asep/tic, free from putrefaction. ~o, -sis, (state or treatment). ➞ antiseps, sen-ĝerm(-infekt). ~igi, -ticize.

asert-i (-n, ke) [OA], Assert, affirm, claim, declare, maintain, state. ~i sian rajton. ~o, -ion, positive statement. Laŭ ~o, ostensibly, professedly, self-styled. ~(em)a, -ive, dogmatic. Sin~a, insistent on one’s rights. ➞ certig, pretend.

asesor-o,, [OA] assessor, valuer. Jura ~o, adviser to judge or magistrate. ➞ taks.

asfalt-o [OA] (terpeĉo) asphalt. 1 solid or plastic pitch (El 2/3). 2 mixture of this with sand, etc., for road-surfacing. (cover with) a. ~a kartono, roof (tarred) felt.

asfiksi-o, Asphyxi/a, suspended animation. ~i (-n), -ate. ~ita de gasoj. ~iĝi, be -ed. ➞ komat, sufok.

asfodel-o, asphodel, king’s rod (Asphodelus). ➞ narcis.

asign-i, [UV] Assign (wide sense), designate- 1 allot, ear-mark, formally make over, set apart for definite purpose. (al iu) lokon, parton, rolon, salajron, seĝon, sumon, taskon. 2 appoint, fix, grant, settle, specify. ~i horon, limon, lokon, rendevuon. 3 ascribe, attribute, impute; date (to event), motive, reason (for action). ~o, -ment, -ation, appointment, allotment, formal transferee. ~(aĵ)o, (com. jur) draft, order, ticket, voucher. ~anto, drawer. ~ato, drawee. ➞ apart-(dispori)ig, destin, difin, trans-ced(-don-pag), mandat.

asimil-i (-n) [OA], assimil/ate. 1 absorb into the system, digest. ~i nutron. 2 make one’s own., take in. ~i ide-(instru-metod-popol-)on. f "Manĉestro" estas ~ita formo de "Manchester". ➞ digest, enig, encerbig, enkapig; aneks, proprig.

asimptot-o, (mat) asymptote.

asindeton-o, (rh) asyndeton, omis sion of conj., "no-ands" (Mk 7/21-22). ➞ polisindeton.

asist-i, 1 Assist officialy [not merely helpi], be in attendance, back up, support, take pt in. Du kuracistoj ~is ĉe la lito. ~i juĝist-(pastr-profesor-)on. ~anto, -ant, deputy, locum tenens, subordinate worker. 2 ~o, -ance, relief. Publika ~o, public -ance. Ŝtata ~o, State relief. ➞ adjunkt, asesor, helpant, sub-, vie-.

asiz-o, Assize. ~a kortumo, court of a., "the aa".

ask-o, (bot) ascus, spore sac. ~ofungoj (askomicetoj), ascomycetes, cup-fungi.

askalon-o (a. ŝaloto), shallot (Allium ascalonicum).

askarid-o, ascaris, intestinal pin-(round-) worm (Ascaris).

asket-o, ~a, Ascetic, ~ado, ~eco, ~ismo, -ism.

asklepiad-o, butterfly-weed, pleurisy-root, swallow-wort (Asclepias).

asoci-o, [OA] Associ/ation. 1 organized body for common aim. ~o Esperantista, komerca. 2 connection, relation. ~o de ideoj. ~i (-n kun), -ate, form into an -ation or partnership. (rilatigi) connect mentally. ~a, allied, in -ation, -ate, joined. ~ado, -ation, fellowship, intimacy, interchange. ~ano, member of an a. ~iĝi (sin ~i), bem a partner, combine for common purpose. ~ito, -ate, partner. ➞ kombin\ alianc, klub, kompani, lig, societ, uni.

asonanc-o, [OA] Asson/ance, rhyming of accented vowels (but not of consonants) e.g., mola, bona. ~i, be -ant. ➞ aliteraci.

asparag-o, [UV] asparagus (Asparagus).

aspekt-i (-a, -e) [OA], Appear to be, Look (Ne 2/2). kiel (kvazaŭ), 1. like (as though). ~o, 1., a-ance, aspect, expression, exterior (Da 3/19). (astr) aspect, e.g., of planet (➞ kvadratur, sizigi). (gram) aspect of vb. ~e, in -ance. Malgranda ~e, granda intelekte. ~igi (-n), make 1. Bel~a, Bon~a, good-(nice-)looking, handsome. ➞ allog, plaĉ; montriĝ, ŝajn; eksteraĵ, fizionomi, mien.

asperg-i (-n) [OA] (Le 14/7). Sprinkle. ~i florojn, ~i iun per sankta akvo. ~a kaliko. ~ilo, sprinkler, aspergillum. ➞ akv, surŝprucig, surverŝ.

asperol-o (~ulo), Woodruff, squinancy- wort (2FA 88/4) (Asperula). ~o odora, sweet w.

asperug-o, (bot) mad wort (Asperugo).

aspid-o, [UV] asp (Vipera aspis) (Ij 20/14,16). fany small venomous serpent.

aspik-o (vianda feleo), aspic, meat jelly.

aspidistr-o (bot) aspidistra.

aspir-i (-n, al, pri) [OA] (Ge 4/7), Aspir/e after (to do), be ambitious of (eager for), desire earnestly, seek after. la manon de fraŭlino. ~(ad)o, -ation. ~anto, -ant, candidate (for), suitor (➞ kandidato). ~ema, -ing (➞ ambici, suprencel). ➞ cel, dezir, sere, sopir.

aspirin-o (acetilsalicilatacido), aspirin.

aspleni-o, spleen wort (fern) (Asplenium).

aspr-a, raspy, rough, rugged (surfaco), crabbed, cross-grained, harsh (naturo, stilo). ~o, asperity.

astak-o, species of kankro (crayfish) (Astacus).

astat-o, (chem) astatine (At).

aster-o (astrofloro) (4 FA 127/14), aster, star-wort (Aster) > Michaelmas daisy. ➞ kalistef, lekant, stelari.

asteri-o (astrofiŝo, marstelo), starfish (Asterias).

asterisk-o (steleto), (typ) asterisk (*). ~i, to a.

asterojd-o, (planedeto), asteroid, minor planet.

astigmat-a (nefokusiva), (opt) astigmat/ic. ~eco, -ism.

astm-o, [OA] Asthm/a. Fojn~o, somer~o, hay fever. ~ulo, -atic. Kontraŭ~a cigaredo. ➞ angin.

astr-o, [OA] heavenly body, luminary, orb (sun, star, planet, etc.). f (film) "star", -ofiziko, ~onaŭto. ~a, astral.

astrala (theosophy), astral.

astragal-o, 1 (anat) ankle-bone. 2 (bot) milk-vetch (Astragalus). ➞ tragakant. 3 astragal, ring-moulding round cannon- mouth or column.

astrolab-o, astrolabe, mediaeval sextant.

astrologi-o, [OA] astrolog/y. -o, -er (Da 4/7).

astronomi-o, [OA] Astronom/y. Radio~io. ~o, -er. ~ia, -ical. f immense.

-at, [UV] ending of pres. passive. participle. ~a, -ed. ~o (usually = -atulo). Kon~o, acquaintance. Pun~e, li. . . While (when, etc.) being punished, he . . . ~as (~is, ~os), unofficial abbreviation for est-as (-is-os) ~ata. II -ato (chem) -ate, salt of -ic acid. Nitr~o, nitrate: nitratacido, nitric acid.

atak-i (-n), [UV] Attack. 1 Assail, assault, fall (set) upon. ~i landon, popolon. f ~i demandon, kredon. ➞ kritik, kontraŭ- disput. 2 begin, tackle, wire into. ~i laboron, manĝon. Rusto ~as (eats into) feron. ➞ difekt, korod, mord. Febro min ~is (➞ kapt, traf). ~(em)a, agressive, bellicose, quarrelsome. ~ema humoro. ~o, a., onset, onslaught. ~o (sally) kontraŭ sieĝantoj. (med) a., bout, fit, stroke. ~o de grip-(koler-pasi-)o. Aer~o, air-raid. Flank~o. Surpriz~o, surprise a. ~egi, charge, storm. ~eto, twinge. Kontraŭ~i, counter-a. Ne~ebla, unassailable. ➞ atenc, ekbatal, invad, sieĝ.

ataksi-o. Ataxy, tabes, irreg-ty of function causing loss of control of movement. Ir~o, locomotor ataxy.

atalant-o (ruĝa admiralo), red admiral butterfly (Vanessa atalanta).

ataŝe-o, Attache, junior official of embassy. ~a teko, a-case.

atavism-o, [OA] Atav/ism, resemblance to ancestors, rever sion to type. ~a, -istic. ~a instinkto, trajto. ➞ pra, refal.

ate/ismo, [OA] Athe-ism, disbelief in existance of God. -isto, [OA] -ist.

atel-o (aranea simio), spider-monkey (Ateles).

atenc-i (-n) [UV] (fari ~on kontrau), make a criminal attempt on, outrage (2 Sa 2115) [Ne = attempt (pen, prov)o], ~i honon, temon, liberon, monujon, privilegion, virton, vivon. ~o (Ps 21/11), criminal attempt, infringement (of), violation. Tiu propono estas ~o kontraŭ la lingvo. Majest~o, lese majesty. Seks~o, rape. ➞ atak, insid, krim.

atend-i (-n, ĝis, por), [UV] 1 Wait, await, be on the look-out for, pause (tarry), hoping to see, etc. ~u por mi. ~i amikon, decidon, novaĵon, respondon. ~u kaj vidu! ~u, ĝis mi venos. ~i kaŝe (Ij 31/9); starvice, in a queue; time, dread, be apprehensive; vane, wait in vain, be disappointed. ➞ resti ĝis. ~ejo, -ing room. ~ema (pacienca), patient. ~igi, keep -ing. Ĝis~i, wait until. Sen~e (senhezite, senprokraste), at once, without delay. 2 f await; be destined (in store, ready) for. Manĝo, morto, surprizo vin ~as. [Ne= atenti (pay attention), ĉeesti (attend meeting)]. 3 ~i, ke -os, expect, regard as likely to happen. Rim.: For this meaning ekspekti (which see) is increasingly used. ➞ antaŭvid, anticip, desapont.

atent-a, [UV] Attent/ive, careful, heedful, mindful, observant (Ne 1/6). ~o, attention. Streĉa ~o. Meti, turni ~on al io (sur ion). ~i (-n, pri, ke. abs), be a., pay (give) -ion to, consider, heed, follow, mind, look on as important, obey, observe, see to, take notice of (Da 11/37). ~i averton, konsilon, paŝon, regulon. ~u! -ion! Look out! Take care! (mar) Stand by! ~u, ke vi ne falu. Take heed lest you fall, mind you don’t fall. ~igi (iun pri io), call (direct, turn) -ion to (➞ avert, rimarkig). ~inda (grava), worthy of -ion, to be heeded. Mal~i (preterlasi), disregard, ignore, take notice of. Mal~a, inattentive, distrait, listless, Ne~inda, negligible. Sen~a, careless, heedless, unheeding. ➞ gard, zorg, streĉi okulojn, orelojn.

atenu-i (-n), Attenuat/e, reduce in force or value, thin out. ~ita, -ed, rarified.

atest-i (-n, kontraŭ, por, pri, abs), [UV] Attest, (bear) Witness to, certify, solemnly declare, testify. Griza barbo saĝon ne ~as. ~(il)o, -ation, certificate, testimonial, verification. (acting) warrant. ~o pri kapablo (konduto), certificate of proficiency (good conduct). Karg~o, bill of lading. Konfid~o, credentials, letter of recommendation. Pag~o, Ricev~o (kvitanco), receipt, voucher. San~o, bill of health. ŝuld~o, promissory note. ~(aĵ)o, deposition, evidence, testimony (El 25/16). ~anto, w. (No. 35/30). Vidanta ~anto eye-w. (4 FA 27/32). ~igi, call to w. (Re 4/26). ➞ certig, konfirm, pruv, viz.

ating-i (-n, ke), [UV] Reach, attain (to). 1 (alveni, ĝisiri, trafi): arrive at. ~i aĝon, alton, celon, supron, urbon, la vesperon de sia vivo. 2 (etendiĝi): Extend, stretch. ~i ĝis la maro. 3 (akiri, gajni, trafi): accomplish, achieve, gain, obtain, succeed in getting. ~i konsenton, prezon, rezulton, sukceson. ~(aĵ)o, achievment. ~ebla, accessible (➞ sub la mano). ~eco, ~odistanco. ~opovo, reach, extent (to which), range, scope. Kur~i, catch up, overtake. Mal~i, fail to reach, miss. Ne~ebla (ekster ~o), unattainable, out of reach.

atip-o, leaping (trap-door) spider (Atypus).

atiri-o, lady fern (Athyrium).

Atlant-a, Atlantic. ~a oceano. Trans~a, trans-ic.

atlas-o, [OA] 1 (myth) Atlas. 2 (tex) satin, glossy silk fabric. Virino en ~aĵoj. f ~a haŭto. 3 (anat) atlas, first cervical vertebra. [Ne= atlas (maparo)].

atlet-o, [OA] Athlet/e. ~a, -ic. ~eco, ~ismo, -ics. ➞ sport.

atmosfer-o, [OA] Atmospher/e. 1 (astr) gas round heavenly body. ~o de Marso, la tero). 2 Air in gen. 3 (ph) unit of pressure. f (etoso), impression produced by environment. ~a premo, -ic pressure.

atol-o (korala rifo), atoll, ring-shaped coral reef round lagoon.

atom-o, [OA] Atom. 1 (chem) ~a bombo, energio, pezo, pilo, teorio. 2 Minute object., mote, speck. Sen ~o da vero, without a jot of truth. ~eco, -icity. ~igi, -ize. ~ismo, -ism. ➞ valent.

atoni-o, atony, debility, sluggishness, want of tone.

atrabil-a, atrabilious. 1 melancholy, 2 acrimonious, irritable. ➞ gal, melankoli, splen.

atribu-i, [OA] attribut/e, ascribe, assign, father on, put down to, 1 as belonging to: ~i signifon al vorto, poemon al Z., 2 as due to (effect of): ~i morton al ŝoko, satton al vegetarismo. ➞ aljuĝ, asign, imput.

atribut-o, [OA] Attribute. 1 essential characteristic, inherent property. La ~oj de Dio. 2 emblem (symbol) appropriate to office or person. [3 (gram) avoid, as ambiguous: in G. a, = epiteto, in Fr. a.=predikato.]atribu, ec, kvalit.

atripl-o, [UV] orache, mountain spinach (A triplex). ➞ kenopodi.

atrofi-o. Atroph/y, emaciation, wasting away. ~i, ~iĝi, be (become) -ied. ➞ ftiz, marasm, nekresk.

atropin-o, atropin, alkaloid of beladono, which see

atropos-o (mortkapo), (ent) death’s head hawk-moth (Aeherontia atropos). < sfingo.

atut-o, [UV] Trump (card) (also figuratively). ~i, play a t. Super~i, t. higher.

(conj), [UV] 1 or (alternatvs). Jes ~ ne? 2 aŭ ... aŭ. either ... or. 3 (alie, se ne), otherwise. Ĉesu! ~ mi ekkrios. 4 (alinome) or (=otherwise called). Kabe (~Bein). (log) ~a (disiga) silogismo. aŭbad-o, (mus) aubade, music for dawn.

aŭbrieti-o, rock cress (Aubrietia).

aŭd-i [UV]. 1 Hear (Ps 135/17). ~u! Hear! Hear! 2 (de, pri; ke) (ekscii, informiĝi), get news. Mi ~as, ke. Mi ~is hazarde, it came to my ears. Unu vido pli taŭgas, ol dek ~oj. ~a, audit-ive-ory, aural. ~ado, h-ing, audition (Pr 1/8). ~antaro, audience. (Klar)~ebla, audible, distinct. ~iĝi, be heard. ~igi, cause to h. (or be heard). ~igi surdulon (sian voĉon). (tel) ~ilo, aŭskultilo). Kap~ilo, headphone. Dis~igi (brodkasti), broadcast. Ek~i, catch the sound of. El~i (preĝon), give ear to. Malbon~a, hard of h-ing. Ne~ita, unheard (of), unexampled. Mis~i, mis-h. ➞ aŭskult.

aŭdac~a, Audac/ious, bold, daring, impudent. ~a ago, diro, paradokso. ~o, -ity, cheek, impudce, Pardonu mian ~on (presumption). ~i (maltimi), dare (have the face) to …, risk … ing. ➞ aplomb, kuraĝ, riskem.

aŭdienc-o (ĉe) [OA], (formal) Audience, interview, sitting [Ne= aŭskultantaro]. Konsenti, peti, ricevi ~on. ~ejo, a-chamber. ➞ akcept, alias, intervju.

aŭditori-o [OA] (aŭskultejo), auditorium, concert hall, lecture room, etc. ➞ lekciej, prelegej.

aŭgur-i, [OA] Augur, anticipate, forbode, foreshadow, ~o, omen, portent; f presage, promise. ~o pri sukceso. ~ado, -y, divination. ~isto, diviner, soothsayer (1 Sa 28/7, 8, 9.) Bon~a, of good omen. Malbon~a, of ill omen, that bodes no good. ➞ antaŭ-sign(-vid), aŭspici,profet, prognoz, sort. »

Aŭgust-o, August.

aŭkci-o, [OA] ~i, Auction. Aĉeti, vendi ~e (per ~o), by a. ~a vendo, propono. ~ejo, a-room. ~isto, -eer.

aŭkub-o, spotted (variegated) laurel (Aucuba).

aŭkupari-o, rowan tree, mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) ➞ aliz, sorp.

aŭl-o, aula, court, f La ~oj de la ĉielo. ➞ aŭditori, solenej.

aŭr-o, aura, subtle emanation. ➞ arom.

aŭreol-o [OA] (lumrondo), aureola, glory, nimbus. 1 (glorkrono, nimbo), halo round head of saint. ~o (radiance) de gloro. 2 (met) halo of moon, or round sun in eclipse, f (famo, prestiĝo), ~o de sukceso (venko). La ~o de edzeco (3 FA 42/6).

aŭrik-a, (mar) fore and aft. ~a velo.

aŭrikl-o, auricle. 1 (kor~o), upper cavity of heart. 2 (orel~o, ~konko), lower lobe of ear.

aŭrikol-o, 1 (bot) auricula, bear’s ear (Primula auricula). 2 (mol) ear-shell (Auricula).

aŭrikulari-o, auricularia. 1 (zoo) larval sea-cucumber (➞ holoturi). 2 (bot) (orelfungo), ear-fungus.

aŭror-o, Auror/a. 1 (ĉielruĝo). ~o materia (materia ruĝo), dawn, colour of sky at sunrise. ~o vespera (vespera ruĝo), sunset sky. 2 (polusa lumo), ~o arkta (antarkta), Northern, Southern lights, A. Borealis (Australis). f promising beginning. ~o de vivo (nova epoko). ~a, -al.

aŭskult-i (-n, al, abs) [UV] (atente audi)- Listen; give ear (to), hearken (Ps 138/3)- Rifuzi ~i, turn a deaf ear. f follow, obey. ~i konsilon. ~(ad)o, 1-ing. (med) auscul- tation. ~antaro, audience, ~ejo, auditorium. ~ilo, (tel) receiver, (med) stethoscope (stetoskopo). ~umi (brust~i), (~e esplori), sound (pulmojn). El~i, hear to the end. Sub~i (~i kaŝe), eavesdrop. ➞ atent, obe, sekv.

aŭspici-o, auspice, omen, portent for the future. Favora ~o. 2 ~oj, auspices, patronage, protection, Sub la ~oj de la BEA. ➞ favor, patron, protekt.

Aŭstr-ujo, Aŭstrio, AT, Austria.

Aŭstralazi-o, Australasia.

Aŭstrali-o [OA 8] AU, Australia.

aŭtentik-a [OA] = aŭtenta, authentic, genuine, of undisputed origin, reliable, trustworthy, ~a dokumento, kopio, subskribo. (mus) ~a kadenco, modalo. ~eco, authentity. Oni dubas pri ĝia aŭtenteco (3 FA 55/15). ~igi, authenticate, establish genuineness of, make valid. Mal~a (apokrifa), false, imitation, spurious. ➞ malfals, original, valid, ver.

aŭto- (ppfx) (= mem-, de si mem), auto-, self-.

aŭtobiograf-io, [OA] ~o, autobiography, autobiographer.

aŭtogen-a, autogenie. ~giro, -giro, rotaplane.

aŭtoliz-o, autolysis. ~sugesto, autosuggestion, (av) ~kuro, taxying. (m.i.)

aŭtopian-o, (pianolo), pianola.

aŭt-o, (ordinary language) abbreviation of aŭtomobilo. ~i Motor. ~ejo (~a remizo, garaĝo), garage. ~ismo, -ing. ~isto, -ist. ~buso, m-omnibus. ~ĉaro, charabanc, m-coach. Kiras~o, armoured car. Raŭp~o, caterpillar tractor. Ŝarĝ~o, (open) lorry, (covered) m-van. (mot) Trejn~o, learner’s car. Trup~o. ➞ kamion, motor, ŝofor, veturig.

aŭtodidakt-o (sininstruinto), self-taught person.

aŭtograf-o [OA] (memskribo), Autograph, author’s own MS or writing, especially signature. Kolekto de ~oj. ~a dokumento. ~i, a., write in one’s own hand. ➞ manuskript.

aŭtoklav-o, autoclave (altpremilo), especially (cul) pressure cooker.

aŭtokrat-o, [OA] Autocra/t, absolute ruler, f dictatorial overbearing person. ~a, -ic. ~aro, ~eco, ~ismo, -cy. ~io, [OA] absolute government, absolutist state. ➞ absolut, despot.

aŭtomat-o, [OA] automat/on, self-acting mechanism. Pes~o, Poŝtmark~o, Vend~o. ~a, automatic, self-acting, working by itself, f mechanical, unconscious. ~a laboro, movo, ripeto. Ripeti ~e. ~eco, ~ismo, automatism. ~igo, automation. ➞ robot.

aŭtomobil-o, [OA] ( = aŭto ordinary language) Automobile, motor-car.

aŭtonom-a, [OA] autonomous, self-governing. ~eco, autonomy, home rule, self-government. ➞ memstar, sendepend, sinreg.

aŭtor-o [F], Author, writer, f originator. ~eco. -ship. ~ino, -ess. ➞ elpensint, kreint, komponint, verkint, literatur, pair, tantiem.

aŭtoritat-o [F]. Authorit/y. 1 Power right to enforce deference or obedience. ~o de estro, leĝo. ~o morala. 2 book, quotation, etc., considered decisive. Citi ~ojn, quote chapter and verse. ~o, -ative. ~a juĝo. Paroli ~e (kun -o). ~(ul)o, person of weight, expert. Esti ~o pri fajenco. ➞ potenc, pot; decid, ekspert, kompetent.

aŭtotipi-o (retkliŝa procedo), (typ) halftone. ~aj punktoj, h-t dots.

aŭtun-o, [UV] Autumn, (Am) fall, f season of decay. ~a, -al. ~a ekvinokso. ➞ krepusk. velk, vesper.

av-o, [UV] Grandfather. ~o patrinflanke (g. on the mother’s side). Prage~oj, great-grandparents. Prapra~o, great-great-g.

avanc-i (antaŭeniri), (nt) 1 (mil) Advance. 2 get on, go (move) forward, make headway. ~o, a. ➞ antaŭpag, promociiĝ, rangaltiĝ.

avangard-o (antaŭgvardio), advance guard, pioneers, van(guard). ➞ arier.

avantaĝ-o, Advantag/e, better position, favourable circumstance, precedence, superiority. Havi ~on (super). Ricevi ~on, reap a benefit. Tiri ~on el, take a. of, turn to account. ~a, advantageous, beneficial, favourable. ~a kondiĉo, propono. Mal~o, disadvantage.

avar-a, [UV] Avaric/ious. 1 Monavida, amavida, covetous, grasping, greedy. 2 (troŝparema), close-fisted, mean, miserly, niggardly, stingy. ~i (-n, je, pri), be chary of (sparing with), stint. ~i helpon, laŭdon. Patro ~as, filo malŝparas. ~(ec)o, avarice, cupidity, greed, eager desire to gain and keep. ~ulo, [UV] miser, screw, Mal~a (donema), generous, open-handed. ~~a je promesoj. ➞ avid, domaĝ. ŝparem.

avatar-o, (hin) (comp) avatar (virtuala figuro).

avel-o, [UV] hazelnut, cobnut, filbert. ~arbo, h-bush (-tree) (Corylus avellana).

aven-o, [UV] oat/s (grain or grass) (Avens). ~(ec)a, oat(en).~a pajlero, supo. ~faruno, o-meal. ~flokoj, o-flakes. ~kaĉo, o-meal porridge.

aventur-o, [UV] Adventur/e, Venture, daring (hazardous) enterprise, unexpected (exciting) experience. Serĉi ~ojn. ~ama, ~ema, ~oplena, a-ous, enterprising, v-some. ~e, at a v., at random, in a happy-go-lucky fashion. ~i, v., dare (to enter upon). ~isto, a-er. Mis~o, mis-a. ➞ aŭdac, danĝer, risk.

aventurin-o, Aventurine, ~a feldspato, a-feldspar, sunstone. ~a kvarco, a-quartz.

avenu-o (aleego), avenue, wide tree-bordered approach to house.

averaĝ-o, average (arithmetical mean). La ~o de 3, 4, 5, 20, estas 8. ➞ mez -grand-valor-a.

averi-o, (ins) Average, apportionment of damage or loss to ship or cargo. ~o aparta, ĝenerala, particular (general) a. ~isto, a-adjuster. ~raporto, a-adjustment. ➞ damaĝ, difekt, ruin.

avert-i (-n, ke, pri, kontraŭ, abs), [UV] Caution, Warn [Ne = avert], 1 admonish, put on guard (Jeĥ 33/9). ~i pri danĝero, eraro, risko. 2 ~i (ke oni ne fari) (ne fari), advise against doing (not to do). ~o, c., admonition, warning. Ni forgesas ~on, ni memoras la sperton. Storm~o, gale w-ing. ~a, c-ary. ~a letero, reminder. ~eto, broad hint. ~ilo, c-board, sign of w-ing. Antaŭ~i, fore-w, give notice, tell beforehand. Sen~e, unawares. ➞ admon, antaŭsciig, atentig, malkonsil.

aviad-o [OA] (aera navigado, flugarto), aviation. ~i, travel in aircraft. ~a malsano, flying sickness, ~ilo (aeroplano, flugmaŝino), aeroplane. ~ilo batala, mara, skolta. Ŝip~ilo, ship plane. Veter~ilo, weather aeroplane. ~ila ŝipo, aircraft carrier. ~isto, aviator, airman. ➞ aeroplan, flug, glisil, helikopter.

avid-a (al, je, pri), [UV] Covetous, eager (hungry, thirsting) for, grasping, greedy. ~i (deziregi posedi), cast c. eyes on, crave (hunger, long, yearn) for, hanker (lust, sigh) after. ~i gloron, laŭdon, ripozon. ~aj brakoj. Aŭskulti, rigardi ~e. ~eco, avidity. ~ega. insatiable. ➞ ambici, aspir, avar, cel, soif, sopir. Rim.: -avida (as a sfx): = -amo, -ema. Glor~a, thirsting for glory. Mon~o, avarice, cupidity, greed. Rang~o, tuft-hunting. Sang~a, bloodthirsty.

avikulari-o, bird-eating spider (Avicularia).

aviz-o, [UV] Notic/e, announcement, information, intimation, notification, (com) advice. ~o al la publiko, "Take Notice". Doni ~on, ke … . Presigi ~on en gazeto. ~o skriba, n. in writing. (Atendi) ĝis plua ~o, till further notice. Antaŭ~o, previous n. Liver~o, delivery note. Ricev~o, acknowledgment, receipt. ~i (-n pri), advise, announce, give notice of, inform, notify. ~letero, letter of advice. ➞ avert, inform, komunik, sciig.

avocet-o, (orn) avocet (Recurvirostra avocetta).

avokad-o, avocado pear (Persea).

azale-o, azalea (Azalea) < rododendr, which see

azar-o, asabaracca, wild ginger (Asarum).

azarol-o, azarole, Neapolitan medlar, fruit of ~arbo (Crataegus azarolus).

azedarak-o, azedarach, bead-tree, white cedir (Melia azedarach).

azen-o, [UV] Ass, donkey. (Asinus). f blockhead, dolt (type of ignorance or stupidity). ~i (agi stulte). ~a, asinine. ~aĉo, moke. ~aĵo, stupidity. ~ido, ass’s colt (foal). Forveturis ~ido kaj revenis ~o. ~ino (Jer 2/24). ~bleki, bray. Vir~o, jackass. ➞ hemion, onagr.

Azerbajĝan-o AZ, Azerbaijan, a. Azerbaidzhan.

azil-o [OA] (rifuĝejo), asylum, place of refuge or safety, sanctuary por fuĝantoj, kadukuloj, malriĉuloj, senhejmuloj. Serĉi ~on en preĝejo. ~petanto.

Azi-o, Asia.

azimut-o, azimuth, arc from zenith to horizon. ~o magneta, vera. ~a angulo, cirklo, kompaso. ~aj (polusaj) koordinatoj.

azot-o [UV] = nitrogeno.


B

B-o [F], letter B. (ac) 493 -8 vibroj sekunde.

B natura, B natural. B be (B bemola), B flat.

ba! (interjection) denotes contempt, indifference, unbelief. Bah! Fiddlesticks! Nonsense! Pish! Pooh! Pshaw! Rubbish!

babil-i (-n, pri, abs), [UV] Chatter; babble, chat, prattle. ~aĉi, crackle, clack, gab, jabber. ~ado, ~aĵo, c., chit-chat, gossip, idle talk, tittle-tattle(Ij 30/9). Intima~ado. ~ema [UV] (parolema), garrulious, loquacious, talkative. ~(em)ulo, c-box, gossip, tell-tale. Dis~i, El~i, blab, blurt out, El~i sekreton, let the cat out of the bag. ➞ klaĉ, klak; malkaŝ, perfid.

babirus-o, (zoo) babirusa, wild hog (Babirussa).

babord-o (ruĝa flanko), (mar) port.

bacil-o, [OA] bacillus (rod-shaped bacterium). ~o tetana, tifa.

badminton-o (gm) badminton.

bagatel-o [UV] (malgravaĵo), mere trifle, bagatelle, something negligible, (mus) short unpretentious piece. Aĉeti por ~o, buy for a mere song. ~a, insignificant, paltry, petty, trivial. ~ema (detalema, pedanta), mean, pettifogging, small-minded, straw-splitting. ~igi (-n), make light of. ➞ neatentind, negrav, sensignif, senvalor, trivial; bilardet.

bagn-o (punlaborejo), convict prison. ~o flotanta, galleys, hulks.

Baham-oj BS

baj! (interjection), (a. Iu lu!), Hushaby! (to lull a child to sleep), usually Baj! Baj! or Baju! Baju!

bajonet-o, [UV] (pikklingo), bayonet. ~i, b.

bak-i (-n), [UV] bake. 1 cook by dry heat. ~i panon. 2 (➞ kalcin), dry (harden) by heat, fire (pottery). ~i brikojn. Nove ~ita, newly baked. Sun~itaj fruktoj. f Nove ~ita Esp-isto. ~(it)aĵo, -ed cakes, meats etc.; a "batch". ~ejo, b-house, bakery. ~isto, baker. Tort~isto, confectioner. ~istestro (Ge 41/10). ~ujo, ~forno. oven. ➞ pulvor.

bakalaŭr-o, bachelor (B.A., B.Sc., etc.). (the meaning varies in different lands). ➞ magistr.

bakanal-o, bacchanalia. f drunken revel. ➞ orgi.

bakarat-o, (cgm) baccarat.

bakelit-o, bakelite, synthetic plastic material.

bakŝiŝ-o, backsheesh.

bakteri-o, [OA] bacterium.

bakteriolog-o, bakteriologi-o, bacteriologist. bacteriology.

bal-o (danckunveno) [F], Ball, dance [Ne= pilko]. La reĝino de la ~o. Kostum~o, fancy-dress ball. ~ejo, ~ĉambro, ~salono, ball-room. ~robo, ~vesto, ball-dress.

bala-i (-n), [UV] Sweep, clean with broom. ~i la ĉambron, plankon, straton. f Lumradio ~as la teron; robo ~as la grundon; vento ~as la stepon. ~aĵo, -ings. ~ajujo, dust-bin, rubbish-box. ~ilo, broom. Branĉ~ilo, besom. Franĝ~ilo, mop. Kaŭĉuka ~ilo, squeegee. Mekanika ~ilo, carpet s-er. ~ileto (plum~ilo), feather duster, whisk. ~indajo (PI 3/45). (Strat)~isto, road s-er, scavenger. ~maŝino, road-ing cart. For~i, s. away (up), make a clean s. of. For~i polvon. La vento for~is la nubojn. ➞ bros, ŝvabr.

balad-o, [OA] ballad. 1 narrative, poem in short verses. 2 musical setting of this. E.g., Sea-drift (Sibelius). 3 sentimental song with several verses, more or less to same melody, e.g., Home Sweet Home. 4 instrumental piece with idea of a narrative e.g., ~oj de Chopin. 5 (pros) Ballade, poetic form.

balalajk-o, balalaika (Russian m.i.).

balan-o (mar-glano), acorn barnacle (Balanus). ➞ lepad.

balanc-i (-n), [UV] Rock, Swing (especially up and down), balance, toss. ~i infanon en hamako, surgenue. La floroj (mandareno) ~is (nodded) la kapon. ~i la kapon (jese), skui la kapon (nee). Rim.: In some lands ~i nee, skui jese. ~a seĝo, rocking chair. ~iĝi, (nt), rock, swing, dangle, oscillate, pitch, roll, sway, toss, f fluctuate, ~iĝado, rocking, swinging, tossing. ~ilo (~tabulo, baskulo), see-saw (➞ pendolo, svingilo), swing. ~arko, rocker (de seĝo, lulilo). ~ĉevalo, rocking horse. ➞ rul, sku, sving, ŝancel. [Ne= bilanc, ekvilibr, kompens, pesil, sald].

balancier-o, (hor) (mec) balance-beam (-wheel).

balanen-o, nut weevil (Balaninus).

balast-o, [OA] Ballast, (bid) Sabla ~o, sand cushion (filling), f (senutilaĵo, superaĵo, fluaĵo). Nenecesa neologismo estas ~o. Kun ~o, in ballast. ~i (ŝipon) (preni ~on), lade with (take in) b. ~a ŝarĝo, dead freight. Sen~igi (malpezigi) ŝipon, lighten. ➞ balaaĵ, rub.

balat-o, balata, gum from bully-tree (Mimuops balata). ➞ gutaperk.

balbut-i (-n, abs), [UV] Stammer, splutter, stutter, have impediment in one’s speech, f falter out (ekskuzon). ~ado, -ing. ~ulo, -er. ➞ kartav, lisp.

baldaken-o, [UV] hanging canopy (over bed, throne, etc.).

baldaŭ [UV] (post mallonga tempo), (adv) Soon, promptly, shortly. Mi ~ revenos. ~ poste, soon afterwards. Pli ~ sooner, earlier. Kiel eble plej ~ as soon as possible (abbr: asap). ~a, early, prompt, Ĝis ~a revido, La plej ~a (4 FA 133/10). ~eco, proximity (of event). ~igi, hasten, bring near. ➞ fru, post-ne-long, tuj.

Balear-oj, Balearic Islands.

balen-o, [UV] Whal/e (Balaena), ~o ĝiba, dorsa, hump-backed whale. ~o spermaceta (kaĉaloto), sperm w. ~aĵo, (~osto) [UV] (barto), whalebone. ~ido, w-cub. ~ino, w-cow. -blanko, ~vakso (spermaceto), spermaceti. ~boato, ~ŝipo, w-er. ~ĉasŝipo, w-catcher. ~kaptado, w-ing. ~oleo, w-oil, train oil. ➞ focen.

balenoptero, rorqual, blue or finback whale (Balaenoptera).

balet-o, [OA] ballet. ~ist(in)o, b-dancer.

balg-o, 1 (folding) Bellows. 2 accordion pleating. ~o akordion- (intervagon- kamer-)a. (org) (Pump)-o (~blovilo), b. Treti la ~on, blow the b.

balist-o, (mil) ballista.

balist-o (ich) trigger-fish (Ballistes).

balistiko, [OA] ballistics, science of projectiles.

balkon-o, [OA] balcony. 1 Outside balus- trated platform with access from upper- floor window. 2 (th) tier of seats between dress circle and gallery Unua ~o, dress circle. ➞ altan, galeri, teras, verand.

balon-o, [OA] 1 Balloon (aerostato), ~o direktebla, libera, ligita. Pilot~o, pilot-b. Sond-o, sounding-b. 2 (gm) large rubber ball. Boks-o, punching-ball. 3 b-flask, bulb. ➞ retort, f Prov~o, feeler, ~eto, child’s toy balloon. ~isto, -ist.

balot-i (-n, por, pri, kontraŭ, abs) [OA], (elekti ~e), (vote by) Ballot, secret vote. ~(ad)o, (election by b.) ~ilo, -globo, -papero, b-ball, voting paper. ~ujo, b-box. ~rajto, franchise. ➞ elekt, voĉdon.

balote-o, (bot) black horehound (Ballota). ➞ marubi.

balte-o (ŝultrorimeno), baldrick, shoulder belt (for sword, etc.). Kartoĉa ~o, bandolier.

balustr-o, banister, baluster, short pillar supporting rail, usually pearshaped in middle. ~aro = balustrado.

balustrad-o [UV] (apoga relo, balustraro), banisters (of balcony, staircase, etc), balustrade, hand-rail(ing), side-rail(ing).

balz-o, balsa (corkwood) tree (Ochroma). ~a ligno, b-wood.

balzam-o, [OA] Balsam, balm. 1 natural resin. ~o Kanada, kopaiva, Perua, tolua. 2 (phar) ointment from this. ~o trankviliga. f consolation, something with soothing influence. Laboro estas ~o kontraŭ ĉagreno. ~a, balmy (➞ ambrozi). ~i (en~igi), embalm (Ge 50/2). ~arbo, b-tree, any tree yielding b. ➞ mirh.

balzamin-acoj, [OA] Balsams (Impatiens) > touch-me-not (I. noli-tangere).

balzamit-o, (bot) costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita).

bambu-o, [UV] bamboo (Bambusa). ~a bastono, kano.

ban-i (-n, en, per), [UV] bathe (someone), immerse. ~i infanon. f ~ata de la maro, larmoj, lumo, roso. La ondoj ~is la marbordon. ~o, Bath. ~o (mal)varma. Aer~o, pied~o, sun~o, ŝpruc~o. Pluv~o, duŝ~o, douche, shower-b. Sid~o, hip-(sitz-)b. S]Jong~o, tub. Ŝvit~o, vapor~o, Turkish b. Ŝlim~o, mud-b. (phot) Fiks~o, rivel~o, ton~o. ~ejo (~domo), the baths. ~iĝi (sin ~i), have a b., bathe. Okul~ilo, eye b. ~ujo, ~kuvo, b-tub. ~ĉambro, b-room. ~gasto (~eja paciento). ~kostumo, ~vesto, -ing dress. ➞ duŝ, lav, macer, ru, tremp.

banal-a, [OA] Banal, Commonplace; everyday, hackneyed, stale, trite. Paroli pri ~aj aferoj, engage in small talk. ~a vero, truism. ~e, in a b. (c.) manner. ~aĵo, something c., trite, etc., platitude. ~aĵo el la ĉiutaga vivo. ~eco, b-ity. ➞ gurd, ordinar, seninteres, stereotip, ŝablon, trivial.

banan-o, [OA] banana, fruit of ~arbo (Musa sapientum).

band-o, [UV] Band, party, set, troop (Ho 7/1) (us. contemptuous). ~o de junuloj. La tuta ~o, the whole gang, crew. ~estro, leader of the b. ~iĝi club together. 2 (mus) b., ludantaro. ~o faza, latuna, mandolina. ➞ grup, hord, trup, orkestret.

bandaĝ-o (ĉirkaŭligaĵo) [OA], Bandage, binding band (strip). Hernia ~o, truss. Perioda ~o, sanitary towel. ~i vund(it)on, b., bind up (Ij 5/18). ~i brakon, vundon (Ho 6/1). ~i la okulojn, blindfold. ➞ pans, vind.

banderol-o,, [OA] 1 ribbon-like scroll, band, streamer, (mil) lance-pennon. 2 strip for closing or wrapping, adhesive tape, especially postal wrapper. ~eto, cigar-band, etc. Sub ~o, in a wrapper. ➞ bend, ruband, stri.

bandit-o (vojrabisto) [OA], bandit, gangster, highwayman, outlaw.

bangal-o, bungalow, one-storied house.

Bangladeŝ-o BD.

banĝ-o, Banjo. Citra ~o, zither-b. Variants: ~olino, ~ulelo.

banjan-o, Banyan, Indian fig-tree (Ficus indica).

bank-o, [OA] (com) Bank (firm or building). Akcia ~o, joint-stock b. Diskonta ~o, discount b. Eldona ~o, b. of issue. Ŝpar~o, savings b. ~estro, -er, b-manager. ~(ofic)isto, b-clerk (-official). ~bileto, ~konto, ~libro. En~igi, pay in (➞ invest, lok, ➞ bankier, kas.)

banked-o, Banquet, dinner with speeches. ~ejo, b-ing hall.

bankier-o, [OA] (bankestro, bankposedanto), banker. ➞ bank.

bankiz-o (glacia kampo polusa), ice-bank (-floe, -pack).

bankrot-i (nt), [OA], go Bankrupt, default, fail, smash, f Ĉiu peno ~is. ~o, -cy, collapse, failure. Fraŭda ~o, fraudulent -cy. ~(int)a, (insolventa), b., insolvent. ~into, ~ulo, b. ~aranĝo, composition.

bant-o, [UV] Knot, bow (of ribbon, etc.). Am~o, love-k. Kap~o, top-k. ~igi (tie) kravaton. ➞ kokard, laĉ, maŝ, nod, rozet.

bantam-o, (zool) bantam cock.

baobab-o, baobab (monkey-bread) tree (Adamsonia digitata).

bapt-i (-n), [UV] Bapt/ize, christen. 1 (rel) (Mt 28/9). 2 f (nomi), ~i sonorilon, ŝipon. (fac) water: ~i lakton, vinon. ➞ dilu. ~o, -ism. ~a, -ismal. ~a atesto, registro. ~a nomo (antaŭnomo), Christian name, ~an(in)o, [UV] co-sponsor, fellow godparent, gossip. ~ejo, -istry. ~isto, -ist. (a) member of rel. sect, (b) -izer. Johano la ~isto, ~ujo, ~a baseno, pelvo, font. ~ofilo, [UV] godson. ~opatro, [UV] godfather. ➞ anabapt, aspering.

bar-i (-n), [UV] (fermi vojon, malhelpi trairon), Bar, block (up), dam, obstruct, stop up. ~i eniron, fluon, komunikon, progreson, straton. ~i (al iu) la vojon (1 Sa 15/2). Oppose, prevent progress, stand in the way of, thwart. ~o, 1 b. (Mi 2/13), hindrance, impediment, restraint, stop, Lingvaj ~oj. 2 bar, rail, rod. (sp) ~oj horizontalaj, paralelaj. ~o de trinkejo (tribunalo), bar in public-house (court of justice). ~aĵo (concrete sense), b., dam, obstruction, weir, (mar) (sabla) ~aĵo. sand-bank, mud deposit. ~ilo, [UV] barrier, fence, etc. (a. bariero) (Ps 62/3). Balon~ilo, balloon barrage. Dorn~ilo, drat~ilo, barbed wire fence. Flotanta ~ilo, boom. Inter-ilo, partition. Plekto~ilo (hurdo), hurdle, wattle fence. Ŝtup~ilo, stile. ~ludo (gm), prisoner’s base. Cirkaŭ~i, enclose, hem in, fence (hedge) around, pen. f bound, circumscribe, limit, restrict (PI 3/7). ➞ bufed, blok, brid, obstrukc, stop; heĝ, palisar.

barak-o, [OA] barrack, hut, temporary shanty for soldiers, workmen etc. ~aĉo, wretched hovel. ~aro, barracks, hut camp, huttage, shedding. ➞ bud, kaban, kazern.

barakt-i [UV]. Struggle (against), contend (grapple) with, flounder, kick (fling one’s) about, move convulsively, writhe. ~i kontraŭ la morto. ~i kiel fiŝo ekster akvo. ~i (splash about) en akvo. ~i (wallow, welter) en koto, f Nova ideo ~is en lia kapo. ~a (konvulsia), convulsive. ~ado, kicking, struggle. ~eti, fidget. ➞ agoni, lukt, rezist, tordiĝ.

Barat-o (= Hindujo, Hindio) IN.

barateri-o, (jur) (mar), barratry.

barb-o, [UV] Beard. ~o pinta, goatee. ~o potenca, sed kapo sensenca. Ridi en sia ~o, laugh in one’s sleeve, (bot) awn (a. aristo). Kapra ~o, goat’s beard (bot) = tragopogo. ~ulo, -ed man. Blank~ulo, griz~ulo, grey-b. Blu~ulo, blue-b. ~umo, barb (of anchor, fish-hook, etc.). ~fiŝo, barbel (Barbus). Plen~a, fullbearded. Ruĝ~a, redbearded, Sen~a, beardless, smooth-faced.

Barbad-o BB, Barbados.

barbar-o, [OA] Barbar/ian. 1 (orig) = negreko. Hence 2 (~a ulo), coarse, cruel, rough, rude, vulgar, uncivilized, uncultured, wild, person. ~a, -ic, inhuman, uncouth, etc. ~a kutimo, lingvo. ~aĵo, ~eco, barbarity, savagery, etc. ~ismo, (lit) (➞ solecism), unclassical (unorthodox) use of language. ➞ huligan, kruel, sovaĝ, vandal.

barbare-o (bot) winter cress (Barbarea).

barbastel-o, barbastelle bat (Barbastella).

barbed-o (mil) barbette.

barbikan-o, (mil) barbican, outer defence, outwork.

barbir-o, [UV] Barber, hairdresser (Jeĥ 5/1). ~a, tonsorial. ~ejo, b’s shop, toilet saloon. ~i, work as a barber. ➞ barbist, frizist, kombist, razist.

barbiturat-o, (phar), barbiturate.

barĉ-o, [UV] borsch, Russian red beetroot soup.

bard-o, [OA] bard. 1 Celtic minstrel. 2 (wide sense) lyric singer, poet. Skandinava ~o, scald.

Barejn-o BH.

barel-o, [UV] Barrel, cask, drum. ~o malplena sonas plej laŭte. Haring~o, herring-b. (tech) b., cylinder (de horloĝo, kapstano, revolvero). ~ego, hogshead, tun. ~ero, ~daŭbo, ~tabulo, stave. ~eto, firkin, keg. ~igi (ventrodikiĝi), bulge, swell out. ~isto, cooper. ~bendo, ~ringo, hoop. Naĝ~o, signo~o, (buo), buoy.

barelief-o [OA] = malaltreliefo.

barem-o, ready-reckoner, scale (of prices, etc.).

barĝ-o (platfunda ŝarĝboato), Barge, lighter, scow. ~isto, -ee.

bari-o, barium (Ba). ~a sulfato (~a spato), barytes (Ba So4). ➞ barit.

barier-o [OA] (barilo, bartrabo) any obstacle barring access, advance, entrance; barrier, fence, gate, toll-bar, turn-pike, ~o levebla. Meti ~on inter du personojn. Rul~o, Turn~o, swing-gate, turn-stile. ~isto, gate-keeper, toll-keeper. (geog) Granda ~a Rifo. ➞ apartigil.

barikad-o, [OA] barricade, defence barrier against attack. Detrui ĉiun ~on, break dp all opposition. ~i straton. ➞ baraĵ.

baringtoni-o, (bot) barringtonia (Barring- tonia).

barit-o, baryta (Ba O). ~papero, art paper.

bariton-o, [OA] baritone (voice, part, singer).

bark-o, [UV] barque. 1 3-5-masted vessel, mainly square-rigged. 2 (wide sense) (boato), any small sailing-boat or ship. ~o fiŝista. Ceremonia ~o, state barge. ~o de Ĥaron, Charon’s ferry.

barkarol-o (gondola kanto), barcarolle, boat-song.

barograf-o, barograph, recording barometer.

barok-o (arch) baroque, 17th century ornate style. ~a, f grotesque, irreg-ly shaped, odd, quaint, whimsical. ➞ fantazi, strang, rokok.

barometr-o, [OA] barometer, weather glass. ➞ anerojd, barograf.

baron-o, [OA] Baron (title). ~eco, ~lando, -y. ~(edz)ino, -ess. ~eto, -et.

baroskop-o, (met) baroscope.

bart-o (balenosto), whalebone, (cl) (corset) busk.

bas-o, [OA] (mus) 1 Bass (voice, part, singer). ~o obstin-(ripet-)a, basso ostin- ato, ground-b. ~a voĉo, ~ulo. 2 Lowest of a class of instruments. ~(violon)o (kontrabaso), double- b. similar ~klarneto, -tamburo, ~trombono, ~trumpeto. ➞ burd, cifer, kief, stri.

basen-o, [OA] Basin (wide space for water). 1 (pelvego). ~o de fontano, da akvo (Na 2/8). 2 wet dock, reservoir, etc. ~o havena, kluza, tajda. 3 (geol) ~o rivera, river b. ➞ akvuj, cistern, kolektuj, kuv. [Ne= pelv, lavovaz.]

baset-o, basset (dog).

basetkorno (tenora klarneto), (mus) basset horn.

basi-o (buterarbo), butter-tree (Bassia).

bask-o, [UV] (coat) tail, loose pt under waist, skirt. Liaj ~oj (his train) plenigis la templon (Jes 6/1). f apron-strings.

baskul-o (balanctabulo), rocker, see-saw. ~a ĉevalo (seĝo), rocking horse (chair). ~a vagono, tip wagon. ~i, rock, tilt, tip.

bast-o, [UV] Bast, inner bark. ~aĵo, something made of bast, matting, rope, etc. ~a mato, b. mat.

bastard-o, [OA] Bastard, person born out of wedlock. ~a, b., f hybrid, counterfeit. ➞ eksteredz, neleĝ; fals, hibrid.

bastil-o, (hist) bastille, Parisian state prison.

bastion-o, [UV] (mil) bastion, f bulwark, defence stronghold (Ij 13/12), e.g., ~o de libereco. ➞ defendil, rempar, ŝirmil.

baston-o, [UV] Stick, staff (usually wooden). ~o de pilgrimanto. ~o ombrela, paŝtista, policana. Apog~o, lam~o, [UV] crutch. Bilard~o, cue. Hok~o, crook, crosier. Montra ~o, pointer, Mont~o, alpenstock. Pik~o, ice-axe. Promen~o, walkg-s. Reĝ~o, sceptre. Rul~o, (cul), rollg-pin. Spad~o, sword-s. Ŝpin~o, distaff. Takt~o (taktilo), baton. ~i (-n), baste, beat, cane. ~ado, bastinado, caning on soles of feet. ~ego (klabo), bludgeon, club, cudgel, truncheon. ~eto, cane, rod, switch, stick, e.g., de vakso. Manĝ~etoj, chop-ss. Ung~eto, orange-s. ➞ apog-(bat-)il, fost, kan, paliset, stang, vering.

bat-i (-n, abs), [UV] Beat (wide sense) smite, strike: ~i hundon, kremon, tamburon, la bruston, horon. ~u la feron, dum ĝi estas varmega. ~i la takton (takti), b. time. (Pun)-i infanon. Altan arbon ~as la fulmo. ~ita (buffeted) de la ondoj. 2 (nt) La pulso ~as. Lia koro ~is vivege. La maro ~as kontraŭ la klifojn. ~o, 1 blow, hit, knock. ~o mortiga. ~o de la sorto. ~o finfara, finishing stroke, quietus, (ac) ~oj, beats (from interference). ~ado, -ing, (battering, throbbing, rolling) of (drum, wings); hitting, licking, trouncing; palpitation. (mus) ~anta anĉo, beating reed. ~egi, bash, flog, hit violently, thrash. ~ilo, bat, battledore, mallet, racquet. Ov~ilo, egg beater whisk Tambur~ilo, drumstick. Ter~ ilo, rammer. Al~iĝi, collide. Dis~i, smash to pieces (➞ dispecig, frakas, venk). El~i, knock out. En~i, stave in. Inter-iĝo, brawl, fray, scrimmage, scuffle. Kun~i, clap (manojn), gnash (dentojn). Re~o, repercussion. Tra~i (vojon), force (make) a way through. Korno~i, butt, gore. Pied~i, kick. Pugno~i, fisticuff, punch, thump. Venko~i, smite (in battle) (➞ konker). ➞ baston, verg, vip. H Bat, denotes continuous, repeated action; frap, a single blow.

batal-i, [UV] (nt, inter, por, pro; kun A kontraŭ B; sometimes kun B), do Battle, combat, fight. ~i kontraŭ la sorto. ~o, b., engagement. Aer~(klas~mar~)o. Fin~o (agonio). Lud~o, match. Miks~o, melde, fray, scrimmage, scrum. Vet~o, fight for wager, prize-fight. ~e, (1 Sa 14/22). ~anto, combatant, fighter, warrior. ~ejo, ~kampo, b-field. ~ema, combative, pugnacious, quarrelsome. ~eto, skirmish. ~ilo, [UV] weapon (Ij 20/24). ~preta, up in arms. Ek~i, join b. Kontraŭ~i, oppose, resist. Kun~anto, comrade-in-arms. Pro- anto, champion, defendant. ➞ atak, barakt, konflikt, lukt, milit.

batalion-o, [OA] battalion, unit of infantry.

batat-o, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas).

bateri-o, [OA] battery. 1 (mil) = kanon-aro- ejo. 2 (el) = pilaro. ~o alttensia (anoda), H T b. Plenigi (Ŝargi) ~on.

batik-o (tex) batik.

batist-o, [OA] (tex) batiste, species of cambric. Delikata ~o, lawn.

batologi-o, (rh) vain repetitions (Mt 6/7).

batos-o, (rh) bathos, fall from sublime to ridiculous; descent after a flight of eloquence into the commonplace.

batrak-o, batrachian, frog-like animal.

baŭdruĉ-o (orbatista haŭto), goldbeater’s skin.

baŭksit-o, (min) bauxite.

baŭm-i, (of horse) rear, rise on hind feet.

bav-i (salivi), dribble, slaver, slobber; foam (froth) at mouth (of horse, mad dog). ~o spittle (of toad), slime (of snail).

baz-o, [OA] Bas/e, basis, starting-point, foundation, common ground, determining principle, main ingredient. ~o de kolono, monto, triangulo (Ij 28/9). (baseball) b„ home, (chem) b. of salt, (mil) basis of operations. ~o aera, mara. (surv) b-line. f ~o de argument-(kred-sistem-teori-)o; ground (de suspekto). ~a, -ic. ~a hipotez-(sal-)o. Argumento ~e falsa, fundamentally unsound. ~i (-n) (fundamenti), b., found. ~i opinion, sin. ~iĝi (sur), rest on. Ŝtono -angula, cornerstone (Ps 118/22). Sen~a, b-less, ungrounded. ➞ fund(ament), grund, starej, ter; piedestal, plint, sokl; pilk.

bazalt-o, [OA] (min) basalt. ~a, -ic.

bazar-o [UV]. 1 bazaar, oriental marketplace. 2 (covered) market. ~o fiŝa, flora, legoma. ~o de malnovaĵoj. ~a tago, market-day. ~ulo, street hawker, itinerant vendor, cheap-jack. 3 fancy fair; bring and buy, jumble sale, sale of work. ➞ foir, merkat, vendhal.

bazel-o, Malabar nightshade (Basella).

bazidi-o (spor-klabo), basidium, ~a fungo (~omiceto). ➞ ask.

bazili-o, sweet basil (Osimum basilicum). ➞ ocim.

bazilik-o, [OA] (arch) basilica.

bazilisk-o, [OA] basilisk. 1 fabulous reptile, cockatrice. 2 small American lizard (Basiliscus). f ~a rigardo, b-glance, evil eye.

be-o (a. bemolo). (mus) Flat. A-be, A b- Bebeo, double f. ~igi, flatten, lower a semitone. Unu~a tonalo, F. ~flanke, first f. key. ~gamoj, ~tonaloj, f-keys. Tonalo du~a, key of two ff. (Bt>, G min). opposite -is (=dies).

be-i, (a. ba-i), baa, bleat (sheep, goat, calf).

beat-a, blessed, blissful. ~(ec)o, bliss, perfect joy, supreme happiness. ~iga, beatific. ➞ ben.

beb-o, (ordinary language) Baby, babe, infant-in-arms. ~zorganto, b-sitter. ~ovestoj, b-linen.

bed-o, [UV] (garden) Bed, plot (Alt 6/2).

Brasika ~o, cabbage patch. Flor~o, flower b. Fram~o, cold frame. Sem~o, Varm~o, hot-b. En~igi, b. out. [Ne= lit.]

bedaŭr-i, (-n, ke; abs), [UV] Regret, be sorry (about, for) (Na 3/7), ~o, r. ~o kaj ĉagreno ŝuldon ne kovras. ~egi, bewail, deplore, lament. ~inda, -table, deplor- (lament-)able, unfortunate. ~inde (dom- aĝe), r-tably, to (my) sorrow. ~esprimo, excuse. Sen~e, with composure. ➞ domaĝ, lament, malĝoj, pet, plor.

bedeli-o, bedellium. 1 species of balsam-tree (Commiphora), 2 its resin (No 11/7).

beduen-o, bedouin, Arab of the desert.

begin-o, Beguin/e, Flemish lay nun. ~ejo, -age.

begoni-o, (bot) begonia (Begonia).

bej-o, bey, Turkish governor.

bej-a (ruĝbruna), bay (of horses).

bejl-o, (cricket) bail, cross-piece.

bek-o, [UV] Beak, bill (of bird); nose, nozzle, snout, tip. ~o de ankro. Flam~ (gas~)o (flamingo), gas burner, beak (ambosa); lip (pokala); mouthpiece (klarneta); nib (pluma); peak (sela); prow (boata)’, spout (kafkruĉa). ~(pik)i, peck, f ~eti (kiseti), peck. Kruc~o (orn) cross-bill (Loksio).

bekabung-o, (bot) brooklime (Veronica beccabunga).

bel-a, [UV] Beaut/iful, charming, fair, handsome, lovely, noble. ~a ago, infano, kanto, penso, sekso, tago. ~aj vortoj, ~a okazo, fine opportunity. ~a kruro, shapely leg. ~o, -y. La ~aĵoj (b-ties) de la lando. ~aĉa, tawdry. ~eco, loveliness. ~ega, glorious, gorgeous, magnificent, splendid. ~egeco (Ĥg 2/3). ~eta (plaĉa), agreeable, comely, nice, pretty (Alt 1/5). (Pll)~igi, -ify, adorn, embellish, smarten, f gloss (draw a veil) over. ~igaĵo, e.g., kremo, pudro, ŝminko (Es 2/9). ~igejo, ~igistino. ~ulo, [UV] -y. La dormanta ~ulino. ~aspekta, fair (Ge 24/16). ~forma (Ge 29/17). ~sona, euphonious. Mal~a, ugly. ~~ega, hideous. ~~ulo, fright. ~~ulino, hag. Super~a (sublima), superb. ➞ admirind, elegant, plat, rav.

beladon-o, [UV] belladonna. 1 deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), 2 drug from this.

belemnit-o, belemnite, fingerstone, cuttlefish fossil.

beletr-o (= beletristiko [OA]), belles- lettres, literary works, ~isto, man of letters.

belfrid-o (sonorilejo), belfry. ➞ kampanil.

Belg-ujo, Belgio [OA 8] BE.

Beliz-o BZ

belon-o, garfish, needlefish, gar-pike, etc. (Belone).

Belorus-ujo, Belorusio BY.

belveder-o (belvidejo homkonstruita), belvedere, raised ground (point) from which to view scenery. ➞ altan, balkon.

bembek-o, bembex wasp (Bembex).

bemeri-o, (bot) boehmeria < ramio.

bemol-o, (mus) flat. (ordinary language abbreviation be, which see).

ben-i (-n, abs) [OA], Bless. 1 invoke God’s favour on: Pastro ~as kunvenon, patro ~as filon. 2 praise, laud: ~i ies memoron. ~ata estu Dio. 3 konsekri; ~ita akvo, holy water. ~i panon, preĝejon. 4 (feliĉigi), Dio min ~is per sano, infanoj. ~(ad)o, blessing, benediction, benison. ~(aĵ)o, blessing, gift, godsend. ~iĝi (Ge 12/3). ~peti, ask a blessing. Mal~i, curse, ➞ anatem, ekskomunik, kondamn; blasfem, bat, frap. curse, execration, imprecation, malison. Malben’! (interjection) Hang it all! ~~inda, ~~ita, accursed.

bend-o, Band, tape, ribbon (narrow strip of material with parallel edges). ~o el kaŭĉuko, papero, ledo, tolo. ~o de filmo. Brak~o, arm-band, brassard. Har~o, bandeau, head band. Lad~o, hoop-iron. Mentona ~o, bonnet-string, chin-strap. Mezura ~o, tape measure. Pans~o (bandaĝo). Rad~o, tyre. Solida ~o, solid tyre. Son~o, magnetic tape (recording). Spektra ~o, spectrum b. Ŝtal~o, steel tape, Tapiŝa ~o, carpet strip. Vic~o, spare tyre, (mec) Kuranta (transporta) ~o, belt conveyor. ~i la har-(okul-)ojn. ➞ ĉirkaŭlig, ĉirkaŭvolv. Sur~igo, tape recording. ➞ banderol, ligil, stri, zon.

benediktan-o, benedictine monk.

benefic-o (ecc) Benef/ice; living, (th) -it, charity performance. ~a nokto (prezento). ~ulo, -iciary, incumbent.

bengal-o, ~a, Bengali (person, language). Bengali-o, Bengal.

benign-a, benign, gentle, gracious; kindly, mild, salutary.

Benin-o BJ

benjet-o (fritaĵo), (cul) fritter. Pom~o.

benk-o, [UV] Bench, form, long wooden seat: ~o lerneja. Working-table: Ĉarpentista (rabota) ~o. Labor~o, workbench. Preĝ~o, pew. Rem~o, thwart. Ŝtup~oj de amfiteatro. ~eto, stool. Pied~eto (skabelo), foot-stool. ~ĉaro (~veturilo), char-a-banc. ➞ taburet.

benz- (ch pfx) Benz-. ~eno, -ene (C6H6)- Nitro~eno. ~idino, -idine. ~ilo, -yl.

benzin-o, [OA] motor-spirit, petrol (Am gasoline) for cars, motors, etc. Rafinita ~ino, benzine. ~inujo, ~inpumpilo. ~instacio, filling-station.

benzinoat-o, -oate. ~oino, -oin. ~olo, -ole (trade name for crude -ene).

benzo-o, gum benzoin (Benjamin), resin from ~arbo benjamin tree (Styrax benzoin). ➞ storak.

ber-o, [UV] berry. ~aro, bunch, cluster (grapolo). vin~o, [UV] grape. sekvin~o [UV] (rosino), raisin; sekvin~eto (korinto), (grocer’s) currant.

berberis-o, barberry (Berberis). ~a bero. ➞ mahoni.

beret-o, beret. Skota ~o, tam-o-shanter.

bergamot-o, Bergamot orange, fruit of ~arbo (b-tree) (Citrus bergamia). ~oleo, b-oil, essence of b. ~piro, b-pear.

beriber-o, (med) beriberi.

beril-o, [OA] (min) beryl > aquamarina.

berili-o, (chem) berylium (Be).

berserk-o, berserk(er), Norse warrior. i~ (nt), go b., strike at random (with frenzied fury), run amok.

best-o, [UV] (animalo nehoma), Animal, Beast. ~o dom-(sovaĝ-)a. Poŝ~o, marsupial (marsupialo). Rabo~o, b. of prey. Ŝarĝ~o, b. of burden, f brutal (brutish) person. ~a, of an a. ~aĉa (a. bestia), bestial, beastly. ~aro, collection of aa., herd, fauna. Kin timas ~aron, ne iru arbaron. ~ejo, menagery, zl-ical gardens or park. ~eto, animalcule, insect, etc. ~igi. brutalize. ~kuracisto (veterinaro), veterinary surgeon. Fi~etoj, vermin. ➞ faŭn.

bet-o, [UV] Beet (Beta). Ruĝa ~o, b-root. Blanka ~o, chard, spinach b. (B. cicla). Furaĝa ~o, fodder-b., mangle-wurzel. Mara ~o, sea-b. (B. maritima). Suker~o, sugar-b. ➞ bare. [Ne= veto].

betl-o, betel (Piper betle). ~ofolioj.

beton-o, (arch) concrete. ~i, c. Armita ~o (fer~o), reinforced c. Cel~o, cellular c. ~miksilo, cement-mixer. En~igi, set in c. ➞ konkret.

betonik-o, wood betony (Betonica). ➞ stakis.

betul-o, [UV] Birch (tree) (Betula). ~o nana, dwarf b. ~aro, ~ejo, b-forest.

bevel-o (klinrando), Bevel, sloping edge. ~i, b., slope. ~ita (~e tranĉita) spegulo. ~ilo. b. ➞ oblikv.

bezoar-o, (phar) goat-stone.

bezon-i, [UV] 1 (-n), (stand in) Need (of), be short of, require, suffer from lack of, want. ~i monon, ripozon. ~i trinki. 2 be under obligation to. Ni ne ~as iri (Ne necesas, ke ni iru), we n. not go. La infanoj ne devis (kompreni), ĉar infanoj ne ~as ĉion scii (3 FA 11 /22) (didn’t have to understand, they need not know every- thing). ~a (necesa), -ful, necessary, requisite. ~(aĵ)o, n., emergency, necessity, requirement, want. En okazo de ~o. ~aĵoj, requirements. ~egi (urĝe ~i). Laŭ~e, at n. Ne~a, sen~a. n-less, superfluous. Mon~a, necessitous. ➞ dezir, mank, postul.

bi- (ppfx) = rf«. (chem) Bi-, denotes acid salts e.g., bikarbonato.

bibi-o, dung fly (Bibio).

bibli-o [OA] (Sankta Skribo). Bibl/e. ~a, -ical, Scriptural. ~a Societo, B- Society.

biblio- (ppfx) (= libro-), biblio-.

bibliofilo (libramanto), bibliophile.

bibliograf-io, [OA] -o, [OA] bibliography, bibliographer.

bibliotek-o, [OA] Librar/y. 1 (librejo), library, reading-room. ~o cirkulanta, publika, prunta. 2 (librujo), book-case. 3 collection of books. 4 title of series. La ~o "Epoko".

biceps-o, (anat) biceps.

bicikl-o [OA] (ordinary language abbreviation ciklo), (bi)cycle. Motor~o. ~i, ride this. ~eto, child’s b. ~isto, -ist. ➞ tandem, velociped.

bid-o, bead. 1 (tru-globeto). ~oj lignaj, vitraj; de abako, rozario, sur vesto. 2 globule.

bident-o, bur-marigold, (Bidens).

bien-o, [UV] Estate, grounds, land(ed property). Reĝa ~o, crown land. ~aro, domain, manor, territory. ~eto (Farm~o), croft, farm. ~etulo, crofter, etc. ~ulo, landowner, man of property, laird, squire. ~administranto (ekonomo), steward of e. ~domo, manor house. ~etato (kadastro). Sen~igi, dispossess, evict, oust from.

bier-o, [UV] Beer, Ale. Malforta ~o, small a. Nigra ~o, stout, Pala ~o, pale ale. Zingibra ~o, ginger beer. ~(vend)ejo, a-house, b-shop. ~farejo, brewery. ➞ porter.

bifstek-o, [OA] (bovaĵ-tranĉo), beef-steak.

bigami-o, bigamy. ~ulo, bigamist. ➞ monogami, poligami.

bigarad-o (maldolĉa oranĝo), Seville (bitter) orange (Citrus bigaradia).

bigl-o, beagle (dog).

bignoni-o (trumpeta floro), bignonia, trumpet flower (Bignonia).

bigot-a [OA] (ekscese, neracie, fervora, fanatika), bigoted, intolerant, narrow-minded. ~eco, bigotry. ~ulo, bigot.

bikin-o, (cl) bikini.

biks-o, arnotto tree (Bixa).

bikŝu-o, monk (Southern Buddhism). ➞ bonz.

bikvadrat-a, (mat) biquadratic.

bil-o (negocebla valorpapero), (com) bill, note, security. ➞ akci, bilet, obligaci.

bilanc-o, [OA] Balance(-sheet). Prov~o, trial b. ~a konto, kalkulo, b-account, ~i konton (fari ~on), strike a b. ➞ balanc, inventar, kont, said.

bilard-o [OA], Billiards. ~i, play b. ~a bastono, globo, tablo. ~ejo (~salono), broom. ➞ ~eto, bagatelle.

bilbok-o (kaptotaso), (gm) cup and ball.

bild-o, [OA] Picture, delineation, image, likeness, representation, view. Mov~oj, moving pictures. Lum~o, screen projection (➞ diapozitiv). Sankta ~o (ikono). Transigebla ~o, transfer. Vitro~o (diafana ~o), stained glass. Vort~o, word-p. ~aro (~libro), p-book. ~igi al si, p. to one’s. ~flanke, on the p-side. ➞ desegn, figur, ilustr, kinem, kopi, pentr, portret, prezent.

bilet-o, [OA] Ticket [Ne= letero], ~o enira, fervoja, loteria, sezona, teatra. Bank~o, bank note. Kontrol~o, check-t. Pas~o, pass-check. Reven~o, return-t. Ŝanĝ~o, transfer (through) t. Aĉeti, fordoni, trui ~on. ~(vend)ejo, t-office. ~eja fenestro (giĉeto). ~ujo, t-case, card-case. ~kontrolisto, t-collector. ➞ bil, kontrol.

bilĝ-o (drenangulo de holdo), (mar) bilge. ~akvo, bilge-water.

bilharzi-o, bilharzia, parasitic flat-worm.

bilion-o, billion. Rim.: Avoid as vague, unless defined. In USA, Italy, France, = 109 (miliardo). In England, Germany, = 1012. ➞ miliard.

binar-a (duelementa, duera, duparta, dutema), binary.

bind-i (-n), [UV] Bind (books, etc.). ~i kartone, lede, tole. ~ado (~arto), -ing. Libro~ado, ~(aĵ)o (kovrilo), binding, cover. ~o bovidleda, plasta. ~ejo, -ing works. ~ilo, -ing appliance (tool). ~isto, binder. Duon~aĵo, half-ing (leather at back and corners only).

binokl-o, [OA] binoculars, field glass. ~o kun tenilo, lorgnette. ~o kampa, prisma, teatra. ~eto, opera glass.

binom-o, binomial. 1 (mat) (duterma), ~a koeficiento, teoremo. 2 (dunoma), ~a nomenklaturo, sistemo.

bio- (Gk ppfx = viv-) bio-.

biogenezo, biogenesis.

biografi-o, [OA] -o, [OA] biograph/y, -er.

biokemi-o, biochemistry.

biolog/io, -o, biolog/y, -ist.

biontologi-o, natural history.

biplan-o, biplane. ➞ aeroplan, monoplan.

bir-o, (mar) (met) bearing, ~i, determine the direction of an object. ~ilo, direction finder. Radio~ilo (radaro), radar.

bird-o,, [UV] Bird, Fowl. ~o doma, hejma, sovaĝa. ~a, avian. Akvo~o, water-f. Fajr~o (fenikso), phoenix. Kat~oj, catbirds (Aeluredo, Dumetelo, Galeoskopto). Kan-o (akrocefalo), warbler. Kort~oj, AT., poultry. Lir~o (menuro), lyre-b. Log~o, decoy. Miel~o (melifago), honey-sucker. Ombrela ~o (cefaloptero) umbrella-b. Rabo~o, b. of prey. Ŝtorm~o (petrelo), petrel. Zum~o (kolibro), humming-bird. ~aro, flock (flight) of birds, birds. in gen. ~ejo, aviary. ~ido, fleding-(nest-)ling. ~ino, hen-b. ~bano, ~nesto, ~kaptisto, b- catcher. ~timigilo, scare-crow. Vir~o, cock-b.

biret-o, [OA] biretta, square cap of some clerics.

birg-o, thief-crab (Birgus) < paguro.

Birm-o [OA 8] MM, Burma (former name of Myanmar).

bis! [OA] (ankoraŭ unu fojon! Denove! Ripetu!) (interjection), Again! Encore! Once more! Repeat! ~i (ion, iun), Encore, recall. ~aĵo, an e. item.

bisekc-i (-n), (mat) bisect.

bisin-o, (tex) byssus, ”fine linen” (El 39/27, Lk 16/19). ~aj vestoj (Ge 41/42). ➞ bisus.

biskot-o (rebakita pano), rusk.

biskvit-o, [UV] 1 Biscuit, (Am) cracker. Ŝipa ~o, ship’s b. 2 bisque, unglazed white porcelain.

bismut-o,, [UV] (chem) Bismuth (Bi).

bison-o (a. bizono), Bison (Bos bison). Eŭropa ~o, wisent (B. bonasus). ➞ bubal.

bistort-o, adderwort, bistort, snake-weed (Poligonum bistorta).

bistr-o, bistre (brown pigment from soot). ~a, blackish-brown, swarthy.

bisturi-o, [OA] (surg), bistoury, small slender knife, straight or curved, sharp- or probe-pointed > lancet, skalpel.

bisus-o (mar-silko), byssus, mussel silk. ➞ bisin.

bit-o, (mar) bitt, mooring-pin on ship. ~eto, cleat. ➞ bolard.

bitis-o, (zoo) puff adder (Bitis).

bitum-o [OA] (teroleo, tervakso), (ordinary language) bitumen, ~a karbo, soft coal (opposite antracit), ~aj kavoj (Ge 14/10). ~aj substancoj = asfalto, gudro, peĉo. ~(iz)i, bituminize.

bivak-o, [OA] bivouac, encampment, night’s resting-place in open camp out without tents (2 Sa 11/11). ~a fajro, watch fire. ➞ barak, tend.

bivalv-o, (ordinary language klapkonko) (molusko duklapa), bivalve.

bizanc-a, (arch) (art) Byzantine.

bizar-a, bizarre, eccentric, fantastic, grotesque, mixed in style, queer, semibarbaric, strange, whimsical. ~aĵo, whim.

blag-o (ŝerca mensogo), blarney, cajoling talk, fib, humbug, pretentious nonsense, tall story, trick. ~i, hoax, play a trick on, pull one’s leg. Li nur ~as, talks with his tongue in his cheek. ~ulo, joker, wag. Sen~e! honest Injun! No joking! Really! ➞ bluf, ŝaĵnig.

blakstoni-o, yellow-wort (Blackstonia).

blamanĝ-o, (cul) blancmange.

blank-a, [UV] 1 White. ~a lumo, raso, ~a klavo de piano, ~a Monto, Mt. Blanc. ~a vermo (larvo melolonta), larva of cockchafer. Neĝe ~a, snow-w. 2 clean, pure, stainless, ~a tolo; colourless, ~a fono, unused, ~a paĝo. (com) Blank, ~a akcepto, ĉeko, kredito, subskribo. ~o, white (colour, paint, etc.), ~o de la okuloj. (gm) w. (side or pieces), (dominoes) duobla ~o, double w. (typ) space. Balen~o (spermaceto). ov~o, [UV] w. of egg. Plumbo~o (ceruzo), w~lead. Zink~o (zinkoksido), zinc-w. ~e vestita, dressed in w. ~aĵo, something w. ~eta, w-ish. ~igi, -en, blanch, bleach, w-wash, etc. Nigran kornikon sapo ne ~igas. f (senkulpigi), excuse, w-wash. ~(haŭt)ulo, w. man. ~arda, ~e varma, w-hot, incandescent. ~barba, ~hara, hoary-headed, w-haired.

blanked-o, form (to be filled up).

blaps-o (Blaps) > churchyard beetle. ➞ blat.

blasfem-i, [OA] blaspheme (Ij 1/5), (curse and) swear, talk impiously, use bad language [Ne= profan], ~a, blasphemous, profane. ~aĵo, oath, profanity. ~anto, ~ulo, blasphemer (Se 1/22). ➞ fur, sakr.

blat-o,, [UV] cockroach (Blatta) > the “blackbeetle” of the kitchen.

blazon-o, [OA] heraldic shield, (coat of) arms, armorial bearings, crest. ~i, describe heraldically, inscribe with arms, f proclaim. ~scienco (heraldiko). ~ŝildo, escutcheon, heraldic shield. ➞ heraldik, insign.

blefarit-o (palpebra inflamo), blepharitis.

blek-i [UV] (krii), (utter its) cry (any prolonged sound made by an animal). Bov~i, low, moo. ĉeval~i, neigh, whinny. Hund~i, howl. Kat~i, caterwaul (➞ miaŭ), Kapro~i, bleat. Korv~i, croak. Ŝaf~i, baa. ~egi, bellow, howl, roar (Jes 5/30). f shout, yell, etc. Ŝi ne kantas, ŝi nur ~as. ~o, cry (as above).

blekn-o, hard fern (Blechnum).

blend-o, blende, zinc sulphate ore.

bleni-o, (ich) blenny (Blennius).

blesbok-o, blesbok (Damaliscus).

bleti-o, bletia orchid.

blind-a [UV] (senvida), Blind, sightless, f (without discernment, fanatic), ~a dogmo, fervoro, furiozo, konfido, obeo. ~(ul)e, -ly. ~e imiti, pafi, sekvi. ~e palpi, grope, (av) Flugi ~e. ~eco (Ge 19/11). ~igi (Jes 6/10). f ~igita de pasio. ~ulo, b. man. ~ularo, the b. ~ulejo, b-institution. ~(ul)igi, bandage (in gm). ~umi (lum~igi, dazli), dazzle. ~umo, 1 glare. 2 black-out. ~kapto, ~ludo (gm) b-man’s buff. ~okaze, by chance (1 Sa 6/9). Mal~igi (vidigi), open eyes of b. (also figuratively). Kolor~a, colour-blind.

blit-o, strawberry blite (Blitum capitatus).

blizard-o (blindiga neĝoŝtormo), blizzard.

blok-o, [OA] 1 (unupeca maso), Block, boulder, chunk, bulky unhewn piece, lump. ~o betona. ~o de amboso. (mec) Glit~o, slide b. Ligna ~o (ŝtipo). Rul~o (pulio). (vn) block. 2 (komplekso, tutaĵo), several things compressed into or regarded as one. (el) ~o de plakoj, element, (pol) coalition of parties. Dom~o, b. of houses. Kalendara ~o, tear-off calendar. Not~o, scribbling-pad. Skiz~o, sketching-b. ~a, massive, ~e, in one piece (the lump), ~i (haltigi, obstrukci, senmovigi), b. (entry, etc.) (cricket) b. (ball), (mil) barricade, close, (ry) b. (line). ~ado, -ing, ~aĵo, (typ) reversed type £). ~ilo, clamping device. ~litero (typ) b-letter. (ry) ~sistemo. ~stano, b-tin. Mal~i, release, set free. ➞ bar, bul, mas(iv).

blokad-o, [OA] ~i (= blok-ad), (mil, mar), blockade. ➞ bojkot.

blokhaŭs-o, (mil) blockhouse, detached fort, log rampart, (mar) armoured conning-tower.

blond-a, [UV] blond(e), fair; (orbruna), light auburn. ~o platina, platinum b. ~igi la harojn. ~ul(in)o, b. ~hara, flaxen-haired.

blov-i (-n), [UV] Blow. ~i teon, trumpeton, vitron. ~(ekscit)i la fajron. (nt) ~i sur teon, (per trumpeto). La vento ~as (moviĝas). ~o, blow(ing). ~a, -y, windswept. ~ado de venteto. Neĝa ~ado, snowstorm. Neĝa ~aĵo, snow-drift. ~ega, boisterous. ~ego, blast. ~eto, breeze. ~ilo (Jer 6/29), bellows. Balga ~ilo, (pair of) bellows. Orgen~isto, organ-er. Ki’fro~isto. ~estingi (kandelon), b. out. (org) ~meĥanismo. Dis~i (nubojn), disperse. En~i (Ge 2/7), inflate, insufflate. Ek~o, gust, puff, squall. La eksplodo el~is la ŝtopilon. For~i ĉapelon, fumon, polvon. Kontraŭ~o, down draught. Sen~a (aero) (kalma), calm, still. Tra~o, air current, draught. Tro~i (instrumenton), over-b (= senintence sonigi harmonon). Plen~i vangon, velon, b. up. distend, inflate, puff out. Plen~itaj (pursed) lipoj. Turn~o (polva), eddy (of dust). ➞ briz, vent.

blu-a, [UV] Blu/e. ~a ĉielo, okulo. f ~a sango. ~a krajono. Kontuz~a, black and blue. Mallume ~a, dark b. Nigre ~a, livid. ~o, blue (colour). Cejana ~o, cornflower b. Ferocianida (Prusa) ~o, Prussian b. Marista ~o, navy b. ~i, be blue. Bati ~aĵon subokule, give a black eye. ~ega, deep b. ~eta, -ish. ~igi, make b. ~igaĵo (lav~o), laundry b. ➞ cejan, kobalt, safir, ultramar; endimion, kampanol.

bluf-i (nt), bluff, act or speak so as to deceive one’s opponent. Nur ~o, mere bluff (2 FA 60/25). ~anto, ~ulo, bluffer. ➞ blag, bombast, ĉarlatan.

blut-i (farunon), bolt, sift.

bluz-o [OA] (mallonga kitelo), blouse (male or fem.), loose linen or cotton upper garment, belted at waist, or tucked in the skirt. Ĉemiza ~o, jumper. ~eto, smock-frock.

bo-, [UV] (pfx) = In Law, rein By Marriage to the relatives of one’s husband (wife). Parenci ~e, be related b.m. ~patr(in)o, father (mother) i.l. ~gepatroj, parents i.l. ~nevo, nephew b.m. ~parenciĝi kun, ally one’s b.m. (Ge 34/9). ➞ stif.

boa-o, [UV] 1 tree boa (Boa). Also (ordinary language) other great crushing snakes. ➞ anakond, konstriktor, piton. 2 (kolpelto), boa (fur).

boac-o [OA 9] (norda cervo [UV], rangifero), reindeer. (Am) caribou. (Rangifer).

board-o, (velado) board; the course and distance made by turning to windward (between tacks). ➞ lof, tak.

boat-o, [UV] Boat, craft, small open oared or sailing vessel. Balen~o, flug~o, kanal~o, motor~o, rem~o, sav~o, whale (flying, canal, motor, rowing, life) boat. Faldebla ~o. Korba ~o (koraklo), coracle. Plat~o, punt, wherry. Ŝlim~o, mud barge. ~ado, -ing. ~ano, b-man. ~ejo (~remizo), b-house. ~estro, cox(swain). ~eto, dinghy, jolly-b. ~isto, b-man. ➞ bark, gondol, kanot, ŝipet.

bobel-i, (nt) (onom) Bubbl/e, be -ing. ~o, bubble. ~ado, -ing. ➞ efervesk.

boben-o, [UV] Bobbin, Coil, drum, reel, spool; roll (de filmo, papero, kotono, rubando); (dratvolvaĵo): ~o indukta, inductor. Bar~o, choke coil. Esplora ~o, search c. (Glit)~o, shuttle (Ij 7/6). ~i, spool, wind. ~(vind)ilo, b-winder. ~istino, b-winder. ➞ ĉirkaŭrul, vine, vind, volv.

bobolink-o, bobolink, rice-bunting (Dolichonyx oryzivora).

Bocvan-o BW, Botswana.

boĝi-o, (ry) bogie, truck under locomotive.

boj-i [UV] (hundobleki), bark, bay, howl. Hundo ~as, homo vojas (P.). f ~i kontraŭ, attack. ~o, bark, (interjection) Boj, boj! (a. baŭ, ŭaŭ), Bow wow. ~aĉi, snarl. ~eti, yap. f grouse, whine. ➞ blek, jelp.

bojkot-i (-n) [OA], ~o, boycott. ➞ evit, proskript.

bok-o (tondil-argano), (mar) sheer legs.

bokal-o, wide-mouthed short-necked bottle or jar, carboy, glass jar, fish- globe.

boks-i [OA] (pugnobatali), Box, spar. ~ado, ~arto, -ing, pugilism. ~isto, boxer, prizefighter.

bol-i (nt), [UV] Boil, bubble up, foam, seethe. La akvo (poto) ~as (Ps 46/3; Ij 41/20). f mia sango ~as. ~i de kolero, senpacienco. ➞ ekflam, ekscitiĝ. ~(ad)o, ebullition, effervescence. ~egi, boil furiously, bubble over. ~eti, simmer, sing. ~igi (-n), (cause to) b., cook by -ing. ~igi akvon (ovojn, terpomojn). ~ilo, (kaldrono), -er, kettle, etc. ~ujo, water heater, copper. ~grado, ~punkto, -ing point. ~varma, -ing hot. f Ek~o, sudden outburst. Super b. over. ➞ bobel, brog.

bolard-o, (mar) bollard, mooring-post on quay. ➞ bit, fost.

boler-o, bolero (dance and music).

bolet-o, bolet fungus (Boletus) > cep (B. edulis). ~o amara, bitter bolet. (B. felleus).

bolid-o (ordinary language) bolide, globular lightning, fire-ball, large explosive meteor. ➞ meteor.

Bolivi-o [OA 8] BO, Bolivia.

bolŝev-ismo, ~isto, Bolshevism, -ist. ~ista, -ic.

bolt-o, Bolt, pin, sliding bar. Ekspansia ~o, expan sion b. Fundamenta ~o, king b. Ŝekla shackle. Ŝraŭba ~o, screw bolt. ~ingo, nut. Mal~i, unbolt. ➞ aks, ralik, rigl, spindel, ŝpal.

bolus-o, 1 (pilolego), bolus, large pill (for animal). 2 (min) bole, coarse red pigment.

bomb-o, [OA] Bomb. Atoma ~o, atom b- Fuzea ~o, time b. Gas-o, gas b. Kiraspika ~o, armour-piercing b. Supereksploda ~o, H.E.b. Artileria ~o, shell. Bruliga (incendia) ~o, incendiary b. Submara ~o, depth charge. ➞ burd, grenad, obus.

bonibaks-o, silk-cotton tree (Bombax).

bombard-i (-n) [OA] (bombadi, kanonadi), bombard, shell, f ~i per ŝtonoj. ~i per demandoj, komplimentoj, konfetoj, petoj. (org) ~a sekcio (por laŭtegaj vicoj). ~ilo, howitzer (haŭbizo), mortar. ~isto, bombardier.

bombardon-o (bastubjo), (m.i.) bombardon.

bombast-o, [OA] Bombast, pompous talk. ~a, -ic, inflated, turgid. speak -ically. ➞ fanfaron, parad, pav, pomp, ŝvelparol.

bombazen-o, (tex) bombazine (silk and wool twill).

bomben-o, fire-bellied toad (Bombina).

bombicel-o (silkvostulo), waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus).

bombiks-o, mulberry silkworm moth (Bombix).

bombili-o, bumble-fly, bee-fly (Bombilius). ➞ burd.

bombon-o, [OA] sweet (meat), comfit, lollipop. Ĉokolada ~o. ~ujo, sweetmeat- box. ➞ dolĉaĵ, konfitaĵ, sukeraĵ, pastel, pralin.

bon-a, [UV] Good (wide sense). 1 admirable, nice, pleasing, satisfactory: ~a edzino, faro, konsilo, libro, manĝo, stilo, tero. Tio eble estas la plej ~a, perhaps that is best (4 FA/20). ~an tagon! Good day! Ne sufiĉe ~a, not g. enough. 2 praiseworthy, upright, well-behaved, virtuous: ~a homo, infano, konduto. 3 expedient, proper right: Estas ~e tion fari. 4 benevolent, kind: ~a humoro, koro. Estu tiel ~a, kiel, Be so good as to. 5 beneficial: ~a dormo. ~a por la sano. 6 capable, clever, efficient: ~a instruisto, pianisto, ŝoforo. 7 sound, valid: ~a ekskuzo. ~e, [UV] well, rightly, properly. ~e (dirite)! Well said! (interjection) Agreed! Bravo! Hear, hear! O.K.! Right! ~o, good (Ge 2/17, Ps 13/6, 23/6). ➞ ~eco, [UV] -ness (abs, quality). ~aĵo, g. thing. ~ega, Al, capital, excellent, fine, first class. ~egulo, jolly g. fellow. ~ege! Splendid! ~eta, fair, so so, tolerable. ~ulo, g. man. mal~a, [UV] bad. Ne ~~a, not bad. ~~e, badly, ill. ~~(aĵ)o, evil, mischief. ~~igi, injure, spoil (➞ difekt). ~~iĝi, deteriorate. Pli~a, better. ~~igi, ameliorate, amend, improve, make better. ~~igisto (us. pej), reformer. Re~igi, repair, restore. Super~i (4 FA/76). ➞ admirind, aprobind, afabl, ĝust, kompetent, prav, taŭg, traf, valid, virt.

boned-o (~a velo), (mar) studding sail, stunsail.

bonit-o, (ich) bonito, allied to skombro and tinuso.

bont-i (nt), (av) bont. ~o -ing. ➞ lop.

bonz-o, bonze, Japanese or Chinese Buddhist priest. ➞ bikŝu.

bor-i [UV] (tratrui) (-n, tra), Bore, drill (No 21/18). ~i truon, vojon. ~i (~fosi) grundon, burrow, tunnel; sink a shaft. ~ilo, auger, bit, piercer. ~ilo ekspansiebla, expansion bit. Klik~ilo, ratchet-bit. Kork-ilo, corkscrew. Kubut~ilo, bitbrace. Najl~(Turn~)ilo, bradawl, gimlet. (bot) Neĝ~ulo (galanto), snowdrop. ~maŝino, -ing machine. Tra~i barelon, lignon, monton (lj 30/17), b. through, broach, perforate, f (la koron). Ŝraŭb~i, threadcut. Verm~ita, worm-eaten. ➞ dril.

Bor-o (chem) Bor/on (B). ~ato, -ate. ~atacido, -ic acid.

borag-o, (bot) borage (Borago).

boraks-o, [UV] (chem) (min) borax, hydrated sodium borate. Kruda ~o, tincal.

bord-o, [UV] 1 border, boundary, frontier, margin, side. ~o de abismo, arbaro, ŝipo. (brim) ~o de ĉapelo, glaso. 2 bank, brink, edge, shore. ~o de lago, maro, rivero (Jos 3/15). ~a, adjacent. adjoin, be contiguous, ~e de, on the border of, along. ~ulo, lands-(shore-)man. ~ŝipo, coaster. Al~(Sur~)iĝi (nt), land. Al~iĝejo, landg- place, jetty, pier. Apud~a, coast(al). Sen~a, shoreless, open, vast. Super~iĝi (superakvi), overflow (banks). Mar~o (plaĝo, strando), beach, coast, sea-front (-shore-side), strand. River~a, riparian. ➞ border, edr, eg, flank, kaj, later, lim, marĝen, rand, sojl.

bordel-o, [OA] brothel, ~ulino. ➞ malĉast, prostitu.

border-i (-n), [UV] (be or put a) border, edge, fringe, line, skirt. (bind). ~i poŝtukon. ~i maton per franĝo, rubando. Vojo ~ita de foso, parapeto, de poploj. Okuloj ~itaj de nigraj haroj. ~(aĵ)o, braid, edging, list, selvedge, welt; (hort) border, continuous bed round garden or pt of garden. ➞ bord, kadr, orl, zon.

born-o = klemo.

bors-o, [UV] (Stock) Exchange, money- market (loko aŭ negocado). Labor~o, Labour E. ~isto, member of S.-E. ➞ aĝiot, makler, merkat.

bos-o, boss, bump, bruise, hump, protuberance, swelling, (arch) embossment, (phren) bump. ~i, bag at the knees (pantalono). ~igi, emboss, f bring into relief, heighten, set off. ➞ elstaraj, ĝib, konveks, relief, tuber.

boselaf-o, (zoo) nilgai (Boselaphus).

bosk-o, [OA] grove, clump of trees, shrubbery, spinney, thicket.

Bosnujo, Bosnio kaj Hercegovino BA, Bosnia-Herzegovina.

boston-o, boston. 1 cgm. 2 dance.

bot-o, [UV] Boot (above ankle). ~isto, [UV] b-maker. Alta ~o, high b. Elasta ~o, springside b. Laĉ~o, lace-up b. Rajd~o, Hessian. Sepmejlaj ~oj. Vad~o, wader.

botanik-o, [OA] botany. ~a, botanical. ~a ĝardeno. ~i, botanize, collect plants. ~isto, botanist.

botaŭr-o (bovbirdo), bittern (Botaurus) (Ce 2/14; Jes 14/23). Amerika ~o, American bittern. Malgranda ~o, little bittern.

botel-o, [UV] Bottle. ~o da lakto. Akvo~o (karaĵo). Gas~o, gas cylinder. Gut~o, sifon~o, suĉ~o, drop (syphon, baby’s) b. Parfum~o, scent-b. Ŝpruc~o, vaporizer. Varm~o, hot-water b. ~ego (korba ~o) carboy. ~eto, flask, phial. ~ujo, b-straw, En-igi, b. Trans~igi, decant. Plen~o (da), b-ful. ➞ bokal, flakon, karaf termos.

botriki-o, (bot) moonwort fern (Botry- chiuvri).

botrop-o, various species of Viper (Bothrops) > fer de lance, crossed v., pit v.

botulism-o, (med) botulism.

bov-o, [UV] ox (Bos), ~a, bovine ~aĵo, beef. ~aĵo bolig-(rost-)ita. ~aro, herd of oxen. ~ejo, ~stalo, cattle shed, stall. ~ido, [UV] calf. ~ida ledo, calf (leather). ~idaĵo, veal. ~ino, [UV] Cow. Lakta ~ino, milch-c. -inejo, c-shed, byre. ~isto, herdsman, ~birdo (botaŭro). ~bleki, moo, low. Gibo~o (zebuo), zebu. Mar~o (sirenio), sea-c. Mosk~o (ovibovo), musk- ox. Tibeta- ~o, yak. Vir~o, bull. ~~ido, steer. ➞ bison, bubal, poefag, tragelaf.

bovl-o, Bowl, large basin, Fingra ~o, finger-b. ~ego, pan (for milk, etc.). ➞ basen.

brr! (interjection) brr! Ugh! Kiel malvarme!at, fi.

bracelet-o, [OA] bracelet, bangle; anklet, armlet, wristlet (Ge 24/22).

bradip-o, sloth (Bradypus) (1 FA 80/34).

brajl-o, Braille characters, ~i, b. ~e, in b.

brajl-i (velon) (faldi sur jardori) (mar) brail, draw in, haul up. Malfermi la ~ojn. Angula ~ilo, clew (garnet) line. ~ilo flanka, leech line. Funda (meza) ~ilo, bunt line.

brak-o, [UV] (anat) Arm. ~o ĉe ~o (4 FA/50) a in a. En (inter) la ~oj, sub ~ (sur~)e, in one’s aa. f branch, etc. ~o de cirkel- (levil-river-seĝ-)o, limb (de krueo), sound (de maro), ~umi (ĉirkaŭ~i, ~ĉirkaŭpremi, en~igi), embrace, take into one’s aa. Antaŭ~o, fore-a. Kontakt~(son~)o (gramofona), pick-up. Plen~o (da), -ful. Sen~a, a-less, Sub~o (akselo), a-pit. Unu~a, one-ed. ➞ brant, bret, humer.

braken-o, bombadier beetle (Brachinus).

brakiopod-o (brakpiedulo), (zoo) brachio- pod.

brakipodi-o, (bot) false brome grass (Brachypodium).

brakte-o, (bot) bract. ~eto, -eole.

bram-o, [UV] (ich) common Bream, sea-bream (Abramis brama). ➞ pagel.

bram-o (bramvelo), top-gallant sail.

braman-o, [OA] (Hin) brahm-an, -in.

bran-o, [UV] Bran, grain husks. ~akvo, b-water.

branĉ-o, [UV] Branch, bough (limb, offshoot) (de arbo.). f lateral extension or subdivision, department, ramification. ~o de familio, industrio, rivero, scienco, temo, vojo. ~aĵo (4 FA 78/4). ~aro, ~fasko, brushwood, bundle of sticks, faggot. ~eto, ~ido, shoot, sprout, twig (➞ tig). Dis~i, break out (diverge) into, put out (forth) branches, spread forth, ramify. Dis~a (mult~a, ~oplena), divaricate, spreadg, straggling. Sen~igi, cut back, pollard. ➞ al, brak, fak, fasĉin, fask, fili, fork, vering.

brand-o, [UV] brandy, spirit, ~faristo, distiller. ĉeriz~o (kirŝo), cherry brandy.

brank-o, [UV] gill (of fish), ~oklapo (operklo), gill cover. Lameno~a, nud~a, lameli-branchiate, nudi-branchiate.

brankard-o (homportilo, portlito), stretcher. ~isto, s-bearer.

bras-i (jardon), (mar) brace (a yard) ĉe la vento, hug the wind. ~o, b., guy, vang.

brasik-o, [UV] Cabbage (Brassica). from ~o sovaĝa = colewort, sea c., wild navew (B.o. oleracea or eampestris), come the following vrties of “greens”: ~o kapa and ~o ruĝa, the usually garden cabbage (B.o. var. capitata); Flor~o, cauliflower (B.o. subvar. eauliflora); ~o Savoja (sabeliko), Savoy c. (B.o. var. bullata subvar. subauda); ~o senkapa, borecole, collards, curly kale, (B.o. var. acephala); Brokolio, broccoli (B.o. subvar. botrytes)-, Bruselaj ~etoj, Brussels sprouts (B.o. var. bullata subvar. gemmiflora); Kaŭlorapo, Kohlrabi (B.o. caulorapa). ➞ diplotaks, kolz, kramb, nap, rap, sinap; pierid.

brav-a, [UV] capable, fine, grand, gallant, worthy, valiant. [Ne= brave (kuraĝa, sentima)] ~ulo, ~a homo, able man, fine (honest, gallant) fellow, good sort, worthy. (El 18/21, 25; Jes 5/22; l Rĝ 1/42, 52). ~ulaĉo, daring villain. ~ulino, ~a virino (Se 31/29; Ru 3/11). ~e, boldly, stoutly. (interjection) Bravo! Splendid! Well done! ~afia, impudent. ~ega, first class, intrepid.

bravur-a (mus) bravura (a) brilliant execution, display, (b) passage requiring great skill and spirit in performance.

braz-i, braze; solder with alloy of brass and tin. ~ilo, -ing-iron. ➞ lut.

Brazil-o [OA-8] BR, Brazil.

breĉ-o, [OA] (trarompo), breach; blank, gap, hiatus, hole, interstice, opening. ~o en heĝo, linio, muro, ŝipo (Ne 4/7; Am 4/3). f fari ~on en la poŝo, make a hole in one’s fortune. break through, make a gap in. ~eto (randrompo), chip, dent, jag, notch. ➞ noĉ.

breĉi-o, (min) breccia, composite rock of angular fragments.

bred-i (-n), (bi, hort), Breed, propagate, raise, train. ~(ad)o, -ing, stock, strain. ~isto, -er. ➞ kultiv, kultur, selekt.

brelok-o (horloĝĉena pendaĵo), charm, pendant, trinket.

brems-o [OA] (haltigilo), Brake. ~o aera, benda, kluĉa, konusa, mana, pieda, vakua. Danĝer~o, rezerv~o, emergency b. Su~o, shoe (block) b. Duŝua ~o, clasp-b. (apply a) b. f restrain. ~isto, -sman. ➞ blok, malakcel.

bret-o, [UV] Shelf. ~o de biblioteko, ŝranko Ĉerpa ~o, ladle-board (of mill-wheel). Fenestra ~o (sojlo), window-sill. Kamen~o, mantle piece. Pied~o, foot-board, running-board, pedal, treadle. ~aro, shelving, stand with shelfs. Plad~aro, teler~aro, plada rako, dresser, plate-rack. ~eto, ledge. ➞ etaĝer, rak, tabul, trab.

brev-o (ueto), (typ) breve, the sign over the letter ŭ.

brevet-o, appointment, certificate, licence, warrant, (mil) commission. ➞ patent, diplom.

brevier-o, (rc) breviary. ➞ preĝaret.

bri-o, Bryum moss (Bryum).

brid-o [UV] (kaprimeno), Bridle. Kol~o, halter. ~i, b. ~i buŝon, ĉevalon, f curb, hold in, keep under, master, repress, restrain. ~i koleron, la pasiojn. ~eto, snaffle. ~rimeno, b-rein(-strap). Mal~i, give rein to, let run wild. Ne~ebla, un- controll(-govern-manage-tame)able, indomitable. Sen~a (senmodera, trolibera), un-ed. ~~a ambicio, fantazio, kolero. ➞ brems, jung, katen, kvietig, moderig, obeig, reg.

brig-o brig, two-masted square-rigged vessel.

brigantin-o, brigantine, (square-rigged on the foremast and with fore-and-aft sails on the aftermast).

brigad-o, [OA] 1 (mil) Brigad/e (us. = 3 battalions). 2 organized uniformed band, body, detachment, gang, party, squad, troop. Knaba ~o, boys’ b. ~estro, brigadier. Fajr~o, fire b.

briĝ-o, (cgm) bridge.

brik-o, [UV] (bid) Brick (Ge 11/3), ingot (ora), pig (fera, plumba). ~o bakita (baked, fired); glazura (glazed), kojna, volba ~o, radial b. Lig~o, header. Tegmenta ~o (tegolo), tile. Ventola ~o, ventilation b. ~i (-n), block up with bricks. ~ejo, b-field. ~ero, b-bat. ~eto, small b. briquette. Brul~eto, karb~eto; bar (ĉokolado), cake (sapo). ~aranĝo, bond. ~metisto, b-layer. ~portisto, hodman. ➞ blok, mason, ŝton.

bril-i (nt), [UV] Shin/e, beam, emit (reflect) light, gleam. La okuloj (suno) ~as. f (be conspicuous). ~a, -ing, bright, brilliant, glossy, lustrous, showy. ~a (radiant) juneco, sano. ~a festo, lumo, oratoro, venko. ~a sprito, sparkling wit. ~e, brilliantly. ~o, shine, lustre, vividness. ~aĉa, flashy, loud, meretricious, showy. ~aĵeto (Jes 3/20), spangle, tinsel. ~ega, brilliant, dazzling, glorious, radiant, resplendent, ~ego, brilliance. ~egi, glare. ~eti (~eto), gleam, glimmer, glisten, glitter, sparkle. ~igi (-n), (make s.) brighten, polish. Ek~i, flash. Ek~a lumo, flashlight. Ne~a, mal~a, sen~a, dim. dull, lustreless; (phot) matt. Pli~igi, burnish. Re~i (reflekti), shine back. Sen~iĝi, tarnish. Super~i, out-s. Ŝanĝ~o, change in colour. colour-play (➞ iriz, opal). Trem~i (ŝajntremi), scintillate, shimmer, sparkle, twinkle. ➞ flagr, flam, fluoresk, fosforesk, glim, hel, lum, radi, scintil.

brilantin-o, brilliantine, hair-cosmetic.

briliant-o, [UV] brilliant, fine-cut gem. ➞ gem, juvel.

brioni-o, white bryony (Bryonia). ➞ tamus.

Brit-ujo, Britio [OA-9] GB, Britain.

briz-o, 1 (met) Breeze, gentle wind. Mar~o, sea b. 2 (bot) quaking-grass (Briza).

broĉ-o, [OA] brooch, ornamental safety-pin. ➞ agraf, buk.

brod-i (-n) (nwk), [UV] Embroider. ~ poŝtukon, florojn sur tukon. f embellish (narrative) with rhetorical ornament and fictitious additions. ~ado, (~art)o, -y. ~aĵo, piece of -y. Rakonti sen~e, tell the bare facts. ➞ brok.

brodkast-i (-n), (radie disaŭdigi), Broadcast (also figuratively). Brita ~a Korporacio, B.B.C. ~ilo, transmitter. ~ejo, -ing station.

brog-i (-n, abs), [UV] Scald, s. out (bol- poton), wash with (dip in) boiling water; blanch (migdalojn). Propra supo ~as, fremda allogas. ~aĵo, broth (Jĝ 6/19). ~vundo, burn, s. f sin ~i, burn one’s fingers, be fleeced.

brok-i (brode teksi), (tex) Brocade. ~aĵo, b., fabric with raised pattern, or interwoven with gold or silver thread. ➞ orŝtof.

brokant-i, [OA] deal in Second-Hand goods, barter. Aĉet-(vend-)i ~e. ~(ad)o, s-h trade, bartering. ~a|o, s-h goods, bric-a-brac, old clothes, etc. ~ejo, s-h shop. ~isto, dealer in s-h goods. ➞ revend.

brokoli-o, broccoli (➞ brasik).

brom-o, [OA] 1 Brom/ine (Br). ~ato, -ate. ~ido, -ide. Arĝenta ~ido, silver -ide. ~aeido, hydro-ic acid. 2 Brome grass (Bromus). Mola ~o, soft b. Sekala ~o, rye b. Sterila ~o, barren b.

bromeli-o, (bot) bromelia (Bromelia).

bronk-o, [OA] (anat) Bronch/ial tube. ~a, -ial.

bronkito, [OA] -itis. ~oskopo.

brontosaŭr-o, brontosaurus.

bronz-o, [UV] Bronze, alloy of copper and tin, or similar alloy; used for British "copper" coins. Alumin-(Fosfor)a ~o, aluminium (phosfor) b. Kanona -o, gun metal. Sonorila ~o, bell metal. ~a statuo. ~i, (coat with) b. f tan (face in sun). ~aĵo, b-ware. ~frunt~(vizaĝ)a, brazen-faced. ~kolora, ~verda.

bros-o, [UV] Brush. Cir~o, ĉapel~o, dent~o, har~o, ŝu~o, ung~o, vest~o. Drata (metala) -o, wire b. Frot~o, friction (scrubbing) b. ~i (-rt), b., scrub. ~i la harojn. For~i (b. away) polvon. ➞ balail, penik.

brosim-o, breadnut (cow) tree, etc. (Brosimum).

brosmi-o, (ich) torsk, rusk, brismak (Brosmius).

broŝur-o, [OA] Stitch/ed booklet, brochure, pamphlet (not cloth-bound). ~i, sew (s., staple) together. Drat~i, staple, wire-s. -ita, paper-covered, sewn. ➞ bind, kunkudr.

brov-o, [UV] eyebrow. Kuntiri la ~ojn (=sulkigi la fronton), knit the brows (➞ frunt, okulharoj.)

bru-o, [UV] Nois/e, din (wide sense); clatter (dishes), report (gun). Eksplod~o, detonation. Ferm~o, ~fermi, slam. Fon~o, background noun. Paf~o, bang. Paŝ-o, patter (feet). Surda ~o, thud, thump, f fame, sensation. Pit da ~o, ol da faro. -i (fari ~on), make a n., be -y. f make a fuss. La tuta mondo ~is pri tio. ~a, -y, boisterous, loud. ~e, -ily, loudly. ~aĉo, ~ado, ~ego, clamour, din, hubbub, racket, row, uproar (➞ eksplod, tondr). ~egi, roar, etc. ~ema, -y., clamorous (Se 9/13). ~eti, murmur, purl, ripple, rustle etc. (Le 26/36). murmur, plaŭd, susur, tint. Dis-igi, n. abroad. Mal~o, quiet, still. Sen~a, -less, silent. ~~e, quietly, without fuss. ~~igilo, silencer. ➞ klak, krak, muĝ, plaŭd.

bruk-o, pea-beetle(-weevil), bean beetle (Bruchus).

brul-i (nt), [UV] Burn, be on fire. Fajr- (kandel-lign-)o ~as. f be feverish, hot; eager, impassioned, impatient. de am-(febr-scivol-senpacienc-)o. ➞ ard, flam. La afero ne ~as (is not urgent). ~a materialo. ~(ad)o, blaze, etc. Kia ~o! ~aĵo, fuel, (av) ~aĵindikilo, fuel contents gauge. ~ajistoj, wood party. ~TGT (-n), b., consume by fire, scorch, etc. ~~i karbon, lignon. ~iga vitro, -ing glass. ~ilo, (flamingo), -er. ~ilo de Bunsen (bunseno), Bunsen-er. ~pova, -iva, combustible. (med) ~umo [UV] (inflamo), in- flammation (Le 13/28). -dezertigi, ~difekti (Da 3/27). ~dolor(~vund)i (Jes 43/2), b. finger, etc. ~gusta, burnt (taste). ~odoro, smell of -ing. Ek~i, catch fire. ~~igi, set on fire, light (kandelon, etc.). For~i, (konsumi) (El 3/2). For~igi, b. up. Ne~igebla (fajrimuna, fajrorezista), fireproof. Sub~i, glow, smoulder, Krim~igo, arson. ➞ cindr, incendi.

brun-a, [UV] Brown. ~a ĉevalo, pano, papero, sukero. Dark, dusky (complexn). Flav~a, yellowish brown, fawn. Griz~a, dun. Kaŝtan~a, chestnut. Nigre ~a, blackish b. Or~a, auburn. Ruĝ~a, bay, russet, sorrel, ~eta, -ish. ~(haŭt)igi, b., tan. Sun~igo, sunburn. ~haŭtulino, ~harulino, brunette. ➞ bej, fulv.

Brunej-o BN.

brunel-o, (bot) self-heal (Brunella, Prunella). ➞ prunel.

brunfelsi-o, (bot) brunfelsia (evergreen flowering shrub).

brusk-a, Brusque, (offensively) abrupt, blunt, curt, off-hand, sharp, short. Paroli ~e, bluntly, ~eco, brusqueness, bluntness. ~i, be sharp, uncivil, treat with scant courtesy. ➞ abrupt, krud, maldelikat, neĝentil.

brust-o, [UV] 1 (anat) Breast, Chest. 2 (sino), bosom. Sur la ~o de Abraham, de la patrino. 3 b. of coat, etc. ~a, pectoral, (mus) ~a registro, c-register. ~aĵo, (cul) b. ~osto (sternumo), b-bone, brisket. ~peco, ~otuko, bib. -oŝveli, throw out the c., swagger. ➞ bust, mam, sin.

brut-o, [UV] Brute. 1 (paŝtobesto), beast, e.g., bovo, ĉevalo, kapro, porko. Paŝti ~ojn, feed cattle. 2 sometimes in singular, with collective meaning. Ili estas ~o (Pr 3/18, K 118/7, 197/7). 3 Lower nature in man. f Stupid, unspiritual person., ➞ azen, ŝaf. ~a, of a brute, brutish, stupid. ~a forto. ~aro, (herd of) cattle, ~ejo, shed, sty, etc. ~ido (No 15/11). ~igi, brutalize. ~isto, drover. ~edukado (Jeĥ 38/12). ➞ besti, brutal, greg.

brutal-a, Brutal, savagely cruel. ~eco, brutality, violence. ➞ perfort, senbrid.

bu-o, Buoy. Alliga ~o, mooring b. Sav~o, life b. Sonorila ~o, bell b. ~i (-n) (also figuratively) 1 = flotigi, subteni. 2 = beacon, mark out.

bub-o, [UV] boy, lad, urchin (slightly pej). Serv~o, cabin-page-boy. Strat~o, gamin, street-urchin, (cgm) jack, knave. ~a mischievous, etc. ~aĉo, rascal, scamp. ~aĵo, silly prank. ~aro, kids, noisy little brats. ~ego, awkward fellow, booby, bumpkin, lout. ~ino, hoyden, tom-boy; hussy, jade, little minx. ➞ knab, petol; guf.

bubal-o, [UV] Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and similar animals. ~ido (Ps 29/6). ➞ bison.

bubalis-o (Bubalis), Asiatic (or Water) Buffalo.

bucer-o, (orn) Hornbill (Buceros, etc.). ~o dukorna, Great Indian h.

buĉ-i (-n), [UV] Butcher, Slaughter, slay. ~(ad)o, carnage, s. (Jer 12/3). ~ejo, s-house. ~isto, b. Amas~i (masakri), massacre. Ofer~i, immolate, sacrifice. ➞ eksterm, hekatomb, mortbat, murd.

bud-o, [UV] temporary shelter, booth, kiosk, stall, stand. ~o gazeta, libra, bookstall, ~o garda, postena, sentinela, sentry box. ~o signala, telefona. (pej) poky little room, (col) digs, sanctum (studenta). ➞ barak, kaban, kajut.

bud-i, (nt) sulk, be sullen, morose. ~ema, sulky.

budĝet-o [OA] (evit) (unpronounceable!) = buĝeto [OA-8].

budh-ismo, ~isto, (a. Buda-), Buddh-ism, -ist.

budle-o, butterfly bush (Buddleia).

buduar-o, [OA] boudoir, lady’s small private room or sanctum.

buf-o, [UV] toad, puddock (Bufo). ~o akuŝa, midwife toad.

bufag-o, (orn) beef-eater, ox-pecker (Buphaga).

bufed-o, [UV] 1 Bar, buffet, refreshment room. 2 sideboard (telermeblo), ~ist(in)o, b-man (-maid), b-tender.

bufr-o, (mot) (ry) (ŝokamortizilo), Buffer, bumper. ~a bloko, buffer stop, terminal buffer. ~eto, door-stop. ~a ŝtato. ~i, bump (run) into.

buftalm-o, (bot) yellow ox-eye (Buphthalmum).

buĝet-o [OA-8] (spezkalkulo), Budget, estimate, ~o armea, mastruma, ŝtata. ~i, make a budget, plan. ➞ bilanc, ekonomi, financ.

buĝi-o (tubesplorilo), (surg) bougie. ➞ kateter, sondil.

buk-o, [UV] Buckle. Glit~o, slide. ~i (-n), b., ~i rimenon, zonon. ~a pinglo, pin or tongue of b. Mal~i, unbuckle. ➞ agraf.

bukcen-o, (zoo) whelk (Buccinum).

buked-o, [UV] bouquet bunch of flowers, nosegay, posy (also figuratively). Ĵeti ~on.

Burkin-o BF, Burkina, Burkina Faso.

bukl-o [UV] (spiraleca hartufo), Curl, lock, wisp, wave. Blondaj ~oj. Frunt~o, forelock. Konstantaj ~oj, “perm”. Log~o, kiss-curl. ~i (-n), curl. ~itaj haroj, (Alt 5/11). ~aro, locks. ~eto, ringlet. ~iĝemaj (krispaj) haroj de negro. ~ilo, hair curler. Sen~igi (malfrizi), straighten, uncurl. ➞ bant, buk, friz, maŝ, tuf.

bukolik-a, Bucolic, pastoral, rustic. ~a (paŝtista) poemo, b. ➞ idili, pastoral, past.

buks-o, [OA] (bot) Box (Buxus). ~a ligno, b-wood.

bul-o, [UV] 1 Ball, clod, lump, roundish mass. ~o de (el) karno, tero (Ps 65/10). ~o da pano (2 Sa 6/19). ~o dikfingra, b. of thumb. Faden~o, lan~o, ball of thread (wool). Farun~o, past~o, dough-nut, dumpling. Frit~o, rissole, Har~o, “bun” (M/125). Neĝ~o, snowball. Pan~o, round loaf. ~~eto, roll. Puf~o, puff-ball. Sang~o, clot of blood. ~a, clotted, lumpy. ~eto, pellet. ~igi, make into a b., clench (fist). ~iĝi, curl up (in bed). ~pieda, club-footed. ➞ glob, ĝib, kugl, mas, pilk, sfer. 2 (ĵet~o), Bowl (gm of balls). ~(rul)ado, ~ejo, -ing green.

bulb-o, [UV] 1 Bulb, corm, e.g., of lily, onion, tulip. 2 anything b-shaped; puff, swelling, tuber, (ordinary language) onion (No. 11/5) (more precisely cepo). ~ero, scale, shell, (mec) ~fero, b-bar. ➞ ampol, bos, bul, glob, tuber.

bulbul-o, (ordinary language) bulbul, Eastern song-thrush (many species).

buldog-o, bulldog (1 FA 40/23; 2 FA 67/32). ➞ dog.

buldoz-o (terebenigilo), bulldozer, tractor-driven machine for clearing land, f ~i, force one’s way against obstruction by intimidation or threat.

bule-o (a. bullo), papal edict: la Ora B~o.

buleit-o, (mar) bowline.

Bulgar-ujo, Bulgario [OA-8] BG.

buljon-o, [UV] bouillon, broth, soup.

bulk-o, [UV] roll (bread), breakfast (French, Vienna) roll. Buter~o, brioche. ➞ kresĉento.

bulten-o [OA] (perioda informilo), Bulletin, short official report (summary of information). ~o meteorologi-(veter-)a, weather report. ➞ kronik.

bulvard-o, [OA] boulevard, wide tree- lined street. Ring~o, ring-road. ~ulo, man about town. ➞ avenu.

bum-o, (mar) boom (wide sense), especially spar supporting a sail, (av) enpena ~o. !.cv~o, derrick.

bumerang-o, boomerang.

bun-o, (Angla kuketo), bun (small soft round sweet cake with currants). ➞ bul.

bungar-o, (zoo) krait (Indian snake) (Bungarus). ➞ kobr.

bunkr-o, (golf) bunker, hollow.

bunt-a (divers-, miks-, vari-kolora), many- colored, motley, variegated; piebald (ĉevalo). ~a vesto.

bupleŭr-o, (bot) hares-ear, thorow-wax (Bupleurum).

buprest-o, buprestis beetle (Buprestis).

burd-o, [UV] Bumble (humble) bee (Bombus). ~ado, buzz-(humm-)ing (of insects).

burdon-o, (mus) Bourdon. 1 Drone (of bagpipes). ~a baso, d-bass (persistent tonic or dominant pedal, or both). 2 (org) b-stop. ➞ burdado.

bure-o, bourree (dee and music).

buret-o (chem) burette (graduated measurg- tube). ➞ pipet, provtub.

burĝ-o, [UV] 1 burgess, citizen, freeman, voter. 2 commoner, tradesman, (art, col) Philistine. ~a, homely, middle-class. ~aro, the bourgeosie, middle-class. ~ino. ➞ civitan, urban.

burĝon-o, [UV] Bud. ~o ftor-(foli-)a. ~i, (produce a) b. (Alt 2/15, 7/12). f (ekaperi). Esperanto ~as en la vilaĝo.

burk-o, small Russian or Polish felt mantle.

burlesk-a, [OA] Burlesque, mock-serious, ~a poemo. ~o, b., caricature derisv imitation, exaggerated parody. ~i, b., caricature, travesty. ~aĵo, clownery, farce. ~ulo, -er. ➞ fars, grotesk. histrion, karikatur, mok.

burnus-o, [OA] burnous, Arab hooded cloak.

burokrat-o [OA-9], Bureaucra/t. ~a, -tic. ~aro, ~ismo [OA-9], bureaucracy.

Burundo BI, Burundi.

bus-o, (col. abbreviation of aŭtobuso or omnibuso).

buselaf-o hartebeest (Bucelaphus)

busprit-o, (mar) bowsprit. Bum~o, jib boom.

bust-o, [OA] (anat) bust.

buŝ-o, [UV] Mouth. 1 (anat) lips, snout, etc. Fermi, ŝtopi la ~on. Teni la ~on fermita. f Malsinceran ~on mi malamas (Se 8/13). 2 Opening, outlet; nozzle, spout; mouth (estuary) of river. ~a, buccal, oral, verbal. ~ego (faŭko). ~umo, [UV] muzzle. ~umi hundon. El~igi, ➞ paroleg, vom. En~aĵo, bit(horse). ~aĵo, ~peco, m-piece e.g., of musical instrument or pipe. Post~o (faringo). Plen~o (da), mouthful. ➞ muzel (of an animal).

buŝel-o, [UV] bushel (metr). ~o da mono (1 FA 10/37).

but-i, (-n) (hort) (cover with) earth, earth up, ridge, tump. ~i terpomojn.

butan-o, (chem) Butan/e. ~olo, -ol, ~ono, -one.

Butan-o BT, Bhutan.

bute-o, (orn) buzzard (Buteo). Vilkrura ~o, rough-legged buzzard.

buter-o, [UV] Butter. Vivi kiel kuko en ~o. ~o kokosa, migdala. ~i panon. ~igi (lakton), churn. ~igilo, churn. ~ujo, b-dish, -tub. ➞ butirat, margarin.

butik-o [UV] (podetala vendejo), Shop. Buter~o, creamery. ~aĵoj, shopping, s-goods. ~eto, stall. ~isto, s-keeper, tradesman. ~umi, (nt) do shopping. ➞ bazar, bud, magazen.

butir/at-o, butyrate. -acido, butyric acid.

butler-o (etym. botelisto), butler, head male servant, especially one in charge of wine-cellar and plate. ➞ vinisto (Ge 41 /9), ĉefservist, kelist, verŝist.

butom-o, flowering rush (Butomus).

buton-o, [UV] 1 Button (disk or knob), ~o ĉemiza, ganta, ŝua, vesta. ~o koluma, manuma, collar stud, cuff link. 2 anything b-shaped, e.g., bell push, door-knob, peg. (harp) peg. (vn) tail-pin. (mar) truck (at masthead). Flor~o, flower-b. similar, unopened mushroom. Prem~o, press- stud, snap-fastener. ~umi [OA] (~i), button up. Mal~(um)i, unbutton.


C

C-o [F], letter C. (ac) 523 • 2 vibroj sekunde. Meza C, middle C. C-is (C diesa), C sharp. C-be (C bemola), C flat. ➞ kief.

car-o, [OA] Czar, Tsar. ~ido, -evitch. -idino, -evna. ~(edz)ino, -ina.

ceb-o (kapuĉa simio), capuchin monkey (Cebus).

cecidomi-o, gall midge (Cecidomyia) > Hessian fly.

ced-i, [UV] Yield. 1 (nt) (al, antaŭ), give way (under pressure), succumb: ➞ fleksiĝ, kliniĝ, subiĝ. ~i al deziro, forto, kutimo, peto. ~i al cirkonstancoj. La neĝo ~is sub mia piedo. 2 give in (way), knuckle under, submit: Ĉio ~is antaŭ ni. Li ~is al nia peto, (gave in to us). 3 (ke), admit (concede, grant) (that): ~u, kaj sciu, ke mi estas Dio. 4 (-n), assign, cede (grant, make over, transfer) to, part with relinquish, surrender; give up (sidejon). ~i lokon, pretendon, rajton, tronon. Mi volonte ~os la honoron al vi. ➞ abdik, koncesi. ~(ad)o, yielding, compliance. ~aĵo, concession. ~ema, accomodating, amenable, compliant, conciliatory. ➞ mol. ~eti, waver. ~igi, cause to yield, conquer, overrule, persuade. ➞ fleks, persvad, subig. Inter~i, ➞ kompromis. Mal~i, resist. ~~ema, hard, intransigeant, obdurate, resistant, stubborn. Ne~ema, Sen~a, unyielding, firm, insistent. ➞ firm, insist, kontraŭstar, rezist.

cedil-o (subkomo, subsigno), cedilla.

cedr-o, [UV] Cedar (tree) (Cedrus). ~o Libana, c. of Lebanon, ~a ligno, c-wood. ~a trabo (Alt 1/17). ➞ abi, cedrel, juniper, pin.

cedrato, citron, fruit of ~arbo (Citrus medica). Linn Fr. cedrat (larger, less acid, and with thicker skin, than lemon). ➞ citron, limed, limon.

cedrel-o, various species of Cedar (Cedrela). ~o odora, Barbadoes (bastard) c.

cefalant-o, button-bush (-wood) (Cephalanthus).

cefalof-o, duiker (antelope) (Cephalophus).

cefalopod-o, cephalopod. > argonaut, naŭtil, polip, polp, sepi.

cefalopter-o (ombrela birdo), umbrella bird (Cephalopterus).

cejan-o, [UV] corn-bottle (corn-flower) (Centaurea cyanus).

cekum-o, caecum, blind gut. ➞ apendic.

cel-i (-n, -i; ke -u; al Jes 60/9, kontraŭ Ps 35/4) [UV] (strebi al), (take) Aim, direct (point) at; aim at getting, design (intend, purpose) to, (make an) attempt to, have in view, make (strive) for. ~i Bristolon, feliĉon, paseron, justecon (Jes 1/17). ~i malsame, be at cross purposes. ~i anseron, trafi aeron. Kion vi ~as? What are you driving at? Ĉu tio ~as min? Does that mean (is that intended for) me? ~i profiti (=profiton, al profito). ~i, ke io okazu. ~a, pointed. ~e dirite, said with a purpose. ~o, aim (in view), design, end, goal, objective, purpose. Trafi la ~on, hit the mark, reach the goal, (mar) ~anta al, bound for. (Rezulto) ~enda, to be aimed at. ~igi (aldirekti) pafilon, a., point, present. ~(rigard)ilo, ~hava, with definite aim. ~konforma, fitted for the purpose, -punkto, bull’s eye, white spot, ~tabulo (~ataĵo), butt, target. ~truo, (gun) sight, (phot) view-finder. AI~a, conscious. Ekster~a, beside the mark, irrelevant. Fin~o, final goal. Laŭ~a (~taŭga), adequate, rational, to the point (purpose). Sen~a (vana), aimless, objectless, pointless, purposeless, gratuituous, in the air. Supren~i, aspire, strive upwards. Tiu~e, with that object. ➞ ambici, aspir, direkt, streb.

celebr-i (-n), Celebr/ate, 1 Keep, observe, perform (duly and publicly). ceremonion, datrevenon, sabaton. 2 Officiate at, solemnize. ~i edziĝon, funebron, meson. ~(ad)o, -ation. ~ado de festo (Jes 30/29). ~anto, -ant, officiating priest, etc. ➞ fam, fest, ofic, plenum, solen [Ne= fama].

celeri-o, [OA] Celery (Apium graveolens). ➞ api. ~o rapradika, celeriac, turnip-rooted c.

celest-o, (m.i.) celesta (with steel plates and piano keyboard).

celofan-o, cellophane.

celt-o (ant) celt, axe-head.

celtid-o, hack-(sugar-)berry, nettle-tree (Celtis).

celuloz-o, [OA] cellul/ose. ~ojdo, -oid.

cembr-o, cembra (or arolla) pine (Pinus cembra). ➞ pin, pini.

cement-o, [UV] cement (wide sense) 1 (bid) various mixtures of lime and clay, hardened by mixing with water. ~o Portlanda. ~i trotuaron. 2 adhesive material used to mend small articles of china, glass, etc. ~i (kunglui), c. 3 (f) bond of union, link ~i, consolidate, strengthen. ~i aliancon, amikecon. ➞ beton, cement, lut, mastik, morter, plombaĵ.

cend-o, [OA] (num) cent.

cenotaf-o, cenotaph, monument to person buried elsewhere.

cens-o, census, official enumeration.

cent, [UV] Cent- (Hundred). ~o, century (cricket, etc.). ~oj da, hundreds of. ~estro, centurion, ~obla, h-fold. ~oble, a h. times (multiplication). ~ono, 1/100. ~ona, centesimal. ~ope, in (by) hundreds. ~foje, a h. times (repetition). ~funto, c-al. ~jara, centenary. ~~a datreveno, festo. ~~ulo, centenarian. (Ĉiu)~jara, centennial. El~o, Pro~o, per cent. Jar~o (e. w. ~jaro), century (100-year period). La 20-a jar~o. La mezaj jar~oj, the middle ages.

centaŭr-o, (as, myth) centaur.

centaŭre-o, knapweed, star thistle (Centaurea). Granda ~o, Gtr. k. (C. scabiosa). Nigra ~o, black k., hard-head. ➞ cejan.

centaŭri-o, (bot) centaury (Centaurium).

centav-o, (num) centavo.

centi- (ppfx), centi-.

centigrad-a, centigrade.

centigram-o, [OA] centigram.

centilitr-o, [OA] centilitre.

centimetr-o, [OA] centimeter.

centiped-o (centpiedulo), centipede.

centim-o, [UV] (num) centime, centimo.

centr-o [F] (mezpunkto), Centr/e, Middle. 1 (geom) ~o de cirklo, rado. (opt) ~o de lenso. 2 (pol) c., m-party. 3 (~a punkto), central point. ~o de komerco, movado, ribelo, urbo. ~a, central, middle, c., adjust. C~-Afriko CF. ~ismo, -alism. Ekster~a, (mec) eccentric. ➞ ekscentrik. Mal~i, decentre, put out of c. (true). Pez~o, c. of gravity. Sam~a, concentric. Ŝtorm~ocentral(iz), centrifug, centripet, ĉef, fokus, koncentr, nukle.

central-o (centrejo), centre, central station, generating station, telephone exchange, etc.

centraliz-i, [OA] (centrigi) (-n), Centraliz/e, unite in (relate to) a centre. ~o, -ation. ~iĝi, be -ed. Mal~i (decentrigi), de-c. ➞ feder, organiz, unuecig.

centrant-o, (bot) red valerian (Centranthus ruber). ➞ valerian.

centrifug-a (decentra), centrifugal. ~a forto, maŝino, pumpilo. (bot) ~a infloresko. ➞ racem.

centripet-a (elcentra), centripetal.

cenzur-i (-n) [OA], Censor (books, papers, etc.), officialy inspect (suppress or pass). ~o, -ship. ~i, c. ~isto, censor. Drama (filma) ~isto.

cep-o, onion (Allium cepum). ➞ bulb.

cepol-o, bandfish (Cepola).

cerambik-o, longhorn beetle (Cerambix). If At 2 FA 103/1 mistakenly used instead of kokcinelo (BE Nov. 1945).

ceramik-o, [OA] ceramics, art of pottery, ~a, ceramic. ~a industrio. ~aĵo, ~isto.

cerast-o, horned viper (Cerastes). (Ge 49/17).

cerasti-o (musorelo), mouse-ear (Cerastium) > snow-in-summer (C. tomentosum).

ceratofil-o, (bot) hornwort (Ceratophyllum).

ceratoni-o, (Ceratonia), locust bean (ordinary language karobarbo).

cerb-o, [UV] Brain. 1 (anat) Granda ~o, cerebrum, f Tiu vino iras al la ~o, goes to one’s head. 2 f brains, head, intellect, mind. Lia ~o iris promeni, his mind wandered, he was wool-gathering. Venis al mi en la ~on, ke, It occurred to me that, f Osta ~o (medolo), marrow. ~a cerebral, mental, intellectual. ~a malsano. mental disorder. ~a febro, inflamo, b-fever. ~eco, mentality, quality of mind. ~eto (cerebelo), cerebellum. ~oza, brainy. ~ujo (kranio), b-pan, cranium. ~ularo, “brains-trust”. ~umi, (nt) rack (use) one’s bb, brood, cerebrate, ruminate. Ne valoras ~umi pri tio. ~ospina, cerebrospinal. En~igi (-n), get into one’s head. Sen~a, brainless, henwitted. ~~ulo, empty-head, imbecile, noodle. Klar~a, clear-headed. ➞ malsaĝ.

cercis-o, Judas tree (Cercis). ~o Kanada, redbud.

cereal-oj, cereals, edible grain (grass or seed). ~aj leĝoj, corn laws.

cerefolio, garden chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium). ➞ antrisk, kerofil.

ceremoni-o, [OA] Ceremon/y. 1 outward rite or observance. 2 usage of courtesy or civility. 3 form(ality). Fari ~ojn, stand on c., insist on punctilious observance, e.g., Lasu la ~ojn. Edziĝa, funebra ~o, ~a, ceremonial, formal. ~a vesto, full dress. ~a vizito, formal call. ~aĵo, ~aro, -ial, etiquette, ritual. ~ema, -ious, ~estro, M.C. ~ismo, -ialism. ~ulo, -ialist. Mal~a, Sen~a, un-ious, familiar, simple. Sen~a vizito. ➞ familiar, simpl. ➞ etiket, form(al), konvenci, liturgi, rit, solen.

cerezin-o, ceresin wax.

ceri-o, (chem) cerium (Ce) Combining form Cer-.

cerkop-o (ŝaŭmcikado), froth fly, cuckoo spit, froghopper (Cerkopis).

cerkopitek-oj, guenons > Diana and other monkeys (Cercopithecus).

cert-a, [UV] Certain, Sure. 1 (pri iu, (nedubanta), confident, convinced (of, that), positive. Mi estas ~a (ke, pri), 2 (pri io) (nedubebla). (a) Indisputable, infallible, reliable, safe, settled, unquestionable. ~a novaĵo, pruvo, rimedo. (b) sure to happen, assured, unfailing. ~a sukceso. Estas ~e, ke. ➞ definitiv, tiepr, pozitiv. [3 “a certain” (indefinite). Z., and international, but better avoided, as highly ambiguous; e.g., ~a aŭtoritato, pozicio, salajro, signifo (= nedubebla? iu?) Better use unu, ia, iu, kelka, ioma, iom da.] ~e, certainly, surely, for c., etc. (In answer): No doubt, Yes, That is so. ~e, kiel duoble du kvar, as sure as 2 2’s are 4. ~aĵo, sure thing, certainty. ~eco, certainty, certitude, conviction. ~eca (aplomba, memcerta), assured, positive, safe. ~ega, s. and c., inevitable. ~igi [UV] (ion al iu, iun pri io, ke). 1 (atesti), attest, certify, formally declare; from which 2 (garantio) make certain, assure, establish, secure. ➞ asekur. ~igo, assurance. ~iĝi (pri), make sure, ascertain (l Rĝ 20/33) Mal~a, Ne~a (duba), doubtful, dubious, uncertain, precarious, problematic, shaky. Mal~e (apenaŭ), with difficulty, hardly; doubtfully.

certi-o (arbogrimpulo), (orn) tree creeper (Certhia).

cerumen-o (orelvakso), cerumen, ear-wax.

ceruz-o (plumba blankaĵo), white lead; white flake white.

cerv-o, [UV] Deer (Cervus) Kanada ~o, wapiti, (Am) elk. Moska ~o, musk-d. norda ~o [UV] (boaco), rein-d. Ruĝa ~o, red d. (C. elaphus). ~a, cervine. ~a parko, d-park. ~aĵo, venison. ~(kuŝ)ejo, form. ~ido, fawn. ~ino, hind (Se 5/19). ~bleki, troat. ~kolora, fawn-colored, dark tawny. ~korn(aĵ)o. hart’s horn. Vir~o, hart, stag. ➞ aksis, alk, dama, kapreol, muntjak; hund, skarab.

cervik-o (kolo), (anat, tech), cervix, narrow part, neck. ~o utera. (ent) cervicum. ~a, cervical. ~a vertebro.

cestod-o (rubanda vermo), tape-worm, etc. (Cestoda) > teni.

cetac-oj, cetacea > balenoj, delfenoj, fokenoj.

ceter-a [UV] (ĉiu alia, tio restanta; ankoraŭ ne menciita), other, remaing, remainder. La ~a historio (IRĝ 15/7). La ~aj, the others, rest (of them left over). Kaj ~e (~aj) (k.c.), et cetera, and the rest, and so on. ~e, as for the rest, besides, for the matter of that, however, in other respects. ~o, rest, remainder. Faru vian aferon, Dio zorgos ~on. ~aĵoj, extras, other things. ➞ ali, krom, plu.

ceterak-o, rusty-back fern (Ceterach).

cetoni-o, rose beetle, rose chafer (Cetonia).

cetrari-o (Islanda musko), cetraria lichen, Iceland moss. Vd karagen.

cezi-o, (chem) caesium (Cs).

cezur-o, (pros) caesura, break in line.

ci (pron), [UV] thou. Al to thee. Mi ~n amas, I love thee. ~a, thy. ~diri, say “thou”. Rim.: The use of ci denotes affection, intimacy.

cian-o, Cyan/ogen (C2N2). ~atacido, -ic acid (HCNO). -idacido, Prussic (hydrocyanic) acid (HCN). Kalia ~ido, potassium -ide (KCN). ~ozo, (med) -osis, blue jaundice.

ciane-o, (zoo) cyanea medusa (Cyanea).

cibernetik-o, (ph) cybernetics.

cibet-o, civet (substance), from ~kato, civet (cat) (Viverra). ~kato Afrika, African c. ~kato Hinda, Indian c., zibeth. ➞ genot.

cibori-o (hostia vazo), ciborium, pyx.

cicer-o, (typ) pica, 12-point type. ➞ kiker.

cicindel-o, tiger beetle (Cicendela).

cidar-o, 1 tiara (of Persian king). 2 turban (of high priest) (Le 8/9, Jeĥ 21/26). ➞ mitr. 3 (zoo) genus of sea-urchins (Cidaris).

cidoni-o, [OA] quince, fruit of ~arbo, q-tree (Cydonia).

cidr-o [OA] (pomvino), cyder. ➞ pirvin.

cifer-o [UV] (nombrosigno), Figure; cypher, digit, numeral, numerical symbol, f number. Atingi altan ~on. ~a notacio (mus) f-notation. ~i, calculate, reckon, number (paĝojn), page (libron), work out (kvanton). (mus) ~ita baso, -ed bass. Kvar~a nombro. Rond-e, roughly. ➞ figur, numer(al), nombr, nul, plat.

cigan-o, [OA] Gypsy, romany. ~a lingvo. ~ino, g-woman. ➞ nomad.

cigar-o, [UV] Cigar. ~o forta, strong c. ~eto, small c. ~ingo, c- holder. ~ujo, [UV] c-case. ➞ cigared.

cigared-o, [UV] Cigarette, -ingo, c-holder ~ujo, c-case.

cign-o, [UV] Swan (Cygnus). Kanta ~o, whooper s. Malgranda kant~o, Bewick’s s. Nigra ~o, black s. Tubera ~o, mute s. ~a kanto, s- song, f last work. ~a markado, s-upping. ~ejo, -nery. ~ido, cygnet. ~ino, pen-s. Vir~o, cob-s.

cikad-o, [OA] cicada. Ŝaŭm~o, vd. cerkop. ➞ akrid, gril, lokust.

cikas-o (saguarbo), cycad, sago palm (Cycas).

cikatr-o, [UV] (bot, med) Scar, cicatrice. ~iĝi, close (of wound), form a crust (skin) over, heal up. ~oplena, -red.

cikl-o, [OA] (periodo, rondiro), Cycl/e (wide sense) (as, el, hist, mat, lit). 1 Recurrent period (round, series) of events (phenomena). ~o de festoj (Jes 29/1), de eklips-(poem -sezon-)oj, de la jaro. Luna ~o. 2 (chem) ring. ~a (ringa). -ic. ➞ rond, seri. 3 (velocipedo)-, bi~(motor~ tri~)o. ~i, (bi)-cycle. ~ismo, -ing. ~isto, -ist. ~ometro, -ometer. ~ojdo, -oid.

ciklamen-o, sow-bread (Cyclamen).

ciklon-o, [OA] Cyclone. 1 (turnventego, kirla uragano), whirlwind. ➞ tifon, tornad, uragan. 2 (met) (depresio) (malaltprema sistemo kun maldekstrena aercirkulado). Anti~o, anti-c.

ciklop-o, [OA] 1 (myth) Cyclop/s. ~a, -ean, gigantic. 2 (zoo) cyclops, water-flea (Cyclops).

ciklostil-o, cyclostyle, duplicator, ciklotron-o, (ph) cyclotron.

cikoni-o, [UV] Stork (Ciconia). ~o blank- (nigr-)a, white (black) s. ~a, ciconian. ➞ arde, leptopil, marabu, skop.

cikori-o, [UV] succory. (Cichorium intybus). The bleached head of C.i. var. is English "chicory" (Fr "endive"). Its roasted rts are mixed with coffee. ➞ endivi.

cikut-o, [OA] cowbane, water hemlock (Cikuta). ➞ enant, koni.

cili-o, (bot) (zoo), Cili/um, hair-like filament, barbicel (of feather, etc.). ~oj, cilia. ~a, -ary. ~a ganglio. ~ohava, ~oza, -ated. ➞ fiagel. Rim.: For "eyelashes" use okulharoj.

cilindr-o, [OA] 1 (geom) Cylind/er, drum. 2 similar object., e.g., barrel of pump or revolver. Lampaiyitra) ~o, lampglass. (eng) piston c. Du~a motoro. ~a. (~oforma). -rical. ~a ĉapelo, top-hat ~a lagro, roller bearing. ~a presilo, c- press. ~ojdo, cylindroid. Prem~o, rul~o, barrel, roller, etc. e.g., of barrel-organ, clockwork (2 FA 29/7), mangle, roll-top desk, steam (garden) roller, typewriter. Pres~o, printer’s drum. ➞ barel, tambur, tub.

cim-o, [UV] bed bug (Cimex).

cimati-o, (arch), 1 cyma, moulding with double continuous curve. ~o inversa, ogee moulding. 2 picture rail. Lokita sur la ~o, hung "on the line".

cimbal-o, [UV] (m.i.) cymbal (Ps 150/5).

cimbalari-o, (linario hedera), ivy-leaved toadflax, mother-of-thousands. (Linaria cymbalaria).

cimicifug-o, bug-wort, snake-root. Ŝ

cesabr-o, [UV] cinnabar, red mercuric sulphide (HgS), (min) mercury ore. ~(ruĝ)a, vermillion. ➞ vermiljon.

cinam-o, [UV] Cinnamon, bark of ~arbo (Cinnamomum). ~o Cejlona, kasia, etc. ~kolora (flavbruna), c-colored. ~oleo.

cindr-o, [UV] Cinder(s), Ash(es), slag. ~o karba(ligna) (El 9/10). Kunfandita ~o, clinker, f remains of the departed. Paco al lia ~o! ~a, ashen, cinerary. ~a merkredo, Ash Wednesday. ~a vojeto, c-path. ~ogriza, ~okolora, ashen-gray, cinerous. ~ejo (Le 1/16), place for aa. ~ero, c. ~igi (forbruligi), reduce to (lay in) aa., calcine, incinerate. ~igi (cremate) kadavron. ➞ kremaci. ~igejo, crematorium. ~ujo, ~kesto, ~otelero, a-box (-hole-pan-pit-tray), c-bin, dust-bin. ~ulino, Cinderella. ➞ ardaf, urn.

cinerari-o, (bot) cineraria.

cinik-o, [OA] (phi) Cynic; from which ~a, -al. 1 sarcastically incredulous of sincerity or goodness of human motives, sneering. 2 barefaced, brazen, impudent, indecent, shameless, unblushing. ~eco, ~ismo, -ism. 1 contempt for what others value. 2 effrontery, shamelessness. ~ulo, -al person., sneering fault-finder. IT 1 is the English usage, 2 the French.

cinip-o (gajlinsekto), gall-wasp (Cynips).

cinkl-o, (orn) (akvomerlo), dipper (Cinclus).

cinodont-o, (hunda dento), dog’s-tooth (Bermuda, creeping finger) grass (Cyno- don). ➞ agropir.

cinoglos-o (hunda lango), houndstongue (Cynoglossum).

cinozur-o (hunda vosto), dogstail grass (Cynosurus).

cip-o, (ant) cippus, inscribed pillar or gravestone.

ciper-o, galingale (sedge) (Cyperus). ➞ papirus.

cipre-o, Cowry (Cypraea). ~a konko (kaŭrio, monkonko), c-shell.

cipren-oj, (ich) carp fam. (Ciprinidae) > alburn, barbfiŝ, bram, foksen, gobi, karas, karp, leŭcisk, rutel, skardini, tink.

cipres-o, [UV] Cypress (Cupressus) (Jes 41/19). ~o funebra. ~a ligno. Vd cug, eŭforbi.

cipripedi-o (Venusa ŝuo), Lady’s slipper (orchid) (Cypripedium).

cir-o, [UV] polishing wax (for floor, leather, etc.) blacking, polish (for shoes), waxing (for thread). Mebla ~o (polura pasto), furniture polish, ~i, beeswax (floor), black, polish (shoes). ~ita tolo, oil cloth. (Ŝu)~isto, shoe-black. ~broso, ~tuko.

circe-o, (bot) enchanter’s nightshade (<Circaea).

ciriped-oj (zoo) cirripeds, barnacles (Cirri- pedia) > balan, lepad.

cirk-o, [OA] Circus. 1 show of acrobats, animals, clowns, etc. ~isto, c-performer. 2 circular open space in town, with streets converging on it.

cirkel-o, [UV] (pair of) Compass(es) (Jes 44/13). 1 Desegna ~o (cirklilo) (to draw circles). 2 Kalibra (mezura) ~o, dividers, caliper(s). Proporcia (redukta) ~o, Proportional cc. Risorta ~o, spring-bow cc. Stanga ~o, beam cc., trammels. draw (measure) with cc. ~ujo, c-box. ➞ kompas.

cirkl-o, (ordinary language rondo), (geom) Circ/le, round; outer rim (felloe) of wheel. Stari en ~o. ~o (ant)arkta, polusa. ~o de longitudo. f ~o de devoj. (log) Rezona ~o, vicious c. (mus) ~o de kvintoj, c. of 5ths. (keys). (Ne)-ĉef-a ~o, great (small) c. ~a, -ular, round. En~iga politiko, policy of encirclement. Duon~a, semi-ular. Vd ring; ekvator, ekliptik; eikl, orbit.

cirkonferenc-o, circumference (of circle, sphere), encompassing boundary, girth (of tree). ➞ perimetr.

cirkonstanc-o, [UV] Circumstan/ce, case, fact, incident (cause, place, manner, surroundings, time, of each occurrance). ~o favora, klariga, kompensa, neatendita. ~oj, ~aro, cc., conditions, conjuncture, situation, state of things. Profiti (make the most of) la ~ojn. Tio dependas de la ~oj. Sub tiaj ~oj. ~a, -tial. ~a atesto. Laŭ~e, pro~e, according to (by reason of) cc., as the case may be. ➞ aferstat, detal, konjunktur, medi, situaei.

cirku-o, (orn) Harrier (Circus). Blua ~o, hen h. Cindra ~o, Montagu’s h. Marĉa ~o, marsh h. Stepa ~o, pallid h.

cirkul-i, [OA] (nt). 1 (rondiri), Circul/ate, flow (go, move) round, get about, e.g., famo en mondo, gazeto en legrondo, sango en vejnoj, vino sur tablo. 2 (rondiri kaj reveni), come and go, move. Mono (trafiko) ~as. 3 Spread (pasi de unu al alia), Epidemio, famo, onidiro ~as. ~a. -atory. ~a pumpilo, sistemo. ~(ad)o, -ation, distribute (books, etc). ~ado atmosfera, sanga. Retiri el ~ado, call in, withdraw from -ation. Rakontoj, kiuj ~adas (4 FA 37/12). ~anta biblioteko. ~igi (-n), c., give currency to, put into action, send round. ~igi aeron, novaĵon.

cirkuler-o, [UV] Circular (letter, notice). ~izi iun, -ize, send cc. to.

cirkumcid-i, Circumcis/e (Jos 5/3). Ne~ita, un -ed.

cirkumfleks-o, [OA] (ĉapelo, tegmenta supersigno), circumflex (accent) (‘).

cirkvit-o, (flurondo), (el) Circuit, path of current. Elektra ~o, electric c. Indukta ~o, inductive c. Magneta ~o, magnetic c. Mallonga ~o, short c. Terkonekta ~o, earthed c. Fermi ~on, close a c. f (rondiro) (de io, de iu), e.g., of Methodist minister. ➞ komut, konekt, kontakt, kupl, rond.

ciroz-o (kronika hepatinflamo), cirrhosis.

cirsi-o, (plume-)Thistle (Cirsium). Gren- kampa ~o, corn or creeping t. Lanca ~o, spear t. Marĉa ~o, marsh t. Sentiga ~o, dwarf or ground t.

cirus-o (plumnuboj), (met) cirrus, mare’s tail, feathery (streaky) cloud. ➞ ĉir, kumulus, stratus.

cis- (maltrans, ĉi-flanke de), (pfx) = on this side of. ~alpa, ~atlanta, ~monta.

cist-o, (bot) rock-rose (Cistus).

cistern-o [OA] (pluvujo, rezervujo), cistern, reservoir, tank (Se 5/15). ~a ŝipo, tanker. ~a vagono, tank-car.

cistopter-o (vezika filiko), bladder fern (Cystopteris).

cit-i (-n),, [UV] 1 (laŭvorte ripeti), Quot/e, cite. ~i vorton, tekston. 2 (mencii), adduce, (make) mention (of), name. ~i ĉiun nomon; kiel ekzemplon; similan fakton. Supre~ita, -ed above, above-mentioned. ~ado, quoting. ~aĵo, quotation, passage -ed ~aĵaro, book of -ations. ~ato, person -ed. ~iloj (~aj signoj), -ation marks ("…"). ~inda, notable, worthy of note. Mis~i, mis-q. Prez~o, -ation.

citadel-o, [OA] citadel, fortress guarding a city.

citel-o, (zoo) souslik (Citellus).

citr-o, [OA] cither, cittern, old m.i. with 4-6 strings or pairs of strings (F. cistre, I citera). ➞ ziter.

citrat-o, citrate. ~acido (citronacido), citric acid.

citrol-o (akvomelono), water melon (Citrullus). ➞ kolocint, kukurb.

citron-o, [OA] In ordinary language this word (like L. Citrus medica) is often used to cover both Citrons and Lemons (Cedratoj and Limonoj). See these words. ~flava, lemon yellow. Kandita ~ŝelo, candied peel. ~premilo, 1-squeezer. ➞ limonad.

citronel-o, citronelle. Australian “rough lemon”, hybrid lemon. ➞ limon.

citrus-o (Citrus), generic name for any citrus-fruit > bergamot, cedrat, limed, limon, mandaren, oranĝ,pampelm,pomel,

tangel. ~o Japana, kumquat (Fortunella japonica).

civil-a, [OA] civil (wide sense) [Ne= ĝentila]. 1 (opp militista); civilian, non-military. ~a vesto, civvies, mufti, plain clothes. ~a inĝeniero. ~a (interna) milito. 2 (opposite eklezia): ~a edziĝo. 3 (civitana), civic, civil, common. ~a devo, kod(eks)o, rajto.

civiliz-i (-n), [UV] Civiliz/e, bring out of barbarism. ~ita mondo. ~a (kultura), -ing. ~(ad)o, ~(it)eco, ~acio, [OA] -ation, culture. ~ito, -ed being. ➞ klerig, kultur. Opp barbar, sovaĝ.

civit-o, city ( = corporate town, commonwealth, state) with pol. rights (Jes 1/26). f = regnanaro, urbanaro. ~o de Dio. Ĉiela ~o, heavenly city. ~a, civic. ~ano, citizen. Brita ~ano. ~ana, civic, common, corporate. ~ana devo, rajto, virto. ~aneco, citizenship. ➞ burĝ, metropol.

cizel-i (< ĉizi, enstampf), chase, engrave (metalon), emboss, punch (ledori). ~ilo, punch, chasing tool, graver. ➞ ĉiz, gravur, patric.

col-o, [UV] inch. 12 -oj = futo. f Cedi neniun ~on.

cug-o, hemlock spruce (Tsuga). Pseŭdo~o (duglasio), Douglas fir. (Pseudotsuga).


Ĉ

Ĉ-o [F], letter Ĉ.

ĉabrak-o (selkovro), saddle-cloth.

Ĉad-o TD, Chad.

ĉagren-i (-n) [UV]. 1 afflict, distress, grieve, mortify (Ps 78/40). 2 annoy, chagrin, displease, trouble, ruffle, vex (Jona 4/1). Tio ~as! (4 FA 58/3). ~o, grief, sorrow, trouble, vexation (Ij 17/7). Kia ~o! Kiel ~e! How annoying! What a nuisance! Eluzita de ~oj, careworn. Dom-(hejm-)aj ~oj, domestic worries. ~a, distressing, galling, sad, vexatious. ~e, peevishly, sadly. ~aĵo, cross, plague, nuisance, trouble. ~eti, tease, worry. ~iĝi (senti ~on) (pri), fret, be vexed. ~oplena, ~ita, doleful, sorrowful, vexed, etc. Sen~a, care-free, jaunty, unconcerned. ➞ aflikt, desapont, dolor, malĝoj, ted.

ĉak-o, (cl) shako, military cap.

ĉakon-o, (Sp dee) chaconne.

ĉam-o, [UV] Chamois, mountain goat (Rupicapra). ~(kolor)a, c-coloured. ~aj ganto), buff- coloured gloves. ~ino, doe. ~felo, ~ledo, c-skin. Vir~o, buck. ➞ ŝam.

ĉambelan-o [UV] (palaca ĉambristo), chamberlain.

ĉambr-o, [UV] 1 Chamber, Room: (Mai) Antaŭa ~o, front r., ante-c; (back-r.) ~o dulita, unulita, Double (single) r. Ban~o, juĝ~o, klas~o, lego~o, manĝo~o. (phot) Malluma ~o, dark-r. 2 Hall used by deliberative body, hence that body: ~o de Komerco. (pol) Malsupera ~o, ~o de deputitoj, House of Commons, Lower H. Supera ~o, House of Lords. 3 compartment, space. Aer~o, eksplod~o, pulv~o, vapor~o, Fos ~o, dug-out. ~a muziko, c-music. ~aĵo, garret, hole, etc. ~aro, ~oj, (apartamento), cc., set of rooms., flat. ~ego, hall, saloon. ~eto, attic, cabin, cell, closet (Jĝ 3/20). ~isto, valet de chambre. ~istino, c-maid. Reĝa ~istino, lady of the c. (in waiting), maid of honour. ➞ korteganin. Lu~ano, lodger. Sam~ano, r-mate. ➞ atendej, hal, kabinet, kamer, kel, mansard, salon, vestibl.

ĉampan-o [UV] (ŝaŭmvino), champagne.

ĉampion-o, Champion. 1 (porbatalanto). 2 (majstro, rekordulo, venkinto), ~a boksist-(roz-)o. ~eco, -ship.

ĉan-o [UV] (frapilo), cock (of gun), lever released by trigger.

ĉant-o (mus) Chant, melody-form for psalms and canticles. ~o anglikana, anglican c. ~(ad)o Gregoria (=plejn- kanto), Gregorian c., plainsong. ~i, (sing to a) c.

ĉantaĝ-i (-n, abs) (postuli per skandal- minaco), Blackmail, extort by threat of exposure. ~o, b., extortion. ~isto, -er.

ĉap-o, [UV] 1 Cap, brimless headgear, toque, etc. Dorma (nokta) ~o, night-c. Fald~o, forage-c. Fel~(pelt~)o, fur-c. Verta ~o, scull-c. Skota ~o, Scottish bonnet, tam-o-shanter. 2 special headdress denotes membership of. ~o kolegia, kriketa, milita, polica. 3 c-like covering. ~o agarika, genua. 4 Similar added object., cap (de fontplumo, nabo, tubo, valvo); capsule (seal) de botelo. (phot) Fermo~o. ➞ fermilo, kovrilo, ŝtopilo; ĉapel, fez, kasked.

ĉapel-o, [UV] 1 Hat, bonnet (headgear with brim). Depreni, levi, surlasi, surmeti ~on. Saluti per ~o. ~ojn for! Hats off! Bul~o, billicock, bowler. Cilindra ~o, high (top) hat. Kardinala ~o. Klak~o, collapsible hat. Sun~o, sunbonnet. 2 cover, lid. ~ita litero (ĉ ĝ ĥ ĵ ŝ). (fac) ~ino, (in~o) (= virina ~o), woman’s hat. ~faristo, ~vendisto, -ter. ~istino, milliner. ➞ modistin. ~ujo, h-box. Sen~a, h-less. ➞ kask, kep, kuf, turban.

ĉapitr-o, [UV] chapter (of book or treatise).

ĉar (conj), [UV] (weak form of tial, ke; pro tio, ke), Because, for, seeing that, since, whereas. Ŝi ploris, ~ li ne venis. ~ se, for if. ~ tio estas, that being so.

ĉar-o,, [OA] Cart, Waggon, car (wide sense) 1 (ant) chariot. 2 buggy, dog-c, trap. Akvuma ~o, water-c. Aŭto~o, motor-coach (for excursns). Benk~o, char-a-banc. Bov~o, ox-w. Flank~o, side-c. Funebra ~o, hearse. Infan~o, baby carriage, pram. Plen~o (da), c-(w-)load. Man~o, hand-c. Puŝ~o, push-c. Rub~o, dust-c. Ŝarĝ~o, tip-c. ~estro (1 Rĝ 22/32). ~eto, small c. (mec) carriage (e.g., of typewriter). ~isto, c-(w-)er, carman, carrier, charioteer. ~umo, wheelbarrow. Plen~~o (da), barrow-load. ~faristo, wheelwright. ~levilo, (veturila kriko), jack. ➞ kamion, vagon, veturil.

ĉardas-o, czardas, Hungarian dee.

ĉarlatan-o, [UV] Quack, Charlatan, ignorant pretender to knowledge or skill, pretentious impostor. ~i, gull, ~aĵo, q-ery, humbug. ~eco, ~ismo, c-ism. ~reklamo, patter, puff. ➞ blag, tromp.

ĉarm-a, [UV] Charm/ing, agreeable, attractive, delightful, graceful, fascinating, nice, pleasant, pleasing, taking, winsome. ~a kamparo, rakonto, maniero, virino, voĉo. El tio ĝia ~o, That is the beauty of it. ~o, c., allure, attraction -ivness, fascination, glamour, spell. Esti sub la ~o de, be spellbound by. La ~oj (seductiveness) de bela virino. ~e, delightfully. ~i, c., bewitch, captivate, delight, fascinate, give pleasure, influence as by magic, please. ~i (appeal to) la imagon. Esti ~ata, be delighted. ~aĵo (PI 1/7). ~ega, adorable, bewitching, enchanting, exquisite. Serpent~isto, snake -er. ~ulino, -er. Mal~a, repulsive, repugnant. ➞ mallog, repuŝ. Ne~a, Sen~a, unattractive, ➞ agrabl, plat, log, rav, (en)sorĉ.

ĉarnir-o, [UV] 1 hinge, moveable joint, (mec) Universala ~o, universal joint. 2 Natural similar joint, e.g., ligament of bivalve, f central principle, critical point, on which all turns. ➞ artik, depend, pordhok.

ĉarpent-i, [UV] carpenter (Se 9/1). ~ado, arto, ~aĵo, carpentry. ~isto, [UV] carpenter. ➞ lignaĵ, rabot, seg, torn, trabar.

ĉarpi-o, [UV] lint, soft cotton material for dressing wounds. ➞ bandaĝ, pans.

ĉart-o, Charter. 1 written grant of rights, deed, title. Granda ~o, Magna Charta. 2 (lukontrakto), (mar) c-party. ~i (-n), 1 grant c. to, license, privilege. ~ita kompanio, kontisto, -ed company (accountant). 2 (lui), ~i ŝipon.

ĉas-i (-n, abs), [UV] Chase, Hunt, pursue, seek after. Iri ~i. ~i malamikon, ŝipon, urson. f ~i edzon, favoron, fianĉon, honoron, monon. ~o, c., pursuit. ~ado, h-ing, venery. Bird~ado, fowling. Vulp~ado, fox-hunting. (mar) ~anto, c-er, fast launch. ~aĵo, [UV] game. ~ejo, h ing ground. ~isto, h-er, h-sman. Titol~isto, tuft h-er. ~leĝaro, game laws. ~permeso, game license. For~i, clear out, drive away (from, out of). ~~i fumon el ĉambro. Kur~i, run after, Pel~o, battue. Ŝtel~i, poach. ➞ pel, persekut, postkur.

ĉasi-o, chassis, base frame (undercarriage) of vehicle, etc.

ĉast-a, [UV] chaste, innocent, modest, pure, virgin. ~a junulo, konduto, romano, stilo. ~(ec)o, chastity. ➞ dec, pur, senkulp, virg, virt. Mal~a, dissolute, impure, indecent, lascivious, lewd, licentious, obscene, wanton. Ne~a (karaktero, konduto), unchaste. ➞ diboĉ, obscen, senmor, volupt.

ĉat-oj, (orn) Chats (word proposed by Stojan) > bush-(stone-whin-)chats, wheat-ears. ➞ enant, saksikol.

ĉatni-o, chutney, pungent Indian condiment.

ĉe, [UV] (prep) At, denotes coincidence.

PLACE (samlokeco): (a) in general. Sidi ~(at, by) la fajr-(fenestr-tabl-)o. Profesoro ~ la universitato. Konto ~ la banko. Havebla ~ la BEA. Li restis ~ si (at home). W. ~ la maro, W-on-sea. Res tti ~ (Stick to) via metio. Koro ~ koro, heart to heart. Ŝtelo ~(from) ŝtelisto. Sidi ~(over) la vino; (b) at a definite place or point: Kapti iun ~(by) la brak-(kol-)o. Dika ~ la kokso. Vundita~(in) la genuo.

TIME (samtempeco): At, on. ~ lia veno. ~ la koka krio. 3(CIRCUMSTANCE) (interrilato). At, among(st), in the case of, with. Tio ne okazas ~ ni la Francof). ~ ĉiu vorto, at (with) every word. ~lamplumo, by lamplight. ~ tio, on that, thereupon. ~(under) tiuj kondiĉoj. ~esti (-n), attend, be present at. ~estantaro, audience, gatherg, meeting. Teni ~mane, ➞ al, apud, en, inter, kun, per 11 Do not use ĉe with accusative of direction. Say Iru al li, (not: ce liri). 11 Do not translate "at" by ĉe when "at" means "in". Say li naskiĝis (vivis, mortis) en Parizo; la kongreso en Parizo.

ĉef-o, [UV] Head, Chief(tain); conductor (orkestro), foreman(/«n’o), head (familio), leader (bando), principal (firmo). ~e, above all, principally, ~a, c., h., most important, first in rank, foremost, leading., preeminent, principal (in comparison with others) (➞ plej grava, precipa). be at the h. of, first in rank. ~eco, supremacy. ~ulo, principal person. Ne~a, accessory, secondary.

ĉef-, [OA] (pfx) cardinal, chief, grand, paramount, primary, principal, staple, etc. ~anĝelo, archangel. ~artikolo, leader, ~episkopo, archbishop, primate. ~grava, of first importance. ~juĝejo, supreme court. ~kelnero, h. waiter. ~libro, ledger. ~ministro, prime minister. ~orgeno, Great Organ. ~pastro, c. (high) priest, (mus) ~pulso, strong pulse, down-beat. ~strato, high (main) street. ~ŝlosilo, master key. -urbo, capital. ~urbestro, lord mayor. ~violonisto, leader (orchestra). ➞ estr, mastr, majstr, regant.

Ĉeĥ-ujo, Ĉeĥio CZ.

Ĉeĥoslovak-ujo, Ĉeĥoslovakio CS.

ĉek-o, [OA] Cheque. ~o blanka, strekita, blank (crossed) c. Bank~o, banker’s draft. Vojaĝa ~o, traveller’s c. ~o al portanto, open c., to bearer. ~banko, ~libro. Poŝt~a konto. ➞ kambi, transpagil, trat.

ĉel-o, [UV] Cell, compartment separated from others by partitions. 1 room enclosed on all sides: ~o monaĥeja, mallibereja. Telefona ~o. telephone box. 2 Vaksa ~o, honeycomb c. 3 (bio) (elemento, histero), c. 4 (chs, drs), square. 5 (col) (violori)~o, ‘cello. ~a, ~ara, ~hava, ~plena, ~oza, -ullar, honeycombed. ~aro, honeycomb, network of cc. ~araj mielgutoj (Ps 19/10). ~eto (alveolo), -lie. ov~eto, ovule. ~ito (med) -ulitis. ➞ alveol, ĉambret, kabinet, kamer, karcer, kel, pil.

ĉement-o, cement (malmola ekstera tavolo). 1 outer layer of root of tooth. 2 ~i, c., case-harden, carbonize. ~a pulvoro, ➞ cement, hard.

ĉemiz-o, [UV] Shirt. Virina ~o, (fac) ~ino, in~o, chemise, shift. Har~(Pent~)o, hair-s. Nokta ~o, night-s(-gown). Sub~o, under-s, vest. Sur~o (duon~o, brusta tolaĵo), dicky, s-front. ➞ kamizol, korsaj.

ĉen-o, [UV] Chain. 1 connected series of links. ~o argan-(fer-horloĝ-hund-hokmaŝ -krank-longmaŝ-or-ŝlosit-)a. ~o senfina, Formi ~on, (e.g., pass buckets). Ankra ~o, anchor cable. Flor~o, garland. Kol~o (koliero), necklace. Porto~o, conveyer belt. Rul~o, roller c. Saŭm~o, curb-c (horse). ~oj, cc., bonds. 2 concatennation, line, sequence, series. ~o de eventoj, ideoj, insuloj, montoj, sukcesoj. 3 (ch, geom) Karbona ~o. ~a reakcio. ~i (en~igi), c., confine, secure with cc., fetter. ~ero, ~ringo, link. ~ujo, crank-(gear)case. Mal~i, De~igi, El~igi, Sen~igi (liberigi), unchain, loose. Sen~a, loose, unfettered. ➞ katen.

ĉenil-o, (tex) chenille, yarn with protruding pile; fabric from this.

ĉeriz-o, [UV] Cherry, fruit of ~arbo (Prunus cerasus). ~o blanka, nigra. ~kolora (~ruĝ)a, c-colored, cerise. ~ejo, c-garden (-orchard). ~ligno, c-wood. ➞ meriz, padus.

ĉerk-o, [UV] coffin. ~a, funereal, sepulchral (etoso). ~veturilo, hearse.

ĉerp-i, [UV] (elpreni, eltiri), (-n, el). 1 Draw (water etc.), bale, ladle, scoop. 2 f derive, extract, gather, obtain. ~i esper-(fort - inform - inspir- instru-kuraĝ -mon-)on el. ~o, dip. ~aĵo, bucket- (ladle-spoon-)ful; excerpt, extract. ~eto da akvo. -kulero, ~ilo, ladle, scoop, etc. El~i, bale (ladle, scoop) out. f exhaust, strain. ~~ita, done up, exhausted, spent, used up; out of print (libro), worked out (grundo). ➞ elsuĉ, foruz, konsum, trostreĉ. Neel~ebla, inexhaustible. De~i, d. olf, rack (virion), tap (elektron). f squeeze, wheedle (out of a dupe).

ĉes-i (nt), [UV] before an infinity expressed or implied: (ĉesi = ne plu -i), cease, desist from (have done with, leave off, stop...) -ing. ~i esperi ( ~~ ne plu esperi, forlasi esperon), give up hope. ~u paroli, plori. ~u serĉi min plu (1 Sa 27/1). (abs) Ĉesu! ( = ĉesu –i!), forbear. Leave off! (Ij 16/6; 30/27; Ps 35/15). [Never use with a direct object., e.g., ĉesi -on], ~o, cessation, discontinuance, stop, termination. ~igi (-n), bring to an end, discontinue, give up, put an end to, put down, stop; break off (relations), suspend (payment) ~igi babiladon, bruon, kurson, laboron, pafadon (Na 2/13, 3/1). ~iĝi (nt) (= komenci ne esti), come to an end, fall (leave) off, give over, stop. La pluvo ~iĝis ( = ~is fall), the rain stopped, it left off raining. ~iĝis la vento, the wind died down (El 9/28-34; Ge 8/2, 22; Ne 6/3; Se 22/10, 26/20; Jes 24/8). Kiam li ~is drinki, kaj ~igis la diboĉadon, lia malsano ~iĝis. Sen~a (daŭra, konstanta, persista, seninterrompa), ceaseless, continued, persistent, unremitting. Sen~a lumo, fixed light. ➞ fin, forlas, halt, romp. De~igi (~iĝi), un-h, dismount. ➞ karusel, kaval-eri(-ir).

ĉeval-o, [OA] 1 Horse (Equus). Baskul~o, rocking-h. Baston~o, hobby h. Batal~o, charger. Ĉas~o, hunter. Kur~o, racer. Ligna ~o, wooden h. Mar~o (rosmaro), walrus. Plug~o, ŝarĝ~o, cart-h. Rajd~o, sel~o, saddle-h. Tir~o, draught-h. Vir~o, stallion. 2 (chs) knight. ~ira problemo. 3 (ph, mec) ~(pov)o, h-power. Dudek~a, 20 h-p. ~a, equine. ~aĉo, sorry nag, rosinante. ~aĵo, ~viando, h-flesh. ~ejo (stalo), stable, mews. ~eto, nag, pony. Amata ~eto, fad, hobby. ~ido, colt, foal, ~idino, filly. ~ino, mare. ~(ej)isto, ~servisto, ostler, stableman; equerry, groom (grumo). ~bleki, neigh. ~~eti, whinny. ~rajdisto, h-man. ~ŝanĝo, relay, ~bredisto. ~haroj. ~ŝuo (hufumo). ➞ pone.

ĉevr-o, spar, small square timber. Vd lign.

ĉevron-o [OA] (tegmenta trabo), Rafter, beam. ~oj abiaj (Alt 1/17). (des, her, mil) chevron, shaped figure (band, mark). ~a (zigzaga) modluro, chevron moulding. (nwk) ~a, herring-bone. ~i, r.

ĉi, [UV] denotes proximity, with ti-correlatives changes "that" to "this". Tio, that thing; ĉi tio (no hyphen), this thing. Ĉi tie, here; ĉi tien, hither; ĉi-tiea, local, of this place, ĉi-tieuloj, locals, natives, pple here. Tiu ... ĉi tiu, the former ... the latter (last-named). 2 abbreviation for ĉi tiu(j). Prenu ~ librojn (these books). ~ fojon (4 FA 64/36). 3 Abbreviation for ĉi tie (If 75/24); 1 FA 75/20; 96/36; 99/29; 2 FA 56/19; 66/12,119/28, 121/6; 3 FA 29/11; 4 FA 10/31,202/7). E.g., ĉi ne estas akvo; ni ankaŭ ĉi estas. This experimental form has apparently found no following. 4 ĈI- (pfx) denotes (a) "this". Ĉi-matene (hodiaŭ matene), this morning; ĉi-flanka, ĉi-jara, ĉi-foje, ~momente, ~rilate. (b) Here: ĉi-kune, herewith. Venn ĉi-transen, Come over here, ĉi-sube, hereunder. Ĉi-supre.

ĉia, [UV] (ĉiuspeca), of every kind, every kind (sort) of a, all kinds (manner) of. ~ vivo (all life) malaperis. Fari ~n (all sorts of) laboron. ~ dono estas bono. ~maniere, in all sorts of ways, ~vetere, whatever the weather. ➞ iu, kiu ajn. tcial (ĉiukaŭze, ĉiumotive, pro ĉio), for every reason, on all grounds. Tio estas ~ konsilinda.

ĉiam [UV] (ĉiutempe), Ever, at each (every) time, al all times, always, (Por) ~ kaj eterne, for e. and e. ~ nova, e. new. ~a (konstanta), constant, continual, permanent (El 29/42). ~e, perpetually. ~eco, permanence. ~igi, perpetuate. ~ulo, a regular (guest, etc.), ~daŭra, e-lasting, permanent, ~verda, e-green. Ne~a (portempa), impermanent, temporary. Por~a (eternal, perpetual) posedaĵo. ~~a mor- tinto (PI 3/6). ➞ ĉiufoje, kiam ajn.

ĉie [UV] (ĉiuloke), Everywhere, in each (every) place, in all places. Nenie semata, tie trovata. ~ ajn, absolutely e. ~ £i, e. here. ~n, (to) e., everywhither, in all directns. Vi povas iri ~n, you can go e. (anywhere) ~a (universala), general, prevalent, ubiquitous. ~eco (~esto), omnipresence, ubiquity. ➞ hie ajn.

ĉiel [UV] (ĉiumaniere, -rilate), in every way, in all sorts of ways. Li min helpis

ĉiel-o, [UV] 1 Sky, Heaven; firmament, welkin. (La suno brilas) sur la ~o, in the s. ~o nuboza (overcast), blu-(klar-seren-)a. Sub la libera (open) ~o. Pendi inter ~o kaj tero, in mid-air. f in the clouds. La ~oj (the hh) rakontas la gloron de Dio. f climate, the s. Sub fremda ~o, in foreign climes. 2 (rel) Heaven. En la ~o, in h. La ~o de la ~oj. f Ĉi tie la infano estas en sia ~o. 3 f (=Dio) La ~o donu, ke! H. grant that! Pro la ~o! In H’s name ~o! Heavens! ~a, h-ly, celestial, sky-. ~a estaĵo, regno, volbo. ~en, h-(s-)wards. La ~ena vojo, the h-ward path. ~ano, ~ulo, celestial being. ~arka (iriza). ~blua (lazura), s-blue, azure, cerulean. ~ruĝo de mateno, aurora, morng red. Gis~e, sky high. Sub~e, out of doors, in the open air. ➞ elizi, eter, olimp, paradiz, superter.

tĉies ( = de ĉiu, de ĉiuj) (Ps 145/15), every (each) one’s (body’s). ~admiro, devo, opinio, propraĵo. ~igi (kolektivigi). ~ulino (publikulino).

ĉif-i (-n), [UV] Crease, crumple, rumple, tumble, wrinkle. ~i vest-(lit-paper -teksaĵ-)on. ~aĵo, something c-ed or tumbled. Paper~afo, scrap of paper. ~ita, (c)rumpled, tumbled. Mal~i, smooth out. ➞ bulig, ĉifon, krisp, plis, sulk, taŭz.

ĉifĉaf-o, (orn) chiffchaff (Phylloscopus colly bit a). ➞ filoskop.

ĉifon-o, [UV] Rag, Tatter, scrap, shred. Lav~o, dish-r. ~oj, frippery, pieces of lace, etc. Ami ~ojn, be fond of frills and furbelows. Babili pri ~oj, talk dress. ~a, t-ed, torn, in rags. ~i, tear to pieces. ~e vestita (en ~oj), in rags, seedy-looking, shabbily dressed. ~aĉo, r., clout, duster, etc. ~aĵo, ~aro, old rr., t-ed garments.

~eca, ragged, frayed, torn. ~(aĵ)isto, r-picker, r-and-bone man. ~ujo, r-bag. ~ulo, ragamuffin, t-demalion. ~ularo, riff-raff. ➞ brokant, ĉifaĵ, sir; liknid, seneci.

ĉifr-o [OA] (sekreta kodo), Cipher, code, secret writing. ~a telegramo, c-telegram. ~ado, coding, ciphering. ~i, put into (write in) c. ~aĵo, c-message. ➞ cifer, deĉifr, kod, kript, sigl.

ĉik-o, chigoe, jigger (sand flea) (Sarcopsylla penetrans).

ĉikan-i, [UV] Carp (at), Quibble; cavil at (about), haggle (over). 1 (fendi harojn, pedanti, tro subtili), use frivolous subterfuges (quirks, shifts), 2 (pedante disputadi, subtile kritikaĉi), dispute, find fault, try to pick a quarrel. ~ema, c-ing, faultfinding, pettifogging. ~(et)o, c., q., evasion, "get-out", trumpery complaint. ~(ad)o, ~aĵo, c-ing, q-ing, captiousness, chicanery, sophistry, etc. ➞ piket.

ĉil-o, chyle

Ĉili-o CL, Chile.

ĉim-o, chyme.

ĉinĉil-o. (zoo) chinchilla (Chinchilla).

ĉimpanz-o, chimpanzee, African ape (Pan).

Ĉin-ujo, Ĉinio [OA-9] CN, China.

ĉio [UV] (ĉiu afero), all, everything, all (things). Al ~ oni povas kutimiĝi. Pliol~, above all. Ne ~ brilanta estas diamanto. ~manga, omnivorous. ~pardona, forgiving all. ~potenca. ~pova, almighty, all powerful, omnipotent. ~scia, omniscient. ~taŭga, for all purposes. ➞ tiom.

ĉiom [F] (tutkvante, la tuto), The whole quantity, all (the whole) of it, the lot. Li prenis ~da, ~el la (=la tuta, ĉiuj), all the . . . ~a, total. ➞ komplet, plen, sum, tut.

ĉir-o, cirr/us (wide sense). (bot) (volvrampajo), tendril, (zoo) slender filamentary appendage; barbel (beard) of fish, foot (tentacle) of -iped. ~oforma, -ous. ~opiedulo, cirriped (ciripedo). ➞ cirus.

ĉirkaŭ, [UV] 1 (prep) Around, Round. Stari ~ arbo, Planti ~ la kampon. Meti sakaĵon ~ sian lumbon (Ge 37/34), brakon ~ ies kolon. ~a, surrounding. ~e, a., r., about. Danci ~e. Rigard-(send-)i ~en. ~i (-n), [UV] surround, be a., encircle. Galerio ~is la korton. Urbo ~ita de muro. ~o [UV] (periferio), circuit, circumference. ➞ zon. ~aĵo, [UV] environment, surroundings. ~igi (encircle, encompass) urbon per muro. ~antaro, attendants, circle, entourage. ~parolado, circumlocution. ~polusa, circumpolar. ~zoni (Ps 18/32). ~iri, ~ligi, ~rigardi, ~stari, ~tranĉi. 2 (adv) (a) (proksimume je), approximately at. Stari ~ la mezo. ~ la vespero, vesperiĝo), twrd evening. ~ Majo, (b) (proksimume), about. La libro kostis ~ 3 ŝilingojn. Li havas ~ 50 jarojn. La koncerto daŭris ~ du horojn. Rim.: For 2, proksimume is more often used.

ĉirp-i, chirp, cheep, twitter (as cricket, grasshopper). ➞ pep, zum.

ĉiu, [UV] 1 (pron) Everyone (body), ~ mortis. Ankoraŭ neniu plaĉis al (anyone) povas iri.~ ajn, absolutely e. ~j, all. Ni ~j, we all. ~(j) diras, e. says. ~j ĉi, all these. ~por si, por ~j Di’! Stari sola kontraŭ ~j. 2 (adj) Every, each. Mi legis ~n libron sur la breto. Li povus veni en ~ minuto (at any time). ~n duan tagon, e. other day. ovoj, all the eggs. ~foje, kiam, Whenever (El 17/11). ~flanke, on all sides. ~homa, general, universal. ~jara, annual, yearly. ~taga. e-day, daily (PI 3/14). ~jare (Ne 10/35). ~matene, e. morning. ~dimanĉe, ~hore, ~momente, ~nokte, ~rilate. ➞ ĉia, tut.

ĉiz-i (-n) [UV] (El 35/33), Chisel, carve, chip, grave (lignon, ŝtonon). ~ilo, c., graver (Jes 44/12). Plata ~ilo, flat c. Bekforma (morteza) ~ilo, mortise c. Kruco~ilo, cross-cut c. Ligno~ilo, wood- carvg c. Metal~ilo, cold c. ~o bevelranda, folda, kava, kojna, mana, tranĉa. ➞ cizel, hak, mortez, rabot, tajl, tenon.

-ĉj, [UV] sfx forming affectionate diminutvs for masc. names, placed after any of the first few letters in the name. Vilĉjo, Viĉjo, Will, Bill(ie). Toĉjo, Tom(mie). Paĉjo, papa, dad(dy). Oĉjo, nunk, (col) "old chap, old man", pal. ➞ et, nj.

ĉokolad-o, [UV] Chocolate, prepared cocoa. Briko (taso) da ~o. ~(kolor)a, ~obruna, c-colored, dark brown. ~a kremo, c. cream. ~ita, flavoured with c.

ĉot-o, (ich) bullhead, miller’s thumb (Cottus).

ĉu, [UV] (conj). 1 Whether. Diru al mi, ĉu pluvos, Tell me whether ( = if) it will rain. 2 Forms questions answerable by "Yes" or "No". (Diru al mi) Ĉu li venis? Did he come? Ĉu mi iru? Shall I (am I to) go? Ĉu esti, aŭ ne esti? 3 (col) Sometimes omitted. (Ĉu) Li dormas? He is asleep? Vere? Really? (Ge 24/39, No 16/22). 4 Used alone. Ĉu? (= Ĉu jes? Ĉu vere?) Is that so? Do you agree? Ĉu ne? Isn’t that so? 5 "Question-tags" at the end of a sentence. Li iros, ĉu ne? = He’ll go, won’t he? Li ne iros, ĉu ? = He won’t go, will he? 6 Ĉu ... (aŭ) ĉu, whether ... or. Ĉu pluvos, (aŭ) ĉu ne, estos egale por mi, Whether it rains or not, that will be all the same to me. Ĉu ĝi estas bovo, ĉu azeno, ĉu ŝafo, Whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep. Rim.: Do not say ĉu .. . ĉu (doubt) query, uncertainty), i. o. aŭ … aŭ (alternatives), or jen ... jen (alternations). ➞ aŭ, jen, se Rim.: ➞ If = se ( = supposing that); If = ĉu (= whether). IT Negative questions (Cu … ne?). In reply to Ĉu vi ne iris? Didn’t you go?) An Englishman and most Westerners word reply Ne (=No, I didn’t), or Jes (=Yes, I did). But the Japanese and many other nations feel this illogical, and word reply Jes (=Yes, I didn’t), or Ne ( = No, I did). It is wise therefore either to avoid negative questions, or else to make the reply clear: Mi iris. Mi ne iris.


D

D-o, [UV] letter D. (ac) 587 • 3 vibroj sekunde. D-is (D diesa), D sharp. D-be (D bemola), D flat. D-kordo, D string. ➞ delt.

da, [UV] (prep) (quantity) of. Between two words denotes that the list measures the second; answers tile question "How much (many)?" (a) After word of quantity: Funto ~ fromaĝo. Jardo ~ drapo (b) After other words. Guto ~ mielo. Maro ~ mizeroj. Marĉo ~ sango. Ombro ~ dubo. Sim: amaso ~, dozo ~, garbo ~, peco ~, provizo ~, serio ~, torento ~. (c) (Plen)taso ~ teo, cup(ful) of tea. Sim: (pleri)glas-(kuler-teler-)o (d) Time: Horo ~ ripozo. Tago ~ ĝojo. Vivo ~ mizero. (e) After a numeral noun: dudeko ~ paĝoj, miloj ~ mejloj. (f) Kiotion (iom, (mal)multe, (mal)pli, sufiĉe, tro) ~ ,v«/o = How much (some, a lot of, a little, more-less, enough, too much) salt, (g) (col. elision): Prenu (iom) ~ butero, take some butter. Cu vi havas ~ mono? Have you any money? Rim.: Between (a) kelkaj (multaj) el (individuals), and (b) kelke, multe (multo) ~ (collective), the difference is that between twelve (individuals) and a dozen (in the lump). Multaj homoj, many persons (individuals). Multe ~ homoj, a number of people (in the mass). Rim.: Do not use da before a defining. limiting word, e.g., la, tiu, du: Taso ~(~~de ia) kafo, but taso de la (mia, tiu) kafo. Aro ~ birdoj, aro de mil birdoj. Sumo ~ mono, de tri pencoj. Kiom ~ mono (ovoj)? Kiom el la mono (ovoj)? Rim.: After -ono ( = proportion) use de. Duono de funto da teo; kvarono de horo\ du estas triono de ses. But: Kvar kaj duono (quantity) da frankoj. Rim.: ➞ folio da papero (quantity); de arbo (genitive); el papero (material).

dab-i (-n) (frapeti, premeti), dab, strike lightly, tap. ~o, d.

dacel-o, (orn) laughing jackass (Dacelo).

dafn-o, (bot) daphne shrub (Daphne) > laŭreolo, spurge laurel (D. laureola); mezereo, mezereon (D. mezereum).

dafni-o (akva pulo), daphnia water-flea (Daphnia).

dafodil-o, daffodil (Narcissus pseudo- narcissus). ➞ narcis.

dagerotip-o, (phot) daguerreotype.

daktil-o, [UV] 1 Date, fruit of -arbo, d-palm (El 15/27) (Phoenix dactylifera). 2 (pros) dactyl (-")

daktilid-o, (bot) (kokpiedo), cocksfoot grass (Dactylis).

daktiloskopi-o, finger-printing.

dali-o, [OA] dahlia (Dahlia).

daltonism-o Daltonism, congenital colour-blindness.

dam-o, 1 (drs) King. ~oj, [UV] ~ludo, draughts. Ludi~ojn. ~igi pecon, make a k. ~tabul-o, draught-board. 2 (chs) Queen. ~igi peonon, q. a pawn. 3 (cgm), q. Kera ~o, q. of hearts. 4 dame, (noble) lady.

dama-o (damcervo), fallow deer (Dama).

damaĝ-i (-rt), damage, harm, hurt, injure. ~o, detriment. ➞ difekt, domaĝ.

damar-o, dammar pine (Dammara). ~o blanka, Amboyne p. ~o suda (kaŭrio). kauri p; from which ~a gumo, d-rezin.

damas-o (Damaska pruno), damson.

damask-o, [UV] (tex) damask (linen or silk).

damasken-i, damas-cene, -keen; inlay metal with gold or silver, or with watered pattern produced in welding. ~ita klingo (ŝtalo), Damask blade (steel). ➞ inkrust, niel.

damn-i (-rt), Damn, (a) doom to hell, (b) condemn as a failure, ~a, -atory, -ing. ~inda, -able. ~ita, -ed.

damp-i (-n), (mus) Damp, choke, dull, deaden, extinguish, muffle, stifle. fajron, kordojn de piano, violono, tamburo, ziteron. ~itaj sonoj (harp) sons etouffes. f d., check, depress, discourage (esper-fervor-iniciativ-)on. ~ilo (sordino), mute (horn, vn), damper (mutigilo) (piano), silencer (car, revolver).

Dan-ujo, Danio [OA-8] DK.

danc-i, [UV] Danc/e. ~i polkon. Ami ~i, like (be fond of) -ing. f bob up and down, be rocked (on waves). ~o, d. ~ado, [UV] ~arto, -ing. ~ejo, ~halo, -ing saloon, ball-room. ~eto, hop. ~istino, female- dancer. ~kunveno, ~rondo (PI 5/15). Kun~anto, partner. Ŝnur~isto, rope -er. ➞ bal, salt, vals.

dand-o, [UV] dandy, buck, coxcomb, exquisite, fop, "masher". Maljuna ~o, old beau. ~a (~e vestita), smartly dressed. ~i, cut a dash, flaunt. ➞ koket, pav.

danĝer-o, [UV] Danger, liability or exposure to harm, jeopardy, peril, risk; something causing d. ~o fali, d. of falling. Eviti, fronti ~on. Fali, meti en ~on. Ekster ~o, out of d. Nenia ~o! No fear! Not likely! Viv~o, d. of death. ~a, -ous, critical. ~a situacio, vojo. ~eco, insecurity. En~igi, expose to d., imperil, jeopardize. Sen~a, safe. ➞ sekur.

dank-i (-n, ke, pro), [UV] Thank. 1 be Grateful, t-ful, express gratitude, return thanks. Mi ~as vin (al vi), t. you. 2 (ion al iu = ŝuldi), owe, be indebted. ~i la vivon al. ~a, g., t-ful, obliged. Esti ~a al. ~o, tt., gratitude. Multan ~on, many tt. Dank! (2 FA 145/27). Dank’ al ( = ~o estu al), tt. to, owing to (Ne 9/25). ~e (kun ~o, akcepti, ricevi, rifuzi. ~eco, t-fulness. ~ema, of a g. disposition. ~festo, t-sgiving feast, -okanto (Ne 12(46). -letero, letter of tt. Antaŭ~i, t. in anticipation. For~i, refuse with thanks. Mal~i, resent. Ne~a, ung-ful. Ne~inde! That’s nothing! Sen~a, t-less. Sen~a laboro.

dartr-o, (med) scurf, tetter; any light dry skin affection.

dat-o, [UV] Dat/e. Kun (sub) ~o 2 Nov., -ed. 2 Nov. Kiun ~on ni havas? What d. is it? ~i leteron = surmeti ~on, d. ~iĝi (-umi) (nt), d. from, begin on. ~ilo, d-stamp. ~fest(~reven)o, anniversary (➞ jubile, naskotag). Antaŭ~i, ante-d. Freŝ~a, recent. Mis~i, mis-d. Pag~o, d. of payment, maturity. Post~i, post-d. Sam~a, of the same d. Sen~a, un-ed.

dativ-o, [UV] (gram) dative (case).

datur-o, [UV] (bot) thorn-apple (Datura), ~arbo (M 4/5). ➞ stramoni.

daŭb-o, 1 (barelero), stave of barrel. 2 (arch) shaped stone of arch (vault). 3 (av) panel, section of gore. 4 (nwk) gore, gusset.

daŭr-i (nt), [UV] Continu/e, endure, go on, last. Ne ĉiam ~os la somero. La kunven- (koncert-)o ~is du horojn, ĝis la oka. Se via ŝanco ~os (holds), (cl) ~i bone, wear well. ~o, -ance, course, duration, length. En la -o de (=dum), in the course of, during, for (Ne 5/18). En la ~o de monato, within a month. Viv~o, span of life. ~(em)a, -ous, durable, lasting; fast (colour), perennial (plant). ~e labori, work steadily. ~igi (-n), [UV] c., go on with, not put an end to. ~igi abonon, koleron, migradon (Ge 13/3). "Nu!" li ~igis. "Well!" he -ed. ~igu! Go on! (mar) Carry on! ~igo, -ation. -igota, to be -ed. Mal~a, Ne~a, ephemeral, fleeting, fugitive, short-lived, transient. Ne~a kolero, momento, pluvo. Jar~ulo, (hort) annual. Longe~a, lengthy, prolonged, protracted. Preter~i, outlast. Viv~a (dumviva), life-, (sentence, etc.). ➞ ekzist, okazad, rest; ĉiam, konstant, senĉes. opposite ĉesiĝ, halt, forges. [Say Li ~igis la kantadon; li ~e kantis; not: Li ~igis kanti, li ~is la kantadon!]

davit-o (boatlevilo), (mar) davit.

dazibat-o (zoo) sting-ray (Dasybatis).

dazip-o, species of armadillo (Dasypus).

daziur-o (zoo) dasyure, Australian jnative cat (Dasyurus).

dazl-i (-o), (lumblindetigi), dazzle, confuse eye (person) with excess of light, etc.

de (prep), [UV] of, from, by (three aspects of the one idea: ORIGIN. 1 OF: (a) possession: La libro ~ M, M’s book, (b) Event: Lamorto ~ Nelson, (c) Character: Kampo ~ batalo (batala)] Trono ~ gloro (glora). Bukedo ~(el) floroj (flora). Kongreso ~(en) Hago (Haga). Homo ~(kun) talento (talenta). Historio ~(pri) Ameriko (Amerika). If Do not use de if nomita (apposition) is understood. La urbo (nomita) Oslo, the city of Oslo. 2 FROM: (a) commencing with, starting from. (Place): ~ loko al loko. Rigardi ~ (mal)proksime, closely (from a distance). ~ post (two words) ( = from behind) Jurnalo. (b) Time ( = detempe de): ~ kiam? How long? Since when? ~ tiam, since then. ~ longe, for a long time. ~ nun, henceforth. ~ lundo, since Monday [Not ~ post lundo, which means "starting from some time subsequent to Monday"]. If For (a) and (b) sometimes ekde is used for greater clarity. Li kuris ekde (starting from) la ponto ĝis la preĝejo. Ciuj ĉeestantoj, ekde (starting with) la prezidanto. (c) Origin: Ĉio bona venas ~ Dio. (d) Separation: Kurt (for) de (away from). Ŝteli (for)~, steal from. Savu min ~ kontrait, save me from. Levu la okulojn ~ sur (from off) la paĝo. Apartigi (Distingi) A ~ (a. disde) B= distingi inter A kaj B (Ge 1/4). (e) As regards (pri, rilate at): libera free from. (f) Dependence: dependi depend on (lit. hang from). (g) Cause: (kaŭze de): Ruĝiĝi ~ honto, blush with shame, Morti ~ timo, die from fright. Malpura ~ laboro. Salti ~ surprizo. Morti - glavo pro amo al la patrujo. 3 BY (after -at -it -ota): (a) (fare de): Amata - mi, loved by me. Batita ~ li per vergo. (b) (farita de): Poemo ~ Milton. Vizito ~ la reĝo (al Oslo). La konkero al Anglujo (fare, flanke) - la Normandoj. 1T As de has a wide range of meaning, sometimes an alternative word will avoid ambiguity.

debat-i, (-n) [OA] (diskutesplori), debate, discuss formally. ~a societo, debating society. ➞ diskut, disput.

[debet-o [OA] = debito].

debil-a (med) Feeble, weak. ~eco, debility. Mensa ~eco, mental deficiency. ~igi, debilitate, en-f, weaken.

debit-o (malkredito, ŝuldo) [Ne= ven- dado], Debit (of a/c). ~i, d. to, charge against, place to d. of. ~i ion (al iu), iun (pri io). ~u la afrankon (charge the postage) al mi. ~a flank-(kont-sald-)o, d. side (a/c, balance). ~oro (~ulo) (ŝuldanto), debtor. ➞ deficit, mank, minus, pasiv.

debut-i, (nt) (unuafoji), come out, make first appearance (in court, on stage), (cgm) play (throw) first. ~o, debut, first appearance. ~a parolo, maiden speech. ~anto, tyro, ~antino, debutante. ~igi (bring out) fraŭlinon.

dec-i (nt) (al, por), [UV] be becoming (correct, proper, the right thing to do). ~as -i, one ought to. Ja ~as, ke, it is only right that. Ne ~as al infano -i, a child should not. Ne ~as fumi en preĝejo. ~a, as should be, becomg; decent, decorous, due, fitting, meet, proper, respectable, right, seemly, well-behaved (-bred). ~a akcept-(kondut -respekt-sinten-vest-)o. ~a (rekompenco), adequate, just. En ~a tempo, in due course, at the proper time. ~e, duly, in a fitting manner. ~e kaj bonmore, decently and in order. ~eco, decorum, propriety. Elementa ~eco, common decency. Mal~a hasto, indecent haste. Ne~a, undue. ➞ dev, konven, taŭg.

Decembr-o, [UV] December.

DECI-bel(-GRAM-LITR-METR)o, deci -bel(-gram, -litre, -metre).

decid-i, [UV] Decide. 1 (-n, iu, abs), determine, make up one’s mind, resolve. ~i iri. 2 (inter, ke, kontraŭ, por, pri): give judgment, rule, settle (demandon, disputon). ~(aĵ)o, decision, resolve. Fari ~on. Ŝanĝi sian ~on (intencon), change one’s mind. Lasu la ~on al mi. Juĝa ~o, judgment, sentence, verdict. ~a, definite, final, firm. ~a paroltono. ~ema, resolute, ~enda, at issue. ~igi (konvinki, persvadi) convince, prevail on. Tio min ~igis. ~iga, conclusive, decisive. ~iga argumento, batalo, cirkonstanco, venko. ~iga voĉdono, casting vote. ~iĝi, be convinced, come to a decision. Antaŭ~o, foregone conclusion. For~i, give up (projekton) (Ĥb 2/3). Mem~o, self- determination, Mis~i, ne~ema (dubema), irresolute. Ne~ita, Sen~a, (necerta), in the air, un-ed. ➞ fiks, determin, rezoluci, solv, verdikt. decidu-a (periode aŭ normale defalema), deciduous, e.g., dento, folio.

decimal-a [OA] (dekuma, podeka), (mat) Decimal. ~a frakcio, klasifo, punkto, sistemo. ~o, d. ~igi, -ize.

deĉifr-i (-n), [UV] Decipher. 1 (malĉifri), convert cipher into ordinary writing. 2 make out meaning. ~i adreson, dokumenton, papiruson, skribaĉon. Ne~ebla, un-able.

dediĉ-i (-n), [UV] Dedica/te. 1 give up, devote, offer (to person, purpose). ~i atent-(labor-tag-temp-viv-)on, sin, (al). 2 (adresi, autograft), inscribe to friend or patron. ~i libr-(poem-verk-)on (al). ~o, -tion. ➞ apartig, fordon, konsekr, ofer, sanktig.

dedukt-i (-n) [OA], Deduc/e, draw a conclusion, infer. El tio mi ~as, ke … . ~a, -tive, inferential. ~a logiko, rezonado. ~o, -tion, conclusion, inference. ➞ aprior, konklud, rezon. Opp indukt. [Ne= depren, subtrah.]

defend-i (-n, antaŭ, kontraŭ, per) [UV]. Defen/d. 1 Guard, keep safe, protect against, shield, ward off attack from. ~i la patrujon (teron). 2 justify, speak (write) in favour of, stand up for, uphold ~i amikon (projekton). 3 (jur) appear for, conduct -ce of. ~i akuziton, opinion, rajton. ~o, -ce, justification, plea, protection. ~a (defensive) milito. ~e, in -ce. ~ebla, -sible. ~isto, advocate for the -ce. Sen~a, -celess. Sin~o, self-ce. ➞ advokat, apologi, pled, ŝirm.

defensiv-a, Defensive, protective. ~e, on the d. ~a kaj ofensiva defendoj (Cezaro 311/14).

defi-i (-n, al), Def/y. 1 challenge: ~i al duel-(lud-pruv-)o. 2 (spiti), brave, face, resist boldly and openly, set at -iance: ~i la venton. 3 (things) be beyond power of: ~i atak-(difin-kapt-)on. ~o, -iance, challenge. ~e, -iantly. ➞ kontrau, spit.

deficit-o [OA] (manko, minuso). deficit, shortage. ~o bilanca, peza.

defil-o, defile. 1 narrow gorge or pass. 2 ~i, march in file.

definitiv-a, [OA] Definit(iv)e, decisive, final, fixed, unconditional. ~a decido, eldono, juĝo, mendo, prezo, respondo, teksto, verdikto. ~e, -ly, finally, once and for all. ~igi, confirm, ratify. ➞ findecid, malprovizor. deflaci-o, (com) deflation. Opp inflaci.

deform-i (de-form-igi, formdifekti), deform, deface, disfigure, put out of shape. Onda ~iĝo. ➞ distord.

degel-i (nt), [UV] Thaw; dissolve, liquify, melt/away. La glacio, neĝo ~as (Ps 147/18). (impersonal) ~as! It is t-ing.f become genial, unbend. ~(ad)o, t-ing. ~a vetero. ~aĵo, slush. ~igi (-n), (cause to) t., melt, f loosen tongue of. ➞ fandig, fluidig, likvig.

degener-i (nt), [UV] Degenera/te, deteriorate, fall off, sink from former excellence. Libero ne ~u en anarkion. (bio) revert to lower type. ~(ad) (~iĝ)o, -cy, -ation, morbid change. Grasa ~o. ~inta, d., debased, effete. ~igi, enervate, etc. ~into, -ulo, d. ➞ dekadenc, malpliboniĝ.

degn-i = dejni.

degrad-i (-n) [UV] ( = de-grad-igi), Degrad/e, debase, lower in quality, tone down, (person) depose, deprive of rank. klerikon, oficiron. ~o -ation. -a -ing.

dehisk-i (nt) (bot) Dehisc/e, burst open, gape, split asunder. ~a, -ent. ~a frukto. ~o -escence.

deism-o, (phi) deism. deist-o, deist.

dejn-i, deign, condescend, think fit, vouchsafe (to). ~i doni, permesim respondi. Mal~i, ne disdain, scorn, turn up one’s nose at.

deĵor-i (nt), [UV] be on Duty (in attendance), officiate, serve. ~i ok horojn. ~(ad)o, (spell of) d. Nokta ~o. ~a oficiro, officer of the watch. ~anto, one on d. (attendant, etc.). ~ejo, post. ➞ dev, gard, ofic, serv.

dek, [UV] ten. ~a, 10th. ~e, 10thly. ~o (da), half a score, group of 10 (cards etc.). -estro (El 18/21). -oble, 10 times (multiplication) (Da 1/20). ~obligi, multiply by 10. ~ono, Mortigi ~onon, decimate, -onajo, tithe. ~ope, by 10s. dek-duo, dozen (➞ dek du, 12, dudek 20). ~foje, 10 times over. ~jara, 10 years old. ~sesono, 1/16th. Du~o, score. Jar~o, decade. Po~a (~uma) = decimala, decimal, with 10 as base. ~umi, decimate. ~kelkjaruloj (adoleskuloj), teen-agers.

deka- (Gk ppfx), deca- (=10). -GRAMO, -LITRO, -logo, -METRO, deca- gram(-litre, -logue, -metre). ~podo (dek- pieda krustaco), -pod.

dekadenc-o, [OA] Decad/ence, decay, decline, deterioration, fall, wane, ~a, -ent, on the down-grade. ~a imperio. ~i, be -ent, fall away, -ulo, -ent. ➞ aŭtun, defal, degener, kaduk.

dekan-o, [OA] 1 (college, ecc) Dean, (mus) ~a, decani, south side of choir, ~ejo, -ery. II (chem) decane. ➞ diakon,fakultestr.

dekant-i (-n), (de-trans-verŝi), decant, pour off gently.

deklam-i (-n) [OA], Decla/im, speak rhetorically, "spout". ~i versojn. ~a, -matory, high-flown, impassioned. ~(ad)o, -mation, oratory, -aĵo, harangue, -arto, elocution. ➞ recit.

deklar-i (-n, ke) [OA], Declar/e. 1 Assert (make known, proclaim) explicit(formal- open-)ly. ~i am-(dividend-milit-)on. ~i sin amiko. (cgm) call, ~ado, ~aĵo, deklaracio, [OA] -ation, announcement, manifesto, proclamation. ~o pri sendependeco. (jur) -ation. Jur~o, affidavit. Ŝipestra ~o, captain’s entry. 2 (customs) acknowledge posses sion of dutiable goods. Cu vi havas ion ~endan (to declare)? ➞ anonc, proklam, seiig.

deklin(aci)-i, [UV] (kazfleksii) (-n), (gram) Declin/e, inflect, ~ado, ~aĵo, declension. (astr) (astra latitudo), -ation. (ph) magneta ~o, magnetic -ation. Ne~ebla, in-able. \Ne = ri]uz.\kaduk, marasm.

dekliv-o [UV] (klinita tereno). Inclin/e. Slop /e, declivity, slant. (No 21/15, Jos 7/5). ~o (mal)suprena, rise (fall), as-(des-)cending gradient, ~a, i-ed, s-ing, declivitous, ris-(fall-)ing. ~a ebeno, i-ed plane, -a vojo. ~aĵo, s ing approach, as-(des-)cent, bank, ramp. ~i, dip, rise, slant, -eeo, i-ation. -eta, gently s-ing. -angulo, -indikilo, gradient-meter. ➞ glacis, klin, oblikv, talus. dekokt-i (-n), Decoc/t, boil to extract essence. ~(aĵ)o, -tion, extract. ➞ ekstrakt, infuz, macer, ru.

dekolt-i, [OA] expose neck and shoulders. ~i veston, cut low. -ita, bare-necked, low-cut.

dekor-i [dekoraci-i [OA]] (-n), Decorat/e. 1 embellish, -i domon per flagoj, preĝejon per floroj paper, paint (ĉambron). 2 invest with medal, order, etc. ~a, -ive, ~ado, ~aĵo, 1 -ion, embellishment, painted work, etc. 2 (distingaĵo, honor- signo), distinction (badge of honour, insignia, order, ribbon, star, etc.). ~oj, regalia (freemasonry). 3 (th) set(ting), arrangement of stage. ~isto, (house) -or. (scene) painter. ~ita, -ed. ➞ belig, garn, ornam; medal, orden.

dekrement-o, decrement, loss by wastage.

dekrepit-i, (nt) (chem) decrepitate, crackle under heat. ➞ kalcin.

dekret-o, [OA] Decree, enactment, fiat, ordinance (by authty) ~i (-n, ke), ordain by d., enact, order. ➞ edikt, proklam, reskript.

dekstr-a [UV], Right. 1 Right-Hand: ~a flank-(man-)o, (her) dexter, (piano) ~a (subtend) pedalo, r-h (sustaing) pedal. 2 (pol), conservative. ~e (de), on the r. (of). ~en, to the r. Mi iris ~en, kaj li mal~en. (Se 4/27). ~ema, ~uma, (mec) clockwise. ~ena movo. ~eco, dexterity, skill. ~amana, r-handed. mal~a,, [UV] left (hand), port ~~ema (~~uma), anti-clockwise. Ambaŭ~a, ambidexterous. IT (mil) A proposal to use the abbreviationss Mal! Dek! for the monosyllabic commands Left! Right! seems worth consideration.

dekstrin-o (amela gumo), dextrin.

dekt-o (= trit-okto), (intvl), 10th. ~o maĵora, minora.

deleg-i (-n) [OA], Delegat/e, authorize as agent, commit authty (hand over one’s powers) to, depute, send as representative. ~(aĵ)o, assignment. ~ito, d., deputy, elected representative. ~o de UEA. ~itaro [~acio [OA] ], -tion, body of dd., commission. ➞ deput, komisiion), legal, reprezent.

delfen-o, [UV] (as) (zoo), dolphin (Delphinus).

delfini-o (alaŭda sprono), (bot) larkspur (Delphinium).

delft-o (~a fajenco), Delft. ~aĵoj, d-ware.

delikat-a, [UV] delicate. 1 (milda, malforta). Gentle, light, mild, pale, slight, soft, subdued. ~a koloro, nebulo, paŝo, spiro, tuŝo, venteto. (El 16/14, 1 Rĝ 19/12). 2 (altkvalita, subtila): Dainty, exquisite, fine, nice, refined. (Le 7/12). ~a atento, diferenco, distingo, faruno, gusto, mango, nuance, parfumo, punto, tolo, trajto. 3 (facile difektebla, malfort(ik)a): brittle, feeble, fragile, frail, tender, ~a floro, haŭto, korpo, planto, sano, vazo. 4 (komprenema, sentema) (Rd 28/56) dainty, fastidious, sensitive, squeamish, tender: ~a konscienco, orelo, pesilo, sento, virino. 5 (takta) avoiding offence, considerate, honeyed, punctilious, tactful, with good taste (Ps 55/21), ~a ago, aludo, konduto, vorto. 6 (embarasa, tikla) awkward, embarrassing, requiring nice handling, ticklish: ~a afero, cirkonstanco, demand, problem, situacio. ~eco, daintiness, fineness, softness, refinement, tact. ~iĝo de moroj (K 190/13). Mal~a, clumsy, coarse, crude, gross, heavy, raw, tough. ~~ulo, boor, churl. ➞ dole, fajn. ➞ barbar, krud.

delikt-o, Delinqu/ency, minor crime, misdeed, misdemeanour, offence, neglect of duty. ~a, -ent, defaulting, guilty. ~ulo, -ent, offender. ➞ krimet, kulp.

delikvesk-a, Deliques/cent, ~i, -ce. ~eco, -cence.

delir-i (nt), [UV] be Deliri/ous, rave, wander. ~a, -ious, frenzied, lightheaded, wildly excited. ~(ad)o, -ium, ecstasy (of joy), frenzy (of despair). Drinkula ~o, delirium tremens. ~aĵo, maunderings, incoherent mutternings of a madman. ➞ ekstaz, frenez, halucin. [Ne= fantazi, rev.]

delt-o, Delt/a. 1 Gk letter D. 2 (geog) triangular tract. ~o de Nilo. ~ojda (triangula), -oid. ~ojda muskolo (~ojdo).

demagog-o,, [OA] Demagog/ue, agitator, mob orator. ~a, -ic, appealing to mass prejudice. ~eco [~io [OA]], -y. ➞ agit, popolflat.

demand-i (al, pri; ĉu), [UV] Ask (a question, for information), enquire, query. ~i ies opinion; pri la horo. Sin ~i (~i al si) ĉu, ask one’s, wonder. Oni povas ~i, it may be asked. ~o, 1 question, enquiry, query. Sugesta ~o, leading question. La ~o restas (it remains to be -ed), ĉu. 2 (problemo, temo): ~o pri vivo aŭ morto. ~a, interro- gative. ~a pronomo, vorto. ~a signo, question-mark. ~anto, interrogator, questioner. ~aro, questionnaire, list of questions, examination paper. ~ema, inquisit-ive-orial. ~ilo, enquiry form. Pri~i, examine, submit to interro- gation. Sen-e, unquestioningly. ➞ pet, postul.

demark-i Demarc/ate, mark boundary or limits. ~o, -ation.

demenc-o, (med) dementia, insanity through brain failure. ~o frua, senila.

demograf-io, Demograph/y. ~(iist)o, -er.

demokrat-o, [OA] Democra/t. ~a, -tic. ~a reĝimo, gvt by the people. ~aro, ~eco, ~io, ~ismo, -cy.

demon-o, [UV] Demon. 1 (myth) divinity (good or evil), genius. 2 evil spirit, devil, fiend. Elpeli ~ojn. f ~o de ĵaluzo. ~(ec)a, -iac, devilish, ~ismo, (phi) (okult), -ism. ~eto, little imp. ~ulo (~havanto), -iac. Ĉef~o, arch-fiend. ➞ anim, diabl, spirit.

demonstr-i (-n, ke), Demonstr/ate. 1 Show, describe, explain (by examples or experiments), establish truth of, prove. ~o, -tion, conclusv experiment, exhibition, explanation. ~anto, ~isto, -ator, lecturer. ~ebla, -able, capable of being shown or proved. 2(pol) (a. ~ACI-i), make a -ion by public meeting, etc. ➞ manifest, montr, parad, pruv.

demonstrativ-o, [OA] (montra vorto), (gram) demonstrative.

demoraliz-i, demoralize, corrupt, deprave, dishearten; undermine discipline (courage, spirit) of. ➞ sendisciplinig, senkuraĝig.

demotik-a, (arch) demotic (of Egyptian script). ➞ hieratik.

denar-o, [UV] denarius, Roman coin (from which "d" = penny).

dendrit-o, (anat), (min), dendrite, with tree- or moss-like marking.

dendrolag-o, tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus).

deng-o, dengue (fever).

denominator-o (dividanto), (mat) denominator. Opp numerator.

dens-a, [UV] Dens/e. 1 compact, thick. 2 close (crowded) together, impenetrable, massed, serried. ~a arbaro, foliaro, mallumo, loĝantaro, nebulo, solvaĵo. ~aj haroj, nuboj, spikoj. (typ) kun ~aj linioj, literoj, set solid. ~e loĝata, populous. ~e plantita, thick-set. ~e premita, pressed tight. ~(ec)o, -ity, relation of mass to volume, consistency, crowded state. Aera ~o, Meza ~o, mean (specific) -ity. ~ejo, brake, bush, jungle, thicket (Jes 9/18). ~igi (-n), concentrate, condense, congeal, crowd together, thicken, ~igilo, (phot) intensifier. ~iĝis (El 15/8). Kun~igi, curdle (Ij 10/10). Mal~a, thin, light, loose, scanty, spare, sparse. ~~ega, rarified (air). ~~ejo, clearing, glade. ~ometro, -imeter.

dent-o, [UV] Tooth, Dent-. 1 (anat) ~o karia, kava. ~o (mal)supra, upper (lower) t. ~o Lakta (unua), milk t. ~o Malfrua (saĝa), wisdom t. ~o Muela (vanga) (molaro), grinder, molar. OkuKo (kanino), canine (eye) t. ~o Premolara, bicuspid, premolar. ~o Tranĉa (incizivo) incisor. La ~oj klakas (chatter). Agaci, grincigi, kunpremi, montri, nudigi, perdi, plombi la ~ojn, set on edge, gnash (grind), grit (set), bare, lose, fill (stop), the tt. ~aro, tt. ~aro artefarita, d-ures. ~ego, fang, tusk. ~eto, denticle. ~ino, dentine. ~ingo (alveolo), t-socket. ~isto, dentist. ~izi (iuri), supply with tt. ~ologio, odontology. ~apero, ~aranĝo, d-ition. ~kuraco, dentistry. ~purigaĵo, ~pasto. ~pulvoro, dentifrice. Paroli interne mumble. Sen~a, t-less. II 2 (of obj). Cog (rada), peak (monta), prong (forka, rastila), tooth (kombila, segila). Rand~oj (phlt) perforata. ~ado, crenelation, indentation, perforation, serration. ~aĵo, gearing, scalloping. ~(um)ita, cogged, indented, notched, scalloped, toothed. ~ita frontono (mec) (4 FA 87/8). ~izi ion, cut (mill) tt in. ~rado, cog-(gear-) wheel. ~radaro, t-ed gearing. (ry) ~relo, cog-rail. ~stango, t-ed rack, ratchet. En~igi la ~aron, engage (enmesh) gears. Leon~o (bot) (ordinary language) = leontodo and taraksako (which see). Tri~o, trident. ➞ cinodont, klik, krenel, not, stop.

dental-o, (phon) (denta konsonanto), dental.

dentari-o, (bot) toothwort, coral-root (Dentaria).

denunc-i (-n, ke), [UV] denounce, accuse, inform (inveigh) against, (im)peach. ~i krimulon. ~anto, accuser. ~antaĉo, fi~anto, malicious informer, tale-bearer, tell-tale, sneak. ~ema, denunciatory, deodar-o (Himalaja cedro), deodar (Cedrus deodara).

departement-o, [OA] department (administra). 1 (ministrejo), ministerial department (office), branch of municipal or state administrate, ministry. ~o de milito, War Office. 2 (prefektejo), French administrative district. ~a, -al. ~estro, prefect. Sub~o. arrondissement, ward.

depend-i (de) [OA], Depend (on). 1 Count (reckon, rely, rest) upon, have confidence in. 2 be -ent (contingent) on, hang^hinge, turn (on), be at the mercy of. Cio ~as (It all depends) de cirkonstancoj, la vetero, lia respondo. De tio ~as, iu … La decido ne ~as de mi. ~o, -ence, confidence, reliance, trust, (gr.) ~a (subordinate) klaŭzo, propozicio. ~e de, -ing on. ~aĵo (~a lando), -ency. ~anto, -ant. ~inda, -able. Ne~a, in-ent. ➞ pend, submetiĝ.

depeŝ-o, [OA] Dispatch, offi communicate on state affairs, urgent written message. ~i, send a d. ➞ telegram, kabl.

deploj-i (-n), (mil) Deploy, draw up in line, arrange in battle formation. ~o, -ment.

depon-i (-n, ĉe, en) [OA] (konfidi valoraĵon), Deposit, entrust, place, leave, lodge, store (Le 6/4, Ne 13/5). ~i plendon, lay a complaint. ~i monon en bankon. ~a konto, d. a/c. ~(it)aĵo, d. ~anto, -or. ~ejo (tenejo), safe d., cloakroom, de-(re-)pository, warehouse. ➞ demet, konserv, lok, tavol.

deport-i, Deport (undesirable person). ~ado, -ation. ~ito, -ed p.

depresi-o, (econ, met), depression. ➞ ciklon, deprim.

deprim-i (-n), (med) Depress, dispirit, lower (reduce) vitality. ~ita de malsano. ~o, ~iteco, -ion, dejecta. ➞ malgaj, prem.

deput-i (-n), [UV] Deput/e, appoint as substitute or representative, commit authty (task) to. ~ito, -y, proxy, representative, understudy. ~itaro, -ation, body of representatvs. ➞ deleg, parlament, senat, reprezent.

deris-o, (bot) derris (Derris). ~a pulvoro, from its root.

deriv-i (-n) [OA], (chem) (gram) (mat), Derive, draw, get, obtain (from source). Esti ~ita de, be -ed (formed), come (from original). ~(ad)o, -ation. ~aĵo=~ita vorto (substanco), -ative, -ed form. ➞ devenig.

derm-o (subhaŭto), Derm/is, true (under) skin. ~a, -ic. ~atito (haŭtinflamo), -atitis. ~atolog-io, ~o, -atolog-y, -ist. ~atozo (med) -atosis.

dermest-o, bacon (larder) beetle (Dermestes).

derviŝ-o, dervish.

des (mal)pli, [UV] (adv) the more (less). 1 in combination with ju. Ju pli multaj, ~ pli gaje! The more, the merrier! Ju pli da folio], ~ malpli da fruktoj. 2 (alone = tiom), so much the (Ij 4/19, 9/14). ~ pli bone, so much the better. ~ pli, ke, the more (so), that.

desapont-i (inn) (trompi esperon), Disappoint, let down, not fulfil desire (expectation, hope). ~iĝo, -ment. Rim.: Z. used ~ata, ~iĝi (fac?). Vd BE 1945/79.

descend-i (-n, de) (malsupreniri), descend, come (go) down. ~i de alto. ~a (-ing) aerfluo. ➞ dejn, deven. opposite ascend.

desegn-i (-n), [UV] Design; depict, draw, deliniate, sketch; describe (cirklon), paint, portray (karakteron). ~a papero, tabulo, drawing-paper (board). ~(ad)o, ~arto, drawing. ~(aĵ)o, d., drawing, diagram, plan, sketch, (➞ diagram). ~o kolora, krajona. ~isto, -er, artist, etc. ➞ bild, figur, lini, kontur, pentr, strek. [Ne = celi, intend, plani, have dd. on.]

desert-o, [OA] Dessert. ~a kulero, pomo, d-spoon (-apple). ➞ dezert.

desinfekt-i (-n per) (malinfekti, seninfektigi), Disinfect, cleanse from infection, destroy disease germs. ~i ĉambron, vundon. ~aĵo, -ant. ~ilo, -or.

desmodi-o, moving (telegraph) plant (Desmodium).

despot-o, [OA] Despot, absolute or tyrannical ruler. ~i, act as d., oppress, tyrannize. ~a, -ic. ~eco, ~ismo, -ism, arbitrary rule. ➞ absolut, diktator, tiran.

destin-i (-n, al, por, -i) [OA] (antaŭdecidi), Destin/e. 1 (for purpose): appoint, devote, foreordain, intend, reserve, set apart. ~i kolekton al muzeo (lokon por io). 1 doom, fate, fix the -y of. ~iĝo morti (al morto), doomed to death. La sorto ~is, ke, fate has determined. ~o, ~(it)aĵo, -ation, -y, appointed fate or place, intended purpose, lot, predetermined event (Le 6/18, 7/34). Antaŭ~i, ~~o, ~~ism, pre-ateation. ➞ asign, decid, determin, disport, fatal, rezerv, sort.

destrojer-o, (mil, mar) destroyer.

detal-o [UV] (ereto), 1 Detail, circumstance, item, particular, minutia. Droni en ~oj. Memori ĉiun ~on. ~a, -ed, circumstantial, close, full, precise. ~a analizo, inspekto, raporto. ~a rakonto, minute account, ~e, in d., item by item. Raporti, skribi ~e. ~i (-n), enumerate, go into (give) dd, relate in full. ~ado, enumeration, etc. ~a]o (bagatelo). ~ema, prolix. ~eto, trifling d. Priskribi sen~e, give a gen. impression, rough idea. ➞ bagatel, cirkonstanc, speci. 2 (com) -a (pomalgranda), Retail. ~komerco. Vendi (po)~e. ~isto, r-er.

detekt-i, Detect. 1 discover, find out fact, (presence, existce) of. 2 (ph, rad) ~ilo, -or, high frequency rectifier, ~ilo kristala, magneta, valva.

detektiv-o (detektisto), (police) detective. ~a romano.

determin-i (-n) [OA], Determin/e, ascertain precisely, decide, define, fix, limit in scope, resolve, settle (dispute, question, uncertainty). ~i distancon, kaŭzon de akcidento, motivon de ago, pozicion, punkton, signifon de vorto, specion de planto. ~o, -ation. ~a. -ant, -ing, deciding. ~anto, (mat) -ant. ~ismo, ~isto, -ism. -ist. Ne~ebla, in-able. ➞ decid, fiks.

detru-i (-n), [UV] Destr/oy, break up, demolish, pull down, overthrow, ruin, shatter (ij 12/14). ~i armeon, domon, esperon, peston, rikolton, sanon, vivon. ~(em)a, -uctive, deadly, subversive; merely negative (~a kritiko). ~o, (~it)aĵo, destruction (Jeh 36/36). ~emo, (huliganismo) vandalism. ~enda, that must be -ed. ~iĝi, perish. For~i, annihilate, efface, raze to the ground. Ne~ebla, indestructible. ➞ disbat, eksterm, dezertig, falig, neniig, pereig, ruinig.

deŭteri-o, deuterium, isotope of hydrogen.

deŭteron-o, deuteron.

deŭtzi-o, (bot) deutzia, oriental shrub.

dev-o [UV] (farendaĵo), Duty, Oblig/ation. Fari sian ~on, do one’s d. ~i, have the d. of -ing. Mi ~as iri, It is my d. (I am bound, o-ed), to go, I have (got) to go, I must go, it is incumbent on me to go. Necese ~as, needs must. Mi ~is iri, It was my d., I had (was bound, o-ed) to go. Mi ~os iri morgaŭ, I am (shall have) to go tomorrow. Mi ~us iri, se, I should have to go, if… . IT Li ne -as iri=it is not his d. to go, he is not o-ed (hasn’t got) to go, need not go (unless he wants to). Ili ne ~is (didn’t have to) (3 FA/11). Li~as ne Iri = it is his d. not to go (he must not go). Mi ~is ne dormi, I had to keep awake, Ni faris tion, kion ni ~is ne fari (➞ Jona 4/11). II Z. and early writings often ignore this distinction. II Devus is used also (without a following se) for ought, should. Vi ~us iri, you ought to (should) go. ~igi, [UV] ~ligi (fun iri), compel, constrain, force, necessitate. Prem~igi (Trud~igi), exert pressure on, coerce. ~igu ŝin (make her) manĝi. Sin ~(ont)igi, bind one’s, engage. ~igo, coercion, compulsion, force, pressure, etc. ~iga, 1 o-atory, compulsory. ~iga formalaĵo. 2 essential, indispensable. ~iga fako. -libera, free of dd. El~igi (ion de iu), extort, wrest. Kontraŭ~a, contrary to d., disloyal, undutiful. Laŭ~a, as in d. bound, due, loyal. Ne~iga, facultative, optnl. Preter~a, supererogatory. ➞ deĵor, end, neces, nepr, ofic, task, it.

devalut-i, devaluate, cheapen (currency). ~o, devaluation.

devi-i (etim. devojiĝi), Deviat/e, digress, diverge, swerve, turn aside (from normal). de celo, principo, vojo, vorto. ~o, deviation, deflection, declination, divergence, variation. ~o de kompasa montrilo, Angula ~o, angle of -ion. ~o probabla, venta. ~igi, deflect, divert, turn aside. ➞ aberaci, deklin, driv, ekart.

deviz-o, [UV] device, emblematic, heraldic design, motto. ➞ emblem, mot.

devoni-o, (geol) (~a periodo), devonian.

dezert-o, [UV] Desert, waste, wilderness; barren, tree- and water-less place. Prediki en ~o, speak to the wind, talk to deaf ears. ~a, barren, desolate, uncultivated, unfrequented, uninhabited, unoccupied (Ge 1/2). ~ano, ~ulo, d-dweller. ➞ ermit. ~eco, desolation (Mt 24/15). ~igi, devastate, lay waste, ravage (Le 26/32). ~iĝi (Ps 69/25). ➞ ĥaos, kaos, senhom, senviv, solec, sovaĝej, step.

dezir-i (-n, -i, ke -u), [UV] Desire, want, wish (for) (to). Mi ~as dormon (dormi), manĝon (manĝi). Kion vi ~as? What do you want? What word you like? What can I do for (show) you? Mi ~as al vi feliĉon (ke vi estu feliĉa), I wish you happiness, want you to be happy. ~o, wish, etc. Bon~oj, good wishes, respects. Kama ~o, concupiscence, sexual appetite. ~egi, crave, hanker after, long (yearn) for. ➞ ard, sopir. ~ema, -ous, anxious, eager. ~igi, make one long for. ~inda, -able (Ge 3/6). ~inda celo. Laŭ~e. to one’s liking. Mal~i, disdain, reject with scorn. ➞ ambici, aspir, soif, vol.

di- (ch pfx), di-, denotes compounds connecting two atoms of an element in one substance, e.g., diklorido, dioksido, disulfido. ➞ bi-.

di-o, [UV] God, a god. ~o vin benu, G. bless you. ~o volu! May G. grant! Se ~o volos, G. willing, please G. Hejmaj ~oj, household gg. ~a. divine. La ~a regn- (yol-)o. Erari estas home, pardoni ~e. ~aĵo, ~eco, deity, divinity. ~igi (apoteozi), apotheosize, deify, f idolize, make a little g. of. ~ino, -dess. ~ismo, deism. ~isto, deist. ~favoro, grace, divine favour. ~servo, divine service, public worship (➞ kult). ~otima, -fearing. Sen~a, atheistic, godless.

diabet-o, [OA] Diabet/es. ~a (~ulo), -ic.

diabl-o, [UV] devil. ~a, -ish, diabolic, fiendish, infernal, satanic. ~aĵo, -ry. ~eto, imp. ~ino, she-d. f shrew, virago, vixen. ➞ furi, meger. diabol-o, (gm) diabolo.

diadem-o, [OA] diadem, crown, plain or jewelled fillet (headband), denotes distinction or glory. ➞ tiar.

diafan-a [OA] (lumtralasa, sed ne necese travidebla), diaphanous, semi-transparent, translucent. ~a materialo, ondo, vazo, Mal~a, opaque.

diafragm-o, [OA] diaphragm (wide sense). 1 (anat) midriff. 2 (bot) (zoo) (tech) (disigilo), thin lamina or plate, partition. 3 (opt) (phot) stop (opaque disc with circular hole). ~o irisa. ~i (stop down) lenson. ➞ pari, vand.

diagnoz-i (-n) [OA], Diagnos/e. 1 determine from symptoms the nature of disease.

opposite prognoz. 2 (bot. zool), formally describe (plant, etc.) ~o, -is. ~a scienco, -tics.

diagonal-o, [OA] ~a, diagonal, (typ) shilling-stroke (/).

diagram-o, Diagram, illustrative linear figure (representation, sketch), (rad) ~o cirkvita, kalibra, konekta. ~a, -matic.

diakon-o, [OA] Deacon (wide sense). ~a, diaconal. ~(ad)o, ~(ar)o, diaconate, ~eco, -ship. ~ino, -ess. Ĉef~o, arch-d.

diakrit-a, diacritical, distinguishing, distinctive, ~o (~a signo), sign added to letter (accent, cedilla, circumflex, etc.).

dialekt-o, [OA] Dialect, patois, special form of speech, subordinate variety of language peculiar to district, class, or person. ~a, -al, ~ologio. ➞ idiom, ĵargon, slang.

dialektik-o, [OA] dialect/ics, critical examination, investigation by discussion into truth of opinion. ~isto, -ician.

dializ-i (-n), (chem) Dialys/e, separate by diffu sion through a parchment membrane. ~o (osmoza disiĝo). -is. ~ilo, -er.

dialog-o, [OA] dialogue, colloquy. 1 talk between two or more persons. ➞ monolog. 2 (lit) work in conversationl form.

diamant-o, [UV] diamond. ~a ringo (with dd). (typ) d., pt. ~eca, sparkling. ~a rosguto. ➞ briliant, karo, lozanĝ, romb.

diametr-o, [OA] Diamet/er, straight line through centre. Interna ~o, bore (➞ kalibr). ~a, -rical. ➞ radius.

diant-o, [OA] Pink (Dianthus). Barba ~o, sweet William. Kariofil~o, clove-p., carnation. (D. caryophillus). ~(kolor)a, P-

diapazon-o, [OA] diapason. Best reserved for the meaning (org) diapason (= fundamento) tone. For its many other meanings in various langs, use akord, ampleks, harmoni, okt(av), piĉnorm, skal, tonfork, as the case may be.

diapozitiv-o, lantern slide, transparency (positive photo).

diare-o, (med) diarrhoea > laks.

diastaz-o, (chem) diastase, enzyme converting starch to sugar. ➞ enzim.

diastol-o, diastole, dilation of heart or artery. Opp sistol.

diatom-o, (bot) diatom (Diatoma).

diaton-a (laŭgamsigna), (mus) diatonic. ~a akord-(interval-skal-)o. Opp kromat.

diatrib-o, diatribe, abusive tirade, bitter criticism (denunciation, invective).

diboĉ-i, (nt), [UV] give one’s up to (indulge in) excess, be licentious (dissolute), go to the dogs, sow wild oats. ~(em)a, dissipated, dissolute, profligate. ~o, sensual indulgce. ~eto, spree. ~igi (-n), debauch, corrupt, deprave, lead astray, pervert. ~ulo, libertine, rake, roue. ~ulino, wanton. Per~(Tra~)i, spend in riotous livg, squander. ➞ fordrink, malŝpar). Mal~i, ➞ asket.

did-o, dodo (extinct bird) (Didus ineptus).

didaktik-a [OA] (instrua), meant to instruct. ~e, didactically, as a teacher. ~ema, too much inclined to lay down the law. Aŭto~a = sininstrua. ➞ pedagogi.

didelf-o (zoo), [UV] opossum (Didelphus). ➞ oposum.

dielektr-a, (ph) dielectric, insulating, non- conducting. ~o, ~a substanco.

dieres-o (dusilabigo), diaeresis. 1 separation between two vowels. 2 (~a signo, tremao). ➞ aferez, diftong.

dies-o (wo), (mus) Sharp. Du~o (isiso), double s. ~igi (isigi), -en.

diet-o, [OA] 1 Diet, habitual fare (food). 2 -ary, regimen. ~o frukta, miksita, vegetara. ~a, -etic. ~a regularo. ~i, be on a d. ~ado, -ing. ~isto, -ician. ~oscienco, -etics. 3 (in some countries) parliament.

difekt-i (-n), [UV] damage, blight, hurt, impair, injure, spoil. ~i brakon, Qam, honoron, manĝon, objekton, sanon. Unu ovo malbona tutan manĝon ~as. ~(et)o, blemish, failing, fault, flaw, imperfecta, shortcoming, weak spot (Ne 6/1). En ĉiu objekto troviĝas ~o. (el) ~o terkonekta, earth fault, ~aĵo, throw-out. ~ebla, fragile, vulnerable. ~iĝi (nt), deteriorate, spoil, suffer d. ~iĝema, perishable. ~(it)a, addled, chipped, damaged, spoiled, tainted, defective, faulty, unsound. Ne~ita, Sen~a, flawless, intact, inviolate, safe and sound, unaffected (unhurt, uninjured), whole. Bat~i, batter. Skrap~o, abrasion. ➞ damaĝ, kriplig, malutil, romp, vund; malper- fektaĵ, mank. [Ne= domaĝ].

diferenc-i (nt) (de, inter, je, per) [UV] (malsami), Differ, be -ent (distinguishable from). ~i inter si, be -ent from one another. ~a, -ent, not the same, unlike, ~a de = alia ol, malsama ol. ~o, difference, contrast, disagreement, discrepancy, diversity, unlikeness (Ge 1/18). ➞ distanc, kontrast. ~o inter A kaj B. ~o de gusto. Tio faras ~on. Ne ~as, it makes no odds, (rad) ~o potencialo, tensia. ~igi (fari ~on), -iate, discriminate, distinguish, keep apart. ➞ disting, malkonfuz. ~igilo, distinguishing mark. Sen~a, without exception. ~otono (subtono), (ac) difference tone.

diferencial-o, (wide sense), (mat) (mec) (ph), differential. ~a kalkulo, tabelo.

difin-i (-n), [UV] Defin/e, settle limits of, give exact meaning, make clear (early writings also = determini, destini). ~i celon, salajron, sencon. ~a, -ing. ~ita, -ed, -ite, fixed, precise, set, with exact limits, not vague. ~ita cello, formo, konturo, signifo. Sen kialo ~ita, for no particular reason. ~(aĵ)o, -ition. ~eco, degree of distinctness, (gram) Ne~a, Sen~a, in-ite (article, pronoun, etc.). Ne~ebla, in-able. Ne~ita, un-ed, unsettled, vague. ➞ definitiv, fiks, precizig.

difrakt-i (-n), (opt) Diffract, deflect and break up (as with light passed through a slit). ~o -ion. ~a krado, -ion grating. ➞ dispers, interfer.

difterito, [OA] diphteria. ~a sufoko.

diftong-o [OA] (vokalglito), Diphthong, two vowels glided into one syllable (aj, ej, oj, uj; aŭ, eŭ, oŭ). ~i, -ize.

difuz-i (-n) (malkoncentri), Diffus/e, shed abroad, spread widely. ~i lumon, varmon. ~ita, -ed, not localized, ~ita lumo, radiado, reflekto, sono, stimulo. ~o, -ion, scattering. ~o gasa, luma, radia. ~igi, run (of dye in washing). ~ilo, -or. ➞ dializ, osmoz.

dig-o [UV] (remparo kontraŭakva), breakwater, dam, dyke, embankment, jetty, mole, sea-wall, weir, f (defenda barilo), barrier, bulwark, defence. ~o de prudento. ~i dam, confine, embank, shut in. ~i akvon, riveron. (Ij 12/15). f ~i koleron. ➞ bar, brid, haltig. (Ne~~fos.\

digest-i (-n), [UV] Digest. 1 prepare food for assimilation. 2 (tech) soften and prepare by heat, etc. f absorb mentally, take in, think over. ~i ideon, libron. ~a, -ive, ~o, -ion. ~ebla, -ible. Ofendo malfacile ~ebla, difficult to stomach (swallow). ~aĵo, -ive, stomachic, peptic. Mis~o, in-ion. ➞ dispepsi.

digital-o, (bot) foxglove (Digitalis), from which ~ino, digitalin.

dign-o [OA] (Ge 49/3), Digni/ty, high (honourable) position, worth. ~(oplen)a, -fled, elevated, stately, ~a parolmaniero, sinteno. Fari ~oplenan eniron, sail into the room. ~igi, -ify. ~ulo, -itary, someone -fled, (col) big-wig. Ne~a, Sen~a, infra dig., un-ified. ➞ grandsinjor, indkonsci, majest, sinrespekt.

digram-o, digraph, two letters for one sound, e.g., sh = ŝ, ea in head.

dik-a [UV]. 1 Thick: ~a fingro, libro, papero, trance, volumo. 2 (person) (vastkorpa). corpulent, fat, stout. 3 (mus) ~a registro (t. register) de la voto. 4 (obtuza): indistinct, muffled. ~a voĉo. 5 (firm-konsista); ~a pasto, supo. 6 crowded, closely set: ~a arbaro. heĝo. ~(ec)o, -ness. ~e ŝmiri, tranĉi. ~e muelita, coarse-ground. ~e presita, in bold (clarendon) type. Arboj kreskas (neĝo falas) ~e. ~aĉa, bloated. ~aĵo, chunk, etc. ~eta, plump. ~igi (phot) intensify. ~iĝo (Re 32/15). ~ulo, fat man. ~malalta, dumpy, squat, stocky. Mal~a, thin, lean, meagre, slender, slim, tenuous; weak (fluido). ➞ diluit. ~~e muelita, fine ground. ~~ega, fine (hard), thin (lato). ➞ dens, gras, larĝ, ŝvel.

dikrur-o (technical language) = drongo (ordinary language).

dikt-i (-n, abs) [UV]. Dictat/e. 1 (to writer): ~i leteron, 2 (or done altrudi): enjoin, give (impose, prescribe) orders, lay down (the law). ~i kondiĉon, konduton, prezon, regulon. 3 (instigi): suggest, tell. Faru, kion ~as al vi la koro (what your heart tells you). ~(ad)o, d., -ion, authtive direction (of conscience, reason, etc.). Skribi laŭ (sub) ~o, ~aĵo (early writings ~ato), -ion, matter -ed. ~ilo = 1 ~afono, -aphone. 2 ~ografo, -ograph.

diktamn-o, ditanny (Dictamnus Creticus). Blanka ~o (D. alba) is the "burning bush" of the garden.

diktator-o, [OA] Dictator, absolute ruler, f person with absolute authty. be master of, domineer, govern absolutely, hector, lord it over. ~ado, ~eco, -ship. ~(em)a, d-ial, domineering, imperious, masterful, overbearg, peremptory. ~a tono. ➞ arbitr, aŭtokrat, despot, tiran.

dil-o, deal, plank. Vd lign.

dilat-i (-n) (pli-larĝ-vast-igi), Dilat/e, (ph) distend, enlarge, expand, extend, stretch, widen. ~i amplekson, aperturon, koron, stomakon, okulon. ~a muskolo, -or. ~(iĝ)o, -ation, elongation, expansion. ~ebla, -able. ~iĝi (nt), d., expand, swell. La poroj, pupiloj ~iĝis. Mal~(iĝ)i, contract, shrink. ➞ duktil, elast, etend, varik.

dilem-o, [OA] dilemma, choice between two alternatvs (evils), f (embaraso) "inter martelo kaj amboso", difficulty, fix, quandary, straits. En~igi, drive into a corner, put into a fix.

dileni-o, dilenia, tropical Asian tree (Dilenia).

dilet-i (nt), dabble, toy with as a hobby. ~a, amateurish, not thorough, trifig. ~anto, [OA] dabbler, dilettante, smatterer. ~(ant)eco, ~(ant)ismo, amateurism. ➞ amator, hobi.

diligent-a, [UV] Diligen/t, assiduous, hard-working, industrious, painstaking, sedulous, steady in application. ~a atento, laboro, lernanto, mano. ~i, be d. ~o, -ce, application, industry, persistent effort. ~ulo (Se 10/4). Mal~a, inactive, indolent, inert, lax, lazy, slothful. ~~i, idle, laze. ~~ulo, lazy-bones, sluggard. ➞ agem, atent, fervor, inert.

diliĝenc-o (hist) diligence, public stagecoach.

dilu-i (-n) Dilu/te, reduce strength of, thin, weaken (fluid by adding water), f water down, diminish brilliance, etc. ~i doktrinon, fervoron, koloron. ~ita, -ted, weak. ~(aĵ)o, -tion. ~ilo, -ent.

diluv-o [OA] (inundego), deluge, great flood (Ge 6/17). f Pluvi ~e. ~a, diluvia. Antaŭ~a, antediluvian, f old-fashioned.

diluvi-o, (geol) diluvium. ~a, diluvial.

dimanĉ-o, [UV] Sunday, the Lord’s day. Palma ~o. ~a, ~e, on S. Observi la ~on. ~aj vestoj, S-best. Ĉiu~a, ~e, every S. ➞ sabat.

dimensi-o, [OA] Dimension, measurable extent, size (area, breadth, length, thickness, volume). La tri ~oj, La kvara ~o. Tri~a, three-al. ➞ grad, grand, mezur. Rim.: Vd la libron Platlando en la BEA Biblioteko.

diminuend-o, ~a, ~e, (mus) diminuendo.

diminutiv-o (etiga vorto), (gram) diminutive, e.g., et.

din-o (fortunuo), (ph) dyne, unit of force. Mega~o.

dinam-o, dynamo.

dinamik-o, [OA] -ics. Aero~iko, astro~iko, elektro~iko, hidro~iko. ~ika, -ic. ~ismo, -ism. f vitality.

dinamit-o, [OA] ~i, dinamite. ➞ nitroglicerin.

dinamometr-o, [OA] dinamometer.

dinasti-o, [OA] dynasty, line of hereditary rulers. ➞ dom, famili.

ding-o, dingo, Australian wild dog (Canis dingo).

dinosaŭr-o, (pal) dinosaur.

dinoterio, dinothere.

diocez-o (episkopa distrikto), Dioces/e. ~a, -an. ~ano, ~estro, -an. ➞ eparĥi.

diod-o (duelektroda valvo), (rad) diode.

diodont-o, globe-(porcupine-) fish, prickly glove, sea-hedgehog. (Diodon).

dione-o, (bot) catch-fly, Venus’ flytrap (filonaea).

dioptr-o, (opt) diopter.

dioram-o, diorama, peep-show. ➞ panoram.

diorit-o, (min) diorite.

dioskore-o, yam (Dioscorea). ➞ batat, ignam.

diospir-o, persimmon pear (Diospyrus virginiana).

diot-o, cotton weed (Diotis).

dipleks-a (dusenda samdirekte), (tel) diplex.

diplom-o, [OA] diploma, certificate conferring honour, licence, privilege. ~o doktora, profesora. ~o pri nobeleco, patent of nobility. (iun), grant a diploma to. ~ita instruisto, certificated teacher. ~ito, qualified person. ➞ atest, brevet, cart, patent.

diplomat-o [F], diplomat(ist), adroit negotiator. ~a, -ic, adroit, non-commital. ~a ago, karaktero, parolo, procedo, respondo, servo. ~eco. ~io [F], (pol) diplomacy. management by negotiation. f adroitness, discretion.

diplotaks-o, (bot) sand-rocket, wall-rocket (Diplotaxis). ~o mura, stinkweed.

dipod-o (a. ĝerboso), > jerboa (Dipus, Jaeulus), jumping-mouse Zapus).

dipsak-o, Teazel (Dipsaeus). Ful~o, fuller’s t. (D. sativus).

dipsomani-o, dipsomania, craving for alkohol. ~ulo, ~a, dipsomaniac.

dipter-oj, diptera (= flies, gnats, midges).

diptik-o (bildo, skribo, dupanela), diptych. ➞ triptik.

dir-i (-n, ke), [UV] Say, assert, remark, speak, state. Ni ~u, ke, Let us s. that.... ~u al mi, cu, Tell me. Oni ~as, it is said. Kiel oni ~as, as the phrase goes, so to speak. Kion oni ~os? What will people s.? Tio ~as (conveys) nenion al mi. ~i, ke jes (ne), affirm (deny). ~i sian penson, (one’s mind). Lasu al mi ~i vorton (get a word in). Mi forgesis ~i (mention), ke. Kiel tion ~i? How can I put it? Ne bezone ~i, it goes without s -ing. Se tiel ~i, as it were. ~ante tion, with these words. ~o, s-ing, remark, statemnt, utterance. Laŭ via ~o, according to you. ~aĵo, dictum, s-ing. ~enda, that must be said. ~maniero, expression, turn of speech. Al~i, Krom~i, s. further, add. Antaŭ~i, foretell, predict, prophesy (➞ anonc, aŭgur, profet, prognoz). El~i, declare, express, pronounce (➞ deklar, formul, vortig). Kontraŭ~i (oponi), contr-adict, -overt, gain-s, oppose. Ne~~ebla, in-contest (-disput)able, un-deni(-question)able. Sin ~~a, self-contradictory. Laŭ~a, alleged, ostensible, so-called, pretended. Mal~i, disavow, recant, take back, un-s., withdraw. Ne~ebla, ineffable, un-speak (-utter)able. Pri~i, speak of. Nepri~ebla, indescribable. Re~i (ripeti), s. again, repeat. Sub~i, s. covertly, whisper. Duon~ (Kvazaŭ~)i, imply, insinuate, suggest, throw out hints. Ĝusta~e, to be accurate. Oni~o, hear-s., report, rumour (➞ klaĉ, Oni~e (laŭ~e), the story goes, the report is afloat, it is rumoured. Popol~o, popular -ing, saw. Supre~ita, above-mentioned, Trans~i, convey, pass on, transmit (novaĵon, ordonon). Ver~e, to tell the truth, truth to s., in truth. ➞ asert, esprim, parol, rakont, rimarkig, sciig.

direkt-i (-n, al, kontraŭ), [UV] Direct. 1 Turn (a make go) towards: ~i atenton, iron, parolon, rigardon, okulojn. ~i la paŝojn, bend one’s steps. Sin ~i al, head (make) for, wend one’s way to. 2 Administer, control, manage, run, superintend (➞ estr, reg): ~i firmon, laboron. Homo projektas, Dio ~as. Conduct (orkestron), edit (ĵurnalon). 3 (al~i, celigi), address, aim, level; ~i akuzon, demandon, peton, sarkasmon; bring to bear, point, train. ~i pafilon, teleskopon. 4 Drive, guide, lead, steer (a. stiri): ~i aŭton, diskuton, ŝipon, venton (El 10/13) ~o, [UV] direction, bearing, course, guiding line. ~o horizontala, vertikala. Doni ~on al la vivo. Ŝanĝi la ~on, alter one’s course. En (Laŭ, Sur) la ~o al (~e al), towards, (mar) ~o kompasa, magneta, vera. ~a, directing, guiding, ruling, directorial [Ne= rekta]. ~a anteno, (av) -ional aerial. ~a magneto, control magnet. ~a pedalo (av) rudder pedal. ~a (rudra) stango, driving rod, helm, tiller. ~ado, conduct, control, guidance, management etc. Labori sub ies ~ado. ~ebla (balono), dirigible, f docile, tractable. (Kompasa) ~i ĝo, orientation. ~ilo [UV] (stirilo), handlebar, helm, rudder (rudro). ~ila rado, steering wheel. ~ilisto, helmsman. ~iloj, reins. ~isto (~oro [OA]), -or, conductor, editor, governor, head, leader, manager, principal, superintendent (➞ estr). ~~aro, -orate, administrative staff, board, management. ~alo, (av) tail fin. ~montrilo (~otrovilo), -ion finder. ~osendilo, radio beacon. For~i, turn aside. Sen~a (Ne~ebla), adrift, without -ion. Unu~a (one-way) trafiko. ➞ gvid, konduk, orient, stir, turn, veturig.

direktiv-o, directive, guiding principle, statement of policy. ~oj, broad lines (de konduto, politiko).

dis- [UV] (malkune), (pfx) denotes 1 (apartigo): Separ/ation, breaking into parts (pieces), (aparteco): separateness, divergence. ~bati, ~fali, ~fendi, ~frakasi, ~haki, ~pecigi, ~premi, ~rompi, ~ŝiri, ~tranĉi. 2 Dispersal: = ĉie(n), ĉiuflanke(n), diversloke(n), diversdirekte(n): about, in all directions; here, there, and everywhere; N, S, E, and W. ~babili, ~blovi, ~doni, ~aŭdigi, ~konigi, ~kreski, ~kuri, ~peli, ~perdi, ~porti, ~semi, ~sendi. ~a, separate, apart, loose, not united, scattered (➞ sporad). ~aj dometoj, straggling cottages. ~e, separately, here and there, scattered about (➞ de-, for-). ~en! Dismiss! Disperse! ~igi, [UV] separate, disjoin, part, sunder, open (kurtenojn). Ne~igebla, inseparable, indivisible. ~igilo, separator. ~iĝo, separation, division, parting, schism, split ~iĝi de, part company with. [Ne= mal-. Say Malaranĝi, not disaranĝi, elrevigi, senrevigi, seniluziigi, not disrevigi. Disvolvi (= malvolvi) is, however, an established idiom.] Rim.: Disde (occasional variant of de) should be used, if at all, only to avoid ambiguity. Distingi A disde B (better: inter A kaj B. ➞ Ge 1/4).

disciplin-o, [OA] discipline, rules for conduct. ~o eklezia, intelekta, lerneja, milita, rigora. ~a, disciplinary. bring under control, train to obedience. ~i impulsojn, lernantojn. ~ita, accustomed to discipline, well-trained. ~ebla, tractable. ~isto, -arian. Sen~a, un-ed, insubordinate, out of control, raw. Sen~igi, demoralize (El 32/25). ➞ brid, eduk, ord.

disĉipl-(in)-o, [OA] disciple, adherent, follower (Mai 2/12, Mt 10/1). ➞ an, lernant, sekvant.

disenteri-o, [OA] dysentery.

disert-i, (nt, pri), dissertate, expatiate, treat a subject at length. ~(aĵ)o, dissertation, discourse, disquisition, thesis. Doktora ~aĵo. ➞ referat, tez, traktaĵ.

disip-i, dissipate. 1 (forblovi): bring to nothing, dispel. ~i iluzion, mallumon, nebulon, nubon, vaporon. 2 (malŝpari): fritter away, squander. ~i atenton, energion, forton, havon, monon. ~aĵo, dissipation, frivolous amusement. ➞ dispers.

disk-o, [OA] Disc. 1 (rondo), round flat object. ~o luna, suna. Numera ~o (telefono); face (horloĝa); piece (drs); record (gramofona). Akriga ~o, grindstone. Puŝ~o (gm) shove-halfpenny. Salt~oj (gm) tiddly-winks. Signal~o, (ry) signal disc. ~i, (tel) dial. ~eto, ring, washer, etc. Glu~eto (oblato), wafer. ~ludo, quoits.

diskoteko, 1 library of gramophone records. 2 (dancejo).

diskomicet-oj, (diskofungoj), cup fungi (Discomycetes).

diskont-o, [UV] (com) Discount, rebate, deduction, e.g., for early payment. 2 ½ % de ~o. ~i kambion, d. a bill, f allow for exaggerate, take with a grain of salt. ~ebla. ~isto, -er, d-broker. ~procento, rate of d., bank rate.

diskret-a, [OA] Discre/et, cautious, circumspect, guarded, judicious, prudent, sane, tactful, unobtrusive. ~a konduto, letero, parolo, silento. Agi ~e. ~(ec)o, -tion, caution, circumspection, judgment, prudence, reserve, ~ulo. Mal~a, in-d., rash, thoughtless, unguarded. ➞ malmoder, senkonsider, sentakt. ~~aĵo, ~~eco, in-tion. Tro~a, reticent. ➞ nesintrud, silentem, sindeten, taktoplen.

diskrimin-i (diferencigi, fari distingon) (inter, kontraŭ), Discrimin/ate, make a distinction between, distinguish (us. unfavourably). Socia ~ado, -ation.

diskriminanto, (mat) discriminant.

diskut-i (-n, pri) [OA], Discuss, debate, examine by argument, deliberate on, take point by point, talk over. ~i demandon, proponon, situacion. ~o, -ion, controversy. ~aĉi, wrangle. Senfina ~ado. ~ebla, controversial, debat-(question-) able. ~ebla demando, open question. Ne~ebla, beyond dispute. ~ema, argumentative. ~inda, worth -ion. ~igi, raise the question. ➞ argument, debat, disput, polemik.

disonanc-o, disson/ance, discord, (ac) the disagreeable effect of beats. ~a, -ant, harsh-toned, incongruous. ~i, -ate, jar. ➞ mal-akord(-bonson-harmoni). Opp konsonanc.

dispens-i, Dispens/e, give out, (pharm) make a prescription. ~i medikamentojn- ~ejo (hospitala apoteko), -ary. ~isto, -er. ➞ disdon, distribu.

dispepsi-o, [OA] dyspep/sia, indigestion, ~a ~ulo, -tic.

dispers-i (-rt), 1 Dispers/e, send in different directions, dispel, scatter, (opt) spread beam into spectrum, f ~i armeon, homamason. ~o, -al, disseminata. ~a angulo. ~iĝi, disperse. ~iva, -ive. ➞ difuz, kromat, osmoz, spektr.

dispne-o, (med) (malfacila spirado), dispnaea.

dispon-i, [UV] 1 have available (at one’s Dispos/al) (command): ~i armeon, lokon, monon, seĝon, tempon. Se muso nur unu truon ~as (P). 2 (fari ~on pri), dispose of, decide, determine (course of events), settle: Homo proponas, Dio ~as. ~i (ke), arrange. ~i pri vivo kaj morto. ~u pri mi, I am at your service. ~u helpon al Jakob (Ps 44/4). ➞ aranĝ, determin, direkt). ~o, -al, -ition, arrangement, assignment, management, control. Je (sub) via ~o, at your service, yours to command. Meti sub ~on de (at the -al of) (2 Sa 18/2). Fari ~ojn, make arrangements. ~ebla, at -al, available, disengaged, unoccupied, vacant. ~igi al, place at the -al of. ~ita al, reserved for. Sin~o, self- determination.

disprozi-o, (chem) Dysprosium (Dy).

disput-i, [UV] Disput/e. 1 (pri) (akre diskuti), argue, contend, wrangle. 2 (-n) (kontesti), call in question, challenge. ~o, -ation, controversy, difference of opinion, heated contention, ~aĉi (kun, pri) bandy words, have altercation, quarrel, squabble. ~anto, -ant. (Pri)~ebla, contentious, debatable, in dispute. Ne~ebla, in-able, unquestionable. Ne~ebla aŭtoritato. ~eti, bicker. ~ema, contentious, quarrelsome. Stulte inter~i. Ne~ita, unquestioned. Sen~e, with common consent. ➞ diskut, konflikt, kontest, malpac, polemik.

dist(anc)-o, [OA] Distan/ce (of space or time), interval, range, remoteness. ~o de A ĝis B, inter A kaj B. Je kioma ~o? How far off? Je dekmejla, granda, kelka, longa ~o. Je mallonga ~o, within easy reach, konservi sian ~on, teni je ~o. Kur~on de sep tagoj (Ge 31/23). Eksploda ~o, spark gap. Fokusa ~o, focal length. Meza ~o, middle d. ~a (fora, malproksima), -t, far away. ~a komando, remote control, f aloof, cool, reserved, stand-off. ~e, at a distance, from afar. (esti ~a, havi ~on), Kiom ~as (How far is) A de B? Preter~i, out-d. out-pace, out-run. Egal~a, equi-t. Long~a trafiko. ➞ forec, interspac, interval.

distik-o (versduo), (pros) distich, couplet.

distil-i (-n), [UV] Distil. 1 condense liquid. ~ita akvo. 2 extract essence (of plant, etc.). parfumon el rozoj, saĝon el parolo. 3 Make by -lation. ~i brandon. ~(ad)o, -lation. ~aĵo, -late. ~ejo, -lery. ~iĝi, drop by condensation. ~ilo, ~aparato (alambiko), still. ~isto, -ler. ➞ rafin.

disting-i, [UV] Distin/guish. 1 (kontrastigi, malkonfuzi) differentiate, note the difference between, separate: (Jona 4/11): ~i inter A kaj B; ~i A de B. ~i kolorojn, voĉojn; ~i veron de malvero; recognize: ~i la sonon de hobojo. 2 (trakti malsame) make a distinction, differentiate, discriminate, draw a line: Morto ne ~as: ĉiujn egale atingas. ~i la teron de Goŝen (El 8/22). Ne ~u vizaĝojn ĉe la juĝo. 3 (klare percepti) discern, make out, perceive: Ne povi ~i detalojn, vizaĝojn en nebulo. 4 (karakterizi) characterize, make prominent, mark, single out: Lia ĉapo, staturo lin ~as. ~o, distinction, etc. ~a, -ing. ~a flago. ~aĵo (mark of) -ction, characteristic. ~iĝi (per), be -ed, conspicuous (➞ bril, elstar, kon- trasi). Akre ~iĝanta ĉe, sharply standing out against. ~(ig)a, -ctive, outstanding. ~ebla, perceptible. ~ilo, -ing sign (➞ rekonilo). ~inda (Alt 5/10). ~lta, -ed, eminent, famous, remarkable. ~ita homo, kvalito, merito, servo. ~ito, eminent man, person of -ction. Mal~i, confound, confuse, mix up. Sen~e, pell-mell, promiscuously.

distord-i (-n), (opt, rad), Distort, put out of shape. ~o, -ion, de bild-(ond-son-)o, elektr-(magnet-)a kampo. f misrepresent. ➞ tord.

distr-i (-n) [OA], Distract, divert. 1 (deturni la atenton, penson). Draw away, divide, interrupt, take one’s mind off from. ➞ malabsorb, malatentig, malkoncentr. Tiu brueto min ~as. 2 amuse. ➞ amuz, malenuig, malstreĉ). ~a. -ing. ~o, ~aĵo, ~ilo, -ion, change, diversion, recreation, relief. ~iĝi (sin ~i), be -ed, amuse one’s, let one’s mind wander, pass the time, relax. ~iĝo, inadvertence, inattention. ~iĝema, ~ita, absent-minded, distrait, inattentive, listless, woolgatherg, vacant, wandering.

distribu-i (-n), Distribut/e, deal, give (portion, share) out, dispense, issue (Ne 13/13). ~i monon, kartojn, rolojn; deliver (leterojn, varojn, (typ) d. type, (log) ~ita termino, -ed term. ~(ad)o, -ion. ~a, -ive. La vorto "po" estas ~a prepozicio. (tel) ~a framo, reto, tabulo, -ion frame (network, board). ~a linio, -or main. ~ilo, -or. Akvo~ilo, water-works. ➞ disdon, dismet, dissend, porciig.

distrikt-o, [UV] District (us. administrative area), division, region, section, territory (Ce 215). Juĝa ~o, circuit, jurisdiction. ~a juĝejo, d. court. Duon~o (Ne 3/9). ➞ kvartal,provinc, region, sekci, subdepartement.

ditiramb-o, [OA] dithyramb; inflated vehement poem, speech, or writing. f extravagant eulogy.

diurez-o, (med) diuresis. ~a (uriniga, ~igaĵo), diuresistic.

ditisk-o, (great brown) diving beetle (Dytiscus). ~a larvo, water tiger.

diurn-o, day (24 hours). ~a, diurnal. 1 (plentaga, 24-hora). ~a movo, paralakso, variado. 2 (tagluma), of the day, daytime (opposite nocturnal). ~a birdo, insekto.

divan-o, [OA] divan. 1 oriental council. 2 (Turka kanapo), armless backless low cushioned seat against wall, ottoman.

diven-i (-n, el, ĉu, ke, kiel, kion) [UV]. 1 (make a) Guess, conjecture, estimate without measurement or calculate, hazard an opinion, surmise. (➞ hipotez, konjekt, supoz, suspeki). 2 guess right, hit on, make out, read, solve. Provi ~on (~i), have (hazard) a guess. ~i enigmon, kaŭzon, penson, sekreton. ➞ eltrov, solv, traf. 3 (sortodiveni), divine, make out by intuition, magic, etc.; foresee, predict, read, tell fortunes. ~i per kartoj, tefolioj, etc. ➞ aŭgur, rabd, signifoklarig. ~(em)a, sharpwitted, sympathetic. ~o, guess, conjecture, surmise, etc. ~e, at a guess. Astro~o, bird~o, karto~o, sonĝo~o, sorto~o, divination. Man~o, palmistry. ~igi, (helpi ~i) cause to guess, give a clue (hint), suggest. ~isto, diviner (Da 2/27).

diverĝ-i (disiĝi) (nt), (mat, opt), diverge, branch off, proceed in different directions, spread out (lines, rays), take different courses, f differ (of opinions, etc.), ➞ malakord. ~a, divergent, diverging, ~eco, divergence. ~iga lens-(spegul-)o. ➞ disir, dispers, fokus. Opp konverĝ.

divers-a(j),, [UV] various. 1 diverse, different, dissimilar, varying, -ed: Ŝtonoj de ~a grando. ~aj gradoj, opinioj, specoj. ➞ diferenc, malsam, vari. 2 divers, several, sundry: ~aj detaloj, eldonoj, lokoj, okazoj. ➞ kelkaj, pluraj. ~i (esti ~a). ~aĵo, variety, miscellany. ~aĵoj, odds and ends, sundries. ~eco, diversity, variety. ~igi, diversify, variegate, vary. ➞ Sang, variig. ~forma, ~speca, of various kinds, different sorts. ~kolora, variegated, of divers colours (many shades), motley. ➞ bunt. ~maniere, in various (sundry) ways.

divid-i (-n), [UV] divide. 1 Separate into pts, break up, come between, disunite, part, split up. f cause to disagree, set at variance: La homaro sin ~is ŝakale. ➞ apartig, disfend, disig, distranĉ. 2 (onigi): ~i 6 per 3. ~i en tri partojn (Re 19/3). 3 (~i kun aliaj, inter si): portion (share) out, distribute. heredaĵon. Ili ~as miajn vestojn inter si (Ps 22/18). ➞ disdon, distribu. ~a, divisive. ~o, division, distribute, sharing, partition. ~o de laboro, vorto. ~aĵo, division, section (➞ brant, fak, part, segment, sekci). ~anto, (mat) divisor. ~ato, numerator. ~ebla, divisible, separable. ~enda (➞ dividend). ~iĝi, divide, break up, split. ~ilo, diviser. (rad) vidaj~ilo, image dissector. Dis~i (Inter~i), cut up, dismember, partition. Dis~i la landon. Ne~ita, Sen~a, undivided, entire, one, whole (➞ blok, ĉiom, entjer). Sub~i, subdividd, classify. Akvo~ejo (Val~o), watershed. [Say Mi same pensas, Mi konsentas kun vi; not Mi dividas vian opinion].

dividend-o, (com) dividend, share (in profits etc.). ➞ tantiem.

divizi-o, [OA] (mil) division.

divorc-i = eksedz(in)igi, divorce. ~o, divorce. ~ito, -iĝinto, divorced person.

dizel-o, diesel engine.

dizert-i (-n), desert, run away from. ~i armeon, partion, postenon, servon, ŝipon. ~i (go over) al la malamiko. f (forlasi), abandon, forsake, quit. ~i edzinon, eklezion, laboron. ~o, desertion. ~into, deserter. ➞ forkur, transkur.

do (conj), [UV] 1 So (referring to preceding or implied statement (= a weak form of tial) (denotes conclusion, consequence (and) so, accordingly, consequently, hence, so it follows that, therefore: Mi pensas, ~ mi ekzistas, Mi ~ iris, so I went. 2 Then (of reasoning, not time), so. (a) (In that case): Do kion fari? So what was one to do? (b) (concession): Do prenu ĝin, Take it then. (c) (expostulate, surprise): Nu do! Well, then! ~ vi ne iros? Then (so) you won’t go? Kio do? What then? So what? (d) (insistence): Aŭskultu Listen then (I tell you). E.g., (resumption): thereupon. ~ li venis, kaj ... So (as I said) he came. 3 (as interjection): Do! So there! So that’s that! ➞ sekve, tial.

docent-o (subprofesoro) (university) lecturer, reader. be (speak as) a lecturer. ➞ lektor, preleg, katedr.

dog-o, [OA] mastiff.

dogan-o, [OA] Customs (institution). Trapasi (get through) la ~on. ~aĵo, ~pago, (limimposto), c-duty, toll. ~ejo, customhouse. ~isto, customhouse officer. ~libera, free of duty. ~tarifo, list of duties. ~unio, C-Union. ➞ akciz, deklar.

dogm-o [F], dogma, principle, tenet; article of faith, ~a, dogmatic, authtive, ~i (paroli ~e), dogmatize, lay down the law, make positive unsupported assertion. ~aro, (body of) doctrine, teachg; especially on the authy of the Church. ~ema, dictatorial, peremptory. ~emo, dogmatism. ~ismo, dogmatics, system of d. ~isto, ~ulo, dogmatist.

doĝ-o, doge.

dok-o, [OA] (mar) dock, ship-basin. 1 Flosanta ~o, floating dock. Ripara (Seka) ~o, dry (graving) dock. Tajda (Malseka) ~o, wet dock. 2 ~oj, dockyard, the docks. ~estro, dockmaster. ~(labor)isto, docker. ~mono, ~pago, dockage, dock dues. En~igi, ~iĝi, dock.

doksologi-o, doxology, traditional liturgical formula of praise to God.

doktor-o [F], doctor (title). 1 holder of highest university degree in any faculty. ~o de filozofio, de juro, de medicino, de teologio. 2 (ordinary language) = ~o medicina, kuracisto, physician. ~a doctoral, doctorial. ~ado, doctoring. ~eco, doctorate. ~edzino, doctor’s wife. ~ino, lady doctor. Honor~o, (de honoris causa).

doktrin-o [OA] (dogmaro) (pol, rel) doctrine; body of instruction, beliefs, teaching, tenets. Kristana ~o. ~a, doctrinal. ~ano, adherent of a doctrine. ~ema, doctrinaire, narrow minded, one sided, partial. ~ulo, doctrinaire, pedantic theorist.

dokument-o [F], document, written statement (diploma, testimonial, title, voucher, etc.). ~o geneologia, jura (Ne 7/64). La "Fundamento" estas historia ~o. ~i, document, prove or support by documents. Bone ~ita, posted, well-briefed. ~a, documentary. ~a filmo. ~ado, documentation. ~aĵo, documentary evidence. ~aro, archives, dossier, file, records. ➞ akt, arĥiv (arkiv), atest, aŭtent.

dolar-o, [OA] (num) dollar (wide sense).

dolĉ-a, [UV] sweet, (of taste): ~a gusto, pomo, teo. (of smell): fragrant, ~a odoro, parfumo. (of sound): pleasant. ~a kanto, parolo, sono, voĉo. Agreeable, charming, nice: ~a knabino, memoro, rideto, sonĝo, vojaĝo. Fresh: ~a akvo (El 15/25). Gentle, light: ~a movo, paŝo, vento. Meek, mild: ~a karaktero, naturo. Peaceful: ~a dormo. Subdued: ~a koloro, lumo. Tender: ~a verdo de folioj. ~e! Gently! Easy does it! ~aĉa, sickly. ~aĵo, sweet thing (➞ bombon, sukeraĵ). f Flustri ~aĵojn. ~eco, sweetness, suavity. ~ega (miela), honeyed, syrupy; delicious, delightful. ~eta, sweetish, ~igi, sweeten. f assuage, moderate, soften, tone down (➞ moderig). ~ul(in)o, sweetheart. ~amaro, bittersweet, woody nightshade (Solatium dolcamara). ~anima. sweettempered. Mal~a, bitter, cutting, harsh, sharp, sour, stale (➞ akr, amar). Mal~igi, embitter, mar, sour. ➞ agrabl, amind, bonodor, ĉarm, delikat, kares, miel, mild, plat, suker.

doldrum-o (ekvatora kalmo), doldrums (tropical zone between NE and SE trade winds), f depression, dumps.

dolmen-o (megalita tombo), dolmen. ➞ kromlek, menhir.

dolomit-o, (min) dolomite, pearl spar (double carbonate of Ca and Mg).

dolor-i, [UV] pain. 1 (abs) be painful (sore), ache, hurt, smart. Tio ~as, that hurts. La koro ~as, aches, is sorrowful (Se 14/13). Al mi ~as ĉi tie (mi sentas ~on), it aches, hurts me (I have a p.) here. 2 (-n), p., give p. to, distress, hurt. La vundo ~as min (al mi) (Ij 14/22, Jer 4/19, Se 23/35). Rim.: The simple form dolori is usual when the idea is subjective. But objectively dolorigi is more often used. Ĉu mi ~igis vin? Espero prokrastata ~igas la koron (Se 13/12). Kurante, mi ~igis la piedon. ~o, ache, hurt, pang, throe. Dent~o, intest~o, orel~o, kap~o, kor~o, tooth-ache, etc. Nerv~o, neuralgia. Lumb~o, lumbago. Ren~o, nephritis, f grief, sorrow, woe. Partopreni ies ~on, sympathize. En ~o vi naskados (Ge 3/16). ~(oplen)a, aching, sore, tender; sad. ~e, painfully. ~ego, agony, anguish. ~eto, slight (touch of) pain, smart. ~iga ulcero. ~ige (cruelly) frapi (Mi 6/13). ~iĝi, become painful. Ek~o, twinge. Sen~a, painless. Sen~igilo, analgesic, anodyne (➞ anestez). ➞ aflikt, agoni, angor, ĉagren, turment.

dom-o, [UV] House. 1 (building). ~o kampara, urba. Kokina ~o, hen-h. ~o luebla, h. to let. ~o el kartoj, card castle. La ~o de Dio (preĝejo). La Blanka Domo (U.S.A.). 2 (hejmo), home. En la ~o. Resti en~e. Rul~o, caravan. 3 (= anaro): family’ household. Mi kaj mia ~o servos al la Eternulo. La ~o de Jakob. Edzoligiĝi kun ~o de nobelo (➞ dinasti, famili, gent). 4 (com) firm. ~a, of a h., household. ~a ekonomio, servisto, domestic economy (servant). ~aj devoj, ŝuoj. Iri ~en, go h. ~aĉo, tumbledown h., hovel, ~aĉaro, slum, ~amulo, recluse, stay-at-home. ~ano, member of h-hold (Ge 34/19). ~anaro (Se 31/21). ~aro, hamlet (➞ vilaĝ). ~ego (➞ nubskrapul), mansion. ~estro, head of h, host, master. ~eto, cottage, maisonette. Ekster~a, out of doors, open-air. En~a, indoor. En~igi, h. Fi~o, h. of ill fame. ĉas~o, hunting-box. Flor~o, Plant~o, conservatory, greenhouse. Krom~o(j), annex, out-buildg(s). Lu~o, rented house. Pun~o, penitentiary. Somer~o, summer-h. staci~o, [UV] station (building). Ter~eto, mud hut. Urb~o, mansion-h, town hall. ➞ kaban, loĝej.

domaĝ-i (-n, -i), [UV] wish to keep intact (unspoiled, whole); fear (think it word be a pity, wish not) to damage (lose, spend, spoil) (see LR/22; BE 1940/187). 1 (ne voli elspezi): (be)grudge, withhold (from). Li ne aĉetis la libron, ĉar li ~is la monon, elspezon, koston. ~i bonon (Ps 84/11), groŝon (P), sagojn, Jer 50/14); ~ipreni el siaj ŝafoj (2 Sa 12/4). 2 husband, look after, make the most of, spare (kapitalon, sanon). ~i nenion por, go all out for, leave no stone unturned, not boggle Gib, stick) at, not shrink from. 3 (ne voli perdi aŭ difekti), be anxious about, concerned for, fear for (Jeĥ 36/21). Li ne eliris en la pluvo, ĉar li ~is sian veston. Li forkuris el la batalo, ĉar li ~is sian vivon. 4 (indulgi, kompati): have mercy on, pity, spare. ~i patron, popolon, Sirianon, (P), (2 Rĝ 5/20, 2 Kr 36/15). 5 regret the loss or death of (bedaŭri): (lin) mi ~as (H 109/11) [Ne= damage (damaĝi, difekti).] Dio ~is Nineven (therefore did not damage it) (Jon 4/10, 11). ~o, ~e, = (approximately) bedaŭrind~aĵo, ~e. Kia ~o! Kiel ~e! What a pity! (Estas) ~e, ~o, (ke, pri), It is a pity (I am sorry) (that) (about). Post ~o venas saĝo.

domen-o, [UV] Domino. 1 masquerade dress. 2 (gm) ~ludo, dd. ~a peco, d-brick.

domicil-o, (place of) permanent abode, dwelling-place, home residence, (jur) domicile. ~i (-n), establish in a place, (fin) ~i bilon, make payable at a place.

domin-i (-n) (superregi), Domin/ate, have command influence (position), lord it (over), f overlook, tower above (over). ~ado, -ation, ascendancy, sway. ~anta religio, sento, trajto, (pre)dominant, dominating, commanding, outstanding, prevailing, reigning, ruling. ~ema. domineering, imperious, masterful, overbearing.

dominant-o, (mus) dominant (gamkvinto). Sub~anto, [subdominant (gamkvarto).

domini-o, (pol) dominion.

Dominik-a Respublik-o DO.

Dominik-o DM.

don-i (-n, al), [UV] Give, bestow, confer. ~i helpon, konsilon, koron, libron, manon, nomon, punon, rekompencon. (Fari): ~i honoron, lecionon, ordon, prelegon, signon. Afford, furnish, offer, present, provide: fakton, ideon, krediton, lumon, materialon, profiton, pruvon. Bear, produce, yield: ~i frukton, rikolton. Communicate, impart: ~i febron, plezuron, varmon. Dedicate, devote (vivon). Express: ~i dankon, konsenton, laŭdon, opinion. Grant (intervjuon). Dio ~u, ke . . . Pass (la salon). Pledge (sian vorton). Show (ekzemplon). ~(aĵ)o, gift, present. ~anto, -er, donor. Sango~anto. ~ema, bountiful, generous, open-handed. ~ita, given. En la ~ita okazo. ~itaĵo, datum. al~i,, [UV] 1 add. ~~e al, in addition to ~~(aĵ)o (apendico, suplemento), addition, appendix, supplement. Oficiala ~~o al la UV (OA). 2 aldonita al, attached (devoted) to. Dis~i (distribui), dispense, distribute, (cgm) deal. El~i, 1 emit, give out, produce. 2 Publi/sh. ~~i verkon. ~~a Societo. ~~o, edition, emission, issue, output. Ekstra (tria) ~~o. ~~aĵo, publication. ~~ejo, publishing house. ~~kvanto, issue. ~~rajto, right of publication. For~i, abandon, give away (up) ➞ forlas, liver, ofer, rezign. Sin ~i al, give one’s up to, abandon one’s to. Re~i, 1 give back, repay, restore, return. ➞ reciprok, repag. 2 render, express, reproduce (originalon). ➞ spegul. ~~o, return; restitution; requital, retaliate. Sin~(em)a, devoted, self-sacrificing. Trans~i, hand down (over), deliver, surrender, transfer, transmit. Trompe ~~i, palm off. ~~atesto, conveyance, deed of transfer. Form~a, formative. Karbo~a, carboniferous. Mon ~a, lucrative. Ofer~i, offer, present. ~~o, free gift, offering, offertory. Voĉ~i, give one’s vote (for). ~~ado, voting. ~~anto, voter. ~~ejo, polling booth. ~~rajto, franchise, suffrage. ~~rajtigi, enfranchise.

donac-i (-n, al), [UV] Donat/e, make a gift (without return or equivalent), bestow, (make a) present (of). as a gift. ~o, -ion (Da 2/6), allowance, gift, grant, present. ~o Novjara. Fari ~on. Al ĉevalo ~ita (gift-horse) oni buŝon ne esploras. ~ema (malavara), free-handed, generous, liberal, ~into, donor. ➞ dediĉ, don, testament.

dori-a, (arch) Doric, (mus) Dorian, ~a modalo, Dorian mode,

dore-o, (ich) (John) Dory (Zeus faber).

dorid-o, (zoo) sea lemon (slug) (Doris).

dorlot-i (-n), [UV] coddle, fondle, make a fuss (much) of, over-indulge, pamper, pet, spoil. ~i infanon. f pander (to), ~i apetit-(kapric-)on. ~ato, pet. ~ema, indulgent. ~iĝi, be coddled. ~ita. ~iteco. (Re 28/56). ~ita de la Naturo. Mal~i, be austere, hard, severe, stern, rough. Sin~a, self-indulgent (➞ sibarit). Tro~i, molly-coddle. ➞ induling, kares, malhard, molig.

dorm-i (nt), [UV] Sleep, be asleep, slumber. ~i bone (dolĉe, kun malfermitaj okuloj). Iru -i, go to bed. ~i alidome, eksterdome (s. out), profunde (soundly), f lie dormant (idle, still), do nothing. f ~i (entombe) kun siaj patroj (1 Rĝ 2/10, 11/21). ~o, s. Paroli en la ~o. ~o eterna (de la morto). ~adi, have a long s. ~anta, -ing. f dormant, dull, inactive, stagnant, undeveloped. ~anta akvo, komerco, mono, semo, tero. ~ego, deep (heavy) sleep (1 Sa 26/12). ~ejo, dormitory. ~ema, sleepy, drowsy, somnolent. ~~ulo, -yhead, sluggard. ~eto (Ps 132/4), doze, nap, snooze, take forty winks. ➞ siest. Ek~eti, grow drowsy. ~iga, narcotic, somniferous, soporific. Ek~igi, en~igi, put (send) to sleep. ~igi suspektojn. ~igi per kantado, sing to s. ~igilo, opiate, -ing draught (➞ hipnot, lul, narkot). ~ĉambro (litĉambro), bedroom. ~kanto, ~vesto, slumber-wear, song-wear. ~omalsano (beribero). ~marŝulo, somnambulist. Duon~a, half-asleep. Ek~i (En~iĝi), fall asleep, go to sleep. f Mia piedo en~igis. For~i (kapdoloron, okazon), sleep away (off). Mal~i (Alt 5/2), be (keep lie) awake, sit up, watch, be on the look-out for. Pasigi la nokton ~~e. ~~o, vigil, wake. Noktaj ~~oj, night watches. ~~ema, alert, vigilant, watchful. Post~aj okuloj, eyes full of sleep. Sat~i, s. one’s fill. Sen~a, sleepless, restless. ~~eco. insomnia. Tra~i la nokton. Tro~i, over-s. Vintro~i, hibernate. ➞ letargi, vek.

dorn-o [UV] (pikilo). 1 (bot) Thorn, prickle, spike. Rozo sen ~oj. Fali inter ~ojn (= dornplantojn). 2 something -like: bristle (fiŝa); pin (buka, kurtena); quill (histrika). ~hava, ~plena, ~oza, -y, bristly, prickly, spiny, f (temo) controversial, ticklish. ~ego por la karno (2 Ko 12/7). ~arbet(aĵ)o (Se 15/19, Mi 7/4). ~arbusto (Jĝ 9/14), t-bush. ~barilo, prickly hedge. ~fiŝeto (gasterosteo), stickleback. ➞ pik, spin.

doronik-o, (bot) leopardsbane (Doronicum).

dors-o [UV] (posta flanko), Back. 1 (anat): ~o ĉe ~o, b. to b. Montr-(turn-)i la ~on al, turn one’s b. on, turn tail. Post la ~o (kaŝe, perfide), behind one’s b. ~o de ĉevalo, 2 (of flesh): chine, loin, saddle. 3 (of obj): b. (de foli-kart-kling-)o; opposite tranĉrando); de mano (opp plato); de seĝo (~apogilo). Bridge (nazo), crest, ridge (monto, ondo); spine (libro); tail (monero). ~a, dorsal. ~e, behind, in the rear. ~en, ~direkte, backwards, to the rear, with b. to goal. Fali ~en (➞ retro). Sidi ~antaŭe. ~flanke, b., reverse. Sur~igi, put on one’s b. Rond~a, round -shouldered. dosier-o (dokumentaro), dossier. ~ujo, file, folder. ➞ tek.

dot-o, [UV] Dowry, dot, marriage-portion, f Natura ~o, gift, talent. ~a, dotal. ~e, as a d. Doni (ricevi) ~e. ~i (iun), [UV] endow, give d. (m-p) to. ~aĵo, endowment, f ~ita per, blessed (endowed) with infanoj, inteligent-(saĝ-san-voĉ-)o. Lando ~ita per floroj. ~ulino, heiress. Sen~a, portionless.

dovel-o, 1 (volbŝtono), stone of arch. 2 (kolombvosta tenono), dovetail (tenon joint). ~i, dovetail, fit tghr closely (compactly). Ĉefa ~o, keystone.

doz-o (da) [OA], (pharm) Dos/e (of medicine), definite quantity, measure, porta. ~o grand-(homeopati)a. f ~o da bonvolo, ĉarmo, poezio, prudento. ~i, (give a) d. (to), gauge, measure off. ~ado, -age. ~eto, modicum, particle. ~ilo, medicine glass.

dozen-o (dek-duo), dozen, -a (duodecimal) numerado.

drab-o, whitlow-grass (Draba).

dracen-o (drak-arbo), dragon-tree (Dracaena).

drag-i (-n), Drag, dredge, search bottom with grapnels, sweep. ~i riveron. ~ilo (~maŝino), dredger. ~boato, ~ŝipo, dredger, trawler. ~reto, d-net. Mina ~ŝipo, minesweeper. ➞ forskrap, tren.

dragon-o, [OA] (mil) dragoon. ~i, d., set dd on. f force into course by persecution. drajv-i (cricket, golf, tennis), drive, strike ball hard.

draĵ-o, (bot) (radikido), sucker, e.g., of bramble, lilac, rose, rising from root- formation. ~i, throw up ss. ➞ markot, stolon, ŝos.

drak-o, [UV] Dragon (Jeĥ 29/3). 1 (myth) winged serpent, f ~(in)o, shrew, termagant, virago, vixen. 2 (zoo) ordinary language for the agami lizard (agamo). 3 Flug~o (kajto), kite. Draka sango, d’s blood, red resin from various trees: Draceno, Kalamo, Pterokarpo. ➞ dragon, drakon.

drakm-o, [OA] drachma. 1 (num). 2 (pharm) dram, 1/16 oz.

drakocefal-o, (bot) dragon’s head (Draco- cephalus).

drakon-a, dracon-ian, -ic. f cruelly harsh, severe. ~a regularo.

drakonti-o, (bot) dragon’s wort (Dracon- tium).

drakunkol-o, tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus). Vd artemizi.

dram-o, [OA] Dram/a. 1 (teatraĵo), stage play. 2 -atic event, sensational affair, tragedy. ~a, -atic. 1 theatrical. 2 ~(ec)a (emociiga), impressive, sudden, tense. ~a situacio. ~igi, -atize. ~arto, play-writing, -aturgy. ~(verk)isto, ~aŭtoro, -atist, playwright. ➞ tragedi.

drap-o, [UV] (tex) (woollen) Cloth, c- fabric. Kia ~o, tia vesto. ~a, of woollen material. ~aĵoj, drapery, c- goods (Jes 63/2). ~(far)isto, c-maker. ~(vend)isto, draper, c-merchant. -okomerco, drapery business, c-trade. ~rando, list, selvedge. ~resto, remnant. ➞ lan, tol, tuk.

drapir-i (-n, per), [UV] Drap/e, adorn (cover, hang) with cloth, etc., arrange (decorate) with graceful folds, hang tastefully, f cover (envelope, veil). ~i muron, statuon. ~(ad)o, (aĵ)o, -ing, hangings. ➞ dekor, feston, gam, ornam, tapet.

drast-a, drastic; energetic, sharp, strong, vigorous, violent; ~a admonom, redukto, laksigilo, rimedo. ~e ŝpari. ➞ fortefik, seninduling, senkompat.

draŝ-i (-n), [UV] Thresh (grenon); (Jes 28/38). (fac) ~i fojnon. f beat, thrash. ~i la dorson (= tani la haŭton) al iu. ~i (thump) la pianon. ~ejo, -ing floor (Rut 3/2), ~ilo, flail (Am 1/3). ~maŝino, -ing machine.

drat-o (metalfadeno), Wire, (av) ~o armit-(flugrezist-incid-lev-)a. sheathed (drag, incidence, lift) w. (rad) Enkon- duka ~o, lead. Fand-o, fuse-w. Latuna ~o, brass w. Pilkil~o, barbed w. ~(iz)i, w. (building, etc.). ~aĵo, w-goods. ~eto, thin w. ~igi (fadenigi). ~igebla, ductile. ~isto, w-worker. ~barajo, w-entanglement. Sen~a, w-less.

drelik-o, (tex) drill(ing), ticking (for tents, sacks, etc.). coarse twill(ed), cotton fabric, canvas (linen or cotton) cloth, sacking, clothing.

dren-i (-rt), (senakvigi), 1 Drain, dry, draw liquid away (off), empty to the dregs. kampon, minon, teron, tubon. 2 (surg) d. (cavities in body). ~o drain, outlet, ~ado, -ing. ~ilo, ~puto, ~tubo, drain-pipe, etc. ➞ kloak.

dres-i, [UV] Train (animal). 1 coach, teach (tricks, etc.) ~i hundon, pulojn. 2 (gen) drill. 3 kvietigi, malsovaĝigi, break in, tame (Jer 31/18). ~i ĉevalon, (fac) edz(in)on. ~ado, dressage. ~isto, -er. Leon-isto, lion-tamer. Serpent-isto, snake-charmer. Voĉ-ado, voice-ing. [Ne= \est.]trejn.

driad-o (arbara nimfo), (myth) dryad, wood nymph.

drias-o, (bot) mountain avens (Dryas).

dribl-i, (football) dribble.

dril-o, Drill, pointed steel borer. Brust- (man-tordit-)a ~o, breast (hand, twisted) d. ~i, bore with a d. [Ne ~~ dresi.]

drink-i (-n, abs) [UV] (malmodere trinki), Drink hard (to excess), booze, swill, tipple. ~i la tutan nokton. ~ado, -ing bout, carusal, orgy (Ho 4/18). ➞ bakanal, orgi. ~aĵo, liquor (Jes 28/7). -antaro, circle of revellers. ~ejo, [UV] d-shop, pub., tavern. ~ejestro, publican. Star~ejo, bar. ~ema, sottish. ~(em)ulo, soaker, tippler, toper, sot, winebibber. ~igi, ply with liquor (Ĥb 2/15). ~ĉambro, bar, taproom. For~i, d. away, waste in d. Post~a doloro, morning-after feeling. ➞ ebri, malsobr, trink.

driopter-o (Dryopteris), buckler fern > male fern.

driv-i (nt), Drift. 1 (mar) be carried by current of air or water. 2 be deflected from path, f be carried aimlessly or passively. ~i de loko al loko. ~o, d., leeway; deviation, swerve. ~ado, -ing. f policy of inaction, waiting on events. Neĝ~ado, snow-d. ~anta, adrift. ~anta pluvo, d-ing rain. ~angulo, angle of swerve, leeway, -glacio, -ligno, d-ice, d-wood. -korekto, (horizontala ekarto). ~tabulo, leeboard. ➞ aberaci, devoj- (deklin-flanken-)iĝ, diverĝ. [Ne= drajv, vetur.]

drizel-o (nebula pluvo), drizzle. ~eto, Scotch mist.

drog-o, [UV] drug, medical substance. ~i (iun), 1 drug, administer drugs to. 2 dope, nobble. ~ejo, drugstore. ~(vend)isto, druggist, chemist. ~ujo, medical chest, etc. ➞ apotek, farmaciaĵ, medikament.

drol-a, droll, amusing, queer, odd.

dromedar-o, [OA] (kamelo unuĝiba), dromedary (Arabian camel) (Camelus dromedarius).

dron-i (nt), [UV] Drown. 1 be -ed,. perish by -ing. 2 be swallowed up, founder, go down, sink (to the bottom), f be engulfed (lost). ~i en bruo, ĉielbluo, krepusko, koto, mallumo, silento. 3 be overwhelmed: drown (in details), be snowed under (by work), head over heels (in debt); wallow (in luxury). 4 be deep (immersed, lost) (in dreams, tears, thought). ~igi (-n), drown, kill by -ing, submerge. ~igi katon (sin). f deaden (doloron). For~igi (Ij 14/19). ~into, -ed person. ➞ alfundiĝ, embarasiĝ, enabismiĝ, perdiĝ, superŝutiĝ, subakviĝ, submergiĝ.

drong-o (orn) drongo (Dicrurus).

dros-o, (mar) tiller-rope, rudder-chain.

droŝk-o, (Rusa fiakro), droshky.

drozer-o, (bot) sundew (Drosera).

druid-o, Druid. ~a, -ic(al), ĉef~o, arch-d.

drup-o (kernofrukto), drupe, stone fruit, e.g., Ĉerizo, abrikoto, olivo, pruno. ➞ kern.

du, [UV] Two (➞ ambaŭ), ~a, second. ~afoje, for the second time. ~a grado, klaso. ~e, secondly, in the second place. ~o (da), couple, pair (➞ par). Vers~o, distich. ~eco (dualeco), duality. ~era, ~elementa, binary, duplex, ~(part)igi, divide into two parts. Faldi ~ige, fold in two (half). ~uma, (po~a) nombrosistemo, with basis of two. DU-, bi-, di-, two-. ~atoma, diatomic. ~ĉevala, two-horse. IT ~dek, 20 (one word). dek du (12) (two words). ~foje, twice (over) (repetition). ~jarulo, a two-year-old; (hort) biennial. ~monata, bimonthly, ~parta, bipartite, two-piece. Dek~o, dozen. ~~uma (podekdua), duodecimal. ~~nota skalo, 12-note scale. Duobl-a, Double, two-fold. (mus) ~a kontrapunkto, d-counterpoint. ~a (dusubjekta) fugo, d-fugue. ~a noto, breve. ~e, twice, doubly (multiplication). ~e du, kvar. ~e (pli) (ol), twice as much (as). ~o, d. ~aĵo, duplicate. ~igi, d., multiply by two. Duon-a, Half. ~a noto, silento, minim (rest). ~e farita, h-done. ~o, half. 3 estas ~o de 6. Funto kaj ~o (da), 1| lbs. Je la tria kaj ~o, at 3.30. ~igi, halve. Po~e, by halfs. DUON- (pfx) Half-, hemi-, semi-, partly. ~duto, semitone. ~frato (= duonsanga), half-brother (➞ stif-). ~sfero, hemisphere. ~bakita, ~kovrita, ~nuda, ~oficiala, ~plena; ~dormi, ~fermi; ~cirklo, ~horo, ~lumo, ~luno; ~voĉe, ~voje. ➞ pair. Duop-a, two together. (mus) ~a anĉo, pedalo, suspendo, double reed (pedal, suspension). (tel) duplex. ~e, by twos, in double file, two by two. ➞ dipleks, dupleks.

dual-a, [OA] Dual, ~eco, -ity. ~ismo, -ism. ~isto, -ist.

dub-i, (-n, ĉu, ke, pri; abs), [UV] Doubt, be in d. (uncertain, undecided) about, hesitate to believe. ~o, doubt, hesitation, uncertainty. Esti en ~o. Forigi (senti) ~on. ~a, -ful, in d., dubious, problematic, uncertain, undecided. 1 (pri~ebla, ~inda) questionable (of uncertain meaning, character, or truth. ~a aserto, lojaleco, okazo, plibonigo, rezulto. ~e, with d. ~eco, dubiety. Ekster~a, beyond doubt. Ne~ebla, Sen~a, un-ed, certain, indubitable. Pri~i, call in question, cast doubts on. Sen~e, certainly, no doubt. Sen~e vi iris, you must have gone. ➞ hezit, sin demand, skeptik, skrupul, ŝanceliĝ. opposite cert, decid, fid, kred.

dubl-o, (carp, mec), dowel, headless pin, peg, plug. (us. of wood), fitting hole. ➞ ŝtopil, tampon.

duel-o [OA] (dubatalo), Duel, contest (encounter) between two, affair of honour. ~i, (fight a) duel. ~ado, -ling. ~ejo, -ling ground. ~isto, -list. ~atestanto, second. ~invito, challenge. ➞ kartel.

duelbirdo (a. pugnako) (orn.), ruff (Philomachus pugnax). ~~ino, reeve.

duenj-o, duenna, elderly governess and chaperon in charge of girls.

duet-o [OA] (duteto), duet, piece for two voices or performers.

duglasi-o (pseŭdocugo), Douglas fir. (➞ cug).

dugong-o, (zoo) dugong (Dugong).

duk-o, [UV] Duk/e (wide sense) ~a,-al. ~eco -dom. ~ejo, ~lando, duchy. ~ino, duchess. ĉef~o, arch-d. Granda ~o, Grand d.

dukat-o, [OA] (num) ducat.

dukdalb-o, (mar) mooring-pile.

dukt-o, (anat) (bot) (el), Duct. Ov~o, oviduct. Glando sen~a, d-less.

duktil-a (= etendebla, fadenigebla), ductile, malleable, tensile, (of clay) plastic. ~eco, extensibility.

dulciton-o (tipofono), (m.i.) dulcitone, celeste with tuning-forks.

dum, [UV] 1 (prep) (=en la daŭro (tempo) de), during. ~ lia dormo, d. his sleep. 2 (conj) (= tiel longe, kiel; en la tempo, kiam), while, whilst (2 Rĝ 2/11). ~ ŝi parolis, while (astr) she spoke. Dum (during) la laboro, dum (while) ni laboras [Do not say dum kiam]. 3 (conj) denotes contrast (sed, kontraŭe), While, but, on the other hand. Vi estas riĉa, ~ mi, bedaŭrinde, estas malriĉa. ~a, provisional, interim. dume, [UV] 1 (intertempe), meanwhile in the meantime (Jona 4/6). 2 (provizore), for the moment (time being). Ni ~e lasu la demandon.

dump-i (-n), Dump. 1 deposit, shoot (rubbish). 2 send (goods) to foreign countries for sale at low price. ~ado, -ing.

dun-o (sabla monteto), dune, sand hill, mound or ridge of loose sand on coast. ➞ kun kunblovitaj sablaj montetoj (4 FA 184/23).

dung-i (iun, kiel), [UV] Employ, Hire, engage (services of), take on (into service). ~i laboriston, serviston, vartistinon (Ne 13/2, Jg 18/4). ~anto, ~isto, employer. ~ito. employee, hired man, h-ling, worker. ~itaro, personelle. ~iĝi kiel, be e-ed (take a situation) as. Sin~igi (1 Sa 2/5), hire one’s out. ~agentejo, ~oficejo, employment agency. ~mono, h., wages. ~soldato, hired soldier, mercenary. Mal~i, discharge, dismiss, disband, pay off, release, set free. ➞ eksig, forliberig. Mal~o, discharge. ➞ labordon, varb.

duodeno, (anat) duodenum. ~a, -al. ~ito, -itis.

duol-o, (mus) duplet.

dupleks-a, (tel) duplex (sendo kaj ricevo samtempe). ➞ dipleks.

duplikat-o, Duplicate, one of two things exactly alike, copy. ~o de fakturo. ~a, d., with two corresponding parts, existing in two examples. ~e, in duplicates, make exact copy, produce copies of.

dur-o, (num) douro.

dur-a = malmola. ➞ major.

duri-o, durian tree (Durio).

duŝ-i [OA] (-n), douche, (hort) spray. ~o, d., Shower-bath, etc. Surĵeti malvarman ~on, throw cold water on. Intesta ~o (klistero). Naz~o. Pluv~o, spruco. Sin ~i, take a s-b. ~ado, ~ejo. ~ilo, (hort) rose spreader.

dut-o (mus. intvl), Second, Dek~o (kvintokto), 12th. Majora ~o, major s. Minora ~o, minor s. Rim.: Oni povas uzi Plen~o, duon~o, kvaron~o, tri~o, whole (semi- quarter-tri-)tone, por eviti la ambiguecon de la radiko ton. (which see).


E

E [F], letter E. (ac) 659 • 3 vibroj sekunde. E-be, E bemola, E flat. E-kordo, E-string.

-e, [UV] ending of derived advbs. 1 Den. (a) HOW. Bone, well. Kune, together, Unue, first. Somere vestita, in summer dress, (b) WHERE. Hejme, at home. Antaŭe, in front. Alte, on high, (c) WHEN. Nokte, at night. Matene, in the morning. Dimanĉe, on Sundays. 2 Replaces -a in impersonal phrases (without a noun or pronoun with which an adj. could agree). Estas bone, it is well. Estu lume kaj gaje, let there be light and gaiety. 3 An adverb often replaces an English phrase, e.g. (actual telegram): Tutvoje sardinis koridore, (Travelled) the whole way packed like sardines in the corridor. ~vorto (adverbo), adverb.

east-o, east (proposed compass direction), ordinary language oriento.

eben-a, [UV] Even, Level, in same Plane, smooth. ~a tero, vojo. (voj~)o. (geom, mat), p. ~aĵo, ~eco, ~ejo, plane-surface, 1. tract of country, plain. Alt~aĵo, plateau. ~igi, (make) 1. (smooth), 1. out. ~igi la herbon. vojon, roll, f pave (the way). Mal~a, bumpy, hilly, rough. Ne~a, uneven. (av) Akvo~o, sheet of water. Klin~o, inclined p. ➞ glat, nivel, plan, plat, sensulk.

-ebl, [UV] (sfx) denotes possibility, = able to (that can or may) be -ed; -able, -ible (in this sense) (➞ audible, portable). Mallumo palp-a, that may be felt (El 10/21). Facile lern~a, easy to learn. Vid~a = able to be seen [not: able to see]. Rim.: Cannot follow an intransitive vb (bol, brul, ĉes …), unless this is made transitive by -ig. Thus: boligebla [not boleblal. So also with an adj root: sanigebla [not: sanebla]. Rim.: Cannot follow vbs with -iĝ, because these are intransitv: -iĝebla has no meaning. Thus: Fleksebla, or flek- siĝema [not: jleksiĝebla]. But when a prepositional prefix is expressed or implied, the verb becomes transitive, and -ebla can then be used, e.g., Strato (sur) vetur~a (➞ surveturi straton); truo (en) ramp~a; vojo (laŭ) ir~a; lando (en) loĝ~a; vojo nereven-a (Ij 16/22). Rim.: ~ebla, ~inda, imply the passive sense; ~em, -iv, the active, e.g., amebla, aminda = able (worthy) to be loved; but amema, amiva (or ampova), = inclined (able) to love. [Common errors: Mi neeble povis respondi, Mi ne eblis respondi. Correct to Mi ne povis (or Ne estis eble) respondi.] AS A ROOT. ~a, Possib/le, that may be. Mi faros mian ~on, what I can. ~e, [UV] -ly, may be, perhaps (1 Sa 6/5). ~eco, -ility. ~ete, there is a faint -ility. Ĉu ~as (estas ~e) iri? Is it p. to go? ~igi, enable. Laŭ~e, as far as p.

ebol-o, dwarf elder, danewort (Sambucus ebulus).

ebon-o, [UV] Ebon/y (wood), ~a skatolo. ~e nigra, e-black. ~arbo, e-tree (> Diospyros). ~ito, -ite, vulcanite.

ebri-a, [OA] Intoxic/ated, Drunk, inebriated, the worse for drink, tipsy, f ~a de amo, feliĉo, furiozo, sukceso, vino (Na 1/10). ~(ec)o, intoxication. Vera opinio montriĝas en ~o. ~ega, blind (dead) drunk. ~eta, fuddled, half-d. ~igi, intoxicate, make d. ~igaĵo, intoxicant, strong drink (1 Sa 1/15). ~ulo, s-o drunk (Ps 107/27). Mal~iĝi, sober down. ➞ drink, malsobr. Kun kapo post~e peza, "the morning after the night before".

ebur-o [OA] (elefantosto), Ivory. ~a statuo, ~a Bordo CI. Ivory Coast. ~a nigr(aĵ)o, i-black. ~aĵo, i-ware. ➞ dentin.

-ec, [UV] sfx denotes quality, state (in abstract form). ➞ -ety, -ice, -ness, etc. I. (adj. root). Ali~o, difference. Oft~o, frequency. Sol~o, solitude. Vast~o, extent. Rim.: -eco and -o are often used as synonymns. But there is a difference: -o = a mild form of ~aĵo; ~eco = quality, "nessness". Utilo, use; utileco, usefulness. Vero, truth; vereco, truthfulness. Fari bonon pro korboneco. Feliĉeco, kontenteco, kuraĝeco are needlessly heavy, if what is meant is feliĉo, kontento, kuraĝo. II. (noun root) = quality, office, state. Amik~o, friendship, friendliness. Reĝ~o, kingship, royalty. Vir~o, manhood, manliness, virility. III. (verb root). The sense is usually active. Nutr~o, nutritiousness. Posed~o, ownership. Dank~o, thankfulness. (➞ dankemo, disposition to give thanks). For the passive it is usual to insert -it (-ot, -at). Difin(it)~o, eduk(it)~o, kapt(it)~o. Rim.: The form -emeco is pleonastic: penetremo or penetreco suffices instead of penetremeco. Rim.: Stms ~eco = aĝo. En mia jun~o (= junaĝo). ~eca [OA]. 1 (noun it) = -simila, kvazaŭ-a. Risort~a (springy, resilient) matraco. Dezert~a silento; fraŭl~a vivo; hejm~a sento; vitr~aj okuloj. 2 (verb root). Viv~a (vivoplena), animated, lively, vivacious. 3 (adj root). Here ~eca would be pleonastic (= a-a-a), and seldom useful. Note, however, sol~a, lonesome, solitary (opp sola, alone); verd~a (or verdeta), greenish.

AS A ROOT. ~o, quality, attribute. Peko kaj eraro estas ~oj de l’ homaro. ~a, [UV] qualitative. ~aro, character, nature. Rim.: Sometimes English -ism = E. -eco. Hero~o, heroism. Fanatik~o, fanaticism. But there is a difference between katolikeco = catholic-ism, -icity (quality), and katolikismo = catholicism (doctrine, system). ➞ ~a, -em, -ism, kvalit.

(adv), [UV] Even. Invites comparison with another statement understood. Mi neniam ~ vidis la libron (much less did I read it). Cu li ~ suspektas (not to say realize) la danĝeron? Ŝi kantas ~ pli bone ol li (though he sings quite well). ~ ne unu, not e. one, not a single. Se ~ malmulte, if only a little. Li ne mortis’, mi ~ (kontraŭe) povas diri, ke li sanegas.

-ed-oj, (zool sfx) den family (-idae). Cerv~oj, cervidae.

edelvejs-o (neĝfloro), edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum).

edem-o (akva ŝvelo), (med) oedema, local dropsy. ➞ vezik.

EDEN-o, 1 Eden (Ge 2/8). ~a ĝardeno. 2 Delightful abode. ➞ elize, paradiz.

edif-i (-n), [UV] Edif/y, benefit spiritually, strengthen, support. ~a, -ying. ~a kanto, libro, sperto (Ps 47/7, Se 6/23). ~(ad)o, -ication. Mal~a, un-ying, debasing, scandalous. Ne~a, unprofitable. ➞ konstru, skandal.

edikt-o, [OA] edict, proclamation by authority, order by ruler to subjs. ~i, decree, enact. ➞ dekret, ukaz.

edr-o, (geom) face. Dek~o, decahedron. Mult~o, polyhedron. ➞ fac, fiank, surfac.

eduk-i (-n), [UV] Educat/e, Train. 1 Bring up, provide schoolg for. infanon. 2 cultivate. ~i kapabl-(talent-)on. 3 (early writings) breed, raise, rear. ~i hund-(heder-)on (Jona 4/10). ~(ad)o, e-ion, development of powers., instruction, t-ing. Don-(ricev-)i bonan ~on. ~o orela, profesia. Manko de ~o (Se 5/23). ~a, e-ional, tutorial. ~a ŝipo, t-ing ship. ~ato, pupil. ~ejo, institute, school, etc. ~iĝo, ~iteco, e-ion (reed). ~isto, e-or, t-er, mentor. Ĉeval ~isto, horse t-er. Ne~ita, badly brought up, ill-bred, unpolished. Ne~ebla, difficult, not amenable to discipline (➞ obstin, senbrid). ➞ bred, disciplin, dres, guvern, instru, kultur, trejn, vart.

edz-o, [UV] husband, spouse. ~iĝo, Marriage. ~ino, wife. Possible derivatives run in threes: edzo, edzino, geedzoj. ~a (~ina geedza) vivo, wedded life. As there can be no wedding without a wife, ge is often omitted, and edziĝo is more usual than geedziĝo. ~eco [UV] (~ineco, ge~eco), matrimony, wedlock. ~(ec)a, conjugal, connubial, marital, matrimonial. ~eca feliĉo, -ied happiness. ~ece feliĉa, happily -ied. ~(in)igi (-n, al), marry, give in marriage, perform the -iage ceremony. ~igita, -ied. ~inigi, -y (as a husband) (Mai 2/11). ~(in)igebla, marriageable. ~(in)igi (al, je, kun), [UV] (preni kiel edz(in)on), -y, get -ied. f ~(olig)iĝi en familion. ~iĝi pro amo (mono). Proponi ~iĝon. ~iĝa, hymeneal, nuptial. ~iĝa promeso, soleno, ringo, vesto. Bo~eco, levirate. Bo~iĝi (kun fratedzino) (Ge 38/8). Ekster~eca (natura, neleĝa), bastard, illegitimate. Eks~iĝo (divorco), divorce. Krom~ino, second wife (in polygamy), Mis~iĝo, mesalliance. Ne~igita, ne~iĝinta (fraŭla), unmarried. Nov~ino, young bride, Mrs Newly-Wed. Pastr~ino (edzino de pastro). Pastrin~o (edzo de pastrino). Prov~iĝo, trial marriage. Sen~eco, celibacy. ➞ divorc, nupt.

efedrin-o, (pharm) ephedrine.

efekt-o, [OA] (forta impreso), Effect (produced), impres sion made. ~o bona, bela, sensacia. ~i (fari ~on), produce an e., be -ive. (Grand)~a, -ive, impressive, showy, telling. ~ama, posing. Ne~a, Sen~a, futile, without e. Lum~oj (en pentraĵo). Son~oj, (cin) sound effects. ➞ efik, impres, potenc, rezult, sensaci, sukces.

efektiv-a [UV] (vere ekzistanta), Real, actual, matter-of-fact, positive, true. ~a forto, neceso, rimedo, ŝuldo, valoro. ~a najtingalo (opposite artefarita) (2 FA /28) ~e, -ly, indeed, in reality; actually, as a matter (in point) of fact, as it happens. Ĉu ~? Is that -ly so? Really? ~e! (col) Sure enough! That is so! ~aĵo, -ity, fact, fait accompli (Jes25/1). ~igi, realize, accomplish, bring about, carry into effect, consummate, (give) effect (to), execute, perform. ~igi intencon, planon (➞ ating, elfar, plenum, realig). ~igebla, practicable. ~iĝi, be -ized, come to pass (Jes 14/24). ➞ aktual, efik, fakt, real, ver [Ne= efika].

efemer-o,, [OA] may-fly (unutaga muŝo) (4 FA 5/13) (Ephemera), ~a ephemeral, fleeting, passing, short-lived, transitory. ~a populareco. ➞ nedaŭr, unutag.

efemerid-o, ephemeris, astronomical almanac or table.

efervesk-i (nt) effervesce. ~o, effervescence. ~a pulvoro. ➞ bobel, ŝaŭm.

efik-i (al, sur, kiel, abs) [UV] (havi rezulton). have Effect (act, operate, work) upon, avail, be -ive (-ual, efficacious); produce a result, tell upon (nerves, etc.). ~ita, affected, moved (3 FA 85/31) ~a (rezultiga), effective, -ual, availing, efficaceous, effecient; operative. ~a admono, averto, forto, laboro, rezisto, rimedo. ~o, effect, influence, operation, working. Kaŭzo kaj ~o. ~o de bombado. ~eco, ~ivo, efficacy, efficiency, potency, power, virtue. Bon~a, good (for), Fort~a (drasta), Ne~a, Sen~a, in-ual, unavailing. Sen~a protesto. Post~oj, after-effects. Retro~i, have retrospective effect. ➞ ag, aktiv, efektiv, kapabl, valid.

efloresk-i (nt) effloresce, (chem) form powder, (bot) burst into flower. ~o, effloresence, bloom. ➞ pulvoriĝ.

efluv-o, (el) effluence, glow discharge. Kron~o, corona effect.

efod-o, ephod, garment of Jewish High Priest (El 28/4,6).

-eg [UV] (➞ Gr mega-), augmentative sfx. To a high degree strengthens (increases, intensifies) the root idea. With noun root = granda; with adj. or verb root = forte, multe, tre; but superlatively, more strongly than these words. In national langs. a new root is usual. Ega, deep, intense. Dolor~o, agony, anguish, torment. Dom~o, mansion. Bel~a, splendid, superb. Blu~a, deep blue. Grand~a, enormous, immense. Malsan~a, at death’s door. Am~i, love passionately. Malam~i, detest, abhor. Opp et.

egal-a (al), [UV] Equal. 1 = sam-granda, samkvanta, samranga, samvalora, equivalent, same in number (size, value). ~a ŝanco. 2 (senvaria), constant, even, smooth, uniform, unvarying. ~a animo, humoro, paŝo, pulso, voĉo. 3 (indiferenta), indifferent. Estas ~e, it is all the same. Tute ~e, it matters little, is of no moment. 4 (ac) ~a temperado, eqal temperament. ~e, -ly, alike, uniformly. ~e bone, kiel, just as good as. ~i (al, -n), (be) e. (to), come up to, match. ~aĵo, equivalent. ~eco, -ity, parity. Tagnokt~eco (ekvinokso), equinox. ~igi, -ize, level, smooth, square (a/c), (rad) ~iga bobeno, equalizing coil. ~ulo (samrangulo), e., match, peer. Egal- (sam-), equi-. Mal~a, ne~a, unequal, different, uneven. Mal~eco, disparity. Ne~aj pesiloj. Sen~a (unika), matchless, peerless, unique, unrivalled. ➞ eben, ekvaci, ident, kompens, par, sam.

egid-o, [OA] (myth) aegis, shield, f patronage, protection. ➞ aŭspici, protekt, ŝild, ŝirm.

Egiptujo, Egiptio EG {1989: Egipto}.

eglanteri-o (sovaĝa rozo), wild rose, sweet brier (Rosa eglanteria).

eglefin-o, haddock (Gadus eglefinus). ~o fumaĵita.

ego-o (mio), Ego, the Self. ~ismo [OA] (sinamo), egoism, self-interest, selfishness. ~isto, [OA] egoist. ~ema, ~ista, selfish, selfcentred, self-seeking. Mal~ismo, (altruismo), altruism, unselfishness. Ne~ista, sen~isma, disinterested.

egopodi-o, (bot) gout-weed, bishop’s weed, ground alder, herb Gerard (Aegopodium podagraria).

egret-o, 1 (orn) egret (Egretta). ~o blanka, Great white heron. 2 (~a tufo, plumtufo), aigrette, plume, tuft (feathers), spray (gems). ➞ arde, tuf.

ehe! (interjection) denotes comprehension, perception. ~! nun mi komprenas! Eh! is found at Rz 6/23.

eĝ-o (angulrando), Edge, arris, corner; bead, rib (muldaĵa); bridge (naza); brink (klifa); crest (montara); groin (volba), ridge (kolona); rim (tasa). ~o de klingo, kristalo, tablo, tegmento. (av) Front~o, leading edge. Post~o, trailing e. Teks~o = rubando. ~e(n), edgeways, edgewise. ~igi, give an e. to. ~ingo, groove, socket cutting. ➞ akrig, krest, rand.

eĥ-o, [UV] Echo. ~i (-n, abs), echo, resound. ~e resoni. f imitate, repeat, (org) ~a sekcio, echo-organ. ~iĝi, resound, reverberate, ring. Sen~a, echoless, without response.

-ej, [UV] (sfx) denotes Place 1 (with verb root): = p. (building, establishment, room etc.) where an action occurs; allotted to (used for) the action. Naĝejo, dormejo, lernejo, preĝejo, swimming-bath, dormitory, school, church. 2 (with noun root): p. for (of) some preceding verb, e.g., est, kresk, loĝ, lud, manĝ, vend, being understood. Erik~o, heath. Golf~o, golf course. Kaf~o, cafe. Orf~o, orphanage. Tend~o, encampment. Greater precision may be given by adding the vb implied. Thus: teejo may = teplantejo, tekreskejo, tekultivejo, tetenejo, tevendejo, tetrinkejo, etc. With context the shorter form usually suffices. Rim.: ➞ -ejo (locality) with -ujo = container (of obj). Cigarejo, cigar-depot, cigar-shop; cigarujo, c-case (box). Rim.: In oficejo, ministrejo, policejo, poŝtejo, and the like, -ejo is used by metonymy both for the department and also for its personelle. Ministr~o de Sano, Ministry of Health.

ej! (interjection) Eh! denotes 1 mild disapproval or protest. Ej! Ne tro! 2 (a. ĉu ne?) ejaculation of enquiry or surprise, or inviting assent.

ek- [UV] (pfx), denotes 1 the commencement of a continuous action = begin, start. ~aŭdi, come to hear. ~batali, join battle. ~bruli, catch fire. ~dormi, fall asleep. ~flami, burst into flames. ~flugi, take wing. ~iri, set off. ~vidi, catch sight of. Rim.: Do not use ~komenci (begin to begin!) if you mean komenci. 2 Sudden or momentary action. ~brili, ~fulmi, flash. ~kapti, snatch. ~krii, exclaim. ~preni, grasp, seize. ~rigardi, glance. ~salti, start. ~tremi, shudder. Eki ( = komenciĝi). ~is la pluvo ( = ekpluvis) ~is vigla diskuto. Rim.: ➞ sidi, be seated (in sitting position); sidiĝi, take one’s seat, sit down; eksidi, start to sit. Eksidante, li rimarkis pinglon sur la seĝo, do li ne sidiĝis (= ne finis sidigi). Rim.: Ek! (interj) = Forwards! Now! On! etc. ~ al (Off to) Philadelphia! Rim.: Ekde tiam = since (starting from) then. De tiam usually suffices.

ekart-o, (mat) approximate error, deflection, deviation, digression, swerve. ~o de observo. ~o horizontala, vertikala. Kompas~o, compass error, (cbnd effect of deviation and variation). ~o de kronometro, etc. ➞ driv, direkt.

ekbali-o, (bot) (Ecbalium) > squirting (wild) cucumber.

eki-o (vipura herbo), viper’s bugloss (Echium). Vd. likop.

ekid-o, (zoo) carpet viper (Echis).

ekidn-o, spiny ant-eater (Echidna).

ekin-o (mara erinaco), sea-egg (-hedgehog, -urchin) (Echinus).

ekinosperm-o, burseed, stick-seed (Echinospermum).

ekip-i (-n) [OA], Equip, accoutre, fit out, furnish, provide with requisites. ~i armeon. homon, ŝipon. ~(ad)o, ~(aĵ)o, equipage, -ment, accoutrement, gear, outfit. ~estro, (mar) boatswain. ~isto, outfitter. Ŝip~isto, ship-chandler. Vir~i, man (ship, etc.). ➞ arm, proviz.

eklampsi-o, (med) eclampsia.

eklektik-a, (phi) eclectic. ~ismo. ~ulo. ➞ elektem.

eklezi-o [OA] (kredantaro), Church (body of believers, religious society). [Ne= preĝejo.] ~o Anglikana, Grek-Metodista, Roma. ~ano, c-man. ~(ec)a, ~eco, ecclesiastical, ecclesiasticism. ~ulo, ecclesiastic, priest, etc. Alt~a (ritisma), High c. Ekster~a, Ne~a, secular. ➞ civil, sekular. Sam~ano, co-religionist. ➞ kongregaci.

eklips-i (-n) [OA], (astr) eclipse, f out-do, out-shine, surpass, throw into shade. ~i konkurantojn. ~o luna, suna; parta, plena, ringforma. ~oj de tago (Ij 3/5). ~a lumo, intermittent (occulting) light. ~a lumturo. ➞ kaŝ.

ekliptik-o (sunvojo), Ecliptic. ~a ebeno, plane of ecliptic.

eklog-o, [OA] eclogue, short pastoral poem. ➞ bukolik.

ekologi-o, (bot) ecology, rein to environment. ekolog-o, ecologist.

ekonomi-o, [OA] economy. 1 (mastrumo), administration of concerns and resources), management. ~o agrikultura, husbandry. ~o hejma, housekeeping. 2 (ŝparemo), frugality, saving, thrift. ~o de forto, laboro, tempo. ~a, economic(al). ~a pri vortoj. ~a konkurado (krizo), Vivi ~e, live frugally.

ekonom-o, bursar, manager, steward, treasurer (of estate or institution).

ekonomik-o (pol) (ekonomia scienco, sistemo), economics. ~isto, economist.

ekran-o, Screen. 1 (ŝirmilo), guard, shelter (against, from) draught, heat, light, observation, etc. Fajr~o, vent~o. ~ofaldebla, folding screen. ~o tualeta, splash-guard. 2 (for projections): ~o kina, lumbilda. 3 (opt) ➞ filtril.

eks- [UV] (iama, ne plu), pfx den ex-, former, late, once (but not now), quondam. ~a (iama). ~u! Down with! ~igi (-n), discharge, dismiss, get rid of, turn out. ~iĝi, leave office, resign, retire (vole aŭ nevole). ~edz(in)iĝo (divorco), divorce. ~amiko, ~Esperantisto, ~oficisto, ~samideano. Ne~igebla, irremovable. ➞ abdik, antaŭ, divorc, emerit, iam, pasint.

ekscelenc-o (ministra moŝto) [OA], Excellency (title). ➞ moŝt.

ekscentr-a (strangakaraktera), Eccentric, cranky, irregular, odd, whimsical, unbalanced. ~ulo, eccentric (person), crank. ➞ ekstravaganc, fantazi, strang.

ekscentrik-o (ekstercentra), (mec) Eccentric, displaced with reference to centre. ~a disko, pulio, ringo, stango. ~o, eccentric.

eksces-o, [OA] (troo), Excess, intemperance, overstepping of limit, want of restraint. ~a, -ive, exaggerated, exorbitant, immoderate, inordinate, too much. ~i, exceed, go beyond one’s rights, kick over the traces, etc. ➞ ekstrem, supermezur.

ekscit-i (-n), [UV] Excit/e. 1 (naski) awaken, call forth, inspire, prompt, rouse, stir up. ~i apetiton, envion, ribelon, scivolon, soifon, spiriton (Ez 1/1). 2 (intensigi): fan, inflame, intensify, quicken. Fervoron, koleron. 3 (stimuli): egg (spur, urge) on, stimulate, ~i (koron, nervojn); poke, stir (fajron). 4 (emocii, kormovi): agitate, affect, animate, move, thrill (Jg 13/25). 5 (funkciigi): bring into action, set in motion. ~i dinamon, sifonon. ~a, exciting, thrilling. ~(ec)o, ~(iĝ)o (Pr 5/17), -ation, excitement, ardour, heat, passion. La ~o de la ĉaso. ~iĝi, "carry on", get excited (worked up), make a fuss. ~iĝema, -able. ~ilo (stimulilo etc.), Blov~i (blow, fan) la fajron. Tro~i, over-e. (el) ~maŝino, -er. ➞ agit, akcel, ardig, instig, plivigl, plivivig.

eksklud-i (-n) (elbari, forfermi, eksterlasi), exclude, (de)bar, except, shut out. ~i de loko, privilegio, societo. ~a, exclusive. Teorioj reciproke ~aj. ~e de, not counting, not including, let alone. ~o, exclusion. ➞ escept, fermit, malakcept, malenloĝ, malpermes, unik. opposite inklud.

ekskluziv-a [OA] (ekskludema), Exclusive, excluding all others, select. ~a privilegio, rajto, societo. ~e, -ly, solely. Per tio sin okupas ~e viroj. ~i (= ekskludi). Opp inkluziv.

ekskomunik-i (-n) [OA], 1 excommunicate, cut off from sacraments or church membership, f put a ban on, proscribe (Ez 10/8). ~o, excommunication. ~ito, -ed person. ➞ anatem, eksklud, ekzil, elfet, elpel, pari, proskrib.

ekskret-i, (bio) excrete, expel from system, ~ado, excretion. ~aĵoj, excreta, excrement.

ekskrement-o [OA] (ekskretaĵo, fekaĵo), excrement, dung, ordure, waste matter, f scum. ~i (eligi ~on). ➞ sterk.

ekskurs-o, [UV] excursion, jaunt, pleasure or exploratory outing, ramble, trip, f (lit) digression. ~o akva, kampa, monta, Pied~o, hike. ~a bileto, vagonaro. ~i, (fari ~on), ~ano, ~anto, excursionist, tripper. ➞ piknik.

ekskuz-i (-n), excuse (for, from), clear from blame or obligation, condone, exculpate, overlook, ~u min! Pardon me! ~o, excuse, mild apology. Fari ~on (sin ~i), apologize, make excuses, excuse one’s from. Akcepti ~on. Ne~ebla, inexcusable. ➞ pardon, senkulpig.

ekslibris-o, (lit) ex-libris, bookplate.

ekspansi-o, (ph) (pol), expansion, enlargement, extension, spread. ~o ekonomia, kolonia, luma, politika, volumena. Tri~a (kun triobla ~o). triple expansion. ~a, effusive, exuberant, ~i, increase in one or more dimensions. La ~anta universo. ➞ dilat, kresk, (pli)vastiĝ.

eksped-i (-n) [UV] (sendi al difinita adreso), Despatch, dispatch, consign, forward, send off. ~i armeon, kurieron, leteron, pakaĵon. f ~i iun en la ĉielon. ~(ad)o, d., clearance, ~ejo, forwarding office. ~isto, carrier, forwarding agent, shipper. ➞ forsend, post, transport.

ekspedici-o, expedition, journey (voyage) for definite purpose; (mil) campaign. ~o (esplorvojaĝo) al la poluso; de Nansen.

ekspekt-i (-n, ke -os, -i), (opinii, ke io okazos), expect, count on, look forward to as due or likely to happen. ~i pagon, pluvon, sukceson. Mi ne ~os vin (= mi apenaŭ supozas, ke vi venos). Ne ~u miraklojn ( = ne kredu, ke ili okazos). ~o, expectancy, expectation. ~a, expectant (mieno). Ne~ita, un expected. Atendi sen~e. ➞ atend; anticip, antaŭvid, kredi,supozi, ke -os.

eksperiment-o, [OA] experiment, essay, test. Fari ~on. ~a, experimental. ~a scienco. ~e, as an e. Faru tion ~e., ~ejo, field of e. ~ita, tried. ➞ prov.

ekspert-o, expert, person with a special skill or knowledge, competent authty on (judge of), specialist, ~a, expert, skilled, trained by experience or practice. ➞ fakul. kompetentul, spertul, specialist.

ekspertiz-i = esplori (taksi) fakule, expertly (officialy) Apprais/e, examine, report, survey, value. La patrino faris ~on pri mia tualeto. ~o, appraisal report, valuation. ~isto, offi surveyor. (➞ aprezi).

eksplicit-a, explicit, definite, express, leaving nothing merely implied, plain, stated in detail, (person) outspoken. Opp implicit.

eksplik-i, account for, explain (agon); give details of, unfold (ideon, planon), elucidate, explain (doktrinon, temon). Ne ĉiam ~o estas klarigo.

eksplod-i (nt),, [UV] Explo/de, blow up, burst, go off, break out (milito). La bombo, gaso, pulvo ~is. f ~i de furiozo, kolero. ~o, explosion. ~o antaŭtempa, backfire, f out-break, out-burst. ~o de batalo, kolero, milito, ribelo, rido. ~a, explosive, detonating. ~aĵo, explosive substance. e.g., dinamito. Frakasa (supera) ~aĵo, H.E. ~aĵo malrapida, propellant -sive. ~ema, -sive, liable to e. ~ema kiel pulvo. f (flamiĝema), irritable, passionate, ~igi (-n), (cause to) e., detonate, fire. ~igi pulvon. f bring into disrepute, expose, wreck. ~igi teorion. Rok~igo, rock blasting. ~igilo, detonator, fuse, priming (➞ fuzil, prajm). ~ilo, mine, petard, (➞ min). ~iva (~ipova), explosible. ~ujo, ~kamero, explosion chamber. ~bruo, bang, ~puŝo, -sion, stroke, (ry) ~signalo, detonator. ➞ ekflam, krev.

ekspluat-i (-n) [OA], exploit (wide sense). 1 Cultivate, manage, run, work. ~i bienon, fervojon, minejon. 2 draw profit from, make use (the most) of, take advantage of, turn to account, utilize for one’s own ends. ~i cirkonstancon, homon, landon, talenton. 3 (a. ~aĉi, fi~i), take unfair advantage of, trade upon, sweat. ~isto, sweater. El~i, tro~i (trouzi), exhaust, wear out. ~~i paciencon, teron. ➞ profit, utilig.

ekspon-i (com., education), demonstrate. 1 describe, expound (as lecturer to students). 2 show for demonstration or sale, as commercial traveller. ~a budo, stando. ~aĵoj, objs for sale, etc. ~isto, demonstrator.

eksponent-o, (mat) exponent, index. ~a, -ial.

eksport-i (-n) [OA], Export. ~i karbon. ~a bilanco, komerco. ~(ad)o, -ation. ~aĵoj, exports. ~isto, -er.

ekspoz-i (a. espozi), expose (to). 1 (phot) e. to light. Sur~i, super~i, tro~i. Trisekunda ~o, ~o daŭra, momenta. Kalkulo de ~a tempo. ~tabelo. 2 (elmeti, malkovri, nudigi), expose to (leave unprotected from or open to) action of air (cold, danger, weather, etc.). ~o, exposure. ➞ ekspon, ekspozici.

ekspozici-o [UV] (montraĵo), Exhibition, public display, show. ~i, exhibit for view or visit. ~ejo, e-hall, -ground. ➞ ekspon.

ekspres-a, [OA] Express. 1 very rapid. 2 for special purpose. ~a kuriero, letero, telegramo, vagonaro. ~o, e., special delivery (messenger, train). ~i (-n) (sendi per e.), send by express. ➞ rapideg.

ekspresionism-o, expressionism.

ekstaz-o, [OA] ecstacy, delight, rapture, transport. Ama, admira ~o. ~a, ecstatic, enraptured, in raptures. ~a feliĉo, mieno. ~i, be entranced, filled with rapture. ➞ entuziasm, raveg.

ekstemporal-o, school impromptu translation. ➞ improviz, senprepar.

ekstensor-o, (anat) extensor (muscle).

ekster, [UV] (prep) Outside (a limit, boundary), out of (in this sense). Rim.: ➞ el = out of (origin). 1 (Place): ~la domo, o. the house. ~ danĝero, out of danger. ~ la ĉambro, kaĝo, urbo. f ~ ĉia dubo, beyond all (any) doubt. Fiŝo ~ akvo, a fish out of water, (almovo): Meti ~ dubon, flugi ~ la kaĝon, iri ~ la rondon. 2 (time): Studi ~ la leciona periodo. Labori ~ oficialaj horoj. 3 (= krom): Diru nenion ~ tio (beside, more than, that). ~o, outside, exterior. ~a, o., external, outer. ~a flanko, mondo, pieco. ~e, o., externally, outwardly. Stari (esti bela) ~e. ~e de, on the o. of. Iri ~en, go o. Elirigi ~en (Ge 15/5). ~aĵo, exterior, outer pt, appearance. Impona, ~aĵo. ~igi la internon, turn inside out. ~ulo, -er, (hospital) out-patient, (school) day pupil. ➞ el, preter. opposite dum, en, interne de.

eksterm-i (-n) [OA], Exterminat/e, annihilate, destroy utterly, extirpate, root (wipe) out. ~i memoron, opinion, popolon, urbon (Re 21/21). ~a milito, war of extermination. ~(ad)o, extermination (Est 7/4). ~iĝi, be -ed. (Ge 7/23). ➞ buĉ, detru, elradik, forviŝ, neniig, pereig.

ekstr-a [OA] (pli ol kutima, plua), Extra, additnl, more than normal, supplementary. ~a eldono, e. (special) edition. ~a laboro, vagonaro, special train, etc. ~e, extra, in addition, into the bargain. ~e bona, e-fine, superfine. ~aĵo, (something) extra, addition. ~aĵoj pagendaj. ➞ akcesor, aldon, apart, eksterordinar, flank, krom.

ekstradit-i (-n), (jur) extradite, give up to authties. ~o, extradition.

ekstrakt-i [OA] (chem) (cul), Extract, obtain essence (juice, etc.) (by boiling, pressure, suction, etc.). ~i gudron el karbo. ~o, e. ~o de malto, viando. ~o fluida, seka. ➞ distil, elĉerp, eltir, esenc, infuz, macer, tinktur.

ekstrapol-i, (mat) extrapolate. ~ado, extrapolation.

ekstravaganc-o, extravaganza, absurdity, eccentricity, prank, something fantastic (act, composition, speech). ~a, extravagant, exceeding bounds of reason, eccentric, frolicsm, wild. ➞ eksces, frenez, eksterlim, petol, troig.

ekstravert-a (psy) extrovert. ~o, extrovesion. ~ulo. Opp introvert.

ekstrem-a [UV] Extrem/e, 1 farthest from centre, outermost. ~a distanco, oriento. 2 (highest grade): ultra-, utmost. ~a bezono, danĝero, embaraso, maljuneco, plezuro. ~a mizero, dire misery, f going to great length, immoderate, severe, stringent. ~a opinio, rimedo, situacio. ~e (plej, treege), extremly, to the last degree. ~o, e., -ity, very end. Peli, puŝi ĝis la ~o. En ~o (en ~a okazo), at the worst, in extremis, ~aĵo, -ity, end, e., point, tip. ~ismo, ~isto. Ĝis~e, plej~a, outermost, uttermost. ➞ altgrad, finfin, lim, plej malproksim.

ekstrors-a (eksterena), (bot) extrorse, turned outwards. Opp intrors.

eksud-i (-n) (elŝviti), exude, give off like sweat. ~(aĵ)o, exudation.

ektopi-o (mislokiĝo) (med) ectopy, displacement.

ektoplasm-o, ectoplasm. ~iĝo, materialization.

-ektomi-o (fortranĉo), (med sfx). apendic~o, splen~o, tonsil~o.

ektropi-o (eksteriĝo), (med) ectropy, eversion, e.g., of eyelid.

ekumen-a (tutkristanara), (o)ecumenical, representing the whole Christian world. ~a movado.

ekvaci-o, [OA] (chem) (mat) equation, formula. Algebra ~o. ~igi problemon. ➞ egalaĵ, egalig.

Ekvador-o [OA-8] EC.

ekvator-o, [OA] equator. ~o ĉiela, magneta, tera. ~a ebeno, equatorial plane. E~a Gvineo [OA-8] GQ, ~a senvento, doldrum.

ekvatorial-o, equatorial telescope.

ekvil-o (sablofiŝo), sand-eel, launce (Am- modytes) (Fr equille).

ekvilibr-o, [OA] Equilibrium, (state of equal) Balance, (equipoise, between opposing forces), (mar) trim. ~o firma, stabila. ~o anima, buĝeta. ~o politika, b. of power. Konservi, perdi, teni la ~on. ~a, b-ed, compensated. ~i (esti en ~o, egalpezi), be in e., b. f ~eca, level-headed. ~igi (meti en ~on). ~igi buĝeton. ➞ egalig, kompens, kontraŭpez. ~ismo, ~isto, rope-dancer, etc. Mal~igi, upset the b. of (➞ ŝancel). Sen~a, unbalanced. f cranky. ➞ aplomb, egalfort, egalpez, stabil.

ekvinoks-o, equinox, time at which sun crosses equator. ~o aŭtuna, printempa. ~a punkto, equinoctial point. ~a tajdo, vento, equinoctial tide, gale. ~a fruiĝo. ➞ egal, precesi.

ekviset-o (bot) horsetail (Equisetum).

ekvivalent-a (egalvalora): Equivalen/t, corresponding, tantamount; (samsignifa): synonymous, with same meaning. ~o, e. (amount, thing), substitute; (gram) e. expression, phrase, term. ~eco, -ce. ➞ ident, sinonim, surogat.

ekzakt-a [OA] (severe preciza), exact, precise, strictly accurate (correct). ~a difino, historio, kalkulo, senco. ~aj sciencoj. ~emo, exactitude. ➞ ĝust, senerar, strikt. opposite proksimum.

ekzalt-i (-n), exalt. 1 elevate, excite, inflame. 2 glorify, magnify, praise. ~a, electrifying, exciting, stirring. ~o, exaltation, elation, rapturous emotion. ~iĝi (esti ekster si, ekstazi), ~iĝo, transport. ~ita, exalted, uplifted. ➞ altig, flamig, pasiig, ekstaz. elektr.

ekzamen-i (-n), [UV] Examin/e. 1 (iun) (elprovi scion, testi), test by questions. ~i kandidaton. ~i torture. 2 (ion) (detale esplori, pririgardi), enquire into, inspect, investigate, scrutinize, survey, vet., weigh (Ps 17/3) ~i konton, pacienton, pakaĵon, proponon. ~a ĉambro, demandaro. ~o, examination, audita, minute inspection, test of knowledge or ability, trial. ~o de koro, sano, vido. Sukcesi ĉe ~o; plenumi (trapasi) ~on. ~anto, ~isto, -er. ~ato, -ee, candidate. ~iĝi, be e-ed. Kontraŭ~i, cross-e, cross-question. ➞ enket, esplor, inspekt, kandidat, kontrol, revizi.

ekzantem-o (surhaŭta ruĝa erupto), exanthema, rash, e.g., morbilo, skarlatino. Tifa ~o. ➞ ekzem, eritem, erupt.

ekzegez-o (klarigo), exegesis, exposition, interpretation. ~a, exegetical. ~isto, commentator.

ekzekuci-o, (jur) execution = distraint, seizure in default of payment.

ekzekut-i [UV] (punmortigi) (-n), execut/e, inflict Capital Punishment. Elektre ~i. Pekinto ~ata (1 FA 6/26). ~o, execution, c-p. ~a ŝtipo (➞ eŝafod). ~isto, executioner. hangman, etc. ➞ elektrokut, line, mortpun; plenum, validig.

ekzekutiv-o (plenuma komitato), executive (committee).

ekzem-o [OA] (juka haŭtinflamo), eczema. ➞ ekzantem, erupt.

ekzempl-o, [UV] Exampl/e. 1 (iu, io, imitinda): conduct, object., person as pattern, model for imitation. ~o de virto. ~o bona, instrua. Citi, doni, preni, sekvi ~on, kiel ~on, por ~o. 2 Caution, warning. Esti ~o kontraŭ. ~o averta. 3 illustrate, parallel case, typical instance. ~a, illustrative, model, typical. ~a frazo, konduto. ~e, by way of e., for e. (instance), such as, viz. ~igi, -ify, ~odona, -ary. Sen~a (neniam ĝis nun okazinta), un-ed, unheard of, unparalleled, unprecedented. ➞ ilustr, imit, model, paradigm, tip.

ekzempler-o, [UV] Copy, sample, specimen (de gazeto, laboro, libro). Prov~o, specimen (trial) c. Recenz~o, review copy.

ekzerc-i (-n, per, pri) [UV] (lertiĝi per praktiko), Exercis/e, Practise, exert(tax) powers, train. ~i langon, muskolon, memoron, orelon, povon. Sin ~i, ~iĝi, take e., p. Rim.: Applies to the aganto, not to the temo de agado. ~i sin (la fingrojn), not: ~i la lingvon, pianon. ~(ad)o, e., p. ~o gimnastika. Fari ~ojn, ~aro, ~olibro, e-book. "La Ekzercaro" (de Z.). ~ejo, (~a korto), drill (parade) ground. ~igo, p. ~ilo, -er (apparatus). ~ita, practised, trained, ~ita aktorino. ~itoj (Ge 14/14). ~iteco, facility through p. La fingroj perdis ~itecon. Antaŭ~o, preliminary p., rehearsal. Spir~o, voĉ~o, breathing-exercise, voice-e. ➞ dres, etud, manovr, praktik, trejn, rutin, uz.

ekzerg-o, (num) exergue.

ekzil-i (-n; al, de), [UV] Exil/e, banish, proscribe, f Dismiss, relegate. Sin~i, exile. (withdraw) one’s. ~o, excile, banishment. ~ejo, place of e. ~iĝi, be -ed. ~ito, e. ➞ ekskomunik, elpel, forpel, proskrib.

ekzist-i (nt), [UV] Exist, be in -ence, be found, have being, last, live, occur, subsist. Li ne vivas, nur~as. La Sensaĝulo diris: "Dio ne ~as" (Ps 14/1). Ne plu ~as, has died out, is extinct. ~o, existence, being. ~aĵo (Ge 7/4), 1 (ento, estaĵo), entity, something -ing. 2 (vivantaĵo), being. ~anta (nuna, reala), actual, current, extant, in being (force). Kun~i, co-exist. ➞ daŭr, ent, est, veget, viv.

ekzistad/ismo, ~isto, (phi) existential/ism, -ist.

ekzocet-o (flugfiŝo) (Exocoetus) < flying- fish.

ekzorc-i (iun, lokon) (elpeli demonojn el), Exorc/ise, cast out, expel (evil spirit) from person or place. ~o, ~ismo, exorcism. ~isto, -ist.

ekzotik-a, exotic, foreign, introduced from abroad. ~a modo, planto, vorto.

el, [UV] (prep) out of, from, of (in this sense). 1 (motion, change of position): Fali, guti, iri, kuri, peli, salti, veni, malaperi ~ la mondo, ~ antaŭ (Le 9/24); ~ inter (Ge 12/1, 42/24); ~ interne, from inside; ~ meze de (Re 4/12); ~ sub (El 6/7); ~ sur, from off, 2 (origin): Belaj rakontoj ~ trans la montoj. Rakonto ~ Genezo. Traduko ~ Esp-o. Smith ~ Bristolo. Legi ~ libro. Rigardi ~ la fenestro. 3 (change of state): Ĉerpi ~ puto. Eksiĝi ~ servo. Levi ~ mizero. Veki ~ dormo. 4 (Cause, source): Agi ~ kaprico. Ami ~ tuta koro. Desegni ~ memoro. Fari virton ~ neceso. Sekvas (mi konkludas) ~ tio, ke. ➞ laŭ, per, pro. 5 (made, consisting, of): Kesto ~ kanoj. Kolono ~ salo. Ringo ~ oro. Tablo ~ ligno. Ĉizita ~ ŝtono. Forĝita ~ fero. Taĉmento da soldatoj ~ 200 viroj. Labori ~ oro, work in gold (El 35/32). 6 (Comparison, selection): Unu (kelkaj, multaj, la plej bela, la plimulto) ~ ili. Iom ~ ĝi, any of it (El 12/10). Kiom ~ vi? How many of you? Iri ~en (eliri), go out, leave, etc. ~igi, emit, give forth, etc. ~iĝi, emerge, issue, come out.

PFX. 1 ~ĵeti, cast out. ~tiri, extract. ~iro, exit, exodus. ~lasi, ~migri, ~peli, ~piki, ~preni, ~spiri, ~veni. f ~stari, stand out. 2 (montro): ~meti, ~montri. display, exhibit. 3 (kreo, realigo): ~kovi, hatch out. ~labori, ~pensi, ~tranĉi. 4 (akiro, atingo): ~almozi, extort by begging. ~devigi, ~logi, ~peti. 5 (= ĝisfine, plene, tute, fin-, tra-): completely, thoroughly, out, up. ~ĉerpi, exhaust. ~lacigi, ~lerni, ~trinki. ~pagi, pay off (up), settle. ~uzi, use up, wear out. 6 (idiomatic) ~teni, endure.

el-o, ale.

elan-o, elan; bound, dash, impetus, rush. ➞ impet.

elast-a, [UV] elastic, springy. ~a fibro, histo, teksaĵo, ringo, ŝelko. f buoyant, flexible; accomodating, obliging, yielding, compliant. ~a konscienco, limo, paŝo, signifo. ~a talio, supple waist. ~(aĵ)o, elastic (substance). ~aĵoj, stretch (ŝuo). ~eco, elasticity, spring, tension. ➞ adaptem, cedem, fleksebl, kaŭĉuk, malrigid.

elaten-o, (bot) water-wort (Elatine).

elater-o, click beetle, skip-jack (Elater). ~a larvo, wireworm.

eldorad-o (fabela lando, or urbo orriĉa), El Dorado.

eleagn-o, oleaster, wild olive-tree (Elaeagnus). ~o arĝenta, silver-berry.

elefant-o, [UV] Elephant. ~o Afrika, Hinda. ~(ec)a, -ine. ~osto (eburo) ivory. Vir~o, bull-e. ~bleki, trumpet.

elefantiazo, (med) elephantiasis.

elegant-a, [OA] elegant, graceful, handsome, of refined luxury, stylish, tastefully ornate. ~a fasono, smart cut. ~a homo, movo, stilo, vesto. ~(ec)o, elegance. ~igi, dandify. ~ulo, dandy, exquisite, man of fashion, swell. ~ulaĉo, dude, fop. Mal~a, Ne~a, inelegant, clumsy, coarse, dowdy, plain, rough, tasteless, uncouth (➞ krud). Mal~ulino, frump. ➞ belstil, dand, delikat, mod, plaĉ, ŝik.

elegi-o [OA] (lit) elegy, song of lamentation (especially for the dead), ~a, elegaic, ~a parolo, poemo. ➞ malgaj, melankoli.

elekt-i (-n, el, inter; abs), [UV] Choose, Elect. 1 fix on, opt, pick (single) out, select. ~i libron, seĝon. 2 choose by vote. membron, prezidenton. ~(aĵ)o, choice, option, preferance, selection, vote. Fari ~on. Ĝenerala ~o. ~a, elective, electoral. ~ado, e-tion ~anto, e-or, voter, ~antaro, electorate. ~ebla, eligible. ~ema, dainty, fussy, fastidious, particular. ~ita, choice, chosen, select. ~itaj militestroj (El 15/4), ~ito, the one chosen. Multaj vokitoj, malmultaj ~itoĵ. ~orajto, franchise, suffrage. Al~i (koopti), coopt. El~i (selekti), select. Ne~ebla, ineligible. Por~a, on approval. Sen~e, at random, haphazard, without a vote. ➞ alternativ, dilem, kribr, selekt; balot, voĉdon.

elektr-o, [OA] electricity. ~o atmosfera, negativa, pozitiva. Doni, tranĉi la ~on. ~a, electric. ~a fluo, forno, lampo, lumo, motoro, sonorilo, ŝarĝo, ŝoko. ~a fiŝo, ➞ elektrofor, torped. ~a inĝeniero, electrical engineer. ~e metaligi (arĝentizi), electroplate, ~e ekzekuti (elektrokuti), electrocute. ~(iz)i, ~igi, electrify, equip with e. power, give an e. shock to. ~izi fervojon. ~izado, -ization. ~isto, -ician.

elektro- (international ppfx) ~analizo, ~biologio, ~dinamiko, ~grafo, ~gravuro, ~kemio, ~kinetiko, ~kuto, ~lito, ~lizo. ~magneto, ~metalurgio, ~metro, ~motoro, ~patio, ~skopo, ~statiko, ~tekniko, ~terapio, ~tipo, ~tona.

elektrod-o, electrode. ~o pozitiva (anodo). ~o negativa (katodo).

elektrofor-o, (ich) electric eel (Electro- phorus). ➞ gimnot.

elektron-o, electron. ➞ atom, neutron, proton.

elektonik-o, electronics.

elektuari-o, (pharm) electuary, medicine with honey or syrup.

element-o, [OA] Element. 1 (chem) simple body, substance defying analysis. 2 elementary principle, rudiment: ~oj de gramatiko, scienco. Parol~o, pt of speech. 3 (ero), component pt, constituent, ingredient: ~o de feliĉo, medikamento, necerteco, situacio. 4 (phi) original matter of substance, power of nature: La kvar ~oj (aero, akvo, fajro, tero). f la ~oj (vetero) sovaĝis. 5 (medio) ordinary range of activity, surroundings: Akvo estas la ~o de fiŝoj. Esti en (ekster) sia ~o, be quite at home (feel out of water). ~a, -al, -ary, constituent, fundamental, rudimentary, simple. ~a aritmetiko, instruo, lernejo, scio, teorio, vero. ➞ aboc, faktor, komenc, princip, rudiment.

elevator-o (ŝarĝlevilo), elevator, hoist, machine for raising goods. ~o baskula, tip. ~o sitela, bucket e. ➞ lift.

elf(in)o, [OA] elf, supernatural mischievous little creature, dwarf, etc. ➞ gnomo (aera), nimfo (akva), salamandro (fajra); fe, kobold.

eliksir-o, [OA] (pharm) elixir. 1 (alchemy) preparation to change metals to gold, or to prolong life indefinitely. ~o de junec-(viv-)o. 2 (pharm) alkoholato kun siropo). f sovereign remedy. ➞ tinktur.

elim-o, lyme-grass (Elymus).

elimin-i (-n), (forigi, malaperigi); Elimin/ ate, delete, discard, remove; drive, (throw strike) out, exclude, ignore, reject (hypothesis); (alg) e. quantities from equation; (chem) (ph), get clear (rid) of, expel (substance, waste matter). ~(ad)o, -ation. ~ilo, -ator. ➞ ekskrement, elig, elfet, malakcept.

elips-o, [OA] 1 (geom) Ellip/se, oval. 2 (rh) Ellip/sis, gap, omis sion of word(s) understood. ~a, -tical. ➞ elizi, Opp pleonasm. II ~ojdo, -soid.

elit-o, elite, best (of), choice (pt), select (class or group); cream, pick. ~a, choice, crack, high-class, picked, select. ~a animo. ➞ elektit, kern, plejbon, superec.

elitr-o (flugilingo), elitron, horny fore- wing, wing-case (-cover) of beetle.

elize-o, (myth) Elys/ium. f place of ideal happiness. ~a, -ian, blissful. La ~aj kampoj. ~a pac-(rav-)o. ➞ eden, paradiz.

elizi-i (-n) [OA], (gram) elide, omit syllable or vowel. ~o, elision. ➞ apostrof, elips.

elode-o, (bot) water thyme, Canadian waterweed (Elodea).

elokuci-o, elocution.

elokvent-a [UV] (belparola, fluparola), eloquent, apt, fluent (in use of language) (El 4/10). ~a parolo, rigardo, stilo. ~aj okuloj. ~o, eloquence. Sciu ~i, sciu ankaŭ silenti. ➞ orator, retorik.

-em, [UV] sfx denotes 1 (subjective tendency): Inclin/ation, bent, bias, disposition, fondness, leang, proclivity, proneness, propensity, taste, turn of mind, wont, etc. Babil~a, parol~a, rakont~a, garrulous, loquacious, talkative. Ced~a, konsent~a, accomodating, compliant. Indulg~a, kompat~a, pardon~a, merciful. Tim~a kaj trem~a, fearful and trembling (Jĝ 7/3). Rim.: -o is usually preferable to -emeco (pleon). 2 (objective tendency) = apt (liable, subject) to, in danger of, Mort~a, mortal, subject to death. ➞ mortonta, that will die; mort(ec)a, appertaing to death; mort-iva (-pova), able to die. Eksplod~a, explosive; erar~a, fallible; fal~a, unsteady; pas~a, transient; pere~a, perishable. ~a (je, -i); addicted (disposed, given, inclined, prone, wont) to. ~a labori, of a mind to work. ~o, -ation, bent, propensity, tendency, etc. ~o al, leaning towards. ~i, -e, be -ed to. ~igi dun al io), i., dispose, induce. Mal~a, dis-ed, averse, indisposed, loth, reluctant, unwilling. Rim.: (transit v roots): Compare kaŝ~a, -ed to hide things, close, secretive, with kaŝiĝ~a, -ed to hide one’s. Sim: Compare fleksiĝ~a, lithe, pliant, supple; rompiĝ~a, breakable, brittle, fragile; ŝanĝiĝ~a changeable, fickle, inconstant; with fleks~a, romp~a, ŝanĝ~a, -ed to bend (break, change) something else. Rim.: (intransitive rts): Compare brul~a, -ed to burn (nt) with brulig~a, -ed to burn something else (tr). ➞ ebl, ind, iv.

emajl-o, [UV] Enamel. 1 hard oil-paint drying glossy. 2 (anat) smooth hard coating, e.g., denta ~o. Ĉel~o (klozoneo). ~a, of e., -led. ~i (-n), (cover with) e, eman-i (de, el), Emanat/e, issue, originate (especially of gas, light), (ph, phi), proceed, rise (from person or source). ~(aĵ)o, -ion, efflux. Radiuma ~aĵo. ➞ elir, haladz, spir.

emancip-i [OA] (-n) (liberigi), Emancipat/e, (set) free (from control, restraint); release (from power of). ~i menson, popolon, sklavon, virinojn. ~ita, freed. ~(ad)o, -ion. ~isto, -ionist.

embaras-i (-n, per), [UV] Embarrass, (en)cumber, entangle, hamper, hinder, hold up, impede, inconvenience, perplex, put in difficulty, trouble. ~ita (en ~o), -ed, at a loss, constrained, disconcerted, encumbered, nonplused, perplexed, puzzled. ~ita per demando, pakaĵo, ŝuldo. ~a, embarrassing, awkward, cumbersome, puzzling, troublesome. ~a demando, situacio. ~o, embarrassment, complication, difficulty, dilemma, impediment, fix, perplexity, quandary. Financa ~o. Fari (kaŭzi) ~on (al), meti en ~on (in a hole), Tiri el ~o, help out of a difficulty. ~o de riĉeco. ~aĵo, encumbrance, hindrance. ~iĝi, be -ed. Mal~i (en, de), disembarrass, clear, free, lighten. Mal~i ĉambron, la straton. ➞ dilem, ĝen, malfacilig, malhelp, obstrukc.

embarg-o, Embargo, suspension of commerce, ~i, lay an e. on (under e.), suspend. ➞ arest, konfisk, sekvestr.

emberiz-o, (orn) Bunting (Emberiza). Flava ~o, yellowhammer. Flavbrusta ~o, yellow-breasted b. Grena ~o corn b. Kana ~o, reed b. Malgranda ~o, little b. Neĝa ~o, snow b. Rustika ~o, rustic b. ➞ hortulan.

emblem-o, [OA] Emblem. 1 sign, symbol, typical representation of a quality, (her) device of a person or fam. Pesilo, ~o de justeco. (cgm) suit. La kvar ~oj ĉe ludkartoj. ~a, -atic, serving as a type. 2 badge, crest. ➞ figur, insign, simbol.

emboli-o, embolism, obstruction of bloodvessel. Cerba ~o, clot on the brain. ➞ tromboz.

embrazur-o, embrasure. 1 bevelling off (splaying) of wall, or at sides of door (jamb, window); inward chamfer, window recess. 2 (mil) crenel, loop-hole, notch, (mar) gunport. ➞ krenel, paftru.

embri-o [UV] (bot) (zoo), Embry/o, offspring before birth, f thing in rudimentary stage, bud, first draft, germ, initial project, rough sketch, ~a, -onic, immature, undeveloped. ~eco (Ps 71/6). ~igi (No 11/12). ~ologio, -ology. ~ologo, -ologist. ➞ ĵet, ĝerm, rudiment, skiz.

embrokaci-o, (med) embrocation.

embusk-o, [UV] Ambush (PI 3/10). ~i (-n, kontraŭ; abs). Fari ~on (Jĝ 9/32), lay a snare, trap; lie in wait (for), stalk. ~e, in ambush. ~ejo, embuscade, lurking-place. ~ulo, (Jĝ 16/9). ~igi, place in a. ~iĝi, take cover. ➞ insid.

emerĝ-i (nt) (eliri el medio), opposite enfal, incid. (ph) Emerg/e, come into view from, come (crop) up (issue, loom, rise) out of. f come out (through investigation), issue, rise (from obscurity). ~o, -ence. ~a angulo, ebeno, punkto.

emerit-o, ex-official, etc. (➞ veteran). ~a, honourably discharged, past active work, retired, superannuated. ~a profesoro. ~a pensio, salajro. retiring allowance, superannuate. Vivi ~e. ~igi, pension off, retire, superannuate. ~iĝi, be retired.

emetik-o (vomigilo), (pharm) emetic (especially tartratoj kalia kaj antimona). ~a vino. ➞ ipekakuan.

emfaz-o, [OA] Empha/sis (importance assigned), force, intensity, stress, vigour, weight (of style). ~a, -tic, forcible, impressive. ~a ago, esprimo, gesto, tono. ~i (-n, pri) (paroli -e) (~~ substreki), be emphatic, emphasize, accentuate, lay stress on. ~ita (vorto), stressed. ➞ insist, reliefig. ➞ akcent.

emfizem-o (ŝvelo prograsa), (med) emphysema. ~o haŭt-(pulm-)a.

emid-o, soft-shelled turtle (Emida).

eminenc-o, [OA] Eminence (title). Via ~o.

eminent-a, [UV] Eminen/t, distinguished, exalted, highly placed, illustrious; noteworthy, outstandg, prominent, signal (in degree). ~a kapabl-(orator-profesor -rang-rol-serv-)o. ~(ec)o, -ce, distinction, high rank. ~igi (Es 3/1), ~ulo, e. person, big Pott, grandee, leading spirit, shing light, etc. (Ps 146/3). ~ularo (elito, kremo). Mal~ulo, nobody. Ne~a, homely, ordinary, simple. ➞ altrang, disting-lrimark-) ind, elstar, fam, glor, most, super.

emir-o, emir (Islamic title). Unuiĝintaj Arabaj Emir-landoj AE.

emis-o, pond tortoise (Emys).

emisi-i, 1 (ph) emit, give out, send forth ~i lumon, sonon, varmon, radiojn. 2 (fin) (eldoni), issue. ~i bilojn, ĉekojn, monerojn. ~o, emission, issue. ~a banko. ➞ brodkast.

emoci-o, [OA] Emotion, agitata of mind, excited mental state, feeling. Tremi de ~o. ~a, -al. ~a gest-(rakont-situaci-)o. ~i (-n) (kormovi), affect (excite, stir) the feelings, take hold of, thrill. ~i ĝislarme, move to tears. ~iĝi, feel e. Sen~a, cold, impassive, unimpressnbl. ➞ afekci, agit, kortuŝ, sentimental, sku.

empen-o, (av) tail unit. ~o ala, buma, glitila, tail plane (boom, skid).

emperon-o, (av) elevator.

empetr-o, (bot) crowberry (Empetrum).

empir(i)-a, [OA] Empiric/al, based on experience and observation, experimental, rule of thumb, ~ismo, -ism. ~isto (~ulo), -ist. ➞ aposterior, eksperiment, praktik. Rim.: Z. used both empirism, empiristo and empiri-a.

emu-o, (orn) emu. (Dromiceus). ➞ kazuar.

emulsi-o, [OA] Emuls/ion, colloidal suspension of one liquid in another. ~o migdala, moruhepata. ~i, -ify. ~ilo, -ifier.

en [UV] (prep) (opposite ekster, el), in. 1 (loko): (a) (interne de): in, inside, within. ~ la ĉambro (domo). ~ ĝi, therein. Fiŝo ~ akvo, mano ~ mano, loĝi ~ (at) Parizo. f Loĝi ~ malproksimo (la sudo). (With accusative): into: iri (de ekstere) ~ la ĉambron, domon. f dividi ~ provincojn; konduki ~ mizeron; rompi ~ pecojn; traduki ~ Esperanton. (b) (inter), in, among: ~ la brakoj, branĉoj; (c) (vestita, volvita): virino ~ atlasaĵoj; sendi ~ k over to. (d) (aneco): ~ la grupo. 2 (tempo): ~ bona vetero; ~ printempo; ~ la mateno, tago; ~ tempo oportuna, at a suitable time. ~ (on) la unua de Majo. ~ eterneco, for ever and ever. ~ la komenco, (Ge 1/1): ( = antaŭ paso de): lerni ~ unu monato. 3 (maniero) (laŭ): paroli ~ unu (~ alia) maniero (Ij 33/14); bati ~ takto; ~ niaj okuloj (No 13/33); bona ~ ĉiu rilato. 4 (konsisto) (el, per): haroj - plektoj; pendi - girlandoj; vesti - tri pecoj; atingi ~ du saltoj; ~ kio konsistas lia forto (Jĝ 16/5). 5 (stato): naski ~ doloro (Ge 3/16); esti ~ amo, dubo, mizero, ordo, sano, turmento. 6 (aliaj rilatoj): Esperu ~(al) Dio. ~(ĉe) okazo de neceso. Rebrili ~ (el) la maro. ~ (je) mia ago, at my age. Paroli ~ la nomo de. Lerta ~ (pri) sia arto. Pardonu ~ jena afero (2 Rĝ 5/18). ~a (interna) (opp ekstera), inner, inside, ~e (interne), inside, within. Iri ~en. ~igi, insert, introduce. ~iĝi, enter, penetrate, work in, etc. (➞ enir, interven, penetr). ➞ al, ĉe, dum, ekster, el, inter(n), je, laŭ, per, post, sur.

-en-, (ch sfx) denotes unsaturated hydrocarbon (e.g., benzeno, metileno).

-enoj (zool sfx) denotes family (-itiae); e.g., mustel-enoj.

enad-o, (orn) stock dove (Colomba oenas).

enant-o, 1 (bot) water dropwort (Oenanthe). 2 (orn) wheatear (oenanthe). enartroz-o, (anat) enarthrosis, ball and socket joint.

encefal-o (technical language) (= ordinary language cerbo), brain. ~ito, (cerbinflamo), b-fever. ~ito letargia, sleepy-sickness. ➞ cerebel.

enciklik-o, (rc) encyclical, papal epistle.

enciklopedi-o,, [OA] encyclopaedia. ~o ĝenerala, speciala. ~a, -ic. ~a vortaro.

-end-, sfx officialized in 1953 = which is (has) to, must (should) be -ed (passive sense of verb). Far~a laboro, work to (that must) be done. Problemo solv~a (to be solved). La kotizaĵo estas nun pag~a (obligation), is payable (due, should be paid), Rim.: ➞ pagebla (possibility), able to be paid; pagota (prophecy) will be paid. Rezulto cel~a; vorto dir~a; lumo esting~a; eraro evit~a; ŝtrumpo flik~a; modelo imit~a; fakto memor~a; tasko plenum~a; ekzemplo sekv~a; letero skrib~a. (Tio) Endas! It has to (must) be; is imperative (necessary)! Estas kompren~e (It must be understood), ke. Rim.: Distinguish between lav-enda, lavend-a; leg-enda, legend-a.

endemi-o (regiona malsano), endemic. ~a, -ic. ➞ epidemi.

endimion-o (arbara hiacinto), (English) bluebell, wild hyacinth (Endymion non- scriptus). ➞ kampanol.

endivi-o,, [OA] endive (Chicorium endivia). The curly greenish leaves of C.e. var. crispus are eaten as a salad (Fr "chicoree"). ➞ cikori.

endo- (Gk. ppfx = interne), Endo-. ~ gamio, -gamy, inbreedg, ~gena, -egenous. ~kardo, (anat) -cardium. ~karpo, -carp. ~krino, -crine. (sendukta). ~smozo (chem) -smosis.

energi-o [F], Energ/y, force, strength, vigour (of action, person, speech), (ph) power, working capacity; ~o elektra, materia, mekanika, muskola. ~a, -etic, emphatic, forcible, full of go (dash, grit, pep), strenuous, vigorous. ~a agado, karaktero, laboro, parolo, rimedo. Labori ~e, with heart and soul. ~igi, -ize. Mov~o (puŝforto), force, impetus. Sen~a, feeble, flabby, ineffectual, limp, listless, powerless, toneless, slack, sluggish. Sen~igi, debilitate, enervate, weaken. ➞ efik, fort, impet, karakter.

enfil-i (-n), enfilade, fire (sweeping from end to end), rake.

engraŭl-o, (ich) anchovy (Engraŭlis) in its natural state. ➞ anĉov.

enharmon-a, (mus) enharmonic change of letter-name, e.g., Cb = B.

enigm-o, [UV] Enigm/a. 1 conundrum, puzzle, riddle, Proponi (solvi) ~on (Jĝ 14/12). 2 dark saying (wide sense). (Ps 49/4, 78/2; Se 1 /6, Ĥb 2/6). ~oj de la naturo. ~a, -atic, dark, mysterious, not clear, obscure, problematic, veiled. ~a fraz-(karakter -rigard-sort-)o. Paroli ~e (per ~oj). Bild~o (rebuso), Krucvort~o, crossword puzzle. Vort~o, logogriph, anagrammatic word- puzzle. ➞ mister, problem.

enket-o, [OA] (official) Inquiry, investigation, research (Le 19/20). ~o scienca. ~i (fari ~on) (pri), make (conduct, hold) a judicial or official i. into. ~isto, investigator, coroner, magistrate. Mort~o, coroner’s inquest. ➞ esplor.

enklitik-o (senemfaza postvorto), enclitic, e.g., one in anyone.

enoter-o, evening primrose (Oenothera).

ensembl-o (tutaĵo), ensemble, thing viewed as a whole, gen. combined (concerted, massed) effect, entirety (mus) united performance.

ent-o (=-o, estajo), (phi) entity, thing with real existce, being.

enterit-o, enteritis, inflammation of small intestine.

entimem-o, (log) enthymeme, sylloĝism with one premiss omitted.

entjer-o, (mat) integ/er, whole number, undivided quantity. ~a, -ral, complete, entire, whole. ~a parto (~ono), aliquot pt. ➞ faktor, pleti, tut. Opp frakci.

entomologi-o, [OA] entomolog/y.

entomolog-o entomologist.

entozo-o, entozo/on. 1 (interna parazito). 2 (intesta vermo). ~a -ic, living inside an animal.

entrepren-i (-n, -i), [UV] Undertak/e, accept obligation, agree to do, contract for, engage in, embark (enter) upon, go in for, get one’s hand in, take in hand, (Mi 2/3). ~i laboron, respondecon, tradukon. ~(aĵ)o, -ing, concern, enterprise, venture. ~o industria, komerca. ➞ establaĵ, firm. ~anto, ~isto, contractor. ~ema (aventurema, riskema), enterprising. ➞ ekspluat, iniciat, komenc, kontrakt, preni sur sin.

entropi-o, entropy. 1 (ph) 2 (med) inver sion of eyelid. opposite ektropi.

entuziasm-o (por, pri), [UV] Enthusias/m, ardent zeal, passionate eagerness. Blinda ~o. ~a, -tic. ~i (esti ~a), ~igi (-n), enthuse. ~iga, inspiring, stirring. ~ulo, -t. Sen~a, half-hearted. Tro~a, extravagant, immoderate, etc. ➞ anim, ekseit, inspir.

enu-i (nt), [UV] be bored, fed up, feel (find it) dull, find time drag, lose interest, mope, not know what to do with one’s. Atendante, mi ~is la tutan tagon. ~o, mental weariness from lack of occupation or interest, boredom, ennui, languor, lassitude, listlessness, tedium. ~(ig)a, dull, irksome, prosy, tedious, tiresm, tiring, trying, wearism. ~iga homo, laboro, libro, sono. ~igi (-n), bore, bother, be tiresome to, weary. ~igaĵo, nuisance. ~igita, bored, wearied. Mal~igi, amuse, entertain, etc. (➞ amuz, distr). Viv~o, weariness of life, satiety, etc. ➞ lac, tediĝ, splen.

enukle-i (-n) (eltranĉi), (surg) Enucleat/e, cut out whole. ~o, -ion.

envergur-o (larĝo), breadth, span, spread, e.g., of wings,, (av) envergure. ~a ŝarĝo, span loading. (mar) breadth, extent, head (sails to yard).

envi-o,, [UV] Env/y, grudging contemplation of more fortunate persons or their advantages. ~i (iun pri io, ion al iu), e., be -ious of, begrudge, covet. ~(em)a, -ious. ~igi, make -ious. ~inda, -able. ~~a homo, sano, sorto. Mal~i, allow willingly, not be envious of. Sen~e, ungrudgingly. ➞ avid, domaĝ, ĵaluz.

enzim-o, (chem) enzyme, eocen-o, ~a, (geol) eocene.

Eol-a, (mus) Aeolian. ~a harpo (vento, harpo).

eolit-a, (hist) eolithic.

eon-o, (a)eon, an age, immeasurable period, eternity.

epakt-o, (astr) epact, age of moon on 1 Jan.

eparĥi-o, eparchy. 1 division of Greece. 2 diocese of Gk. church.

epi-, (Gk. ppfx = upon, at, in addn to), epi-.

epiciklo, ~ciklojdo, (geom) epicycle, epicycloid.

epidendro, epidendron (orchid).

epiderm-o, [OA] (anat, bot), epidermis, cuticle, outer layer, top skin.

~diaskopo, -diascope.

~fito, (bot) -phyte.

~fizo (anat) -physis.

~gastro, (anat) -gastrium.

~gloto, (anat) ~glottis.

epigraf-o [OA] (surskribo), epigraph, inscription (on stone, coin, etc.).

~karpo, (bot) -carp.

~stilo, (arch) -style.

epitelio (anat, bot), epithelium.

epidemi-o, [OA] (med) epidemic, pestilence (Ps 91/6, 106/29), widespread outbreak of infectious disease. Besta ~o. f ~a entuziasmo. ~aĵo (Rd 7/15). ➞ endemi, pest.

epifani-o, [OA] Epiphany, manifestation of Christ to the magi.

epigram-o [OA] (diro frapa, pika), Epigram, short poem or inscription with witty ending, pungent saying or expression. ~a, -attic, pithy, terse.

epikur-o (frandemulo), Epicur/e. ~a, -ean, devoted to pleasure or refined sensuous enjoyment. ~ano, -ean, follower of Epicurus. ~ismo, -eanism.

epilepsi-o, [OA] Epilep/sy. ~a, ~ulo, -tic.

epilobi-o, willow-herb, fire-weed, rose-bay (Epilobium).

epilog-o, [OA] epilogue, final part of literary work, short poem at end of play.

epipakt-o, (bot) helleborine (Epipactis).

episkop-o, [UV] Bishop. ~a, episcopal. ~a bastono, crosier, pastoral staff. Lia ~a Moŝto. ~ano (~aro, ~eco, ~ismo), episcopalian (-ate, -acy, -alianism). ĉef~o, [UV] arch-b. Sub~o, suffragan b. ➞ diocezestr, eparĥiestr, patriark, prelat, primat.

epistol-o, Epist/le, letter. 1 apostolic (Bb). 2 (pros) ~oj de Horacio. 3 (fac) lengthy letter. ~a, -olatory. ➞ leter.

epistrof-o, (rh) epistrophe, ending of several sentences or clauses with same word(s) (Ap 7/5-8, 2 Ko 11/22).

epitaf-o (tomba surskribo), epitaph.

epitet-o, [OA] ephithet, attributive (qualifying) adj. or noun. ➞ atribut.

epitom-o, epitome, abstract (of book etc.), condensed account, summary, f representation in miniature. ➞ kompendi, resum.

epizod-o, [OA] Episod/e. 1 (flanka agado), incidental narrative in poem, story, etc. (mus) ~o de fugo. 2 (aparta fakto, interokazo), event, occurrence. ~o de kongreso. ~a, -al, incidental. ➞ akcesor, efemer, flank, incident, malĉef, parentez.

epok-o,, [UV] Epoch. 1 (geol, pol) (gram moinento), begining of era, red-letter day, turning-point (in history, life, etc.). 2 (periodo, temp-aĝo), age, period (marked by special events). ~o antaŭhistoria, glacia. Silik~o, stone age, -ofara, e-waking. Mez~a, mediaeval (475-1453). Sam~a, co-epocheval.

epolet-o [UV] (surŝultra ornamaĵo), epaulette), shoulder-piece.

epope-o [OA] (a. eposo), epic poem, e.g., Iliado, Eneido, Rolandkanto. ~a, epic.

-er-, [UV] sfx (opposite -ar), denotes element, unit, of a homogeneous whole. Akv~o, pluv~o, drop of water (rain); ĉen~o, link; fulg~o, smut; herb~o, blade of grass; mon~o, coin; neĝ-o, snowflake; pajl~o, straw; pan~o, crumb; program~o, item; sem~o, grain (seed); ŝvit-o, bead of perspiration. ~o, element, unit; grain. ~eto, small pt, particle, speck, etc. Dis~igi, separate into its elements. Du~a, binary. Grand~a, coarse (in grain). ➞ an, ar, atom, element, flok, gut, pecet. Rim.: An er-word denotes something complete in itself. For irregular fragment, pec, split, etc., are more appropriate.

era-o, era, age, historical period or epoch. La Kristana ~o. ➞ dat, epok.

erantid-o, (bot) winter aconite (Eranthis).

erar-i (en, pri), [UV] = malĝuste agi, paroli, pensi, Err. 1 be incorrect (mistaken, wrong), make mistake(s). ~i en kalkulo, pri nomo. ~i estas home. Nur tiu ne ~as, kiu neniam ion faras. f (morale) go astray. 2 (early writings) lose one’s way, stray (better devojiĝi, perdi la vojon, vojerari). ~o, error, blunder, erratum, false step, fault, lapse, mistake. ~o gramatika. Fari, korekti ~on. Persisti, resti en ~o. Juĝ~o, error of judgment. Kolor~o, ➞ daltonism. Sent~o, error of sense, hallucinate (➞ halucin, iluzi). Plum~o, pres~o, skrib~o. (mat) deviation from accuracy, ~a, erroneous, incorrect, mistaken, wrong. ~a kalkulo, metodo, respondo, teksto, vojo. ~e, in error, amiss, by mistake, mis-. ~ego, bloomer, howler. ~ema, ~ipova, erring, fallible. ~eto, slip. ~igi (deceive, lead astray, misinform, mislead. ➞ tromp (Re 27/18). ~lumo (vaglumo), Will o’ the wisp, ignis fatuis. Mal~igi, set right, undeceive. Ne~em, ~iva, ~ipova, certain, infallible, sure, unerring. Sen~a, correct. ➞ flankiĝ, ekart, malbon, malĝust, malprav, maltraf, mis, peket, solecism, vag.

erbi-o, (chem) erbium (Er).

erc-o (minajo), Ore. Stan~o. tin o.

erekt-i (bio) Erect (rigidigi). ~o, -ion (of hair, muscle, organ, tissue). ~iĝema, -ile.

erg-o (el) erg, unit of work or energy,

ergot-o, (bot) Ergot (Claviceps purpurea). Sekal~o, disease of rye. ~ino, -ine. ~ismo, (med) -ism.

erigeron-o, (bot) fleabane (Erigeron).

erik-o, [OA] (bot) Heath (Erica). Arb~o, tree-h, from which the wood for briar pipes. ~ejo, h., moor. ➞ kalun, step.

erinac-o, [UV] hedgehog (Erinaceus). Mar~o (ekino), sea-urchin.

eringi-o, sea holly (Eryngium).

eriobotri-o, loquat (Eriobolrya).

eriofor-o, (bot) cotton-grass, harestail (Eriophorum).

eritem-o (med) erythema, redness of skin.

Eritre-o ER.

eritren-o, (bot) coral tree, Kaffir boom, etc. (Erythrina).

eritroni-o, (hort) Erythronium < dog’s tooth violet )E. dens-canis).

erizim-o, (bot) treacle-mustard (Erysimum). ➞ sizimbri.

erizipel-o, [OA] (med) erysipelas, St. Anthony’s fire.

ermen-o,, [UV] (zoo) Ermine, stoat (Mustela erminea). ~felo, e-skin (applied to many species of putoro and mustelo). ➞ mustel.

ermit-o,, [UV] Hermit, f person living all alone, recluse. ~a vivo. ~ejo, -age. ➞ dezertul, izolul, pagur.

erod-i, (geol, mec), Ero/de, destroy surface of, eat away (metal by acid), grind, wear, away (by ice, water, wind). Klifoj ~itaj de la maro. ~o, erosion, attrition, wear and tear, e.g., of coin, (mot) running-in. ➞ abrad, (ko)rod.

erodi-o, (bot) storksbill (Erodium).

erofil-o, common whitlow grass (Erophila).

erotik-a, [OA] Erotic, amatory, of love. ~a poemo. ~o, -ism, sexual excitement. ~i, act erotically. ~ulo, erotic. person. ➞ am, amor, seks, volupt.

erotomani-o, (med) erotomania, excessive or morbid erotic desire, preoccupation with sexual passion.

erp-i (-n), [UV] (agr) Harrow. ~i kampon (U 39/10, Ho 10/11). ~ilo, h.

erudici-o, [OA] Erud/ition, learning, profound scholarship. ~a, -ite, scholarly, well-read. ~ulo, scholar. ➞ kler, multesci, sciplen. Rim.: Also erudit-o (erudiciulo), ~a, ~eco.

erupt-i (a. erupci-i [OA]), (nt) Erupt, break out, burst forth, emit lava, etc. (vulkano), spurt out water (gejsero). ~o, eruption, outbreak, outburst. ~o de milito, pasio, rido. (med) breaking-out (haŭtinflamo), cutting (dentoj). ~o zona (zostro). ~a, -ive. ➞ ekzantem, elsput.

escept-i (-n) [UV] (apartigi, ne inkludi), Except, exempt, exclude (from enumeration, statement). ~o, -ion (Ge 14/24). ~o gramatika. Regulo sen ~o. ~a (neodinara), -ional, out of the ordinary rut, uncommon. ~a kapablo, okazo. ~a prezo, bargain price. ~e (kiel ~o, en ~a okazo) -ionally, as an -ion. Hodiaŭ, ~e, mi restos hejme. ~e bona. [Ne= except.] Rim.: (early writings) Till 1906, Z used ~e with the meaning ekskluzive). ~e de (kun escepto de), ~ante, ~inte, krom), e., barring, save, with the -ion of. Sen~e, without (admitting of no) -ion, in every case, universally. ➞ eksklud, ekskluziv; ekster, krom.

ese-o, essay, short literary composition. ➞ etud, traktaĵ.

esenc-o, [UV] Essen/ce. 1 (ento, karaktero, naturo), indispensable element (Ps 103/14, 119/160, Ij 16/7). f gist, heart, main point, pith, root. La ~o de la afero. La ~o de Dio. (Ij 11/7). 2 Extract (by distillation), of perfume, etc.; volatile oil, tincture; concentrate, (opp dilution). ~o de rozoj, attar of roses. ~a (proprana- tura, vera), -tial, distinguishg, intrinsic, real, true. ~a bono (Se 8/21). ~e (aparte), in e., -tially, at the bottom (root). Ne~a, accessory, subordinate. Sen~a, un-tial. Viv~a, vital. ➞ ec, fundament, kern, kvalit, kvintesenc, precip, tinktur. Opp akcesor, flank.

eskadr-o, [UV] (mil, mar) squadron (of ships or aeroplanes). ➞ skadr.

eskal-o ( = ŝtupetaro), Ladder. ~o duobla, simpla. ~o flanka, gangway. 1. ~ado, (mil) escalade. Sav~o, fire-escape. Ŝnur ~o, rope 1. (tex) 1. in stocking. -imuna, 1-proof.

eskalator-o, escalator, moving staircase.

eskap-i (al, de, el) Escap/e, gain liberty, get free, find a way out, leak. ~ismo, -ism.

eskalon-o, (mil) Echelon, troop formation. ~i, dispose in e. f space out, spread (objs); stagger (holidays).

eskarp-o (interna deklivo), (fort, geol, etc.) escarp(ment), abrupt descent, scarp, steep slope. Kontraŭ~o, counterscarp.

eskatologi-o, eschatology, doctrine of last things (death and after).

eskort-o, [OA] Escort (for persons or things), (mil) guard, (mar) convoy; f attendants, retinue, train. ~i (-n), accompany, attend, conduct. ~anto, e. ~ŝipo, convoy. ➞ akompan, gard, gvid.

eskud-o, (num) escudo.

esoter-a (sekreta), (phi) Esoteric, for the initiated only, private. ~a doktrino. ~ismo. -ism. Mal~a, exoteric, common to all, ordinary (➞ profan, publik). ➞ adept, inic, privat.

espart-o, esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima).

esper-i (-a, al, je, pri, -i), [UV] Hop/e, be -ful, expect, hope (look) for, trust. Mi~as, ke li venos, I h. he is coming. ~i feliĉon, venkon, vizitanton. Mi ~as iri. ~i al iu, put one’s h. in. ~u al Dio (Ps 42/5). ~o, 1 have confidence, expectation, reliance, trust. Meti sian ~on en, pin one’s hopes on. Doni (detrui) ~on. Mia ~o estas al vi. (Ps 39/7). f (= ~ataĵo), Vi estas mia ~o (Ps 71/5). ~(em)a, ~oplena, h-ful. ~ata, -ed for. ~eble, it is to be -ed; I (let us, we may) hope (so) (that). ~igi (iun, ke) = inspiri, naski ~on, (give) promise (of), bid fair to. ~iga (~odona, bonaŭgura), hopeful, promising. ~inda (dezirinda), desirable. mal~i [UV] (perdi ~on) despair, despond. Fali en mal~on. Mal~a, Sen~a, hopeless, despairing, desperate. Ne~ita, unhoped for, unexpected. ➞ atend, antaŭvid, dezir, ekspekt, perspektiv, sopir.

Esperant-o [F], Esperanto. Parolu ~e, (en ~o). Traduku ~en (en ~on). ~a, in or rel. to E. ~a gramatiko, klubo, kongreso, literaturo, movado, vortaro. Rim.: A recent fashion of boycotting the adj. Esperanto and replacing it by an invariable Esperanto- (Ĉe la E-oklubo li legis E-olibron kaj kantis E-okantojn pri la E-omovado kun E-oamikoj!!) is a "malsano ekstermenda". ~aĵo, something in E. ~ano, adherent (friend, partisan) of E. ~igi, put into E. ~ismo, 1 The "interna ideo" of E, defined in the Boulogne Declaration. 2 An E idiom or form of speech. ~isto, -ist. -istaro (~ujo), E-land, the E. world. Ek~isto, beginner, newly-baked E-ist. Ne~isto, non-E-ist. Agado per~a, por~a, pri~a. ~olog(i)o, student (study) of E (language and movement).

esplanad-o, esplanade, level piece of ground, promenade. ➞ plac, promenej.

esplor-i (-n) [UV] (detale pririgardi). 1 Explor/e (for discovery). ~i landon. 2 Investig/ate, examine, go (inquire, look, probe) into, scrutinize, make a study of. ~i buŝon, demandon, fenomenon (Rd 19/18). ~i popolon (El 16/4). ~(ad)o, exploration, investigation, research, study. ~a, exploratory, investigatory. ~a komitato. ~anto, ~isto, -er. ~ema, inquisitive, inquisitorial. ~ilo, probe, etc. ➞ buĝi. ~rigardi, reconnoitre. ~vojaĝo (➞ ekspedici). Antaŭ~o, reconnaisance. El~i, fathom, get to the bottom of, thrash out. Ne~ebla, unfathomable, impenetrable, inscrutable. Sin~ema, introspective. Ter~isto, prospector. ➞ ekzamen, enket, prov, serĉ, skoll, sond, spion.

esprim-i (-n), [UV] Express (by word, gesture, etc.), convey, represent, reveal, signify, utter. ~i dankon, ĝojon, penson, senton, sin. ~o, -ion. 1 (ago ~i, montro): ~o de doloro, opinio. (aspekto): ~o malmola kaj severa. 2 ~(aĵ)o (dirmaniero, stilo), diction, phrase, word(ing): Dank~o, -ion of thanks. 3 (mus) interpret feeling of a passage. 4 (mat) symbols -ing a quantity. ~(oplen)a, ~iva. expressive. ~ilo, means of -ion. Ne~ebla (nedirebla), inexpressible, ineffable. Sen~a, -less, poker-faced, unexpressive. Sin~o, self-ion. Vizaĝ~o, -ion of face, countenance (➞ fizionomi, mien). ➞ dir, elmontr, figur, prezent, simbol, termin, fortig.

est-i, [UV] Be. 1 independent verb. (a) (Ekzisti): ~u lumo! Let there be light! Ĉu ~i, aŭ ne ~i? (b) (Okazi): Morgaŭ ~os la edziĝo. Tiel ~u! May it be so! So be it! Kio ~as (al vi)? What is the matter (with you)? What is up? (c) (Troviĝi): ~i en Parizo (hejme, en dubo). Neniu ~is tie (ĉeestis). (d) (Temi): Pri kio ~as la afero? What is it all about? (e) (Veni, skribiĝi): La letero ~is de Mario. 2 Copula (a) joining predicate to subject Tio ~as rozo. Mi ~as laca. Or (b) forming compound tense. ~i amata. 3 Impersonal, ~is dimanĉo, It was Sunday, ~as nenio! It is nothing! ~as bone! It is well. 4 Occasional use for emphasis. Estis Petro, kiu ... It was P who … H Often omitted (col. or in proverbs). Jen mi! Here am I! Finite! All is over! Proksima (estas) kubuto, sed ne por la buŝo. Rim.: Always followed by the nominative. Note, however, an apparent exception after the expression Tio estas (t.e. = nome). La akuzativo montras direkton: t.e., (= ĝi montras) movadon al iu loko. Mi ricevis duoblan pagon: t.e., dek frankojn. ~(ad)o, being, existence. ~aĵo, a being. ~anta (aktuala, nuna), extant, present. ~ante juna, while young. ~anteco (as-tempo, nuntempo), the present. similar ~inteco, -onteco. the past (future) (Jes 33/6, 45/11). ~ejo, abode, domicile. ~ebleco, possibility, ~igi (-n), bring into being, create, make, etc. (➞ kaŭz, kre, nask, okazig, produkt, vek). (2 Rg 21/4). ~iĝi, come into being, (➞ genez,ĝerm, iĝ). ~inta, former, late, old, past. ~ontece, hereafter. Al~i, Ĉe~i, (-n, ĉe -o), be (present) at, attend. Ĉe~antaro, audience, those present. Apud~i, be by (present, with). For~i, be absent (away), For~eco, absenteeism. Pensfor~o, absence of mind. Kun~o, being with, association, company. Kun~anta, concomitant. Mal~o, Ne~o (manko), absence, default, lack, non-existence. Verd~i (Ps 92/7, 12, 13). ~konfesi, acknowledge, avow, recognize (existance of). ➞ egal, ekzist, fart, troviĝ; iĝ (= ekest), rest (= estad).

establ-i (-n) [OA], Establish, erect, found, institute, set up. ~i domon, filion, firmon, kolonion, registaron, rekordon; place beyond dispute, prove, substantiate. la fakton, ke; lay down, prescribe, secure acceptance for. ~i kutimon, precedenton, regulon. Sin ~i, settle, set up for one’s, take up residce. ~o, setting-up. ~aĵo, -ment, business, household, institution, works, etc. ➞ dom, entrepren, firm.

ester-o, (chem) ester.

estetik-o, [OA] Aesthet/ics, appreciation of (feeling for) beauty, good taste. ~a, -ic, tasteful. ~ismo, -ism. ~ulo, -e.

estim-i (-n) [UV] (ŝati pro morala aŭ spirita valoro), Esteem, regard, respect, think highly of. ~ata, -ed, valued, worthy. ~ata sinjoro, Dear Sir. ~o (por), esteem, regard. ~inda, estimable. mal~i, [UV] despise. ~~o, contempt, disdain. ~~inda, contemptible, despicable, mean. ~~igi, bring into disrepute, cast discredit (a slur) on. ➞ aprob, honor, respekt, ŝat, taks; renom, reputaci.

esting-i (-n) [OA], Extinguish. 1 put out, quench. ~i bridon, fajron, kandelon, lumon. Opp ekbrulig, eklumig. 2 (dampi) cool, damp, destroy, kill. ~i ardon, esperon, entuziasmon, fervoron, soifon, vivon. Discharge (liquidate, wipe out) (ŝuldon); obliterate (memoron); put an end to (vivon), quell, suppress (ribelon), silence (kontraŭulon); slake (soifon). ~o, extinction, suppression. ~iĝi, become -ed (exhausted), die, go out, expire. ~iĝinta, extinct. ~ilo, -er. Fajr~ilo. Blov~i, blow out. Fajr~a tubo, firehose. ~~isto, fireman. ➞ detru; ĉesig, forig, kvietig, mortig, neniig, velkig, sufok.

Eston-ujo, Estonio [OA-8] EE, Estonia, a. Esthonia.

estr-o, [UV] (person at the) Head (in command); "boss", chief, commander, director, leader, master, principal, ruler. Cent~o, centurion; famili~o, h. of the family; imperi~o, emperor; paroĥ~o incumbent; parti~o, party leader; sub~o, foreman; ŝip~o, captain; urb~o, mayor, provost. ~o, ~ino, head. ~a rigardo. Paroli~e. ~i, boss, head, etc. ~aro, [UV] governing body, executive. etc. ~ema, h-strong, masterful. ~igi (Ge 39/4). ➞ ĉef, direkt, komand, mastr, reg.

estrad-o, [OA] platform, dais, stage. ➞ podi, tribun.

estuar-o (riverbuŝa golfo), estuary, firth, tidal mouth of large river: La ~o de Elbo.➞ delto.

eŝafod-o, [UV] scaffold (for executions).

-et-, [UV] sfx, to a high degree weakens (diminishes) the idea in the root. With noun-roots = malgranda; with adj- or verb-roots = iomete, malforte, but more strongly than these words. Dolor~o, chafe, discomfort, smart; ŝton~o, pebble; vent~o, light breeze, zephyr. Blu~a, bluish; malsan~a, off colour, out of sorts. Bol~i, simmer. ~a Tim, Tiny Tim. ~igi, diminish, dwarf. ~ul(in)o, little one. Rim.: Sometimes denotes a nuance of affection or caress: patrin~o, man~o. Rim.: Sometimes as pfx = malgrand-: narrow, restricted, small in extent or application. ~anima, ~burĝo, ~industrio, ~komerco, ~skala.

etaĝ-o, [UV] (bid) Floor, storey, flight (stairs), tier (seats), layer, level, stage (geol, min) (➞ epok, tavol). Dua ~o, second f. ~i, arrange in tiers. Inter~o, entresol, mezzanine floor (inter tera kaj unua). Kel~o (subtera ~o), basement, cellarage. Ter~o (partero), ground f. (th) the pit. Unu~a domo (bangalo), bungalow.

etaĝer-o = bretareto, etaĝareto, what-not, (set of) shelves.

etan-o, ethane (C2H6). ~olo, etanol, ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH).

etap-o, Stage. 1 (of journey), halt, station, regular stopping-place. Facilaj ~oj, easy stages. 2 distance between two of these. 3 (gms), distance covered, lap, length, round. ➞ nivel, staci.

etat-o, [UV] register, list, inventory. 1 (fin, etc.) account, report, return, statement. Financa ~o. ➞ bilanc, buĝet, inventar. 2 roll, number of persons, strength. Oficira ~o, roll of officers. ~o de la ŝipanoj, crew list. Ekster~a, unattached, supernumerary, surplus. (Laŭ)~a, on the establishment. ➞ kadastr, nomar, list.

etend-i (-n), [UV] Exten/d, spread (stretch) out. 1 (in all directions) (malvolvi, sterni): ~i kolon, kurtenon, reton, tendon, tolon; brakojn, flugilojn. lay (tapiŝon, tukon); set (velojn). ~i la ĉielon (Jes 44/24). 2 (vastigi) enlarge, widen: ~i amplekson, limon, povon, programon, regulon, rigardon, scion, signifon. propagate malsanon, opinion. 3 (proponi) stretch, hold (out): ~i la brakojn, manojn. 4 Sin~i, lie prone, at full length. 5 (mil) spread out in open order. ~a muskolo, extensor. ~o, ~ado, ~eco, extension, range, stretch, (➞ spac). ~ebla, extensible, etc. ~iĝi (ĝis), reach (to), e., expand, run, spread (mus) ~ita (disa) harmonio, -ded harmony. Dis~i, open, spread out (la brakojn. krurojn). El~i, reach out to the full. ~~i la langon. Tir~i, draw out (elaston). ➞ ampleks, dimensi, pliig, grandig, longig, streĉ.

eter-o, [UV] ether. 1 (ph) elastic fluid permeating space. 2 (chem) airless volatile liquid, f clear sky, upper region beyond clouds. ~a, -ial, -ic, airy, light, of unearthly delicacy (➞ delikat, superter). ~izi (➞ anestez). Tra~a, celestial, heavenly. ➞ atmosfer, ĉiel, lazur.

etern-a [UV] (ĉiama), 1 Etern/al, that always has existed and always will exist. 2 endless, everlasting, unending. ~a dormo, neĝo, urbo. 3 incessant, perpetual. ~a demandado. ~e, everlastingly. De ~e, from time immemorial. De nun kaj ~e (Ps 131/3). Por ~e (senfine), for ever, evermore. ~(ec)o, -ity, infinite time, future life. ~a ~eco (Da 7/18). ~igi, immortalize, perpetuate. La E~ulo, the LORD.

etik-o, [OA] ethics, science of morals, moral principles (rules). ~a, ethical. 1 dealing with questions of right and wrong. 2 (morale bona) ~a principo, societo. ➞ moral.

etiked-o, Label, ticket, tag (denotes contents or address). ~o gumita, stick-on l. ~o vitrina, show-card. ~i, to label.

etiket-o, [OA] etiquette, ceremonial, code of conduct, conventional rules of personal behaviour. Kontraŭ~a, bad form. ➞ bonton, ceremoni, konvenci.

etil-o, (chem) Ethyl (C2H5). ~acetato, e. acetate, acetic ether. ~alkoholo, e. alcohol, ethanol. ~eno, -ene (C2H4).

etimolog-io, ~o, [OA] etymolog/y, -ist.

etiolog-io, ~o, [OA] etiolog-y, -ist.

Etiop-ujo, Etiopio [OA-8] ET.

etn(ik)a (rasa), ethnic(al).

etnograf-io, ~o, [OA] ethnography, -ist.

etnolog-io, ~o, [OA] ethnolog-y, -ist.

etos-o, ethos, charistic atmosphere (nature, spirit). La ~o de grupo, katedralo, popolo, sistemo.

etud-o, study, (art) sketch. ~o de kapo, de la nudo. (mus) etude, short composite or exercise. ~o koncerta, violona. ➞ ekzerc, studaĵ.

etuz-o, (bot) fool’s parsley (Aethusa).

eŭfemism-o, (rh) Euphem/ism, softened expression (Ge 15/15; Jĝ 3/24, Jn 11/11). ~a, -istic.

eŭfonium-o (tenora tubjo), euphonium.

eŭforbi-o, Spurge (Euphorbia). Cipresa ~o, Cypress s.

eŭfori-o (sento de bonfarto), euphoria.

eŭfrazi-o, (bot) eyebright (Euphrasia). eŭgenik-o, eugenics.

eŭkalipt-o, eucaliptus, jarrah. ~aj folioj. ~a esenco.

eŭkaristi-o, [OA] eucharist, the Lord’s Supper.

eŭmen-o, (ent) potter wasp (Eumenes).

eŭnuk-o [OA] (kastrito), eunuch (Es 1/10).

eŭpatori-o, (bot) eupatorium. ~o kanaba, hemp agrimony. ➞ ajapan.

eŭrial-o. 1 (bot) species of water-lily (Euryale,nimfe). 2 (zoo) Gorgon’s head.

eŭropi-o, (chem) europium (Eu).

eŭtanazi-o, euthanasia, painless death.

evaku-i (-n), Evacu/ate (wide sense) 1 (ion) (eligi el): discharge, exhaust, void (from). ~i materi-(vapor-)on el. 2 (malokupi ejon): clear, empty, vacate. ĉambron, domon, lokon, teritorion. 3 (iuri) (forsendi el loko), clear out, evict, withdraw. ~i loĝantojn, ŝuldantojn, vunditojn. ~iĝi, be -ed. ~ito, -ee. ➞ evikt.

evangeli-o, [OA] Gospel, Evangel. 1 Christian glad tidings, religious truth. 2 each of the four gospels in the N.T. ~a, 1 of the gospel. 2 e-ical, protestant. ~ano, ~ulo, e-ical, protestant.

evangel-ismo, -isto, Evangel-ism, -ist. ~izi, -ize (preach the g.).

event-o (okazaĵo), Event, happening, incident, occurrence. ~oj de la tago. ~oplena, e-ful. La ĉef~o de mia vivo. Sen~a, -less.

eventual-a [OA] (eble okazonta), Contingen/t, eventual, liable to (that may) happen (occur) in certain circumstances. ~a akcidento, profito. ~a elirejo, emergency exit. ~e (en okazo de bezono), if necessary, in case of need, on occasion, should the occasion arise. ~e, on occasion. ~e telegrafu. ~(aĵ)o (eblaĵo), -cy, eventuality, possible happening. Por ĉiu ~o, against every emergency. ➞ ebl, hazard, okaz [Ne= fina, rezultanta].

evident-a [OA] (videblega), Evident, obvious (to eye or mind), clear, manifest, plain, unmistakable. ~a eraro, obvious mistake, palpable error. ~e, -ly, it stands to reason that. ~(ec)o, obviousness. ~igi, make clear (manifest), serve to show. ➞ cert, klar, okulfrap.

evikt-i (iun) (a. evikcii), Evict, dispossess (especially tenant from land or house) by legal procedure, eject. ~o, -ion. ➞ elpel, evaku.

evit-i (-n, -i) [UV] (peni ne renkonti), Avoid, restrain one’s (from thing or action), elude, escape from, eschew, evade, give a wide berth to, fight shy of, go round, keep clear (out of the way) of, shirk, shun. ~i danĝeron, devon, eraron, homon, kolizion, respondon, servon. ~i frapon, dodge a blow. Mi ne povas ~i tion, I can’t help that. ~o, -ance. ~ado de malbono (Ij 28/28). ~(em)a (malpreciza, singarda), evasive, cautious, reticent. "Nu!" li diris ~e. ~ebla, -able. ~enda, to be -ed. ~igi (ion al iu), keep (preserve, prevent, save) someone from. Antaŭ~i, anticipate, avert, forestall, stave (ward) off. Mal~i (fronti, spiti), brave, face, (con)front, meet, tackle. Ne~ebla (nepra), inevitable, unable. ➞ cedi lokon al, elturniĝ, forkur, fuĝ, sin gard, sin eltir, sin forsav.

evolu(ci)-i (nt) [OA], (iom post iom malvolviĝi) (opp revoluci), Evol/ve, develop, open out. ~(ad)o, -ution, development. Natura ~o. ~o de besto, karaktero, lingvo, teorio, (th) denouement, unfolding (of plot). ~ismo, ~isto, evolution, -ism, -ist. ~ipova, (~iv)a, capable (susceptible) of evolution.

evonim-o, spindle-tree (Euonymus).

ezofag-o, [OA] (anat) gullet, aesophagus.

ezok-o, [UV] (ich) jack, pike (Esox).


F

F-o [F], letter F. (ac) 698 • 46 vibroj sekunde. F-is (F diesa), F sharp. ~klefo, (basklefo), bass clef. ~truoj, (vn) F-(sound-)holes.

fab-o [UV] 1 broad Bean (plant or seed) (Vicia faba). ~o kampa, field (horse) b. 2 gen. name for any b-shaped seed. ~acoj, leguminous plants, pulse, ~eca, fabaceous. ~stango, b-stick. ~trunko, b-stalk. ➞ fazeol.

fabel-o [UV] (ferakonto, mirrakonto), Fairy-tale (-story). ~oj de Andersen, f something fictitious. ~o por infanoj, nursery tale. ~o de maljunaj virinoj. Vintro~o, fireside yarn. ~a, fabled, fabulous, f (miriga), ~a propono. ~i, tell ff. ~aĵo, tosh, nonsense, fisherman’s yarn. ~aro, book of ff. ➞ fabl, legend, mit, novel.

fabl-o [UV] (alegorieto), Fable, animal story with moral. ~oj de Ezopo. ~a, fabled, of f. ~a besto, mythical creature. ~i, tell fables. ~aro, collection of fables. ~isto, fabulist. ➞ alegori, fabel, mit.

fabrik-i [UV] (produkti), Manufactur/e, make, f fabricate, invent, trump up (akuzon, kalumnion); coin, mint (novan vorton). ~(ad)o, m., make, production. ~a marko, brand, trade mark. ~aĵo, -ed article, product; fabrication. ~anto, ~isto, -er, ~ejo, Factory, works. ~ejestro, f- owner, etc. ~ejano, f-worker. ➞ far, product, uzin, Rim.: Some (and Z.) treat fabrik- as a noun-root, and use fabriko = fabrikejo).

fac-o [OA8], Face (wide sense), outer (upper, workg) surface, face (of anvil, clock, disk, hammer); flat (of sword); head (of coin). ➞ front, vizaĝ. ~eto, [UV] facet (of crystal, gem, prism). Mult~eta brilianto. ~eti, cut (diamonds etc.). ➞ edr, later, surfac.

facil-a, [UV] Easy (wide sense), Facil/e, Light- 1 (simple, opposite difficult): ~a laboro, lingvo, problemo, tasko, vojo. 2 light (malpeza): ~a mano, movo, paŝo, plumo, vento. 3 (neforta, neintensa): ~a dormo, rideto, suspiro. 4 easy, frail, weak: ~a moro, virto. ~e [F], lightly, readily, with facility. ~e forgesi, pardoni, paroli. ~e lernebla, easy to learn. ~aĵo, facility, convenience. ~eco, ease. (pli)~igi, facilitate, lighten, simplify, f alleviate, ease, mitigate. ~~i koron, laboron. ~igo, ~iĝo, relief, respite, simplification (El 8/15). ~anima [F], airy, frivolous, reckless (Jĝ 9/4). ~kora, light-hearted. ~mova, agile, nimble, quick, spry. ~pieda, light-footed. Mal~a, difficult, arduous, hard, knotty, tough, trying. ~~e (apenaŭ, pene), with difficulty. ~~aĵo (baro), difficulty, obstacle. ~~igi, hinder.

fad-i (cin, rad), Fad/e. ~(ad)o, -ing. Flagra ~o, flickering, flashing.

faden-o, [UV] Thread, line. ~o kotona, lana, lina, ora, silka, ŝpinita, ŝtala. Enkudriligi ~on, t. a needle (➞ tred) Enkonduka ~o, lead-in wire. Fiŝista ~o, angler’s line. metal~o [UV] (drato), wire. Plumba, sonda ~o, plumb-line. Ŝuist~a, vaksit~a ~o, cobbler’s thread. Vel~o, seaming-twine. f ~o de ideoj, de parolo, penso, line, train. ~aro, ~fasko, hank, skein. ~eca, ~forma, thready, ropy. ~ego (ŝnuro), string. ~eto (➞ fibr, filament), ~igi, draw into t. (➞ spin). ~igebla, ductile. ~isto, = merceristo. ~bulo, ~volvaĵo, ball of thread. ~eltirado, drawn-t work. ~omontra, t-bare. Sen~a (sendrata), wireless. Sub~aĵo, warp. Sur~igi (-n), thread, wire. Dis~igi, unravel. ➞ filament.

faeton-o, phaeton, light open two-horse carriage. ➞ fiakr, kaleŝ.

fag-o, [UV] Beech (tree) (Fagus). Sanga ~o, copper b. ~a frukto, nukso, b-mast, b-nut. ~aro, ~ejo, b-grove.

fagocit-o, (bio) phagocyte.

fagopir-o, buckwheat (Fagopyrum).

fagot-o, [OA] (m.i.) bassoon. ➞ hoboj, kontrafagot.

fajenc-o, [UV] china, faience. ~aĵo, crockery, stone-ware, etc. ➞ argil, ceramik, delft, kahel, majolik, poreelan.

fajf-i (-n, abs), [UV] Whistl/e, pipe. 1 (with lips or instrument). ~i arion. La knabo, lokomotivo, merlo ~is. ~i perfingre. 2 w., howl, sough, whiz (kuglo, sago, vento). 3 (mok~i, pri~i) express disapproval, catcall, hiss. ~(ad)o, -ing. ~ilo [F], w. (wide sense), Danci laŭ ies ~ilo. Alarm~ilo, log~ilo, vapor~ilo. Sak~ilo (better sakŝalmo), bagpipes. ~ilego, hooter, siren. ➞ flut, sibl.

fajl-i (-n), [UV] Fil/e. f (poluri, rafini). ~i poemon. ~aĵo, -ings. ~ilo, file. ~ilo benda, band f; plata, flat f; kvadrata, square f; pintigita, taper f; ronda, round file; triangula, 3-cornered f. Ungo~ilo. Tra~i. fajn-a, fine. 1 (eteta), in small particles. ~a pluvo, pulvoro. 2 dainty, delicate, slender, thin. ~a distingo, kaligrafio, plumo, streko. ➞ delikat, malgrander.

fajr-o, [UV] Fir/e. Ekbruligi, estingi, fari ~on. f ~o de ardo, entuziasmo, kolero, pasio. Elma ~o, St Elmone’s fire. Ĝoj~o, bonfire. Signal~o, Tend~o, camp-f. ~a, fiery, passionate. ~a ardo, brilo, deziro, karbo, koloro, rigardo, okulo. ~e ami, paroli. ~i (nt), burn, flame. ~aĵo, -ing, fuel. Arta ~aĵo, f-work. Krak~o, salt~aĵo, cracker. Serpent~aĵo, serpent. Turn~aĵo, Catherine wheel. ~ejo, -place, hearth. ~ero [F], spark. ~(far)ilo, lighter. ~ujo, -box, brazier, grate (Jes 30/14). ~breto, ~plato, hob. ~devena, igneous. ~imuna, ~rezista, fireproof. ~gardilo, -guard. ~prenilo, tongs. ~ŝtalo, flint-steel, tinder-box. ➞ ard, brul, entuziasm, flam; alarm, brigad.

fak-o, [UV] Compartment, Department (agada, metia); competence, district, domain, line, province, speciality, sphere, subject. Divers~a komerco. (kofra, ŝranka) division, section, shelf; (fenestra, porda) panel; (organiza) branch, bureau; (chs) square. Poŝt~o, P.O. Box. ~a, d-al, sectional, technical, specialist. ~a gazeto, societo. ~aro, nest of drawers, pigeonholes, rack. ~eto, box (of type-case). (En)~igi, divide into cc (dd), file. ~isto, ~ulo, expert, specialist (➞ ekspert, kompetent, special, spertul). ~esprimo, tech. expression. Mult~a, complex. Ne~a, non-specialist, unskilled. ➞ klas, kupe rubrik, sekci, specialaĵ, teritori.

fakir-o, [OA] fakir. ➞ derviŝ.

fakoĉer-o (veruka apro), wart-hog (Phacocherus). ➞ apr.

faksimil-o, [OA] facsimile. exact copy, e.g., of painting, picture, writing. ➞ duplikat, kopi.

fakt-o, [OA] fact, thing certainly known to be true, or have occurred. ~o historia. Jama ~o, fait accompli. ~oj donitaj, data. ~a, factual, actual, based on fact, de facto. ~e, actually, in (as a) fact. Dum ~e, whereas. ➞ efektiv, real.

faktitiv-o, (gram) factitive, causative, e.g., ig.

faktor-o, [OA] Factor. 1 (mat) ➞ koefi- cient. 2 something contributing to a result. ~o de sukceso. 3 (rad) ~o amplifa, potenca, transforma. 4 (com) agent.

faktorial-o, (mat) factorial.

faktur-o, [UV] Invoice. ~o prova, pro forma invoice. ~i, to invoice.

fakultat-o [OA] (fako, profesoraro), faculty (law, letters, medicine, etc.). ~o jura, medicina, scienca. ~estro, dean of faculty.

fakultativ-a (libervola, nedeviga), optional, permissive.

fal-i (nt), [UV] fall (wide sense). 1 drop, tumble down. Ĝi ~is el mia mano. La folio, kurteno, muro, neĝo ~is. ~i en riveron, sub la radojn [F]. Lasu ~i (drop, let fall), vazon, la manojn. ~i dorsen, teren (Jes 28/13). 2 go down diminish, lose position, sink, subside. La akvo, barometro, febro, prezo ~is. f Lia vizaĝo (la melodio) ~is. 3 (morti): de glavo (by the sword), en batalo, sur la batalkampo. 4 (fiaski): break down, collapse, have a fall. La imperio, movado, registaro, teorio ~is. 5 come, go (into a position). La dormo, nokto ~as. ~i en danĝeron, mediton. (trafi): La devo, elekto, loto, lumo, malbono ~is sur min. f ~i en la manojn (okulojn). ~o, fall, drop, tumble. La ~o de Adam (Ge 3), de Jeriĥo (Jos 6). Akvo~o, waterfall (➞ kaskad). Ter~o, caving in, landslide, ~egi, crash down (➞ kraŝ), ~ema, rickety, unsteady. ~eti [UV] slip, stumble, trip (➞ stumbl). ~igi, fell, lay low, knock down. ~~i arbon. ~ilo (kaptilo), catch, snare, stumbling-block, trick (Ij 18/10). De~i, for~i, fall away (from, off) e.g., frukto de arbo. f De~o, rebellion, sedition (Ne 6/6, Ez 4/19). Kia de~o! What a downfall! (de)~i de instruo, virto. ~inta virino. Dis~i [F] (ruiniĝi), fall to pieces, break up (down). ~~i en dialektojn. ~~o de grupo. El~i [F] (dento). En~i [F], fall into (kavon, mizeron). Kun en~intaj okuloj (hollow-eyed), vangoj (haggard). Kun~i, (koincidi). Re~i, relapse, etc. Sub~i, subside. Super~i (Ij 27/20). Rul~i, topple over, tumble head over heels. ➞ atavism, fiask, malalt, mallev, malsupr, pane, sink.

falang-o, [OA] phalanx. 1 fighting line. 2 finger-bone, toe-bone.

falangi-o,< harvestman spider (Phalangium).

falar-o, reed-grass (Phalaris). ~o kanaria, = canary grass. P. arundinacea is the ribbon grass (lady’s garters) of the garden.

falarop-o, (orn) phalarope (Phalaropus). Arkta ~o, grey phalarope.

falbal-o, [UV] flounce, pleated trimming; frill, furbelow. ~i, trim with flounces. ~a jupo, flounced skirt.

falĉ-i (-n), [UV] mow, reap, cut (grass etc.). ~i greson, grenon. f La morto ~as homajn vivojn. ~iĝi (Ps 102/4). ~ilo [UV] scythe. ~ilforma, falcate, sickle-shaped. ~ileto (rikoltilo), reaping hook. ~isto, mower, reaper. ~maŝino, mowing machine, reaping machine, grass-cutter. ~a strio, swath. Pri~i kampon. ➞ serp, tond.

fald-i (-n), [UV] Fold, double, lay one pt over another. ~i ĵurnalon, leteron, tukon, veston. ~ita (turned-up) maniko. ~i duonige. ~o, f. ripple (of water). ~e levita (turn-up) pantalono. ~e kunligita robo (Alt 7/5) ~eto (a. falto), crease, pucker, wrinkle. ~ilo, -er. -umi (a. plisi), pleat, (mec) Kun~i, fold together, welt. Mal~i. (➞ malvolv), spread out, unfold, unfurl. Re~i, fold back. ~~o, reverse, turned-back edge, lapel. Du~o, pleat (ekstera, interna), Kol-o, dewlap, double chin, wattle. Supren-i, turn up (hat-brim), etc. (2 FA 60/17). ➞ af, fold, imbrik, krisp, kunmet, sulkig.

falen-o, 1 (ordinary language) Moth in gen. 2 (ent) Gothic m. (Phalaena). ➞ lepidopter, tine.

falk-o, [UV] Falcon (Falco). Kolomba ~o, merlin. Pilgrima ~o, peregrine f. Vesper ~o, red-footed f. ~ado, -ry. ~isto, -er. ➞ girfalk, lanari, niz, subute, tinunkol.

fals-i (-n), [UV] falsify, debase, counterfeit, tamper with, cook, fraudulently alter (konton), forge (monon, skribori). ~i (adulterate) vinon, load (ĵetkubojn), mark (kartojn), misrepresent (faktojn) ~ita dokumento. ~a (neaŭtenta), counterfeit, false, forged, insincere, sham, spurious. ~a atestanto (Se 19/9). ~a alarmo, dentaro, diamanto, fundo, kalkulo, pretendo, situacio, starto. ~a akuŝo, false pains. ~a mono, spurious coins. ~a nomo, alias. ~a nolo, wrong note. Kanti, ludi ~e (mis-sub-super-pice), sing (play) out of tune. ~aĵo, counterfeit, forgery, imitation, sham. Enmeti ~aĵon, adulterate. ~emo (Se 4/24), (➞ hipokrit, jezuit, malsincer). ~into, ~isto, ~ulo, cheat, double-dealer forger, sharper. Mon~isto, coiner. Vin~isto. ➞ fraŭd, malver, mis.

falset-o, falsetto, "head voice", as of male alto.

falt-o (faldeto, sulketo), crease, pucker, ruck, wrinkle; line (on hand). ~iĝi, become lined, (nwk) pint~eto, close gather, pin- tuck, tiny pleat. ~arigo, smocking. ➞ plis.

fam-o, [UV] Fam/e (wide sense). 1 (onidiro): hearsay, report, rumour. Disvastigi ~on. La ~o kuras, ke. ... 2 (renomo, reputacio): character, repute, reputation, standing. Havi (mal)bonan ~on. 3 (gloro): fame, distinction, glory, honour. (Mond)~a, -ous, well-known. ~e konata (~ega), celebrated, illustrious, renowned. ~i, be famous. ~igi, make -ous, ~ulo, celebrity, man of note. ~brilo, prestige. Bon~a, of good repute. Malbon~a, infamous, ill-famed, notorious, of ill repute. Sen~a, inglorious, obscure. ➞ glor, eminent, klaĉ, opini, prestiĝ.

famili-o, [UV] Family. X (parents with children): Vivi en ~o. 2 (domo, gento): house, lineage. Nobela ~o. 3 (idaro): (Ps 113/9). 4 (lingvo): ~o Hindeŭropa, Slava. Vort~o. 5 (bot = -ac, zool = -ed), f (in classification). ~o de rozacoj (cervedoj). ~a afero, domo, nomo, portreto, rondo, simio, leco, vivo. ~a ĉambro, living-room. ~ano, member of the f. ~eca (hejmeca, intima). ~ejo, homestead. ~estro, head of the f. (Jos 21/1). ~ulo, f. man. Ekster~a, outside the f. Sam~ano. ➞ dom, anar, gent, parenc.

familiar-a [OA] (intime senceremonia), Familiar, extremely friendly, free, intimate, unceremonious, unconstrained. ~a esprimo, gesto, stilo, tono. Esti ~a kun, be on familiar terms (hobnob) with. Paroli kun iu ~e. ~aĵo, -ity, liberty. ~eco, absence of ceremony. Mal~a, formal, reserved, starchy, stiff. Esti tro~a (~aĉa), be brazen, cheeky, impudent, over-free, pert; take liberties with. ➞ senĝen. [Ne= bone konata.]

fanatik-a [OA] (blinde fervora), Fanatic/al, filled with excessive enthusiasm, stubborn. ~(ec)o, -ism. ~ulo, f. ➞ bigot, dogm, fervoraĉ, obstinaĉ, zelot.

fand-i (-n), [UV] 1 (s)melt by heat, blend, fuse, liquify. ~i buter-(glaci-metal-neĝ -vaks-)on. 2 (~fari), cast, founder, make by smelting. ~i sonorilon, statuon. ~ita bovo. ~(ad)o, casting. ~(it)aĵo, casting, ingot, molten image, etc. ~ebla, fusible. ~ejo, foundry. Vitro~ejo, glass-works. ~iĝi, melt (nt), become molten,^ dissolve, fuse, run, ➞ degel, solviĝ, f Sia koro ~iĝis de kompato. (malaperi kuniĝante): la nuboj ~iĝis kun la horizonto. ~isto, smelter. Fer~isto (gisisto), iron-founder. Liter~ ~isto, type-founder. ~uj(~forn~vaz)o, smeltg-pot, crucible (a. krizolo). ~odrato, ~fadeno, fuse wire. ~fornego. blast furnace. ~punkto, point of fusion. ~restaĵo (skorio), ~verŝi (gisi), cast, pour in mould, f For~i, disperse, dissolve (antaŭjuĝojri). Kun~aĵo, alloy (➞ aloj). Kun~igi, coalesce, mingle.

fandang-o, fandango, lively Spanish dee.

fanerogam-o, (bot) phanerogam. ➞ kriptogram.

fanfar-o, [OA] (mus) fanfare, flourish, gay passage for brass (Jes 58/1).

fanfaron-i (nt) (ke, pri, kontraŭ; abs), [UV] Boast, bluster, brag, give one’s airs about, flaunt, make a parade of, plume one’s on, swagger, talk big (Jes 30/7). ~a, boastful, vainglorious. ~(ad)o, -ing, arrogant talk, braggadocio, fanfaronade. ~adi (Ce 2/8). ~eco (bombasto), -fulness. ~ulo, -er, braggart, swashbuckler. ➞ fier, parad, pav, sin glori.

fant-o, (cgm) jack, knave.

fantasmagori-o, phantasmagoria, dissolvg view.

fantast-a, fantastic, eerie, extravagantly fanciful, grotesque.

fantazi-o, [OA] Fanc/y. 1 fantasy, mental image, whimsical flight of imagination. 2 (mus) fantasia. ~a, -y, -iful (imagoplena): full of imagination. (kaprica): capricious. ~a prezo. (imagita, nereala): shadowy, un-real(-substantial). ~i, let one’s f. run freely, indulge in dreams (-ies, whims), (mus) improvise. ~aĵo, -y, freak, whimsey, ~eca, ~oplena, imaginative. ~ulo, dreamer, crank, visionary. Sen~a, cold, matter of fact, prosaic (➞ proz, sobr). ➞ bizar, delir, fantom, imag, kapric, iluzi, rev, utopi.

fantom-o, [UV] Ghost, apparition, phantom, spectre, spirit, spook, wraith. ~o de mortinto. f mental illusion, unreal appearance; dummy (cgm). ~a, -ly, spectral, ~a aperaĵo. f illusive, imaginary. ~(vizit)i haunt (a. /ian?i).~rakonto, g-story. ~ŝipo. ➞ aperaf, iluzi, ombr, reaperant, spirit, vizi.

far-i (-n), [UV] do, make. 1 Perform an action (~i atakon = ataki): ~i decidon, distingon, eraron, escepton, komplezon, konfeson, peton, promeson, servon; (alpreni) decidon; (elt iri) konkludon; (liveri) impreson, juĝon; (proponi) demandon. 2 (plenumi): Do. ~i aferon, devon, taskon. Kion ~i? What is to be done? can one do? 3 (abs) (agi): Act. Ne parolu, sed ~u. 4 (estigi, formi, krei, produkti): Make (create, form, produce): ~i (mal)bonon, fajron, ordon, rondon, tablon, vojon. 2 + 2 ~as 4. Du botoj ~as paron. 5 (komponi, verki): ~i poemon, romanon, tradukon, verkon. 6 (igi): Make (cause to be): ~i iun ĝoja (estro). ~o, act(ion). Ĉe la ~o mem, caught in the act, red-handed. Pli da bruo ol da ~o. ~e de (= farita de) la uzo de Esperanto fare de la registaro. ~aĉi, botch, scamp. ~aĉe, slipshod. Vers~ado, versification. Vort~ado, word-formation. ~(it)aĵo, deed, exploit, something done, ~ebla, feasible, possible, practicable. Mon~ejo, mint. ~enda, to (that must) be done (made). ~igi, [UV] 1 be done (made): La laboro ~iĝis. ~iĝi reĝo. 2 (okazi), come to pass, happen, take place: ~iĝis lumo (Ge 1/3). 3 (early writings) ( = iĝi). become, get. ~iĝi fama. ~iĝo, event, happening. ~inda, worth doing. Jam ~ita, ready-made. Al~i (adapti), adapt, fit, suit. El~i (plenumi, efektivigi): accomplish, achieve, execute. Mal-i, undo. Mis~o, misdeed. Ne~ebla, impossible, impracticable. Re~i, do again, remake, repeat, restore. ~~i la mapon de Azio. Sen~a, inactive. Vivi sen~e. Tra~i al si vojon, make one’s way through (4 FA 29/29) (Mal)bon~anto, benefactor, malefactor. ~~emo, charity. Ĉio~anto, factotum, man of all work. Man~ita, hand-made. Mem~ita, self-made, Nenio~ado, idleness, inactivity. ➞ ag, estig, fabrik.

fara-o, faro (cgm).

farad-o, (el) farad. ~izi, -ize. ~ismo, -ism.

faraon-o, pharaoh.

farandol-o, farandole (Spanish dee),

farb-o [OA8], Colour(ing matter), Paint, pigment. Akva ~o, water-c. Fon~o, ground-coat, under-coat. Kalk~o. lime wash. Lak~o, lacquer. Pistol~i, spray. ~~ilo, p-sprayer, spray diffuser. ~i (-n) (kolorigi), 2 FA 4/33 c., p. Ruĝe ~ita domo. ~isto, c-dealer. ~sitelo, painter’s kettle. ~skatolo, p-box. ~tavolo, coat(ing). ➞ akvarel, pentr, ŝmink.

farĉ-o, (cul) Stuff/ing, forcemeat, minced seasong (of meat, vegetables, or fruit). ~i, stuff. kokinon. f cram. ~i parolon per spritaĵoj; infanon per bombonoj (latino).

faring-o, [UV] Pharyn/x. ~ito, -gitis. ~oskopo, -goscope. ➞ ezofag, faŭk, gorĝ, laring.

farise-o, Pharis/ee. 1 member of ancient Jewish sect. 2 formalist, self-righteous person. ~a (piafekta, hipokrita), -aic. ~eco, ~ismo, -aism.

farm-i (-n), [UV] Farm. 1 (take on, hold under) Lease. ter(pec)on. 2 (prilabori) cultivate and work on it. ~anto, ~isto, tenant f-er. ~ejo, ~bieno, f. ~igi (-doni), f. out, let on 1. ~domo, f-house, f-stead. -korto. ➞ ekspluat, kultiv, lupren.

farmaci-o, [OA] Pharmac/eutics, dispensing. ~a, -eutical. ~aĵo (medikamento) -eutical preparation. -ejo (apoteko), -y, dispensary, druggist’s shop, -isto (apotekisto), chemist. ➞ ĥemi.

farmako/log-io, ~o, pharmaco/log-y, -ist.

farmakope-o, pharmacopoeia (drog-aro-listo).

fars-o, [OA] Farc/e. f absurdly futile proceeding. ~a -ical. ~isto, buffoon. ~ulo, joker, etc.

fart-i (nt), [UV] (sanstati), be (in good or bad health), do, fare, feel, get on. Kiel vi ~as? How do you do? How are you? -u bone! Your good health! ~o, [UV] condition, state of health (Ge 43/27, Es 2/11). Bon~a, all right, in good health, well (Da 4/4). Bon~o (sano), well-being, welfare. ➞ est, san, stat (Vd BE 1952, p. 129).

farun-o [UV] (grenmuelaĵo), Flour, Meal. ~o avena, hordea, tritika, sinapa. Linsema ~o, linseed-m. Piz~o, pea-f. Riz~o, ground rice. ~aĵo, gruel, pap, paste. ~(ec)a, farinaceous, f-y, m-y. ~ejo, f-mill. ~vermo, m-worm (larva of tenebrio molitor). ➞ bul, glu, pudr, pulvor.

fasad-o, [OA] facade, face of building, front (age), f outward appearance. ➞ front.

fascin-i, Fascinate, enchant. ➞ ĉarm, sort.

fasciol-o, liver fluke, fluke worm (Fas- ciola).

fasĉin-o (branĉfasko) (bid, mil) fascine. ~aro, (branĉremparo). ➞ brant, hurd, gabi.

fask-o, [UV] bundle, bunch, cluster, handful, sheaf, stack, truss, etc. ~o de brandoj, floroj, haroj, pafiloj, rafanoj, rubandoj, da hisopo (El 12/22); de mirho (Alt 1/13).

Faden~o, hank, skein. Fe~o (sorĉistina balailo), witch’s broom. Lum~o, beam of light, pencil of rays. Plum~o, aigret, plume. Stup~o, hank of tow. Spik~o, sheaf. Verg~o, faggot, b. of sticks. ~eto, tassel, tuft. ~igi, bind, bunch, tie up, truss. ➞ garb, tuf.

fasm-o, Stick-insect (Phasma). Folia ~o, leaf-insect. ➞ akrid.

fason-o, [UV] cut, fashion, make, model, pattern, shape (of garment etc.). ~o eleganta, moda, nova, Pariza. ~i (-n), fashion, fit, make to measure. ~ita vesto, tailor-made. ➞ altranĉ, form, mod, tajl.

fast-i (nt), [UV] Fast, abstain from 1 food, 2 (rel) certain foods. ~(ad)o, fast(ing). Granda ~o, Lent. Por riĉulo ~o, por malriĉulo festeno. ~otago, f-day (Ze 8/19).

faŝismo, faŝisto, (pol) fascism, fascist.

fat-o, fate, destiny, appointed lot, ultimate condition. Regas la ~o tirana. La ~oj, the Fates. ➞ kismet.

fatal-a, Fatal. 1 of fate, fated, inevitable, sure to happen. 2 disastrous, ruinous. ~a hor-(pasi-)o; deadly, sure to kill. ~a dozo. ~e, -ly, inevitably. ~aĵo, -ity, calamity, death. ~eco, -ity, f. influence. ~ismo, ~isto, -ism, -ist (➞ determinism). ~oplena, accursed, fateful, fraught with misfortune. ➞ destin, katastrof, mortig, plag, sort.

fatras-o (aĉajaro), jumble, junk, litter, rubbish, trash.

faŭk-o, [UV] 1 jaws (de leono). 2 entrance, aperture, mouth (de kanono, kaverno, tunelo. ~o de la maro, morto. 3 (abismo, glutejo, senfundejo), gorge, gulf, pit, vortex, yawning abyss (Jes 5/14). ~i (nt) gape (yawn) open. La groto ~is. ➞ bus, fendeg, makzel.

faŭl-i, ~o, (sp) foul.

faŭn-o, 1 (myth) faun. 2 (regiona bestaro), fauna, animal life.

fav-o, [UV] (med) favus, contagious depilatory skin disease caused by a fungus (e.g., akorio) occuring on human head, and causing scabs > ringworm (Le 13/30). 1T In technical language ringworm~~ tinio. ~o besta. ~a, scabby, verminous. ~a krusto. f ~ulo, scurvy rascal.

favor-o, [UV] Favour, generous treatment, goodwill, kindness, Akiri (trovi) ~on (ĉe), find f. (in the sight of), come into vogue. Serĉi ~on, court f. ~a (al, por), 1 (bonvola, indulga, inklina): -able to, -ing, friendly, well-disposed. ~a impres-(opini-)o. Dio estu al vi -a. 2 advantageous, auspic- (propit-)ious, fair, promising. ~a cirkonstanco, vetero, vento. Person~a, partial. ~e, -ably, with f. Parolu -e por mi. ~e al, in f. of. ~i (-n, al) (agi ~e) f., befriend, be partial to, encourage, patronize. ~i iun per mendo. ~ita de la sorto, per beta vetero. ~aĵo (~faro), f., concession, kindness, privilege. ~anto, patron (➞ mecen). ~ato, ~ito, -ite, preferred person. ➞ preferata, plej amata. ŝatata. ~emo, -itism, partiality. ~igi al si, win over, gain f. with, get into the good graces (of). ~ismo, -itism. ~tagoj, days of grace. Mal~a (kontraŭ) un-able, adverse, contrary, opposed to. ~~o, dis-grace(-favour). Kor~i (Ps 135/14), deal kindly with, be gracious to. Dio vin ~~u!grac, interes, komplez, prefer.

faz-o, [OA] phase. 1 stage of development or sequence, period, ➞ stadi. ~o de evoluo, de malsano, de milito. Du~a, tri~a, unu~a. (rad) ~angulo, ~diferenco, ~rapido. 2 (astr) aspect of illumination. ~o de luno, planedo.

fazan-o, [UV] Pheasant (Phasianus), Ora ~o, golden p. ~ejo. ~ido. ~ino, hen p. Vir~o, cock pheasant.

fazeol-o, [OA] (kidney) Bean, haricot (Phaseolus). ~o granda, butter (Lima) b. (P. limensis). ~o multekolora, runner b., scarlet runner, -o verda, French or dwarf b. ➞ fab.

fe-o, ~ino [UV] fairy, fay. Akva ~(in)o, water sprite. ~a, fairy, faerie, f (mirinde bela), beautiful, delicate, visionary. ~lando, f-land. ~lampo, -light. ~rakonto, f-tale. f incredible story, ~ringo. ➞ marasmi.

febla = malforta.

febr-o, [UV] Fever. 1 (med) ~o cerb- (intermit-)a. Akuta ~o, high f. Fojn~o (fojnastmo), hay f. Flava ~o, yellow-f. Intesta ~o, gastric(enteric) f. Marĉa ~o (malario). Trem~o, ague. Vund~o, traumatic f. f (forta ekscito, pasia ardo). ~o ama, politika. ~i (havi ~on), be -ish, have a high temperature. ~(ec)a, -ish. f (arda): ~a deziro, laboro, penado. ~eto, mild f. ~ulejo, f-hospital. Kontraŭ~a, Sen-igilo, febrifuge.

Februar-o, [UV] February.

feĉ-o [UV] (surfundaĵo), dregs, grounds, lees, sediment. Bier~o, barm. ~o de kaf- (vin-)o (Ps 75/8). f refuse, scum. ~o de la popolo. ➞ rekrement, sediment.

feder-i (-n) [OA8], Feder/ate. ~(ad) (aĵ) (iĝ)o, -ation. ~a, -al. ~ismo, ~isto, federalism, federalist. Kun~aĵo, confederation. ~~ito, confederate. ➞ alianc, asoci, kartel.

federaci-o [OA] = feder(aĵ)o.

fek-i (elpuriĝi), (med) Defecate. ~(ad)o, -ion, stool. Muŝ~o, fly-dirt. ➞ ekskrement, kot, sterk.

fekund-a (fruktema, multnaska, naskema), Fruitful, fertile, prolific. ~a ĝardeno, tero, virino. ~a aŭtoro, ideo, imago, verkisto. ~eco, -ness, fecundity, fertility. ~igi, make f., fertilize (teron per sterko). Mal~a, Ne~a, (senfrukta, sterila), barren.

(➞ ledisi). ~sako, leathern bottle, wineskin (Ge 21/14). Sen~igi, flay, skin, f (ekspluati, senplumigi): sweat. ➞ haŭt, led, pelt.

feldspat-o (min) fel(d)spar. ➞ spat.

fel-o, [OA] hide (fur, pelt, skin) of animal, with the wool or hair. ~o ermena, fibera, foka, leona, lupa, talpa. Ŝafa ~o, sheepskin. ~a ĉapo, fur cap. ~(vend)isto, fell-monger.

feliĉ-a, [UV] Happ/y. 1 (ĝoja, kontenta): contented, joyful, pleased. ~a edzo, infano, vizaĝo. Mi estas ~a vin renkonti. 2 (bonokaza, kontentiga): auspicious, felicitous, lucky. ~a cirkonstanco, fino, ideo, sekvo, situacio. Vivi ~e. Ĉio iris ~e. Estas ~e, ke… . ~(ec)o, h-iness, felicity. Ebria de (Sopiri al) ~o, ~ego, bliss, delight (➞ beat, rav). ~ega, blessed, ~ejo (➞ paradiz). ~igi (-n), delight. Mal~a (malĝoja, bedaŭrinda), un-h., sad, wretched, unfortunate, unlucky. ~~a amo. ~~aĵo, accident, mischance, misfortune, mishap). ~~ego, calamity, catastrophe, disaster.

felieton-o, [OA] feuilleton, serial feature.

felis-oj, felidae, the smaller cats.

felp-o, (tex) velveteen. ➞ plus, velur.

felt-o [UV]. 1 (tex) Felt. ~a ŝuo. 2 similar material. Tegmenta ~o. ~(iz)i, cover (line) with felt.

feluk-o, felucca, small Mediterranean coasting vessel.

femin-ismo, [OA] -isto, [OA] femin-ism, -ist.

femur-o, [UV] (Ge 32/25, Ps 147/10). Thigh, femur, ham, upper part of leg. Kokin ~o, drumstick, (cul) Porka ~o, gammon. ➞ ŝink. Ŝafa ~o, leg of mutton. ~a, femoral. ~osto, t-bone. ➞ koks, krur, sur, tibi.

fen-o, (met) fohn, hot dry south wind (Switzerland).

fenacetin-o, phenacetin.

fend-i (-n), [UV] Split (Ge 22/3), cut open. ~i atomon, lignon, ŝtonon. ~i en du partojn. f ~i la aeron, koron, mallumon, maron. ~o (Jes 2/21), s., cleft, crack, fissure, gap, slit, slot, e.g., de leterkesto. f (skismo): ~o en la movado. ~ego, chasm, crevasse, gorge, ravine, etc. ~eto, chink, crack, cranny, crevice, rift. ~iĝi, (nt) gape (s.) open, branch off, divide, open, spring a leak, etc. ~ita jupo, divided skirt. ~ilo, chopper. ~hava, cracked, leaky. Dis~i, s. asunder (in two). ~~ita (hufo, etc.), s., cleft, cloven, riven. En~o (entranĉo), nick, notch, score. Cel~o, sight-slit, vision slot. Fal~o, (geog) fault. Frot~eto (Haŭt~eto), chap. Har~a (trosubtila), hairs-ing. Kor~a, heart-rending. ➞ hak, kliv, krev, romp, split, ŝir, tranĉ.

fendr-o (cindroŝirmilo), fender (around hearth).

fenek-o, fennec fox (Fennecus).

fenestr-o, [UV] Window. Rigardi tra la ~o. Baskula ~o, pivoted w. Bed~o (hort) light sash. Elstara ~o, bow w. Klap~o, hinged sky-light. Lev~o, glit~o, sash w. Montra ~o, show w. Tegment~o, dormer. Ŝip~o, port hole. ~a breto (sojlo), w-sill. ~a fosto, w-post, mullion. ~a kruco, cross bars. ~a vitro, w-pane. ~a kovrilo (ŝirmilo) (ŝutro), shutter. ~eto. ➞ giĉet, luk. Sen~a, w-less, blind. ➞ apertur, fram, klap, vitrin.

fenikopter-o (ordinary language flambirdo, flamengo), flamingo (Phoenicopterus).

feniks-o, [OA] phoenix (myth. bird).

fenikur-o (ruĝvosto), (orn) Redstart, firetail (Phoenicurus). Nigra ~o, black r.

fenil-o, (chem) phenyl.

fenkol-o,, [UV] (bot) fennel (Foeniculum).

fenol-o, (chem) phenol. ➞ karbol.

fenomen-o, [OA] Phenomen/on (El 3/3). (aperaĵo, perceptaĵo), appearance, occurrence, vision. ~o astronoma, fizika, spirita. ~a, -al. ~aĵo, ~ulo, remarkable thing or person, curiosity, marvel, prodigy, rarity, wonder. ➞ aper, eksterordinar, maloft, mirakl, mirind.

fenugrek-o (bot) fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum).

fer-o, [UV] 1 Iron (Fe). 2 (f~aĵo), metallic object. (fastening, fitting). Du~a rabotilo. Angul~o, angle-i. Bend~o, hoop-i. Fand~o, gis~o, cast-iron. Forĝ~o, mol~o, soft-i. Huf~o. horse-shoe (hufumo). I~o, I-beam. Laĉ~(aĵ)o, fetter, Pint~o (pintingo), ferrule, tip (of stick, umbrella). U~o, channel-iron. Zum~o, Jew’s harp. ~a, i. ~a riglilo (Jes 45/2). ~a oksido. f (neindulga, senceda, severa): ~a disciplino, leĝo, mano, neceso, volo. ~i, cover (overlay, spread) with iron. ~aĵoj, hardware. ~aĵisto, i-monger. ~eto, tag (of shoe-lace). ~ika, ferric. ~ika oksido. ~oza, ferrous. ~oza sulfato, copperas. ~bendo, iron-band. ~dona, ~hava, ferruginous. ~laborejo, i-works. ~pirito, iron-pirite, "fool’s gold", ~ŝtono, i-stone. ~vojo, [UV] railway. Ne~a, non-ferrous. ➞ fand, gis, glad, lad.

ferdek-o, [UV] (mar) Deck. Antaŭ~o, forecastle head. Boat~o, boat d. Ĉefa (Dua) ~o, main-d. Duon~o, half-d. Flug~o, flying d. Inter~o, steerage, tween-dd. Kanon-o, gun d. Kvarona (Oficira) ~o, quarter-d. Post-o, bridge. Promen~o, promenade d. Suba (Tria) ~o, lower d. Supra (Unua) ~o, upper d. Sen~a, open. Tri~ulo, three-er.

feri-(fero-)cianido, ferri-(ferro-)cyanide.

feri-o, [OA] Holiday. Banka ~o, bank h. ~oj, hh., vacation. ~i, be on h. Kiam vi ~os? When do you break up? ~a, ferial, free. ➞ festotag, forpermes, libertemp.

ferl-i (volvi) (-n), furl, roll up, take in (velon). ~ilo, gasket (for square sail), tie (for fore-and-aft sail). ~ŝnuro, clew-line: (Angula, clew garnet; Flanka, leech line; Meza, bunt line). Duon~i, half-mast. Mal~i, unfurl. ➞ aljardig, brajl.

ferm-i (-n), [UV] Clos/e, shut (up), forbid access to. breĉon, buŝon, domon, libron, manon, pordon, vojon; dentojn, lipojn, okulojn. ~i hermetike, make air-tight. Bring to an end: diskuton, kongreson, kunvenon. ➞ ĉesig, fin. Close (fabrikejon); conclude (aranĝon); cork (botelon); seal (leteron); stop up (truon); switch, turn off (elektron, gason, lumon). ➞ for-kran(-komut), salt. ~o, close, breaking-up. ~a kunveno, -ing meeting. ~eti (duon~i), half-c. ~iĝi, (nt) c., break up, end (kurso). ~ilo, fastening, fastener, (bottle) cap, cover, latch, lid, lock, shutter, etc. Klik~ilo (➞ agraf, prembuton), clasp, hasp, snap (bracelet, etc.). Tir~ilo. glit~ilo, zip (a. zipo) ~ita, c-ed, shut. ~ita silabo, c-ed syllable (ending with a consonant). ~itaj (clenched) dentoj. ~plato (klap~ilo, kovrilo), cover, lid. Ĉirkaŭ~i, enclose. En~i (iun en ĉambron), confine. ~~iĝema, close, uncommunicative. Ne~ita letero, open letter. Bru~i, frap~i, bang, slam. Fru~o, early closing. Ŝtop~ita (Ij 32/19). ➞ kaŝ, kovr, obtur, ŝlos, stop. malferm-i, [UV] Open. ~i la brakojn, pordon, kunvenon. ~i vojon, pave the way. Larĝe ~ita, gaping wide o. Kun ~itaj okuloj, o-eyed. ~a kunveno, -ing meeting. ~(aĵ)o, -ing, aperture, gap, mouth, orifice, outlet. Solena ~o, inauguration. Tranĉ~~i (open up) fiŝon, (4 FA 174/34). ➞ enkonduk, inaŭgur, komenc.

fermat-o, (mus) hold, pause (r:’).

ferment-i (nt) [F], Ferment, rise (of dough), work, f piano ~is en mia kapo. ~inta (El 12/20). -inta vino, -ed wine. ~(ad)o, -ation. ~aĵo (El 12/19). ~ilo, barm, leaven, yeast. Pan~ilo. ~ema, ~iva, ~ipova, -able, ~igi (-n), cause to f., excite, foment, stir up. Ne~inta, Sen~a, un-ed, unleavened (➞ mac) (Jes 25/6). ➞ enzim.

feroc-a (sovaĝe atakema), ferocious, cruel, fierce, savage.

ferol-o, (bot) giant fennel (Ferula). ➞ asafetid, galban.

fervor-o, [UV] Ferv/our, Zeal; ardour. Blinda ~o. ~a, f-ent, zealous; ardent, eager, warm. ~e labori. ~i (pri, pro) (agi ~e), be zealous, interest one’s warmly (1 Rĝ 19/14; Ze 1/14). Tro ~i estas danĝere. ~aĉa, fanatical, over-z-ous. ~ega, f-id, glowg, vehement. ~ego, passion. ~ulo, enthusiast, z-ot. Mal~a (indiferenta), cold. Ne~a, half-hearted, luke-warm. ➞ ard, bol, entuziasm, flam, pasi, sindon, varm.

fest-o, [UV] Fest/ival, celebration, holiday. 1 in gen. Aŭ ~o, aŭ fasto! 2 special anniversary. ~o de Sankta X. ~o movebla, movable feast. ~o Kristnaska, Paska, Pentekosta. Edziĝo~o (Alt 3/11). Kandel~o, candlemas. Memor~o (soleno), commemoration f., feast of remembrance. Rikolta dank~o, harvest thanksgiving. 3 Entertainment, fete. Sport~o, sports day. ~a. festal, -ival, -ive. ~salono, f-hall. ~a tago, holiday. ~a prezento, gala performance, ~e aranĝita tablo. (-n. pro) = celebri, fari, observi, soleni ~on; celebrate (hold, keep, observe) a f., birthday, etc. ~i datrevenon, edziĝon, jubileon, venkon. ~eto, party. ➞ festen, festival.

festen-i (nt) [UV] (manĝi feste, formale, lukse), Banquet, Feast (Es 7/1). ~o, b., f. Por unu ~o, por alia ĉagreno. Tro da ~o estas veneno. ~o postenteriga, wake (4 FA 167/3). ~ado, -ing. ~ejo, b-ing hall. ~ema, convivial. ➞ banked, fest, regal.

festival-o, festival.

feston-o, [OA] Festoon. 1 chain (loop) of flowers (branches, leaves etc.). 2 any looped ornament. ~i, f., arrange in ff. ➞ girland, kron.

festuk-o, (bot) fescue grass (Festuca).

fet-o (bio) f(o)etus, embryo, fruit of womb. ➞ ĝerm.

fetiĉ-o, [OA] Fetish, object. of blind admiration. ~ismo, -ism. ~isto, f-worshipper. ➞ amulet, talisman.

fetor-i, ~o, Stink, reek, stench. ~a, stinking, fetid, noism, rank. ~a bulo, s-bomb. ➞ haladz, miasm.

feŭd-o [OA], Feud(al tenure), fee, fief. ~a -al, -atory. ~a sinjoro, -al lord. ~a bien -(rajt-reĝim-)o. ~ulo (vasalo), vassal. [,V<?= vendetta],

fez-o, fez (Eastern felt cap). ➞ turban.

tFI! (interjection), denotes 1 mallaŭdon. Fie! For shame! ~ al vi’/Fie upon you! Shame on you! 2 (naŭzon): Ugh! Kia ŝlimo! Fia (or pfx fi-), shameful, morally bad, worthy of indignation, abominable, base, discreditable, disgusting, disreputable, foul, ignoble, infamous, immoral, nasty, questionable, scandalous, shady, unworthy. A fi-ag(-aĵ-pens-parol-)o is an act (thing, thought, speech) of which one should be ashamed. ~fama, of ill repute. ~flati, toady; ~gazetaro, gutter press; ~Iibro, immoral (filthy) book; ~rakonto, dirty (smutty) story; ~virino, ignoble woman; ~vorto, bad word. -ulo. ➞ .

fiakr-o [OA] (lukaleŝo), cab, hackney-coach. ~isto, cab-man, -by. ➞ droŝk, kaleŝ.

fianĉ-o, [UV] ~ino, [UV] Engage/d (affianced, betrothed) person, fiancee, sweetheart. ~eco, ~iĝo, -ment, betrothal. ~(in)iĝi (kun), get -ed, plight troth (Rd 28/30). ~ina vualo. Eks-iĝi, break off -ment. Ge~oj, -d couple.

fiask-o [OA] (plena malsukceso), fiasco, break-down, failure. ~i (renkonti ~on), fail, be a failure, mis-carry-fire, miss the mark. ➞ fal, pane.

fibol-o, safety-pin.

fibr-o [UV] Fibr/e. 1 (bot) (zoo) ~o ligna, muskola, silka. f Ami per ĉiu ~o de la koro. 2 gen. any textile filament. ~(ec)a, ~oza, ~oplena, -ous. ~eto, fibril. ~iĝi, fray. ~ino, -in. ~ojda, -oid. ~omo, -oma (~ohista tumoro). ➞ fadenet, filament.

fibul-o, (anat) fibula (bone).

fid-i (-n, al, je, pri, ke) [UV]. 1 Trust, have Faith (Confid/ence), put t. (in). 2 Count (depend, reckon, rely) on. ~i Dion (al Dio). t. in God. ~i sin (al si); ies vorton; propran okulon. ~o f., c., reliance. ~(em)a, (~plen)a. c-ing, full of c., t-y(-ing), -ebla, ~inda, t-y, t-worthy, that can be t-ed, dependable, reliable, sure. ~inda konsilo, metodo, persono. Bon-e, in good f., [sincerely. Mal~i (tute ne ~i), dis- (mis-)t. ‘ Mal~ema (skeptika), of little f., suspicious. Ne~inda, insecure, precarious, unsafe, untrustworthy. ~~indulo (Jes 48/8). Sin~o, assurance, self-c (-reliance). Tro~ema, over t-ful, unsuspicious. Trosin~a, over c-ent, presumptuous. ➞ konfid.

fidel-a, [UV] Faith/ful, true. 1 (fidinda, lojala), keeping f., loyal, trusty. ~a edzino, hundo, servisto. Ni restu ~aj! 2 (ekzakta, ĝusta), accurate. ~a bildo, memoro, raporto, teksto, traduko. ~eco, fidelity. ~uloj, believers, the faithful. ~rompo, breach of f., disloyalty, perfidy. Mal~a, -less, un-ful, perfidious (➞ apostat). ~~eco, infidelity. ~~iĝi, be un-ful.

fidr-o (nutra kablo, kondukilo) (el., tech), conductor, feeder.

fier-a, [UV] Proud. 1 arrogant, haughty (➞ arogant, fanfaron, malhumil, malmodest, parad, pav, vant) (Ne 9/16). 2 fine, gallant, splendid, stately (➞ glor, impon). ~a mieno, obstino, palmo, rigardo, sinteno, spirito. ~(ec)o, pride. ~i (pri, abs), be proud (of), glory (take pride) in, plume one’s (on). ~aĵo, arrogance (1 Sa 2/3). ~igi, puff up. ~inda, to be p. of. ~indaĵo, (Jes 60/15). Mal~a, humble, modest. Tro~igi, intoxicate, puff up (with pride, success). ➞ arogant.

fifr-o (Bb fluteto), (m.i.) fife, ➞ flut.

fig-o, [UV] fig. ~arbo, f-tree (Ficus). ~birdo (ordinary language) f-eater, any f-eating bird. ➞ banjan, opunti.

figur-o, [UV] Figur/e (wide sense), image, outline, presentment. [Ne= cifer- ]. 1 form, shape. ~o homa, virina. Sankt(ul)a ~o (ikono). Stel~o, constellation. 2 (geom) = grafikaĵo. 3 (gram) Parol~o, ~o retorika (tropo), figure of speech. 4 (log) La ~oj de silogismo. 5 (mus) (a) = notgrupo, ternero. (b) formo de akompano. 6 = danc~o. ~a -ative, allegorical, etc. ~a senco de vorto. ~e, by (in) figures, figuratively. ~i, 1 (bildigi, prezenti), depict, portray, represent, typify. ~i ideon, personon, objekton. 2 aktori, pozi, roli (kiel), play the part of. ~ado, portrayal. -(aĵ)o, f., diagram, image, representation, etc. ~eto (statueto), -ine, knick-nack, mantelpiece ornament. Antaŭ~i, foreshadow. ~~o, (mar) f-head. Bel~a (belkreska, gracila), handsome, of fine f. Ĉifon~o, scarecrow. Trans~i, trans-f, glorify, ~~iĝo, transfiguration. Tut~a, full-length. ➞ bild, diagram, form, ilustr, kontur, prezent, reprodukt.

Fiĝio FJ.

fikari-o, (bot) lesser celandine (Ficaria). ➞ ranunkol.



fikci-o, [OA] (lit) Fiction, ~a, of f. ~a hero-(rakont-)o. ➞ fabel, fiktivaj, mit.

fiks-i (-n, al, sur) [OA] (senmovigi), Fix. 1 fasten, make firm or fast, secure, steady. ~i ankr-(tabul-)on. -i kojn-(najl-)e. f ~i la atenton (okulojn) sur. 2 (aranĝi, decidi): decide, settle, lay down, settle. ~i dat -(hor-prez-rendevu-senc-)on. 3 (phot) ~i bildon. ~o, fixation. ~e rigardi (2 Rĝ 8/11). ~aĵo, -ture. ~eco, -ity. ~iĝi, be -ed (established), gain a footing, settle. ~ilo, means of -ing, -ative, -er, vice, etc. ~ita, -ed, fast, firm, ~ita dato, ideo, koloro, prezo. -aranĝi, ➞ stiv. Kun~i, fasten (pin) together. Mal~i, loosen. Lok-ita, stationary, (phot) -bano, -er, -ing bath. ~tonigilo, combined -ing and toning bath.

fiktiv-a [OA] (nereala, imagita, konvencia), Fict/itious, assumed, imaginary, put on, make-believe, not genuine, sham, ~a forto, mono, aloro, voĉo. ~aĵo, fiction, figment, invention, something existing only in imagination. Jurista ~aĵo, legal -ion. ➞ fikci. Opp. efektiv, real, ŝajnig, ver.

fil-o, [UV] Son, boy. Liaj ~oj post li. ~a filial. ~a am-(dev-)o. -ĉjo, -ny. ~eco, -ship, -eto, -ny, youngster, ~igi, adopt. ~ino, daughter, -ineto, little daughter. ~inurbo (2 Kr 13/19). Bo~o, s-in-law. Ge~oj, -(s) and daughter(s). Pra~o, descendant. Sol~o, only s. Stifa ~o (Sti~o), step-s. ➞ adopt, fili.

filadelf-o, (bot) mock orange (Phila- delphus) (sometimes miscalled "syringa"). ➞ siring.

filag-o, common cudweed (Filago). ➞ gnafali.

filakteri-o, phylactery (Mt 23/5). ➞ amulet.

filament-o, Filament (zoo), something slender and threadlike. 2 (bot) stalk of stamen. 3 (el. rad) high resistance wire. Inkan- deska ~o. 4 (tex) = fibro. ~(ec) (oz)a, -ary. ➞ fadenet, fibr.

filandr-o, gossamer, light filmy spider- web (floating on air or spread on grass), f Something flimsy, e.g. delicate gauze. ~a, light and flimsy.

filant-o, Phyllanthus, genus of Indian trees.

filantrop-o [OA] (homamanto), Philanthropist. ~a, -ic. ~eco (~IO), -y. ➞ bonfar, helpem, kompat.

filari-o (Filaria) > hair-worm.

filatel-o, Philatel/y, stamp-collecting. ~a, -ic, ~a borso. ~isto, -ist.

fili-o [OA] (flanka institucio, subfirmo), branch (of business, establishment, firm, house, office); affiliated body. ~igi, ~iĝi, affiliate.

flligran-o, Filigree. 1 fine metal openwork. 2 similar frail delicate tracery. ~i, ornament with f. 3 (akvomark-o, -i), watermark. ~o de bankbileto.

filik-o, [UV] Fernifilix). Har~o (adianto). In~o (atirio). Ŝild~o (aspidio). Vir~o (lastreo). ~ejo, -ery. ~oscienco, filicology.

filipendol-o, drop wort (Filipendula). ➞ spire, ulmari.

Filipin-oj PH.

filistr-o, Philistin/e, vulgarian, outsider. ~a (mallarĝanima, senideala), p., commonplace, uncultured, without ideals. ~eco ~ismo, -ism. ➞ Filiŝt, profan, proz, senideal, senkultur.

Filiŝt-o, (Bb, hist) Philistine.

filit-o hartstongue (fern) (Phyllitis scolopendrium).

film-o [OA8], Film (wide sense, cin, phot, etc), thin coating (layer, skin). Parol~o, Son~o, sound film. ~o silenta. Rul~o (~o kartoĉa). ~i (fotografi), film. ~i aktoron, scenon. ~aktoro, ~stelo, ~strio. ~prezento. ~inda. ~isto.membran, tavolet.

filokser-o, (ent) phylloxera (species of plant louse).

filolog-io, [OA] philolog/y. ~o, [OA] -ist.

filoskop-o (fajfsilvio), (species of) Warbler. Norda ~o, arctic w. Sibla ~o, wood w. Verda ~o, greenish w. ➞ ĉifĉaf, fitis, silvi.

filozof-o, [OA] Philosoph/er, lover of wisdom. ~a ŝtono. ~i, -ize, be -ical. ~aĉo, sham p. ➞ sofist. ~ado, -izing. ~io, [OA] philosophy. ~io stoika. ~ia, -ical. ➞ egalanim, logik, metafizik.

filtr-i (-n), [UV] Filt/er, strain (wide sense). ~i fluidaĵon. ~(ad)o, -ation. ~(it)aĵo, -ate. ~ilo filter, strainer, (phot) screen. ~ilo papera, tuka. ~ilo por kafo. (el) ~ilo de frekvenco, frequency filter. Lum~ilo, light f., orthochromatic screen. ~opaper (-otuk)o. ~iĝi, f., percolate. En~iĝi (penetri), infiltrate (wide sense) ~~aĵo, infiltration. Tra~iĝi, percolate. ➞ ekran, kribri (solidojn), trafluet.

fin-i, [UV] Fin/ish. 1 (maldaŭrigi): Conclu/de, (bring to an) end, have done with, terminate. ~i sian vivon. ~i paroli. (abs) (ĉesi agi): Mi ~is! 2 (plenumi, tutfari) complete. ~i kurson, laboron, taskon. ~o, 1 finish, end, c-sion (ĉeso de agado): Fari (meti) ~on al io. Ĉio havos ~on. 2 (posta parto, ekstremaĵo): ~o de bastono, kanto, vivo. ~a (ĉe la ~o), final, c-ding, bringing to an end (with no more to follow), terminal (➞ decid, last): ~a bato, batalilo, parto, vorto. ~e, finally, at length (last), in c-sion, in the long run (end), ultimately. ~e li venis! ~e de, at the end of. ~(aĵ)o (early writings ~iĝo), (gram) ending, termination. La ~aĵo “«”. (mus) coda. ~aĵeto, codetta. ~iĝi (per) (ĉesiĝi, havi finon) (come to an) end, f., etc. (➞ estingiĝ, forpas, mort). ~ita, 1 -ed. 2 (mat) -ite (opp infinita). ~ofara (definitiva), -al. ~ofara bato, coup de grace. ~fine, at long last, at the very end. ~peco, (vn) (korda tenilo), tailpiece. El~i, finish off, complete. Ĝis~e, to the end. Mond~o, world’s end. Mondfina juĝo, last judgment. Ne~ita, unfinished. ~~aĵo, rough draft. Parol~o, peroration. Sen~a (senlima), endless, interminable, perpetual, unending. ~~a ĉeno, prediko, spaco. Ĝis ~~eco, to infinity. PFX: Fin~i = el~i, f. completely, to the end. ~kanti, ~legi, ~pagi, ~paroli, ~trinki. ➞ ĉes, detru, ekstrem, esting, nulig, lim.

final-o, [OA] (mus, th), finale, last movement (scene), (sp) final.

financ-o [OA], Financ/e; ~o, ~oj (monaferoj, monrimedoj), -es, funds, means, resources. ~a, -ial. ~a ministro, situacio. ~i (subteni ~e), f. ~i entreprenon. Regna ~estro, Chancellor of the Exchequer. ~isto, -ier. ➞ bilanc, buĝet, ekonomi, kapital.

fingr-o, [UV] Finger, digit. dik~o (polekso), thumb; montra, fore-f; longa (meza); ringa; malgranda (~eto). f La ~o de Dio (la sorto). Bruligi la ~ojn. Meti ~on sur ion. Pied~o, toe. Pieda dik~o (halukso), great toe. Martela pied~o, hammer-toe. Pied~e, on tiptoe. ~a, digital. ~a alfabeto. ~i (mus) finger. ~o -metado, -notado, fingering. ~ingo, thimble, (med) fingerstall. ~ujo, f (of glove). ~ulo, Hop-o’my-thumb. ~umi, fiddle, finger, paw, prod. ~oludo (morao), mora (gm). ~opinto, f-tip. Inter~igi (kunplekti) la manojn, clasp one’s hands together. ➞ falang.

finial-o, (arch) finial (ornamental finish of roof apex).

finitiv-o, (gram) finite verb (ends in as, is, os, us, or u).

fink-o (proposed by Stojan) (ordinary language) finch (G. Fink) > fringelo, and many related birds. ➞ kardel, fring(el).

fint-o, -i, feint, pretence, sham attack. ➞ artifik.

Finnland-o FI, Finland.

fiol-o, phial, small glass medicine-bottle. ➞ ampol.

firm-a, [UV] Firm. 1 stable, steady, strong (Ij 11/15): ~a apogilo, muro, vojo. ~a tero, dry ground, solid earth, terra firma. 2 close (dense) in structure: ~a korpo, pano, viando. 3 resolute, steadfast: ~a decido, karaktero, paŝo, situacio, voĉo, volo. 4 definite, final: ~a ofico, prezo, propono. Stari ~e. ~aĵo (Ps 150/1). ~eco, firmness, constancy, solidity. ~igi (Ru 4/7) make firm, clinch, confirm, consolidate, establish, fix. ~igilo (➞ ste). ~iĝi, harden, set. ~iĝado (hardiĝo) of mortar, sett(ing). Mal~a, Ne~a, inconstant, loose, shaky, soft, unstable, unsteady, yielding. Mal~igi, loosen, unsettle. ➞ daŭr, definitiv, fer, kompakt, konfirm, konstant, neskuebl, neŝancelebl, nerompebl, persist, stabil.

firm-o [UV] (komerca entrepreno) [Sin. firma-o]. Firm, house of business. ~o fidinda. ~ano, member of firm. ~estro (ĉefo), head, principal.

firmament-o, firmament, vault of heaven (Am 9/6). ➞ firmaĵ (Ge 1/7).

first-o, (tegmenta supra eĝo), housetop, ridge (of roof), (geol) crest. ~linio, watershed.

fisk-o [OA] (regna kaso), exchequer, state treasury. ~a, fiscal, of public revenue. ~a jaro. ~a marko, revenue stamp. ➞ financ.

fistul-o, [UV] fistula, (med) pipe-like ulcer.

fistuleno, beef-steak fungus (Fistulina).

fiŝ-o, [UV] Fish. ~o mara, rivera. ~o ekster akvo! Naĝi kiel ~o. Blanka ~o (alburno, leŭeisko). Dorn~eto (gasterosteo). Elektra ~o (gimnoto, elektroforo). Flug~o (ekzoceto). Glav~o (Spad~o), (kisifio). Kat~o. Or~o. Plat~o (pleŭronekto). Sablo~o (ekvilo). Seg~o (pristo). ~(kapt)i, fish. ~a, fishy, piscine. ~ado, -ing. ~aĵo, f-(dish). ~aro, school of f. ~ido, young f. ~ejo, -ery. ~idaro, fry (➞ fraj). ~ilaro, -ing tackle. ~ino, spawner. ~(kapt)isto, fisherman. ~ujo, f-pond (➞ akvari). ~bredisto, ~fadeno, ~hoko, ~kano, ~kulturo. ~oleo, [UV] ~ovoj. ~vendejo, ~vosto. Kan~i, angle. Perl~ado, pearl fishing. Ret~i. Vir~o, milter, (astr) ~oj, Pisces.

fiteŭm-o, (bot) rampion (Phyteuma).

fitis-o, willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus). ➞ filoskop, silvi.

fitolak-o, inkberry, red-ink plant, poke-weed (Phytolacca). ~a bero, pokeberry.

fizali-o, bladder, jelly-fish (Physalis). ~o urtika, Portuguese man-of-war.

fizalid-o (Physalis), > alkekengo, Chinese lantern, winter cherry.

fizik-o [F], physics, physical science [Ne= medikamento]. ~a forto, leĝo, morto, neebla. ~isto, physicist. Astro~o.

fizio-, (ppfx) Physio-. ~grafio, -graphy.

fiziologi-o, [OA] physiology. fiziolog-o, [OA] physiologist.

fizionomi-o [OA] (vizaĝaspekto), physionomy, look, type of face. ➞ aspekt, eksteraĵ, mien, trajtar, vizaĝ.

fizioterapi-o, physiotherapy.

fizostigm-o, (bot) Calabar bean (Physostigma).

fjord-o, [OA] fjord, firth, inlet. ~o Norvega.

flabel-o, (bot) (zoo), flabellum, ~a, flabellate, fan-shaped.

flag-o, [UV] Flag (> standardo) (Jes 30/17). Hisi (levi) ~on. ~o kompania, linia, house flag. ~o kluba, bargee. ~o nacia, colours, ensign. ~o pilota. ~o pirata, Jolly Roger. Vent~o (ventmontrilo), weather-cock, weather-vane. ~(ornam)i (-n), bedeck, deck with flags. ~ita domo, ŝipo. ~aĵo, ~ŝtofo, bunting, flag-cloth. ~signali, flag, signal. ~ŝipo, -ship. ➞ ruband. ~stango, flag-staff.

flagel-o, (bot) (zoo) flagellum, lash-like filament. ~uloj, flagellates. ➞ cili.

Flagr-i, ~o, [OA] (nt) (brili, bruli, treme aŭ intermite): Flicker, flare. La fajro, flamo, lampo, torĉo; pasioj, ribelo ~as. (➞ ard, bol). ~ado, conflagration. La kandelo ~adis en la vento. ~aĵo, flare, ~et(ad)i, flicker, twinkle. Ĉe lia vizaĝo ~etis rideto. Ek~i, flare up. ~~o, outburst (de flamo, kolero). ➞ fajrer, flirtet, flamet, trembril.

flaĝolet-o, (m.i.) flageolet.

flak-o, puddle, pool. ~a (plashy, sloppy) tero. ~o de neĝo, patch of snow.

flakon-o, flagon, large glass vessel or wine-bottle (us. with handle, spout, and lid). ➞ hotel, flask.

flam-o, [UV] 1 Flame, blaze. ~o de fajro, gaso, lampo. Esti en ~oj. f Passion, violent emotion. ~o de kolero. 2 (flagrubando), streamer. Gardo~o, pilot jet. Sag~o, jet of f. ~(ant)a, -ing, aflame, blazing, in flames. f fiery, vehement, wild (➞ ard, entuziasm, fajr, fervoreg, pasi). ~a deziro, kapo, kolero, okulo, parolo. ~e ruĝa. ~i, blaze, be in flames. La arbaro ~as. f be red-hot, beam with rapture, flush, glow, etc. ~i de fervoro, honto, kolero. La okuloj, vangoj ~as. ~eco, ardour, spirit, vehemence. ~igi, inflame, ~igo, ignition. Spark~igo, spark ignition. ~iga bobeno, kandelo, ignition coil (plug). ~iĝema, passionate, fiery, hasty, hot-headed, inflammable. ~iĝema karaktero, substanco. ~ingo, (~beko, gasbeko), burner. ~birdo (flamengo), flamingo (Vd. fenikopter). ~forma, ~stila, -iform. ~ĵetilo, (mil) flame-thrower. Ek~i, break forth (burst into flames, catch fire). ~~igi, light, set on fire. ~~igi deziron, fajron, lampon, ribelon. ~igilo, lighter. ➞ brul.

flan-o, [UV] thin flat pastry. 1 (Bb) (Fr. galette), very thin cake or wafer. Mac~o, unleavened wafer (El 29/2; Le 2/4, 7/12, 8/26; No 6/15, 19). 2 (Fr. flan), soft flattish pastry case (with or wht filling). Rim.: The root flan has several meanings in various langs. [Ne= kresp, kustard]. ➞ puding.

flanel-o, [UV] flannel. ~a vesto. ~eto, -ette.

flanĝ-o (rand-elstaraĵo), (mec) Flange, projecting flat rim (rib), beading, collar, fillet, shoulder (of nut, pipe, pulley, tube, etc). ~o fiksita, movebla. ~junto, f-joint. ~kuplado, f-coupling. ~tubo, -ed pipe. ➞ bordaĵ, eĝ, kolum, rand.

flank-o, [UV] 1 Sid/e, flank: ~o ĉe ~o, abreast. Prezenti la ~on, be broadside on. ~o dekstra, verda, r.h., starboard; ~o maldekstra, ruĝa, l.h., port. ~o venta, windward, weather; ~o malventa, lee, sheltered. 2 (surfaco); ~o de folio, monero, monto, muro, pordo. Ĉiu medalo du ~ojn posedas. ➞ edr, fac, supraĵ. 3 (direkto): ~o de sunleviĝo (Jos 1/15). Je kiu ~o mi staru? 4 (partio): Aŭdu ambaŭ ~ojn. Esti sur la ~o de ... 5 (geom) (latero): ~o de triangulo. 6 (aspekto): la homa ~o de la demando. ~a side, ~a ĉambro, lumo. (akcesora, neĉefa) ~a detalo, persono. ~e (ĉe la ~o). 1 alongside, at the side of. Kun manoj ĉe~e. 2 s-ways, abeam, askance, laterally. 3 aside, apart from the rest, by the way. Lasi, resti ~e (ignori, malatenti), leave (stand) aside. Mi ~e sidis, nek aŭdis, nek vidis. (Iru) ~en, Aside! Make way! Stand back! Gliti, iri, meti, paŝi, rigardi ~en (Ij 21/30). ~ema (oblique, s-long) rigardo. ~i be at the side of, flank. ~aĵo (io ~a), 1 minor matter, s-issue. 2 (alo), wing, etc. ~iĝi, deviate, fall (turn) away, sheer (Se 7/25). (a. de~iĝi, Ps 44/18). ~glito, side-slip. Ali~e, ĉi~e, ĉiu~e, on the other (this, every) side. Ambaŭ~e, on both sides. Du~a, twosided, bilateral. Mia~e, as for me, for my part. Mult~a, many sided, versatile. Unu~a, on one side, partial, unfair, unilateral. Voj-o, wayside.

flar-i (-n, abs), [UV] Smell (at), perceive by the nose. ~i floron, odoron. f (diveni, percepti, suspekti): scent, suspect. ~a, olfactory. ~a nervo. ~ilo (fac) nose. ~esplori (ĉirkaŭ~i, el~i, pri~i), smell out, trace, track. ~sento, sense of smell. Antaŭ~i, suspect. En~i (nazenspiri, snufi), sniff up. En~i tabakon. Ek~i, sniff, snort. Akre~a, keen-scented. Post~i, follow the scent of. ➞ naz, odor, tabak.

flask-o, Flask, leather or metal case, e.g., powder-horn; traveller’s wickered or leather-covered pocket bottle. Varm~o, hot-water bottle. Vakua ~o, vacuum flask (➞ termos).

flat-i (-n, al, abs), [UV] Flatter. Vi min ~as, Spegulo ne ~as. ~a, -ing. ~a portreto, vorto. ~(ad)o, flattery, adulation, blandishment. Komenci per ~o kaj fini per bato. ~aĉi (fi~i), fawn, toady. ~aĵo, blarney, piece of -y (Jes 30/10, Da 11/32) (➞ blag, kompliment). ~ema, adulatory. ~akiri, el~i, per~i, win by flattery. ~logi, cajole, coax, inveigle, wheedle. Fi~ulo, lickspittle, sycophant. ➞ ramp.

flaŭr-o (plantaro regiona), flora. ➞ faŭn.

flav-a (~o), [UV] Yellow. ~a febro, y-fever. ~malsano (iktero), jaundice. (Ova) ~(aĵ)o, yolk. ~eta, -ish, pale yellow. ~iĝo de folio, papero (Rd 28/22). ~haŭtulo, mongol. Brun~a, buff, fallow, fulvous. Griz~a, beige. Hel~a, bright y. Krom~o, chrome y. (plumba kromato). ➞ bej, fulv, oranĝ.

fle-o, catstail (Timothy) grass (Phleum).

flebit-o = vejninflamo.

fleg-i (-n), [UV] Nurs/e, look after, tend (invalid), f ~i ĝardenon, vojon, siajn interesojn. ~(ad)o, -ing. Man~ado, manicure. ~ato, charge, patient. ~ejo, infirmary. ~ist(in)o, nurse, orderly. ➞ nutr, vart, zoring.

flegm-a, [UV] phlegmatic, cold-blooded, impassive, sluggish, stolid. ~a homo, karaktero, temperamento. Diskuti ~e. ~o, apathy, stolidity. [Ne = muko]. ~ulo, phlegmatic, dry stick. ➞ apart, indiferent, inert, senpasi, malvarmsang, pez.

flegmon-o (abscesego), phlegmon, inflammatory tumour. ➞ furunk.

fleks-i (-n) [UV] (malrektigi), (cause to) Bend, Curv/e, bow, flex, warp. ~i arbon, branĉon, dorson, korpon. f break in, tame (humiligi, malfierigi), cedigi, kormovigi, obeigi; ŝanceli. ~a muskolo, flexor. ~(ad)o, bend, curve, flexion, turn, winding. ~o de muro, rivero, vojo. ~aĵo (de vojo) camber, curvature, hump. ~ebla, ~iĝema, flexible, pliable, yielding; lithe, pliant, supple, e.g., kablo, kano, karaktero, kolo, lingvo, stilo. f adaptable, docile, soft, tractable (➞ duktil, elast, mol). ~iĝi (nt) (kurbiĝi, sin fleksi), accommodate one’s to, bow, give away, submit, warp, yield. La branĉo, vojo ~iĝas. ~iĝi antaŭ forto, sub premo (Jes 42/4). ~iĝo laŭaksa (proprema), buckle. ➞ ced, submetiĝ. ~iĝema (supple) kolo, spino. ~ilo, pliers, wire-er. ~ita, c-ed arched, bent. De~i, deflect, Ne~ebla, inflexible, stiff, unbending. Retro ~i, straighten (dorson), throw out (bruston), ~~o, retroflexion. Sub~i, bend down, depress, overwhelm, Genu~i (surgenuiĝi), kneel down. ➞ arkig, fald, fleksi, inklin, klin, kurbiĝ, refleks(iv).

fleksi-o, [OA] (gram) inflexion. ~a, inflected. ~a lingvo. ~i (-n), inflect. ~i vorton. Sen~a, uninflected. ➞ fleks. opposite aglutin, izol.

fles-o, (ich) flounder (Pleuronectes flesus).

flik-i (-n), [UV] Patch, Darn, mend by -ing, piece together, repair. ~i pacon, mapon de Eŭropo. Unu ~o sur alia. ~o nevidebla. ~a frazo, vorto, serving to fill gap. ~aĉi, fuŝ~i, botch, bungle, tinker. ~aĵo, ~peco, patch, darn. ~aĵaro, ~itaĵo, patchwork. Al~aĵo, applique (trimming). ~eca, ~oza, patchy. ~ilo, darning needle. ~ilujo, housewife. (Ŝu)~isto, cobbler. Kun~i, piece together.

flikten-o (med) (< veziketo), bleb, water-blister, vesicle.

flint-o, flint glass.

flirt-i (nt) (antaŭ, ĉe, de, kun, super, sur) [UV]. 1 (flugeti, flugilbati): flit, flutter. Birdo, insekto, papilio ~as. 2 (disbloviĝi); float, fly, stream. Flago, plumo, tuko, haroj ~as. ~i en la vento (➞ flagr). 3 Flirt, coquet, dally, toy (➞ amindum, koket, okulum). ~ado, flirtation. ~ul(in)o, flirt. ~ado, fluttering. ~igi (-n) (disblov, sving): wave (flag, etc.). ~eca, ~anima, (malkonstanta, malserioza), fickle, flighty, mercurial. Ĉirkaŭ~i, flutter round.

flok-o, [UV] Flak/e, flock, fluff, lock, wisp. ~o de fulgo, lano, vato. ~(ec)a, flaky, flocculent. ~a lito, flock bed. ~aj nuboj, fleecy clouds. ~a silko, floss silk, silk waste. ~igi, -iĝi, flake, flocculate. Neĝ~o, (neĝero), snow-f. Sap~oj, soap-flakes.

floks-o, Phlox, flame-flower.

flor-o, [UV] Flower, bloom, blossom, ~o apudvoja, kampa, sovaĝa, wayside (field, wild) f. f La ~o (prime) de juneco (la vivo), ~a, ~kovrita, ~oplena, -y, floral. ~a girlando, kampo, f elaborately ornate, florid. ~a parolo, stilo. ~i, [UV] (naski ~ojn), bloom, blossom, f (prosperi), flourish. Vivu kaj ~u! Unu ~as, alia ploras. Esperanto ~as ĉe ni. ~ado, -ing, Plena ~ado, full bloom. ~aro, cluster of flower, raceme, etc. ~eco, inflorescence, ~ejo, f-garden. ~eto, floret (Jes. 40/6). ~ingo, f-holder. ~ujo, ~poto, ~vazo, f-pot, f-vase. ~desegna, -ed. ~domo, greenhouse. ~vendisto, florist, f-seller. ~bedo, ~butiko, ~ĝardeno, ~kultivo. Dis~i, ek~i, burst into f, open. For~i, lose bloom, shed flowers. Sen~a, -less. ➞ kriptogam. Kruc~oj (kruciferoj). Memor~o (miozoto). Neĝ~o (edelvejso). sun~o [UV] (helianto), sun-f.

floren-o, [OA] (num) florin (wide sense). Brita ~o = du ŝilingoj.

flos-o, [UV] raft, float, etc. Sendi per ~oj (2 Kr 2/16). ~i (-n), convey by raft or float. ~i ilin sur la maro (1 Rĝ 5/9). [Ne= flot]. ~isto, raftsman, ~ado, rafting, timber-floating. ~ita ligno, floated timber. ~umi (= floti). ➞ flot, naĝ.

flot-i (nt) (malsinki, resti aŭ drivi sur supro de likvaĵo), Float (on something). ~anta, -ing, afloat. ~anta bobelo, folio, ligno. f ~anta doko, kargo, kapitalo. ~aĵo, something -ing, (fisherman’s) float, flotsam. ~igi (-n), (cause to) float, launch, set afloat. Nere~igebla, hard and fast, ~ilo, = flotigaĵo de aviadilo, amfibio. ~ekipaĵo, (av) floatation gear. ~forto, buoyancy. ~linio, ~nivelo, waterline mark. ~kapabla, able to float. ~reta ŝipo, drifter. En~i, float in. For~i, f. away. Dors~i, f. on one’s back. ➞ driv, flos, naĝ, ŝveb.

flot-o = ŝiparo, fleet.

flu-i (nt), [UV] Flow, glide along, move easily, stream (pass) away. ~i rivere, torente. ~as rivero, sango, la vivo, larmoj, ondoj, vortoj. ~anta akvo, running water. ~o, 1 flow, current, flux. Akva ~o, current of water, f ~o de penso, tempo. Elektra ~o (kurento). Kirl~o, eddy. 2 gush, stream. Mara ~o (tajdo). ~a, flowing, easy, fluent, smooth. ~a stilo. ~e legi, paroli. ~eco, fluency, -idity. ~ego, flood, rush, torrent, ~ejo, bed, channel, course, ditch. ~eti, drip, trickle. ~forma, ~linia, stream-lined. (Ek)~igi (alkrani, malfermi), turn on (gas, water), ~ilo, gully, spout. Al~o, f., flood, rising (➞ flus). Al~a, affluent. Sang~~o, congestion of blood. De~o, for~o, ebb. Al- kaj forfluo. de~ilo, [UV] drain, gutter. El-o, out-f, effusion, issue. Sang~~o, hemorrhage, ~~ejo, discharge, outlet. ~~eti, ooze, seep. En~o, influx. For~i, elapse (time). Kontraŭ~e (monten), upstream. Kun~i, unite. Laŭ~e, down-stream. Post~o, wake. Preter~i, flow past. Re~o, ➞ malflus. Sen~a (stagna), stagnant, still. super~a [UV] (malmanka), in excess, overflowing, superfluous (El 16/23). Tra~eti, leak, percolate (liki). Netra~ebla, water-tight. Trans~iĝo, transfusion. Rapid~o, swift flowing, rushing.

flug-i, (nt), [UV] Fly. Aviadisto, birdo, in sekto, nubo ~as. f (~kuri, ~veturi, ~rapidegi), rush. ~(ad)o, flight, flying. ~e, in flight. (For)~ema, evanescent, fugitiv. 1 (kiel birdo). 2 (vaporiĝema). ~eti (Duon~i), flutter. ~igi kajton, fly a kite. ~ilo,, [UV] pinion, wing. ~ilhava, winged (Ge 7/14). Insekto duflugila, senflugila, skvamflugila = dipterous, apterous, lepidopterous. Riĉeco faras al si ~ilojn (Se 23/5). ~isto (aviadisto), airman, ~boato, -ing boat. ~maŝino (aviadilo). ~pova, capable of flight. Dis~i, El~i, En~i, Super~i, Tra~i, Trans~i, fly in all directions, (out, in, over, through, across). Ek~i, take flight (wing) For~i, fly away. (malaperi). Juneco, vivo ~~as. ~~igi put to flight. Glit~i (glisi). Plen~e, in full flight. Supren~i, soar (➞ sor). ➞ aervetur, flirt, flor, flu, fuĝ, kur, naĝ, ŝveb.

fluid-a, [UV] Fluid, running, that flows. ~o, fluid (gaso, likvaĵo). Akvo kaj aero estas ~oj. ~aĵo (Alt 5/5). ~igi, melt. ~~i glacion, neĝon (➞ degel, fand, likvig). ~iĝi, become fluid, melt. Mal~a (densa, kompakta, solida). ~~iĝi, coagulate. ➞ koagul, likv.

fluks-o (ph) Flux. ~o elektra, luma, magneta, vektora. ~denso, flux-density.

fluktu-i, fluctuate, vary irreg-ly, rise and fall, waver. ~(ad)o de temperaturo.

fluor-o, (chem) Fluor/ine (F). -ito, -spato, -ite, -spar (kalcia ~ido).

fluoresk-i (opt) be Fluorescen/t, ~o, -ce. ~a, -t. ~a ekrano. ➞ fosforesk, reftekt.

flus-o (alflua tajdo), flood (tide), ~i, flow (tide), ~akvo, ~fluo, tidal water. Mal~o (forfluo), ebb. ➞ almar, flu, tajd.

flustr-i (-n, al, pri, abs) [OA], Whisper. ~o, w. Lia voĉo estas nur ~o en uragano. f hint, rumour. ~ado, soft rustling sound. ~ado de folioj, ondo. ~isto, (Jes 8/19). ➞ murmuret, suflor, susur.

flut-o, [UV] Flute. ~o paŝtista, reed, shepherd’s pipe (Ge 4/21). ~i, (play the) f. ~eca, ~sona, -y. -eto (okta ~o), piccolo. B b~eto, (fifro), fife. ~isto, flautist. Bas~o, bass f. Bek~o, recorder, Apple f. (opposite ~o transversa) (➞ flaĝolet). Bek~o lerneja, school recorder. Lad~o (metala bek~o), tin whistle. Pan~o, Pan’s pipes.

fobio, phobia (= timo). Hidro~o (akvo- timo), hydro-p. similar, agorafobio, klostrofobio.

focen-o (marporko), porpoise (Phoe- caena). Pilota(or nigra )~o, pilot whale, round-headed p. (Globicephala). ➞ delfen, balen.

foin-o, beech (or stone) marten (Martes foina). ➞ martes.

foir-o, [UV] (periodical) Fair, Market. Brut~o, ĉeval~o, Universala ~o, universal exhibition. ~a halo, covered market. ~a prezo, current price, m-rate. ~ejo, (~a placo), f-ground, m-place. ➞ bazar, merkat.

foj-o, [UV] Time (of occurrce, repetition), Occasion. ~on post ~o, t. after t. Unu ~on por ciam, once and for all. Cxiun ~on, on every o. Ali~e, at another t., on another o. Ankoraŭ~e, once more. Cxi~e, this t. ĉiu~e kiam, when ever. Dek~e, ten times. (Ge 31/7, 41). Divers~e, on various oo, many a time. Du~e, twice. iu~e, at times, from t. to t., now and then, o-ally, sometimes. Kelk~e, repeatedly, several times. Kiom~e, how often? Last~e, for the last t., on the last o. Mil~e, a thousand times. Mult~e, many times, often, repeatedly. Plur~e, more than once. Re~e (denove), once again (more). Tiom~e, so often. Unu~a, single. ~~a kuro (4 FA 63/2). ~~e, once, on one o. Unua~e, at the first, on the first o. Rim.: Sometimes foje is used alone (= iam) This is not Z, and is inadvisable; though perhaps foje kaj refoje might translate "t. and t. again". If difference between -foje and fojo(j): fojo(j) is stronger = times over, one after the other (➞ dozen and twelve). Tio okazis tri ~ojn. ➞ hor, obi, temp. Rim.: Ne unu~e (Ne unu ~on) may mean (a) More than once, (b) Not even once. Say (a) Pli ol (or Ne nur) unu~e, (b) Eĉ ne unu~e.

fojn-o, [UV] Hay. ~(far)i, make hay. ~ado, h-making. ~ejo, hay-loft. ~isto, hay-maker. ~ujo (raŭfo), h-rack. ~amaso (~stako), hayrick (haystack). ~amaseto, h-cock. ~astmo, ~febro, h-fever. ~forko, ~kampo, ~rikolto, ~sako ~sezono, h-making season. ~fomo, h-box. Post~o, late hay, aftermath, second crop.

fok-o, [UV] Seal (Phoea). Elefanta ~o (elephant-s, s-elephant). Griza ~o, grey s. (Haliehoerus). ~o Gronlanda. ~o ringa. ~ĉasado. ~ŝipo -er. ~felo, s-skin. ~oleo, s-oil. ➞ haliker, otari.

foksen-o (ich) minnow (Phoxinus).

fokstrot-o, (dance) fox-trot.

fokus-o, [UV] Foc/us (wide sense) f (centra punkto), centro de atak-(atent-interes -viv-)o. ~i (put in) f. ~a, -al. ~a ebeno, -al plane. ~a distanc-(lini-)o. Du~a, bi-al. En~igi (objektori). En~iga lenso. Sam~a distanco, longo, profundo, punkto.

folad-o (borkonko), (zoo) piddock (Pholas).

fold-o (laŭlonga entranĉo, ŝovsulko), Groove, slot (in metal, wood, etc.), channel, furrow, rabbet, (astr) rille on moon [Ne~~fald], Glit~o (ŝov~o), slide-groove, slipper-guide (por kuliso, tabulo, tirkesto). ➞ glitrel. Lubrika ~o, oil g. Piŝta ~o, piston groove. ~i, groove, rabbet. En~igi, embed, set (tail) in. ➞ junt, kanel, mortez, sulk, tenon.

foli-o, [UV] Leaf (of plant, paper); flap, shutter (of screen, table); foil (metal); folio (2 opposite pages with same number); sheet, (typ) ~o interrnita, interleaf, slip sheet. ~(oriĉ)a, leafy, covered with leafs, verdant. ~aĵo, ~aro, foliage. ~ego (plen~o). folio (size). ~ero, follicule (foliolo). ~eto, 1-let, blade (small 1), slip of paper (➞ slip). ~igi (platigi) metalon. (Ek)~iĝi, burst into 1. ~ingo, 1-sheath. ~umi, turn over leaves (of book), Al~(Krom~)o (alonĝo). Kun inter~oj, inter-ed. Sen-a (nuda), -less, bare. Sen~iĝi, shed 11. Du~a, double -ed, e.g., table. Flor~o (Petalo). Flug-o, fly-1, handbill, tract. KaIik~o (sepalo). Kon- traŭ~o, kontrol~o, counterfoil. Kvaron~o, quarto. Kvin~o (potentelo). Larĝ~a, broad-ed. (Libro) liber~a, loose-1. Mil~o, milfoil, yarrow (akileo). Model~o, (dress) pattern. Okon~o, octavo. Pinglo~o, pine-needle. Stan~o (staniolo), silver- paper, tinfoil.

trifoli-o, [UV] trefoil, clover, shamrock (Irifolium). ➞ format, kling, lamen, plat, tavol.

folianto, (typ) in-folio.

folikl-o, follicle.

foliolo (foliero), (bot) foliole.

folklor-o, folk-lore. ➞ etnologi, tradici. foment-i (-n), (med) Foment, f foster, stimulate. ~aĵo (~a kompreso), -ation.

fon-o, [OA] 1 (malantaŭo), (background, (her) field. 2 (ac) phon. 3 Abbreviation for (tele)fono.

fond-i (-n) [UV]. Found. 1 (estigi, krei): establish, institute. ~i famili-(urb-)on. 2 (bazi, fundamenti, motivi): base, ground. ~i argument-(ppini-)on (sur). ~aĵo, (a) -ation. (b) fund (fonduso). ~igi, be -ed (rely, rest) on. ~into. -er. ➞ dediĉ, fundament, konstituci, starig.

fondus-o, Fund, reserve for special purpose. ~o amortiza, sinking f. ~o sekreta, secret service f.

fonem-o, (phon) phoneme.

fonetik-o, [OA] Phonet/ics. ~a, -ic. ~a alfabet-(skrib-)o. ~ismo, sound of words, as compared with spelling. ➞ grafism. fono- Phono- (Gr ppfx). -GRAFO (parolmaŝino), -graph (➞ gramofori). II similar ~grafio, ~gramo, ~logio, ~metro.

font-o, [UV] Fount(ain-head), (well) Spring, source. ~o de petrolo, rivero. ~oj de la abismo, f-ains of the deep, f ~o de energio, enspezo, inspiro, vivo. ~i (el) (deveni de), arise, sring (well) out (of), up (from). Olea ~o, oil-s. Sal~o, salt-spring. Ŝpruc~o (gejzero). ➞ deven, fontan, origin, plum, put.

fontan-o, [UV] Fountain (artificial, spouting, throwing a jet). Ŝpruc~o, jet of water. ➞ font, spruc.

fontanel-o, fontanelle, gap in baby’s cranium.

for, [UV] (adv) Away, forth, off (denotes disappearance or distance). Du paŝojn two steps away. La digo estis the dyke was gone. ~ (de ĉi tie)! Away with you! Avaunt! Begone! Be off! Depart! Get out! (Jes 30/22). ~ de danĝero, la koro, mondo. ~ kun milito! (~ militon!), Away (Down) with war. ~ la manoj(n)! Hands off! ~a, distant. ~a angulo, horizonto, kolonio. Veni de ~e (from far a.). Vojaĝi ~en. ~aĵo, ~eco, distance. ~igi, abolish, clear away, eliminate, get rid of, remove. ~igi dubon, makulon, timon. Neĝ~igilo, snow-plough. ➞ likvid. ~iĝi, pass a., disappear, vanish. Antaŭ~iga, preventive, prophylactic. Ne~igebla, fixed, indelible, irremovable. PFX For-, Away. 1 (malproksime, answers Kie?): ~esti, ~resti, = esti (resti) for. ~esto, absence. 2 (malproksimen, answers Kien?): forth, into the (to a) distance. ~iri, depart; ~kuri, flee. ~naĝi, ~vojaĝi. ~blovi, ~doni (-n) = iri, blovi… foren. 3 (malapero): ~bruli, ~morti, ~pasi, ~velki. 4 (malaperigo): ~dormi, ~froti, ~ludi, ~streki (-n), ~akrigi noĉetoĵn, sharpen away notches. ~perdi tempon, waste time. ~aĉeti, ~bruligi, ~manĝi, ~trinki (-n), buy (burn, eat, drink) up. somewhat idiomatic expressions: ~lasi (a) = abandon, forsake, leave; (b) (= eksterlasi): leave out, omit. ~permesi (-n) [OA], give leave (of absence) to. ~regali, give a send-off to. ➞ perd, pas.

forc-i (artificially hasten maturity), (hort) Forc/e. ~ado, -ing. ~ejo, -ing house, Varma ~ejo, hothouse. Unuflanka ~ejo. lean-to-house.

forceps-o, forceps (➞ akuŝil, eltiril).

forfikol-o, earwig (Forficula).

forges-i (-n, pri, abs), [UV] Forget. 1 (perdi memoron, ne memori): ~i averton, daton, instruon. Buŝo promesas, mano ~as. 2 ne atenti, pensi, zorgi pri, preterlasi: neglect, overlook. ~i amikon, devon, Dion, patrinon, sperton. 3 forget and leave: monujon en la domo, hejme. ~o, forgetfulness, forgetting, oblivion. Plena ~o. ~ejo, oubliette. Meti en ~ejon, consign to oblivion. ~ema, with short memory. ~igi (iun pri io, ion al iu), cause to f. (be forgotten), blot out, efface (obliterate) from memory. ~inda, not worth remembering. Ne~ebla, unforgettable. Nemin~u (miozoto). Sin~o (altruismo, malegoismo), self-forgetfulness. ➞ enterig, entombig.

forĝ-i (-n), [UV] Forge, work in metal. ~i glavon, hufferon. ~ita fero, wrought iron, f (Ellabori, krei); ~i argumenton, sian sorton. f (hardi, malmoligi): ~i karakteron. ~ebla, forgeable, malleable (➞ duktil). ~ejo, f. smithy. ~isto, (black)smith. Al-i (-n) (fiksi, firmigi, senmovigi), forge (weld) to. ~ita al la lito, bedridden. Kun~i (veldi), weld together. Ŝu~isto, farrier.

fork-o, [UV] Fork, prong, f (duiĝejo); ~o de arbo, branĉo, relo. Manĝ~o (~eto), table-fork. Piĉ~o, son~o, tuning-f. Rem~o, rowlock. Trak~o, (ry). ~~isto, pointsman, Tri~o (tridento), trident. Voj~o, junction. ~i (-n), (pick up with) f. Star-(sid-)i ~e, stand (sit) astride, straddle. ~eca, ~hava, -ed. ~ego (fojn~o), pitch-f. -dento, point, prong, tine. (Dis)~iĝi, bifurcate, branch off, split. ➞ brak, brant, kruc.

form-o, [UV] Form. 1 shape, exterior, visible aspect. ~o de meblo, objekto, vazo. En (sub) ~o de alegorio, karikaturo, piramido. 2 Manner (mode) of presentation, arrangement, style; method, order; kind, species, variety. ~o de parolo, rigardo, puno, vorto. ~o gramatika. 3 (good, proper), form, customary behaviour. Observi la ~ojn. Pro~a protesto. 4 (mus) ~o muzika, rondela, sonata. ~o duera, duparta, dusekcia, binary form. 5 (phi) form, opposite materio. ~i (-n), 1 (estigi, krei, fari) (Jes 44/24); form, fashion, make, mould: ~i aliancon, poemon, poton, vorton. conceive; ~i ideon, juĝon. discipline, train; ~i karakteron. 2 (konsistigi): assume, take the form of. Stratoj ~as angulon, infanoj rondon, vicon, vaporo nubon. (esti): ~i parton (= esti parto) de. ~ado, (~aĵo), ~iĝo, formation (➞ formaci). ~iĝi, take f. ~ilo (matrico, muldilo). Ŝu~ilo, shoe-last. ~ujo, mould (for jellies, etc.) (➞ muld). Ali~iĝi (ŝanĝiĝi), change form. Pra~o (~o originala, primitiva). Re~i, f. again, reconstitute, remodel, (➞ reform). Laŭf~a (formala). Mis~i, misform. Mis~a, misshapen, Trans~i (en -n), transform; (el) ~~ilo, tranformer. Sen~a, f-less, chaotic. Ark~a, kor~a, pir~a, tas~a etc.; -form, -shaped, -like. (➞ -ojd). Unu~a, uniform (➞ homogen, monoton, senvari, uniform). Unu~eco de stilo. ➞ aranĝ, blanked, deform, eksteraj, fason, figur, manier, model, ord, reform, stil.

formaci-o (formitaĵo), formation. 1 (geol., ➞ epok, tavol). 2 (mil) ➞ ord.

formal-a [OA], Formal. 1 (laŭforma, priforma, de formo; opp esenc), of outward form. ~a demando, diskuto, rajto. 2 (laŭkutima, laŭregula), conforming to rule. ~a kontrakto, raporto. 3 (ceremonia, konvencia), conventional, perfunctory, prim, stiff. ~a akcepto, vizito. 4 (precize esprimita), ~a opinio. ~e, formally, in due form. ~aĵo, -ity, requirement. Jura ~aĵo. ~eco, -ity, precision, propriety. ~ema, ceremonious. ~igi, -ize. ~ismo, -ism. ~isto, ~ulo, -ist (➞ pedant).

formal/-dehido, ~ino, (chem) formal-de- hyde, -in.

format-o [OA] (dimensioj), format, shape and size of book, etc. Dekduon~o, duodecimo. Duon~o, dufolio. Kvaron~o, quarto. Okon~o, octavo. Poŝ~o, pocket size.

forali-o, (bot) New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax).

formik-o, [UV] Ant, emmet (Formica). Blanka ~o (termito), white ant. ~a laboremo, persisto. ~aro, swarm of ants. ~ejo, a-hill. ~leono, a-lion (mirmeleono), ~ovoj, ~larvoj, a’s eggs, ~osento, (med) formication, pins and needles. ~urso, a-bear (mirmekofago).

formul-o, [OA] formula. 1 (ch, mat, etc.) definition, principle, rule, tabulation, etc., expressed in figures and symbols, (cul) recipe. 2 set form of words. ~o de furo. ~i (formdoni, tekstigi, vortigi), formulate, express in (reduce to) formula, set forth systematically. ~i demandon, deziron, opinion, respondon. ~aro, -ary, collection of formulas, book of prescribed forms. ➞ blanked, formal, redakt.

forn-o, [UV] (wide sense) Furnace, Oven, Stove. Gas~o, Elektra, petrola ~o. 1 (kuir~o) (a. fornelo): bak~o, oven. 2 (industria): Blov~o, blast-f. Fand~o, smelting-furnace. Forĝ~o, lut~o, pudlo~o, ŝakt~o. 3 (sekiga): Kiln. Brik~o. 4 (hejt~o, a. stovo): stove. ~a fero, forko, fumo (Ge 15/17). ~ego, fiery furnace. ~ejo, bake-house, wash-house with copper, ~kesto (bakujo). ~sida, chilly, stay-at-home. Rim.: Waringhien proposes (a) fornelo (kuira ~o), cooking o. or s. ~o alkohola, spirit s. ~o Angla (~bloko), kitchener, kitchen range. ~a plato, chafing dish, plate warmer, kitchener top. (b) stovo (hejt~o), heating s. (c) primuso, "primus", s. using vaporized oil for cooking.

fornel-o, cooking-stove or oven. ➞ forn.

forniks-o, (anat, zl), fornix. ➞ arkaĵ, volb.

forsiti-o, (bot) golden bell, (Forsythia).

forst-o, cultivated forest. ~umi, afforest. Re~umo, reafforestation. -kulturo, sylviculture.

fort-a, [UV] Strong (wide sense). 1 (efika, potenca): efficacious, energetic, forcible, powerful. ~a argumento, brako, esprimo, homo. Mano, memoro, vento, volo. 2 (daŭrema, fortika, firma): durable, firm, robust, solid, stable, stout, tough. ~a bastono, karaktero, kofro, konstitucio, sano. ~aj nervoj. 3 (altgrada, intensa): heavy, vigorous, violent; bad, severe (doloro), hearty (apetito). ~a bezono, diferenco, febro, grado, kolero, lumo, sento, tuŝo, voĉo. 4 (opp diluita): ~a biero, cigaro, dozo, kafo, teo. 5 (akcentita): (mus, pros) ~a puko, silabo. ~e (altgrade, multe) -ly, emphatically, greatly, hard, very much. ~e ami, dubi, senti, voli; ~e pluvis, it rained hard. Staru (tenu vin) ~e, Stand firm (Jes 35/4). (mus) forte! ~o force, might, power, strength, etc. Havi (montri) ~on. Mankas la ~o. Hodiaŭ ~o, morgaŭ morto. Per ĉiuj ~oj (tut~e), with all one’s strength, might and main, Per propra (tuta) ~o. ~o alcentrokura, decentrokura. (ph) anything able to make or modify movement. ~o elektromova, inerta, mekanika, molekula, prema. Akvo~o, hydraulic power. Ĉeval~o (ĉevalpovo), H.P. Lig~o, cohesion. Pez~o (gravito). (pol) ~o mara, milita. ~aĵo (~a flanko), forte, strong point. ~eco, intensity. ~ega, mighty, vehement, violent. ~ege (mus) fortissimo. ~egulo, ➞ Herkul. ~igi, fortify, strengthen. ~igilo (med, phot, tech). ~uzo, exertion, effort. Mal~a, Weak; dim, dull, faint, feeble, infirm, tender. ~~a ĉe muziko, weak in music. ~~aĵo, weakness. Ne~a (delikata, malfortika): delicate, frail, gentle, (s)light. ~~a framo. Per~a, forcible, outrageous. ~~a morto, violent death. ~~o, violence. ~~e, by force, perforce. Eniri ~~e, break in. Postuli ~~e. ~~i (= ~~e devigi) assault, do (offer) violence to, force, outrage, violate. ~~i infanon, virinon, volon. ~~ulo, tyrant. Re~iĝi, recover strength. Sen~a, impotent. ~~igi, debilitate, enervate, enfeeble, weaken. Super~i, master, overcome, overpower, overwhelm), prevail against, subdue. ~~o, pre-dominance, pre-ponderance. ➞ fortik pov.

fortepiano [UV] (col. abbreviation piano), piano(forte).

fortik-a [UV] (rezistokapabla), firm, hefty, resistent, robust, solid, stable, stalwart, strapping, sturdy, f ~a amikeco, firmo, sano, volo. Ligi, stari ~e. ~aĵo [UV] (a. fortreso), fortress, fortification, f stronghold. ~aĵeto, fort. ~eco, power of resistance. ~igi, strengthen structurally, mentally, morally, confirm, consolidate, corroborate, fortify, intensify, stiffen. ~igi armeon, muron, opinion, urbon. Mal~a (delikata, kaduka, neforta), frail, infirm, shaky, unsubstantial. Mal~ulo, weakling. Pli~igi, reinforce. ➞ fer, fort, rok, ŝtal.

fortun-o, fortune. 1 goddess of chance. 2 chance, hap, luck; especially good luck, prosperity. Provi, serĉi sian ~on, try one’s luck, risk it. ➞ destin, hazard, fat(al), feliĉ, sort, sane.

forum-o, [OA] forum. 1 (Roman). 2 place of public discussion. f la ~o de konscienco, scienco, publika opinio. ~a, forensic. ~a elokvento. ➞ kortum, tribunal.

fos-i (-n, abs), [UV] Dig, delve. ~i kanalon, kavon, puton, rokon, sablon, teron. f (profunde esplori, serĉi): ~i en aktaro, libro, en la cerbo, poŝo. ~(aĵ)o, ditch, fosse, hole, pit (➞ put, sulk, tomb, tranĉe) (1 Rĝ 18/35, Ps 5116). ~ejo, (➞ minej), diggings, excavations, mine, etc. ~ilo, [UV] digging implement, e.g., spade (plat~ilo, a. ŝpato), ~ileto, scoop, trowel. Pik~ilo (pioĉo). ~isto, digger, ditcher. ~besto, ~insekto. El~i (elterigi), dig up, excavate. Mekanika el~ilo, ~maŝino, excavator. En~i, bury, dig in. Pri~i (kampon). Sub~i (-n, abs) (sapei, submini), insidiously attack, sap, undermine, aŭtoritaton, potencon, reputacion, sanon. Bor~i, burrow. Fund~i, dig deeply. ➞ bor, fosili, kavig, min, plug, ŝovel.

fosfor-o, [UV] (chem) Phosphor/us (P). ~o blanka, ruĝa, white (red) p. II ~eska, -escent. ~eski (nt), be -escent. ➞ fluoresk, luminesk, reflekt. Combining form: fosf-, Phosph-. ~ato, -ate. Super~ato. ~atacido, -oric acid. ~ido, -ide. ~aturio, (med) -aturia. ~ino, -ine. ~ito, -ite. ~itacido, -orous acid. Hipo~ito, hypo- ite.

fosgen-o, (chem) phosgene COCl2 (karbonila klorido).

fosili-o (pal) Fossil. ~a eburo, konko, restaĵo. ~iĝi, -ize. ~hava, ~oza, -iferous.

fost-o, [UV] Post, vertical wooden or metal support, upright beam resting in ground; pier, pillar, pole, prop; upright (de dratbarilo, palisaro). Alliga ~o, (mar) ➞ bit, bolard. Apoga ~o, shore. Enakva(grunda) ~o, pile. Funda ~o, foundation pillar. Gol~o, goal p. (ry) Gradienta ~o. Lamp~(Lum~)o, lamp-p. (standard). Lim~o, frontier-p. Lupola ~o, hop-pole. Montra ~o, sign-p. Pord~o, jamb. Retaja ~o, (mar) trellis-mast. Salt~o, jumpg-pole. Son~o, (vn) sound-p. Start~o, startg-p. Telegrafa ~o, tel. pole. Ten-o, (bid) central p. (king truss). ~eto, picket, stake, etc. Sur~a domo, pile dwelling. ➞ baston, palis, stang.

fot-i [OA-9].

fotel-o [OA-8] (brakseĝo), arm-chair, (th) stall.

foto- (Gr. ppfx = light), Photo-. ~elektra, -fobio, -gena, ~gravuri, -kemio, ~lito.

fotografi-o [OA-8], photography.

~metri(i)o, ~no (photon, light quantum), ~sfero, ~sintezo, ~stato, ~tele- grafo, ~terapio (lumkuraco) -tipio.

fotograf-i [F] (col. fot-i) (-n). Photograph. ~ado, ~arto, ~io, -y. ~(aĵ)o, (col) foto, p. ~o momenta, tempa. ~ejo, -ic studio. ~ilo (kamero), -ic apparatus, camera. ~isto, -er. Kolor~o, colour-p. ➞ fot, kamer, kodak.

fove-o (kaveto), (anat) fovea, small pit (cavity, depression).

frag-o, [UV] Strawberry. ~o arbara (sovaĝa), wild s. ~aĵo (~a konfitaĵo), s-jam, etc. ~ejo, ~bedo, s-bed. ~ujo, ~planto, s-plant (Fragaria). f ~marko, s-mark, birth mark, naevus.

fragment-o, [UV] Fragment, bit, fraction, scrap, shred, splinter, etc. (part broken off, incomplete, isolated). ~o de interparolo, osto, poemo, vazo, vitro, vivo. ~oj (rompaĵo), debris, ruins, wreckage. ~a, fragmentary, jerky. ~a scio, stilo. ~igi (dispecigi), break into fragments. ➞ er, part, pec, split, stump.

fragmit-o, (bot) reed (Phragmites). ➞ kan, kareks.

fraĝil-a (a. fragila), (facile rompebla, tuŝotima), fragile, frail.

fraj-o, [UV] Spawn, (hard) roe, eggs of fish (frogs, molluscs), f issue, fry. Sturga ~o (kaviaro). ~i (demeti ~on), s. ~ejo, breeding-pond. ~tempo, s-ing time.

frajt-i (-n) (ekspedi kontraŭpage), Freight. ~i aeroplane, ŝipe. ~(ad)o, load, goods loaded. Ŝip~o (kargo), cargo. ~(ad)o, freightage. ~o ekspresa, ordinara, rapida. ~isto, -er, carrier, ~kosto (portpago). ~letero. ➞ fret, ŝip-lu, transport.

frak-o,, [UV] Dress-Coat (suit), evening dress, tails, ~ulo, person in dress-coat.

frakas-i (-n) [UV] (disrompi, fragmentigi). 1 Shatter, break suddenly and violently, dash to pieces, demolish: ~i kranion, teleron. 2 (plenvenki): confound, overwhelm, rout. ~i armeon. 3 (detrui, ruinigi): ~i nacion, kuraĝon, sanon. 4 (afliktegi): ~i la koron. 5 (nuligi, refuti): argumenton. ~o (bru-krako): crash, etc. Dis~i (-n), utterly s., smash to pieces. ~iĝi (kontraŭ), crash, shatter. (av) fal~iĝi (kraŝi), crash. ~ilo, stone-breaker, stone-crasher.

frakci-o, [OA] Fraction. 1 (mat) ~o decimala. ĉen~o, continued fraction. f = peceto, ~a, -al, ~igi (-n), -ize, express in fractions.

fraksen-o, [UV] ash (tree) (Fraxinus). ~o Amerika, white a. ~o ornama, flowering (manna) ash.

fram-o, (tech) Frame(work), base, substructure (rigid part, skeleton) of apparatus. ~o de biciklo, pordo, lito, seĝo. Brod~o, Fenestra ~o, window sash, (typ) kopia ~o, printing f. Spar~o, (av) spar-f. ➞ ĉasi, kadr, skelet, trabar.

framason-o, [UV] freemason. ~a loĝio. ~aro, ~eco, ~ismo, freemasonry.

framb-o, [UV] Raspberry (fruit). ~a siropo, vino. ~ujo, ~arbusto, r-cane (Rubus idaeus). ➞ rubus. Rubusa ~o (logano), loganberry.

frambesi-o, (med) framboesia, yaws.

Franc-ujo, Francio [F] FR, France.

franci-o, (chem) francium (Fr).

franciskan-o, Franciscan monk.

frand-i (-n) [UV] (plenĝue sin regali per), be fond of (partial to), enjoy, like, have a taste for. ~i bombonon, kukon, sukeraĵon. La vermoj ~u lin (Ij 24/20). ~a (alloga), appetizing, delicate, nice, tasty. ~aĵo, dainty, delicacy, tasty morsel, titbit (PI 4/5, Ge 49/20, Se 26/22). ~ema, sweet-toothed. ~(em)ulo, dainty person, epicure, gourmet. ➞ regal.

frangol-o, [UV] (bot) alder buckthorn (Frangula). ➞ ramn.

frangipan-o, (cul) frangipane, filling cream.

franĉ-o, [UV] Fring/e, ornamental border (edging), usually thread or tasselled. 2 (similar obj). Har~o, front hair brushed over forehead and cut short. ~i, f., border. ~hava, ~ita, fringed, fimbriate. ➞ galon, kvast, penik.

frank-o [F], (num) franc.

frankolen-o, (orn) francolin, black partridge (Franco linus).

frap-i (-n) [UV]. 1 Strike, deal a blow, beat, knock, hit, rap, slap, smack. ~i iun per bastono, ion por gin rompi; al si la kapon. ~ita de fulmo. ~i kontraŭ (sur) -n, s. against, lash, pound (aero vizaĝon, ondoj rokori). 2 Knock (make a sound): ~i ĉe la pordo (sur la pordon), Oni ~as, someone is knocking. La koro (pulso) ~as. 3 (ek-atentigi, mirigi, trafi): strike. ~i atent-(okul-)on. Penso min ~is. 4 (plagi, venkobati): ~ita de blindeco, malamikeco. Mi ~as kaj resanigas (Rd 32/39). Frap! Bang! Rat tat! Slap! ~o, blow, hit, knock, rap, slap, stroke. ~o ĉe la pordo. Elektra ~o (skuo), shock. Sun~o, sunstroke. (mus) ~o de disonanco, beat (percussion) of discord. ~(ant)a (evidenta), powerful, striking. ~a argumento, ekzemplo, simileco. ~e bela. ~aĉi, thump (pianon). ~ego, heavy blow. ~eti, dab, pat, rap, tap (➞ dab). ~iĝi kontraŭ (➞ karambol, kolizi, kunpuŝiĝ). ~ilo, drumstick, knocker (pordo), striker (horloĝo), tongue (sonorilo). Muŝ~ilo, fly-swatter, ~obrui (klak~i), clatter, rattle (as objs in box). Inter~i (Kun~i) la manojn, clap one’s hands. Liaj dentoj inter~iĝis (chattered). Kontraŭ~o, rebound, recoil, repercussion). Kun~i (tintigi) glasojn. Kun~iĝo, collision, shock. Okul~a, evident, loud, glarg, showy, striking. Panik~ita, panic-stricken. Pied~i, kick, stamp. ➞ male, perkut, survang, vip. Rim.: Frap denotes single blow; bat denotes blows continued, repeated. Sometimes both are applicable.

frat-o, [UV] 1 Brother. 2 companion, fellow. ~o en milito, mizero. Milit~o, b. in arms. 3 member of church, guild, order, etc. Laika ~o, lay brother. ~o Laŭrenco. ~(ec)a, -ly, fraternal. Ami~e. ~aro, -hood, fraternity. ~eco, -liness. Esperanto nin ~igas. ~ino, sister. ~ulo, 1 -ly person. 2 Fellow, e.g., de B.E.A. ~mortigo, fratricide. bo~o [UV] (frato de edz(in)o, edzo de fratino), b-in-law. Ge~oj, b(s) and sister(s). (Inter)~iĝi, fraternize. Kun~o, b. (in the faith, etc.), chum, colleague, confrere, mate, partner. Duon~o, half-brother (half-blood relationship). Frato alipatr(in)a. Lakto~o, mam~o, foster-b. Stifa ~o (Stif~o), Step-brother (by remarriage of a parent: no blood-relationship).

fraterkol-o (marpapago), (orn) puffin (Fratercula). ➞ pufen.

fraŭd-o, Fraud, criminal deception, dishonest artifice, piece of trickery. Bonintenca ~o, (col) pious fraud. ~a, fraudulent. ~a bankroto ~e (per ~o), by f., under false pretences, ~i (agi ~e), cheat, swindle, etc. ĉe ekzameno. De~i, Pri~i, Defraud (ion de iu, iun pri io).~~i la doganon, d. the customs. ~ulo, cheat, swindler.

fraŭl-o, [UV] Bachelor, single (unmarried) man. (wedding) Honora ~(in)o, best man, (bridesmaid). Persista ~o, confirmed b. ~a, celibate, single. ~a patrino, unmarried mother. ~eco, b-hood, celibacy. ~ino, [UV] spinster; damsel, maid(en), miss, single woman. ~ineto, lassie, little maid, young miss. Maljuna ~ino, old maid. ➞ junul; needz(in)igit, -igint; senedz, sinjor, viring.

fraz-o, [OA] 1 (gram) Sentence (assertion, question, wish, or exclamation): > propozicio. A simpla ~o (simple s.) has only one finite verb. A malsimpla ~o (compound s.) consists of two or more clauses. A kompleksa ~o (complex s.) has one or more dependent clauses. 2 ~o, ~ero (parolturno, vortgrupo), Phras/e, locution, small, verbless expression. ~o kutima, konvencia, moda. ~i, p. ~ado, (mus) phrasing. ~aro (frazlibro), p-book. ~isto, word-spinner. ~ista sensencaĵo, verbiage. ĉirkaŭ~o, circumlocution, periphrasis (➞ elturniĝ, malrekt, pretekst). Ĵet~o (slogano), slogan (➞ deviz, sibolet). steneografio (vortkunligo), phraseography. ~eologio, p-eology, study of forms of speech. ➞ esprim, propozici, sentenc.

fregat-o, [OA] 1 (mar) frigate. 2 (orn) frigate-bird, man-of-war-bird (Fregata).

frekvenco (vibrorapido), (ac, ph), Frequency, rate of recurrce. ~o (mal)alta, supersona, etc. Flagro~o, flicker-f. ~ometro, f-meter. Alt~a fluo, (el) f- current.

frekvent-i (vizitadi) (-n), frequent, habitually go to (visit). ~i kurson, lernejon, teatron. ~ita (busy) strato. ➞ oft.

fremd-a, [UV] Foreign. 1 (aliula, nepro- pra): extraneous, not one’s own, other people’s, someone else’s. Ne ŝovu nazon en ~an vazon, ŝajnigi sin ~a al siaj fratoj. (Ge 42/7). El ~a poŝo oni facile pagas. 2 (alilanda): alien, coming from elsewhere. ~a kutimo, lingvo. Ministro por ~aj Aferoj. ~eco, strangeness. ~iĝo, estrangement. ~ulo, foreigner, stranger. ~ulo en ~a lando (El 18/3). ~lande, abroad. Mal~a, Ne~a, familiar, home, intimate. ➞ alilanda, eksterlanda, malsamlanda.

fremit-o (vibretado), (med) fremitus, tremor, f purring, quivering, rustling, shuddering, soughing, trembling (of leaves, water in the kettle, wind, etc.). Kora ~o. ~i, (nt) quiver, etc.

frenez-a [UV] (mense malsana), Mad; crazy, insane, out of one’s mind, raving, f (ekster si, furioza, malsaĝega): beside one’s, demented, frantic, frenzied, furious, senseless, wild. ~a de ĝojo, ĵaluzo. ~a amo, deziro, elspezo, ideo. ~e, -ly, very foolishly, etc. ~aĵo, ~eco, craze, folly, insanity, lunacy. ~i (agi ~e). ~eta (duon~a), cracked, not quite right in the head, queer, touched, etc. ~igi (-n), -den, craze. ~ulo, -cap, -man, fool, lunatic. ~ulejo, mental hospital. ~umi (H 51/12), play the role of a -man. ➞ delir, ekstravaganc, idiot, mani.

frenologi-o, phrenolog/y. ~o, -ist.

fresk-o, [OA] fresco, painting on wet plaster. ~(opentr)isto.

freŝ-a, [UV] Fresh (wide sense) 1 Pure, refreshing, not stale or musty: ~a aero, akvo; bracing (vento); just caught (fiŝo), laid (ovo), or made (pano); mint (monero). 2 Unspoilt, unsullied by age or use: ~a entuziasmo, vizaĝo; not cooked or preserved (frukto); not faded or withered (gloro, memoro); not hackneyed (stilo); not salted (butero). 3 (ĵusa, nova) just arrived, new, not previously known or used, novel, recent: ~a modo, tombo, vidpunkto. 4 additnl, different, further (~a argumento, lumo): Plej~a, latest, ~e, -ly, just, lately. ~e falinta neĝo. Printempa ~(ec)o. (Re)~igi, refresh,revive. ~igi aeron, koloron, memoron, sin. ~igaĵo, refreshment. ~aspekta, f-looking. ~brila (sparkling) roso. ~data, of recent date, latest, Mal~a, stale, decayed, flat, hackneyed, insipid, out of date, rotten, withered. ➞ arkaik, kaduk, lac, malnov, mucid, putr, velk.

fret-o, Fret. 1 (arch) f., meander, ornamental pattern, usually of right angles. 2 (tech) binding, collar, ferrule, hoop; (mus) f., bar or ridge on fingerboard (etym. = fer-et). ~ita, ferrul-(hoop-iron-band-)ed)

frez-i (-n), (mec) Mill, remove metal by revolvg multiple-toothed cutter to produce flat or profiled surfaces (grooves, slots). ~i foldon, moneron. ~ado, milling. ~ilo (turnĉizilo), milling cutter (for grooving, slotting, surfacing). ~maŝino, milling machine.

frid-a = malvarma (tech), ~a ĉizilo, kamero, nitado. ~igi, refrigerate. ~igita viando. ~igitaj pizoj. ~igilo, ~ujo, icebox, refrigerator.

frikas-i (-n), (cul) Fricassee, make mincemeat stew. ~(aĵ)o. fricassee.

frikativ-o (frota konsonanto), (phon) fricative.

frikci-o, (mec, ph), friction. ~a bremsrezisto, diskrezisto, kupladrezisto.

fring-o,, [UV] chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs). Monta ~o, brambling (F. monti-frangula). Verda ~o, greenfinch (Chloris). ➞ fringel, kanaben, kardel, kokotraŭst, pirol.

fringel-o, [UV] siskin (Carduelis spinus). Rim.: These are the meanings apparently given by F. to the roots fring, fringel. Stojan proposes the word finkoj (finches) in ordinary language for all the Fringillidae.

fripon-o, [UV] Rascal. 1 knave, rogue, scamp. 2 sharper, swindler., ~a, -ly, knavish. (agi ~e). ~aĵo, ~eco, -ity, knavery. ~eta, roguish. ~eto (petolulo) (col., of a child), little r. Pri~i (fraŭdi, ~e trompi), cheat, swindle. ➞ fraŭd, kanajl, ruz, tromp.

fris-o, [OA] frieze. 1 (arch) part above architrave and below cornice. 2 (orn) decorative band at top of wall, vase, etc. 3 (tex) coarse woollen fabric. ~a supervesto, peajacket. ➞ dekor, kulis.

frit-i [OA] (patkuiri), Fry. ~i fiŝojn, ovojn, terpomojn. ~aĵo, fritter, anything fried. ~ilo (pato), -ing pan. ➞ bak, kresp, patkuk, risol, rost.

fritilari-o (imperiestra krono), (bot) fritillary (Fritillaria). ➞ argen.

frivol-a, [OA] Frivol/ous: giddy, light, not serious, paltry, silly, trifling, trumpery, volatile. ~a konduto, penso, preteksto, virino. ~e, -ously, with levity. ~aĵo, ~eco, -ity. ~ulo, giddyhead. ➞ bagatel, facilanim, malserioz, vant.

friz-i (-n), [UV] Curl (crimp, wave) hair, etc. ~i barbon, kapon, harojn. ~(aĵ)o (hararanĝo), friz, wave, etc. Konstanta ~o, permanent wave. ~ejo, hair-dressing saloon. ~ilo, -er, ~isto, h-dresser. ~fero, curling-iron (tongs). ~papero, c- paper. ➞ barbir, bukl, komb, krisp, tond, raz.

frog-o, (ry) frog, point of intersection of inner rails.

fromaĝ-o, [UV] cheese. ~o kaprina, krema, Nederlanda, Svisa.

frond-o, frond (leaf of fern, thallus of seaweed, etc.).

front-o, [UV] (antaŭo, maldorso), Front (of building), face, foremost part, head; onda ~o, wave f. (Mal)varma ~o, warm, (cold) f. (mil) f., line of battle, van (1 Sa 17/21), Ĉe la ~o de (at the head of). ~a ĉambro, fenestro, paĝo, pordo, rado, front room, etc. ~e, in f. ~e al, facing. ~en, to the f. (al)~i (-n), (kontraŭ), front, brave, confront, face (look) towards, meet, oppose, stand opposite (up) to (➞ defi, spit) ~i ~danĝeron, malamikon, sorton, kontraŭ la parko. ~aĵo, -age. Mal~a, back, rear. ➞ antaŭ, fasad, fronton, frunt. Front! (mil) 4 FA 210/10).

frontispic-o, 1 (typ) frontispiece, illustrate facing title-page, etc. 2= fronton.

fronton-o, [OA] (arch) fronton, pediment, ~o ronda, triangula. ~o direktita al la strato (4 FA 207/14). ➞ fasad, front, iabi

frost-o,, [UV] Frost. La ~o ĉion detruis. Blanka ~o, hoar-f. Surgrunda ~o, ground f. f severe cold. ~i, 1 (impersonal) freeze, be freezing: ~as (estas ~e)! It is freezing. 2 be frozen, icy, stiff with cold: La membroj (planto, tero) ~as. 3 feel cold: Mi ~as (sentas ~on) (Al mi estas ~e), I am freezing. ~a, frosty, frigid, cold. ~a tago, vento, vetero. ~e malvarma, freezing cold. ~aĵo, f-picture (on window). ~igi (lagon, teron), congeal, freeze over. ~igilo, freezer. ~iĝi, freeze, get chilled. La fingroj (tero) ~iĝis. ~iĝinta, benumbed, f-bitten, f-bound. Mal~i (el~igi), unfreeze. ~absceso, ~oŝvelo, chilblain. ~difekto, ~vundo, f-bite, nip. ~kovri, ~izi, (cover as with) frost. ~izita (frosted) fenestro, kuko, lampo. ➞ frid, glaci, malvarm, prujn.

frot-i (-n, abs),, [UV] Rub. la haŭton, pargeton. ~a, abrasive. ~a (fricative) konsonanto. ~(ad)o, -bing, friction. ~eti, rub lightly. ~iĝi, chafe, get rubbed. ~ilo, ~tuko, rubber. ~isto, (floor) polisher. ~lavi, ~purigi, scrub. ~poluri, grind, polish, smooth. ~skrapi, ~vundi, abrade, gall, graze. De~i, rub off, excoriate. Dis~i, triturate. El~I, For~i, rub out, erase, erode. Preter~i, brush against (past). ➞ abrad, frikci, grat, polur, skrap, ŝlif, viŝ.

fru-a,, [UV] Earl/y, forward. ~a floro, mateno, maturiĝo, veno. ~e, early. Leviĝi, veni ~e. Pli bone ~e, ol neniam. Plej~e (unue), first. Pli~e, earlier, before, sooner. Ne pli ~e ol (ne antaŭ) Majo, not before (till) May. Pli-malpli ~e, sooner or later. ~i, be early, ripen e. ~aĵo, e. product. ~igi, advance, put forward. ~sezona, e. in the season. Mal~a, late; backward, behindhand, behind time, belated, slow, tardy. ~~a gasto, horo, rikolto. La horloĝo ~~as. is too slow; ~~iĝas, loses time. ~~igi, delay, retard, set back. ~~sezona, belated (El 9/32). Tro~a (antaŭtempa), premature, untimely. La horloĝo tro~as (is too fast). ➞ antaŭ, ĝis, unua.

frugileg-o, [UV] (kampa korvo), rook (Corvus frugilegus) ~aro, ~ejo, rookery. ➞ kornik.

frukt-o, [UV] Fruit. 1 (bot) (e.g., ĉerizo, frago, glano, porno). ~oj de la tero. Radik~oj, root crops. 2 f offspring. ~o de la ventro. 3 product of action, consequence, effect, result. ~o de ago, imago, laboro, legado, sperto. ~oj, ~aro, harvest proceeds, produce, revenue, yield. ~(odon)i, be fruitful, bear f. ~u kaj multiĝu (Ge 1/28), f give results. La piano bone "-is. ~aĵo, (cul) something made from f., jam. ~(arb)ejo, orchard. ~ema. ~odona, ~oriĉa (fekunda), fruitful, fertile, prolific. ~igi, make -ful, fructify (Ge 48/4). ~(vend)isto, -erer. ~ujo, f-dish, f-jar. ~arbo, f-tree. ~ogusta, -y. -omanĝa, frugivorous. ~opor- ta (Ps 128/3). ~sukero (fruktozo, glukozo). (jur.). ~uzo, usufruct. ~vendejo, f-shop. Sen~a, f-less, barren, sterile, f (senefika, senrezulta, vana), unproductive, unprofitable. Sen~a laboro, provo, tero. ~~ulino (Ps 113/9). Kerno~o (drupo), drupe. ➞ dehisk, produkt, rezult, sem.

frunt-o, [UV] Brow, forehead. ~o amika, glata, nebulita. Sulkigi la ~on, furrow the brow. Rigardi ~en, look straight in the face. ~osto, frontal bone. ➞ brov, fac, front.

ftir-o, crab louse (Phthirus).

ftiz-o, [UV] (med) phthisis, (ordinary language) consumption (Rd 28/22) 1 pulmonary tuberculosis. ~o galopanta. 2 (marasmo), wasting of the body. ~a ruĝo sur la vizaĝo. Vd tuberkuloz.

fu! Phew! denotes impatience; strain, weariness; disgust.

fug-o, (mus) fugue. ~o duobla (dusubjekta), double fugue; strikta (strict); tonala (tonal); triobla (triple); trivoĉa (for 3 voices). ~eca, fugato. ~eto, fugetta.

fuĝ-i (nt, de, el, en) [OA-8], flee, fly, run away, seek safety in flight. ~i antaŭ la malamiko; el Egiptujo; en Palestinon; (for) de danĝero. ~o, flight. ~anto, fugitive. ~igi, put to flight. ~into, refugee. Trans~into, deserter. ➞ dizert, evit, forkur, rifuĝ.

fuk-o, [OA] focus, species of brown algae < kelp, wrack. ➞ aling, koragen, zoster.

fuksi-o, (bot) fuchsia, lady’s ear-rings.

fuksin-o, fuchsine, aniline red, magenta.

ful-i (-n), Full (cloth). ~ado, -ing, ~ejo, -ing mill. ~isto, -er (Jes 36/2, Mai 3/2). ~argilo, -ers’ earth. ~maŝino. ➞ apretur, dipsak.

fulard-o, foulard. 1 thin silk (and cotton) material. 2 (~a koltuko), scarf or handkerchief made from this. ➞ kravat.

fulg-o, [UV] Soot, deposit, smoke black. ~okovrita, ~oplena, ~oza, sootty, smutty. ~i (nt) be -ty. ~eca, ~okolora, ~osimila, black as s. ~ero, flake of s., smut, ~(onigr)igi (-n), blacken, smut. ~isto, sweep. Sen~igi, sweep (kamentubon), decarbonize (aŭton). ➞ bistr, fum.

fulgor-o, firefly, lantern fly (Fulgora) < cikad.

fuligol-o (hupanaso), tufted duck (Aytha fuligula). ➞ anas, nirok.

fulik-o, (orn) coot (Fulica).

fulm-o, [UV] Lightning. ~o sentondra, distant (heat, summer) 1. Glob~o, globular 1., fireball. ~o magnezia. ~o tavola, sheet l. ~o zigzaga, forked 1. f flash. (Ek)~o de genio. ~e (~orapide), in a flash, like 1. ~i, lightning, flash, ~as (impersonal), it is 1. ~is lancoj. ~aĵo, ~ofajro, thunderbolt. ~et(ad)i. ➞ flagr, trembril. ~odaŭra, instantaneous, momentary. ~ofrapi, strike by l. ~osuĉilo, l-conductor, l-rod. ~otondro, thunderstorm. Ek~o, ~i, flash. ➞ ŝtorm, tondr.

fulminat-o, (chem) fulminate (salt).

fulmar-o (glacipetrelo), (orn) fulmar (Fulmarus). ➞ petrel.

fulv-a (brunflava, ruĝflava), brownish, reddish yellow, buff, fallow, fulvous.

fum-o, [UV] Smok/e; fume, reek. ~o de ligno, pipo. Ne ekzistas ~o sen fajro. Pleniĝi je ~o. -plena, ~oza, smoky. ~i, [UV] 1 (emit) s., fume, reek. La kameno, lampo, vulkano ~as. f Kial ~as via kolero?bol. 2 (-n, abs). ~i cigaron, pipon, tabakon. ~ado, -ing. ~aĵo, something -ed (fiŝo, tabako). ~anta, ~ema, fuming (acid, etc.). ~anto, -er. ~egi (~i kiel kamentubo). ~ejo, -ing-room. ~iĝi (Ps 104/32). ~ilo, censer. ~izi, 1 (~aĵi, ~sekigi), ~i haringon. 2 (purigi): fumigate (ĉambron). 3 (~kovri, ~nigrigi): ~i vitron. ~ujo, ~kamero, ~kesto, s-box. ~difektita, ~gusta, (cul) -y. ~kupeo, -ing compartment. ~nigro, lamp-black, smoke-black. ~nigrigita, s-begrimed. ~nubo, wreath of s. ~tub(ar)o, chimney, s- funnel (stack). El~i (cigaron), s. to the end. Ne~anto, nons-er. Sen~a, s-less. Sen~a karbo, pulvo.

fumari-o, (bot) fumitory (Fumaria).

fund-o, [UV] Bottom. 1 Lowest part, base, basis, depth, floor, ground, foundation; trough (de ondo): ~o de barelo, maro, puto, valo, Abismaj ~oj, abysmal depths. La ~on supre, bottom upwards. Esplori la ~on de la glaso (ebrietiĝi). 2 back, far end, rear: ~o de arbaro, ĉambro, koridoro, ŝranko. 3 (fono): background: ~o de bildo, horizonto, pejzaĝo. 4 inmost (hidden) part: ~o de la animo, koro. 5 (abismo, ekstremo): depth, height. ~o de malespero, mizero. ~a, f ~a klarigo, thorough explanation (➞ kern, fundament). ~e, at (the) bottom. f (ĝisoste, plendetale), thoroughly. Lerni, scii (lingvon) (ĝis) ~e. ~en, to the bottom. Al~iĝi, go to the b. Sen~a (senbaza), bottomless, groundless. Sen~aĵo (abismo), abyss, gulf. ~~igi (knock the b. out of) argumenton. Sur~aĵo, deposit, dregs, grounds, sediment. (➞ fee, rekrement, sediment). ➞ baz, fon, fundament, grund, plank, profundaĵ, ter [Ne= kaso, fonduso].

fundament-o, [UV] Foundation. 1 Bas/is, base, solid ground (Ps 18/7, Mi 1/6). Meti la ~ojn, lay the foundations. 2 Essential basis, underlying principle. ~o de ŝtato, teorio. 3 La "Fundamento" (1905) de E-o (= ĝenerala interkonsendo pri la bazaj ecoj de la lingvo). 4 (ac) ~a tono = ĉefa vibrofrekvenco (in harmonic series). ~a (baza, esenca), basic, cardinal, fundamental, ground. ~a ŝtono, f-stone. (Esperanto) ~a vorto, word in the F. ~a argumento, dokumento, grando, numeralo, regulo. (ph) ~a salo. ~i (bazi, starigi) (Ps 89/2, Am 9/6), (lay the) basis (foundation) (of), establish, found, ground, set up. ~i metodon sur sperto. Kredo bone ~ita (well-founded, on firm basis) ~aĵo, groundwork. 1 warp. 2 (~a parto aŭ principo), fundamental. ~ano, ~isto, (E-o) one loyal to the F. (rel) Fundamentalist. Esprimo kontraŭ~a, laŭ~a. Sen~a, without f., baseless. Plat~a, flat-bottomed. ➞ baz, firmaĵ, fond, fund, grund, starej, subaĵ, ter.

funebr-o, [UV] Mourn/ing. 1 grief. Estis ~o en la lando. 2 (~a ceremonio, funeralo). Ĉeesti ~on. 3 (~aj vestoj): weeds. Porti ~on. Duon~o, half-m. ~a, [UV] dark, dismal, doleful, funereal, gloomy. ~a marŝo, parolo, saluto, soleno, torĉo, vesto. ~a saliko, weeping willow. ~a veturilo, -ing coach. ~i (abs, pri, pro), mourn (weep) for, bewail (person or thing), be in -ing (Ge 23/2, 2 Sa 14/2). ~ado, -ing (Rd 34/8). ~aĵoj, (~a ceremonio, vesto, etc.). ~antaro, ~a procesio. ~igi (PI 2/8). ~isto, mute, professional -er. ~ulo, (Ij 29/25). ➞ ĉerk, enterig, funeral, malĝoj, priplor, ve.

funel-o, [UV] Funnel (utensil), mouth, openg. ~o de gramofono, korno, mikrofono. ~i (-n) (enverŝi per ~o), pour by funnel. ~(form)a, funneled, bell-mouthed. ➞ buŝpec, laŭtparolil.

funeral-o (funebra soleno), funeral. ~isto, undertaker. (American mortician). ➞ enterig, kremati, sepult.

fung-o, [UV] (bot) Fung/us. 1 (gen) > mildew, mould, etc. 2 mushroom and toadstool fam.. ~o manĝebla, ➞ ŝampinjon. ~o venena, toadstool. Buter~o (boleto); Muŝ~o (amanito); Orel~o (aŭrikulario); Polvo~o (likoperdo); Sak~o, (askomiceto). ~(ec)a, fungal. ~aĵo, ~eco, -osity. ~ejo mushroom bed. ~ojda, -oid. ~ologio, micology. ➞ agarik, amanit, bolet, geastr, gist, kantarel, kopren, klavari, laktari, likoperd, marasm, meldu, morhel, ŝampinjon, rusol, ŝim, truf.

fungus-o, (med) fungus (disease).

funikl-o, funicle. 1 (bot) 2 (anat) (umbelika ŝnuro).

funikular-o (kabla fervojo), funicular ry.

funkci-i (nt) [OA], Function, act, operate, work. 1 (person): act as, discharge the duties (do the work, fill the office) of. ~i kiel agent-(instruist-kasist-)o. 2 (thing): La cerbo, kruro, kurso, maŝino, poŝto, sistemo ~as (1 Rĝ 14/4). ~o (agado, devo, ofico, tasko): function, normal activity, calling, duty, employment, office, operation, working. ~o de stomako, vorto en frazo. 3 (mat) variable quantity in relation to others. ~a, functional. ~a malsano. ~ado, working (e.g., of watch, institution) (el) kontinua ~ado, continuous duty. Ne~anta, not working. ~igi. cause to act, make go, operate, set going, start off. ~isto, ~ulo, -ary, operator. Ek~i, come into play. Mal~igo, closing-down. ➞ ag, defor, labor, serv.

funt-o,, [UV] pound (Weight) (lb.). Cent~o, hundred-w. ➞ pundo (£).

fuort-o, (mil) fort. ➞ fortres, fortikaĵ. fiir-o (ĉasputoro), the domestic ferret, a vrty of the polecat (Mustela putorius).

furaĝ-o, [UV] (nutraĵo), Forag/e, fodder, food, provender (especially for animals) (Ge 24/25). ~i go -ing, bring in (search for, supply with) f., f rummage. ~isto, -er.

furi-o, [OA] (myth), Fury, goddess of vengeance. La tri ~oj. f angry or malignant woman, virago. ➞ furioz, meger.

furioz-a, [UV] full of Fury, furious, raging, savage, violent. ~a ag-(nom-hund -veni)o. 1 (kolerega): enraged. 2 (sovaĝa): intractable, wild. 3 (freneza): crazy, frantic, insane, mad, raving. ~o, f„ rage, wrath (Ge 27/44). ~eco, fierceness, etc. ~i (agi ~e), be in a f., rage, rave. La batal-(edzin-vent-)o ~as. ~igi, enrage, madden, infuriate. ~iĝi, see red. ~ulo, madman. ~ulino, f., termagant. ➞ beserk, flam, frenez, furi, koler, pasi, senbrid, tumult.

furnari-o, (orn) oven-bird, (Furnarius).

furor-o, [OA] (momenta ĉiea modo aŭ sukceso), furore, craze, sensation, vogue. ~i, be all the rage (in vogue), come in. Ami ~e, have a craze for, be mad about. ➞ sensaci.

furunk-o,, [UV] (med) Furunc/le, boil. ~a, -ular, -ulous. ~eco, ~ozo, -ulosis. ➞ absces, tumor.

furz-i, (nt) emit intestinal gases, fart. Senbrua ~o. ~eco, flatulence.

fus-o, wide-mouthed whelk (Fusus).

fusil-o, Rifle. ~ado, fusillade, r-fire. ~isto, fusilier. ➞ karaben, musked,pafil.

fust-o, 1 shaft (of pillar). 2 part of object. which one takes hold of, fust, main pt: haft (of axe); handle (of broom, saw); stave (of spear); stem (of candelabra); stock (of gun, plane).

fusten-o, [UV] (tex) fustian, thick twilled cotton cloth with short nap. ➞ korduroj. ~jupo, fustanella (Greek kilt).

fuŝ-i (-n. abs) [UV] (= faraĉi, plenumaĉi, uzaĉi), do awkwardly (blunderingly, clumsily), be a duffer at, boss, blotch, bungle, flounder, fumble, make a hash of, tinker at. ~i laboron, metion, taskon, sian vivon. Intence ~i (saboti). Fuŝ! (interj) Boss! Duffer! Mucked it! Muff! ~a, awkd, blundering, bungling, clumsy, unskilful, unworkmanlike. ~e, clumsily. ~(aĵ)o, botch, hash, mess. Ne~ebla, foolproof. ~isto, ~ulo, bungler, duffer, muff, etc. Mal~i, make a workmanlike job of, straighten out (what was in a mess). Lud~anto, spoil-sport. ➞ aĉ, maltraf, mis.

fuŝ-, [UV] (pfx), similar meaning to , but applied to actions only. ~haki, hack. ~palpi, fumble. ~pentri, daub. ~uzi, use clumsily.

fut-o, [UV] (metr) foot (measure). Kuba ~o. ➞ pied.

futbal-o (piedpilko), football. ~isto. ~ejo, f -ground.

futur-o (estonteco, os-tempo), future, (gram) ~a tempo, f. tense. ~ismo, ~isto.

fuz-i, fuse, melt; crackle, deflagrate, fizz, (pyr) burn slowly. ~aviadilo, rocket plane.

fuze-o (eksplodigilo) (mil, min) Fuse. Frap~o, percussion fuse. Fuza ~o, tempa ~o, time fuse. Prokrasta ~o, delayed-action f. ➞ fanda drato, fadeno, prajm.

fuzelaĝo, (av) fuselage, body or framework of aeroplane.


F

G-o [F], letter G. (ac) 784 vibroj sekunde. G-be (G bemola), G flat. G-is (G diesa), G sharp. G-klefo. G-kordo, G string, gabar-o, lighter, flat-bottom barge (non self-propelled, usually towed).

gabardin-o, (tex) gabardine, twill woven cloth of fine worsted.

gabi-o, (mil) gabion.

gabl-o, (bid) gable, vertical triangular upper pt of wall at end of ridged roof, or over door or window. ➞ fronton, pinjon.

Gabon-o GA.

gad-o,, [UV] (ich) member of the cod fam. (Gadus) > eglefin, lusk, merlang, moru, polak. (G. vi>e«.? = coalfish).

gadolin/io, gadolin/ium (Gd). ~ito, (min) -ite.

gaf-o, Gaff. 1 (mar) spar. 2 (hokstango), boat-(gaff-)hook. ~velo (aŭrika velo), g-sail. ➞ his.

gagat-o (< nigra lignito), Jet. ~e (karbe) nigra, j-black.

gage-o (orstelo), yellow star of Bethlehem (Gagea). ➞ ornitogal.

gain-o, tight-fitting undergarment. ~a jup-(korset-)o, sheath skirt (corset).

gaj-a [UV] (ĝojmiena, ridhumora), Gay, Merry; blithesome, cheerful, lighthearted, lively; bright, brilliant, showy. ~a homo, horo, kanto, koloro, spektaklo, urbo, vizaĝo. ~(ec)o, cheerfulness, gaiety, merriment, mirth. ~i (agi ~e) (Pr 8/15). ~aĉa, dissolute. ~aĵo (Jes 30/10). ~ega, hilarious, in high spirits. ~ema, jovial. ~eta, in a good humour. ~igi, brighten up, cheer, enliven, exhilarate, gladden. ~iga, amusing, funny. ~ulo, jolly chap, m-fellow (Jer 31/4). ➞ ĝoj, komik, petol, rid. Malgaj-a, (deprimita, melankolia), melanchol/y, dejected, dismal, doleful, dull, gloomy, glum, overcast, sad, sombre, sorrowful. ~a kanto, tago, vetero. ~o, dejection, depression, dullness, gloom. ~i, be in the dumps, brood, have the blues. ~ega (morte ~a), ~ema, depressed, in low spirits, m-ic, out of tune, morose, peevish, sullen. ~igi, depress.

gajak-o, Guaiac(um), (Guaiacum). ~a ligno, lignum vitae. ~olo, -ol. ~rezino, g-gum.

gajl-o, [UV] Gall(nut). Kverka ~o, oak apple. Roz~o. ~i, prepare with gg. ~ato, -ate. ~atacido, -ic acid (from gg). ~insekto, g-fly (> cecidomio, cinipo .. .).

gajn-i (-n, abs) [UV] (akiri per peno, favoro, sorto), Gain, make, obtain; acquire, earn, secure, win. ~i aŭskulton, batalon, favoron, konfidon, koron, premion, proceson, sperton, tempon. Kiu ~us (profitus) el tio? Pli bone malmulte ~i, ol multe perdi. ~i ĉe loteri-(lud-)o. Kiu ne riskas, tiu ne ~as. ~i teron ( = antaŭeniri). ~i (varbi) iun, win over. ~a numero, winning nmbr. ~(aĵ)o, gains, (increase in) earnings (profit, winnings). ~iga, lucrative, remunerative. ~anto, winner. Mal~i, forfeit, lose (➞ perd). ~~(af)o, casualty, loss, waste. Re~i, re-g, win back. Re~a ŝipo, salvage ship. Super~o, surplus. ➞ ating, enspez, havig, konker, obten, profit, ricev.

gak-i (anserbleki), cackle, gabble.

gal-o [UV] (hepata sekrecio), Bil/e, Gall. Bov~o. f asperity, bitterness, rancour, spite, spleen, venom (PI 3/19). Inciti al iu la ~on, provoke, rile. Mia ~o krevas. ~(em)a, ~humora, ~plena, rancorous, spiteful, ~oza, b-ious. ~acido. ~atako, ~malsano, b-ious complaint. ~dukto. ~ŝtono. ~veziko, g-bladder. Nigre~a, atrabilious, melancholic. ➞ splen.

galag-o (Afrika lemuro), bush baby (Galago).

galaksi-o, galaxy, island universe., e.g., the milky way (lakta vojo). f brilliant assemblage.

galaktit-o (min) galactite.

galant-o, [OA] (neĝborulo, Z.), snowdrop (Galanthus).

galant-a, Gallant, markedly attentive to women. ~i, play the g., flirt. ~aĵo, ~eco, -ry, compliment, politeness to a lady. ~ulo, g., fine gentleman, ladies’ man. ➞ afabl, brav, dand, elegant, ĝentil.

galanteri-o, [UV] fancy goods, small wares, accesories of clothing and toilet: combs, ribbons, powder, rouge, etc. ➞ merceraĵ.

galantin-o, [OA] (cul) galantine (meat in jelly). ➞ aspik.

galban-o, galbanum, gum from Ferula galbanifera (El 30/34). ➞ feral.

galbol-o, (orn) Jacamar (Galbula).

gale-o, tope, dogfish (Galeus).

galeg-o, (bot) goat’s rue (Galega).

galen-o (plumba sulfido), galena, native lead sulphide (ore), (rad) ~a ricevilo, crystal set.

galeops-o, hemp-(stinking-)nettle (Ga- leopsis).

galer-o, [OA] 1 (hist) Galley (remŝipo). 2 (punŝipo), gg., convict ship, hulks, f vera ~o, hell on earth. ~ano, (~a sklavo), g-slave.

galeri-o, [UV] Gallery. 1 covered path (ptly open at side), colonnade, portico, etc. ➞ koridor. 2 (mil, min) (subtera koridoro, trairejo), adit, tunnel. ~o mineja. ➞ tunel, subterej. 3 long room for showing works of art, especially Art~g. Portreta ~o. ➞ muze. 4 (bid) (alta balkono), platform from inner wall. ➞ amfiteatr, balkon. (th) Dua ~o, upper circle. Tria (lasta) ~o, the gods. Unua ~o, dress circle.

galerid-o, (tufalaŭdo), crested lark (Galerida).

gali-o, (bot) bedstraw (Galium) > cleavers (goosegrass), crosswort.

galicism-o, (= Francismo), gallicism, French idiom.

galimati-o, farrago, balderdash, gibberish, pompous nonsense.

galin-o (ĝangala koko), Jungle-fowl (Gallus). Ruĝa ~o, red j-f.

galinag-o (marta skolopo), (orn) Snipe (Gallinago). ~eto, Jack s. (Lymnocryptes). ➞ skolop.

galinol-o, moorhen (Gallinula).

galion-o, (mar) galleon, treasure-ship.

gali(um)-o, (chem) Gallium (Ga).

galon-o, [UV] 1 (tex) cord, lace, (mil) piping, stripe (close-woven braid for bordering or trimming). ŝnur-o, frogging. ~i, bind (ornament, trim) with braid or lace. ~ita lakeo, laced flunkey. ~ita vesto. ➞ border, kordon, pasament. 2 gallon (= 4 kvartoj, 8 pajntoj).

galop-i, [OA] Gallop 1 (of a horse). ~e, at a g., f in a rush. Kuri ~e, scamper. ~anta (med) (rapide evoluanta). ~ege (plen~e), at full g. For~i, gallop away. 2 g. (dance) (mus).

galoŝ-o [UV] (superŝuo), galosh, overshoe (us. of rubber).

galvan-a (el) Galvan/ic. ~aĵo (~a kliŝo,stereotip). ~ismo. ~izi (apliki elektron) (also figuratively), -ize (➞ zinkizi). ~ometro, ~oplastiko, ~oskopo, ~otipo.

gam-o [UV] (wide sense) in ordinary language vaguely = 1 (amplekso): gamut, full range. ~o de rido, peal (ripple) of laughter. ~o de koloroj. Senfinaj ~oj, infinite modulations. 2 (mus) ( = tonalo), key. 3 (mus) (= skalo), scale. ~noto (=toniko), key note, tonic. ~signo (=tonalsigno), key- signature. ~ŝanĝo (modulado), change of key. Ali~igi (alipiĉigi, transponi), transpose. Laŭ~(sign)a (laŭtonala), diatonic (diatona).

gamaŝ-o, [UV] Gaiter. Kun ~oj, -ed. Vind~oj, (surobendoj); puttees. ➞ tibling.

[gambo = kruro].

Gambi-o GM.

gambit-o (ludkomenca ofero), (chs) gambit.

gamel-o, billy-can, dixie, pannikin, mess-tin.

gamet-o (generoĉelo), (bot) gamete. ~a -al.

Gana-o GH.

gang-o (geol) gangue, valueless earthy matter in ore.

gangli-o, [OA] Gangli/on. 1 (anat) g-cell, nervous centre, f centre of activity (interest). 2 (med) cyst-like swelling on tendon. ~a, -onic. ~forma, -form.

gangren-o, [OA] (med) Gangren/e, canker, mortification, ~a, -ous. f ~o morala. ~i (esti ~a). ~igi, corrupt, mortify. ➞ degener, infekt, kari, malvirteg, putr.

gangster-o, Gangster, member of gang of criminals. ~ismo, -ism.

gant-o, [UV] Glove. ~o senfingra. Sur-met (-tir)i ~on. Ĵeti la ~on, throw down the gauntlet, challenge, defy. Levi la ~on, accept a challenge. ~i, En~igi la manojn. Sen~igi, un-g. Boks~o, boxg-g. Duon~o, Muf~o, mitten. Fer~o, gauntlet. Frot~o, friction-g.

gap-i, (nt) (rigardaĉi), Gap/e, stand -ing, stare open-mouthed. ~anto, ~(em)ulo, gaper, idler, looker-on. ~vagi, mouch around . ➞ osced. II ~ado, the gapes (birda malsano).

garaĝ-o [OA-8] (remizo aŭta, bicikla, boata, vagona), garage.

garanti-i (-n, por, pri, kontraŭ, ke), [UV] Guarant/ee, engage, pledge, promise, undertake (to do); answer (go bail, make one’s responsible, vouch) for; assure (permanence, possessn), secure (ion, al iu, iun pri io). Mi ~os por li (pri tio) (ke). ~i pag-(progres-sukces-)on. ~o, g., safeguard, warranty. ~o de sukceso, pri kvalito. Vendi kun (sen) ~o. ~a kapital-(kas-)o. g. capital (fund). Doni ~e (as a g.) ~aĵo, [UV] g., thing given sum pledged) as g. (mortgage, security Jes 33/6). ~aĵigi, ~doni (doni prunte, kiel ~on) (Am 2/8). pawn, pledge. ~anto, -or. ~ulo,, [UV] hostage, surety. ➞ asekur, aserti vera, certig, hipotek, kaŭci, lombard, prirespond, promes.

garb-o, [UV] Sheaf; bundle, cluster, of things bound or laid lengthwise (Ge 37/7). ~o da fojno, pajlo, sagoj. ~aro, shock, stook. ~arego, rick, stack (➞ stak). ~ejo, barn (➞ fojnejo, grenejo) (Rd 15/14), ~eto (Rut 2/16). ~igi, bind into sheafs. ~igilo, s-binder. ➞ fask.

garcini-o, (bot) garcinia. ➞ gumigut, mangostan.

gard-i (-n, abs, de, kontraŭ, ke), [UV] Guard; keep, take precautions. 1 be in charge of, defend, keep (from harm), look after, mind, protect, save, watch over (➞ atent, defend, prizorg, protekt, Sirm): ~i kontraŭ risko. ~i honoron, lingvon, trezoron, vojon. ~i kiel la pupilon de la okulo. (Vin) ~u, ke vi ne falu, Mind (Take care) you don’t (Beware lest you) fall). 2 keep in check, restrain: ~i lang -(malliberul-parol-pens-)on (➞ kontrol). 3 Hold, keep safe, maintain, preserve, put by, secure, retain: ~i dokumenton, esperon, fidelon, junecon, memoron, monon, oficon, sekreton, sintenon, unuecon. ➞ konserv, Spar, ten. ~o, g., custody, vigil, ward, watch. ~e, on g„ prepared against attack (surprise). Stari ~e, be on sentry duty. ~anto, ~isto, -ian. caretaker, custodian, keeper, protector, warden, watchman (Ge 4/9). Brut~isto (paŝtisto), shepherd. Korp-isto, body-g. Nokta ~isto, night watchman. ~isjejo, g-room, lock-up. ~ista posteno (Ĥb 2/1). ~ilo (sekurig-Sirm-ilo), fender, safe-g., ward, etc. Fand~ilo (fanda drato), (el) fuse, fusible cut-out (fuzaĵo). ~ostaranto, sentinel, sentry. Antaŭ~i (antaŭSirmi kontrau), preserve from, prevent, ward off. ~~a, preservative, preventive, prophylactic. ~~err.a, careful, provident. Sin~(em)a, -ed, careful, cautious, circumspect, discreet, prudent. Nesin~a, careless, imprudent, in-cautious(-discreet). Sin~o, caution, etc. Pri~(Super~)i, keep an eye on, super-intend(-vise), watch over. ➞ fleg, gvardi, ŝirm.

gardeni-o, [OA] (bot) gardenia.

gargar-i (-n), [UV] 1 (frotlavi, skulavi), rinse (glason, tukon). 2 Gargle (la gorĝon). ~e paroli. ~aĵo, g., throat-wash. ~isto, dish-(bottle-)washer, washer-up. ~a bruo, bubbl-(gurg-)ling; rumbling (intesta).

gargojl-o (akvosputilo), (arch) gargoyle, grotesque gutterspout.

gari-o (bot) Garrya (shrub).

garn-i (-n per, almeti ion al) [OA], garnish, add accessories. 1 adorn, decorate, embellish, trim (dress with lace; speech with jokes, hat with ribbons). 2 complete, equip, furnish, line, provide (coat with buttons; dish with sauce, hook with bait; nest with moss; picture with frame; shop with goods). 3 stud: (door with nails). ~aĵo (garnitur-o [OA]), equipment, accessories, fittings, furnishings, mountings, trimmings, gear, kit, outfit, service. Fer~ita, iron-studded. ➞ akcesor, aldon, ekip, kovr, ornam, proviz.

garnizon-o, [OA] Garrison. ~i, furnish with (occupy as) g. ~i urbon.

garol-o, [OA] (orn) jay (Garrulus). ➞ garrulous.

gas-o, [UV] Gas. Brul~o, karb~o, lum~o, coal gas (Mal)Fermi la ~on, turn (on) off the gas. ~o afiksia, lethal gas. Larmiga ~o, tear gas. Marĉ~o, Min~o (metano), marsh-gas, firedamp. Brulinta min~o, after- (choke-) damp. Mustarda ~o (iperito). Olea ~o, oil-gas. Rid~o, laughing-gas (nitrous oxide). 2 (med) wind. ~o intesta, stomaka. 3 (col) empty talk. ~ulo, gas-bag. ~(ec)a, -eous, -sy. ~igi, -ify (➞ vaporig). ~isto, g-fitter(-man), ~akvo, ~atako, ~kamero, ~lampo, ~lumo, ~masko, ~motoro, ~ringo. ~beko, g-jet. ~flamigilo, gas-lighter. ~fornelo, g-oven. ~ometro, gasometer ( = 1 ~komputilo, 2 ~(rezerv)ujo, gas-tank). ~venenita, -sed. ➞ benzin.

gast-o,, [UV] Guest. ~o kutima, regula, habitual visitor. ~o paganta, boarder. Akcepti ~ojn, Por ~o nepetita mankas kulero. ~o sen avizo~~malagrabla sur- prizo. ~i (esti ~o) (ĉe, en), be a g., board, put up, receive hospitality, stay (Ps 5/4, 15/1). ~ado, stay. ~ej(~dom)o, g-house, inn, hostel (➞ hotel, migrulej, pension, pasloĝej). ~ejestro, inn-keeper, landlord. ~igi, entertain, give hospitality, put up, take in. Kaŝe ~igi, harbour. ~iganto, host. ~ama (~igema), hospitable. Ne~ama, in-h. ~oĉambro, g-chamber, visitor’s room. ~prezo, board. Kun~o, fellow-g. Dorm~o, night lodger. ➞ klient, invit, loĝ, parazit, regal, rest.

gasteroste-o (dornfiŝeto), stickleback (Gasterosteus). ~o 3-(\0-\5-)dorna.

gastro- (ppfx) ( ~~ stomak-), gastro-. ~enterito, (s-inflamo), -itis. ~nom/o, -onom/er, epicure. ~~io, -y. -pieduloj (~podoj), gasteropods > bukcen-(helik -limak-patelyoj.

gastrofil-o, horse bot-fly (Gastrophilus).

gastropak-o, lappet moth (Gastropacha). gaŭĉ-o, gaucho, S. American mounted herdsman.

gaŭĝ-o, Gauge. 1 (standard) Measure. 2 instrument to measure dimensions, or test conformity with standard. ~i g. 1 m. exactly (capacity, size), etc. 2 bring to standard size or shape, make uniform. ➞ kalibr, norm. Profund~o. Marka morteza) ~o, marking (mortise) g. Rim.: Rosher ("ĉarpentiloj") proposes gaĝ-o, ~i, and uses gaŭĝ-i = to gouge, ~ilo, gouger (kurba ĉizilo).

gaŭlt-o, (geol) gault (species of bluish-gray clay).

gaŭlteri-o, winter-green (Gaultheria) > checkerberry, shallon. ➞ pirol.

gaŭr-o, gaur, Indian bison (JBibosgaurus). gaŭs-o, (ph) gauss. ~a unuo.

gavial-o, (zoo) gavial, gharial (Gavialis). ➞ krokodil.

gavot-o (dee, mus) gavoste.

gaz-o, [OA] (tex) Gauze, thin transparent fabric of cotton, silk, wire, etc. ~a, g. ~a litkovrilo (kulevitilo).

gazel-o, [UV] gazelle (Gazella) ~ino, (Alt 7/3). ➞ antidork, antilop.

gazet-o,, [UV] gazette, magazine, ~o ĉiumonata, dimanĉa, faka, ilustrita. ~aĉo, rag. ~aro, ~istaro, the Press. ~isto, m-writer, journalist, pressman, ~eltranĉaĵo, press cutting. ~anonco, ~artikolo, ~servo, ~vendisto. ➞ bulten, ĵurnal, kiosk, periodaĵ, revu.

ge-, [UV] (pfx) denotes both sexes (used in the plural only). ~fratoj = brother(s) and sister(s) = one or more of each. ~patroj, parents (a) in gen., (b) of a family. 1 relations: ~av(~fil)oj. 2 other classes: ~sinjoroj, ladies and gentlemen. ~amik(~knab)oj. 3 animals: ~katoj. 4 (a couple): ~fianĉoj. ~sinjoroj B, Mr. and Mrs. B. 5 (col) ~edukado, coeducation. ~lernejo, mixed school. ~koroj. ~o, a pair. ~a (ambaŭseksa), mixed. Vivi ~e. IT Ge may be omitted if understood from context, (ge)edziĝo, marriage. Abraham kaj Sara estis (ge)maljunuloj (Ge 18/11). ➞ "Dearly beloved brethren". IT The experimental forms geedzo (spouse), gepatro (parent) are theoretically indefensible, but have occasionally been found useful.

geastr-o (terastro), (bot) earth star (fungus) (Geaster).

gebi-o, (zoo) gebia (long-tailed crab).

gehen-o, gehenna (➞ hades, infer).

gejser-o (ŝpruefonto), 1 (geol) geyser, hot spring. 2 apparatus for rapidly heating water.

gejŝ-o, geisha, Japanese dancing girl.

gek-o, gecko (various species) (Le 11/30).

gelaten-o, [UV] Gelatin/e. ~i, coat with g., -ize. ~aĵo ➞ ĝel,ĵele, ~(ec)a, -ous.

gem-o, [OA] gem, jewel, precious stone (cut and polished), f prized object. ~eca (~brila). ~isto, lapidary. ➞ kame.

gen-o, (bio) gene.

gencian-o, [OA] (bot) gentian, felwort (Gentiana).

genealog-io [OA] (deventabelo, generaciaro, prapatraro), Genealog/y, fam. descent, pedigree; investigation of this. ~ia arbo, dokumento, listo, registro, tabelo (Ez 2/62) ~o, -ist.

gener-i (-n), Generat/e, beget, bring into existce, engender, procreate, produce. ~i elektron, gason, lumon, varmon. ~a, -ive. ~aj organoj, genitals. ~(ad)o, -ion, production. Sponta ~ado. (ac) ~anto, -or. Du ~antoj, kunsonante, produktas sub- kaj sumtonojn. ~into, genitor, sire. ~ejo (~a stacio), -ing station. ~ema, prolific, (tech) ~ilo (a. ~atoro,) -or. Turbina ~ilo. ~gepatroj (3 FA 48/30). ~ipova, ~iva, potent. Re~i, f 1 renew, 2 freshen, rejuvenate, ~~ado, regeneration. ➞ nask, produkt.

generaci-o, [UV] generation, step in descent or pedigree. En la dua ~o, de ~o al ~o, por ĉiuj ~oj (Ps 103/13; Pr 1/4). La ~aro de Ŝem (Ge 11/10). ➞ geneologi.

general-o [F] [OA], (mil) General, Commander. ~edzino. Ĉef~o, g-issimo, c-in-chief.

genetik-o (heredoscienco), genetics. ~a, genetic.

Genez-o, (Bb) Genesis, f (deveno, origino), genesis, mode of origin. Ciklon~o, ŝtorm~o.

geni-o, [OA] Genius. 1 guardian spirit, f person influencing for good or ill: (mal)bona ~o. 2 (supera inteligento, natura doto); inborn power, mental endowment, natural crea-(imagina-inven-)tive ability. Montri ~on. 3 prevalent character, quality: ~o de aŭtor-(lingv-lok-naci-)o. ~a, of g., brilliant, highly gifted, of inspired cleverness, masterly. ~a aranĝ-(sistem-verk-)o. ~aĵo, stroke (work) of g. ~ulo, man of g. ➞ anim, etos, spirit, talent.

genist-o, [OA] petty whin, needle furze, greenweed (Genista). ➞ laburn, saro- tamn, uleks.

genitiv-o, [UV] (gram) genitive case.

genocid-o, genocide.

genot-o, [UV] genet (Genetta). Rim.: The "o" from the Russian word. ➞ viver.

genr-o, 1 (bio) Genus. ~a, generic. Sub~o, sub-g. ➞ gent, grup, ĝenr. 2 (gram) gender. ~o vira, ina, neŭtra.

gent-o, [UV] Family, People, Race, kin (dred), (zoo) breed, strain, stock. ~o de Priamo, house of P. Homa ~o, human r., genus homo. ~a, f., r-ial, generic. ~e, by birth (r.). ~ano, one of a p. ~estro, chieftain, leader of a p. Sam~ano, compatriot, kinsman, one of same r. ~patro, founder, progenitor (of r. or f.). ➞ famili, klan, naci, ord, ras, trib.

genu-o, [UV] 1 (anat) Knee. Fali sur la ~ojn. Sidi sur ies ~oj (lap). 2 (tech) knuckle (ball and socket) joint. ~a kavo (sub~o, poplito), hough. (Sur)~e, on bended k. ~i, -1, be -ling. ~ado, -ling (1 8/54). (Sur)-iĝi, -fleksi, -1. down, bend (bow) the k„ genuflect (Ge 49/9). ~igi kamelojn (Ge 24/11). ~inge, ~ŝirmilo, k-guard(-pad). ~artiko, k-joint. ~osto (patelo), k-bone(-cap-pan). ~tendeno, hamstring. Gis~e, k-deep. Ĝis~a panta- lono, k-shorts. Inter~aĵo, lap. ➞ kulot.

geo- (ppfx) (~~mond-, ter-), geo-. -centra, -centric.

geodezi-o [OA] (termezurado), geodesy.

geodinamiko, geodynamics. ~fiziko.

geograf/io, [UV] geography. -o, [OA] -er.

geolog/io, [OA] -logy; ~o, [OA] -ist.

geometr-io, [OA] geometry; ~o, [OA] ~ician.

geod-o, (min) geode. ➞ agios ton, gang.

geotrup-o (sterkoskarabo), dung-(dor-) beetle (Geotrupes).

gepard-o (ĉasleopardo), Cheetah, hunting leopard (Acinonyx jubatus).

gerani-o, [OA] Geranium, cranesbill. Robert~o, herb Robert. Rim.: The ordinary language "g" of English flouwer-pots is pelargonio. For this Fulcher and Long propose geraniumo.

geriatr-a, (med) geriatric. ~isto (geron- tologo), gerontologist. geril-o, guerilla, irregular independent war. ~ano, ~i (kontraŭ). gerlen-o (mar) (kableto), warp.

German-ujo, Germanio [F] DE.

germani-o, (chem) germanium (Ge).

gerundi-o, [OA] (gram) gerund (meaning varies with language and author).

gest-o [UV] (movo esprima, signifa) Gest/ ure. ~o indign-(Jes-ne-)a, ~o de koler -(surpriz-)o. f (ago): nobla ~o. ~i (fari -on): -iculate (➞ man-signi). ~a lingvo, sign language (➞ mimik). ~aĉo, antic, caper, ~ado, -iculation. ~ema, demonstrative. Ne~ema (Sen~a), undemonstrative, ex- pressnless, stiff. Spit~i, cock a snook. ➞ formal, mimik, rigid.

get-o (Juda kvartalo), ghetto.

geŭm-o (bot) water avens, herb Bennet (Geum).

gibon-o (zoo) Gibbon (Hylobates).

gibet-o (aperturo en fenestro, muro, pordo); (ry) booking-ofEce; pay-desk, position (at counter), spy-hole. por biletoj, pakaĵoj. ~o fermita, position closed. Teler~o, service hatch. ➞ fenestret, luk. gig-o, (mar) gig, narrow light boat. gigant-o [OA] (grandegulo), Giant (Ge 6/4). ~ino. f something of abnormal size. ~a, g., gigantic, of extraordinary size or force. ~a laboro, monto. ➞ kolos, mamut, ogr, titan.

gild-o (metia korporacio), Guild, craft- association, society for mutual aid or common object., corporation. ~ano, -sman. ~estro, g-master. ~halo, g-hall.

giloŝ-o, (arch) guilloche, ornament imitating braided ribbons, chequered pattern of gold or silver with interlacg curves. ~i desegnafon. ~a fono, figured background.

gilotin-o, [OA] Guillotine (also surg). 2 (binding) trimming machine. ~i, g.

gilum-o, (orn) guillemot (Uria). ➞ alka, fraterkol, mergol.

gimnastik-o, [OA] Gymnast/ics. ~i, do g. ~a ekzerco. ~ejo, gymnasium [Ne= gimnazio]. ~ilo, -ic apparatus. ~isto (a. gimnasto), gymnast. ➞ akrobat, atlet.

gimnazi-o, [OA] Public (grammar) School, first-class classical school preparatory to university. ~ano, p-s. boy. ~estro, head of p-s. ~a diplomito, (abituriento). Knabina ~o, High School for girls. ➞ kolegi. Rim.: In some lands lice-o is used with same meaning.

gimnot-o, (ich) (Gymnotus), similar to elektroforo, but not electric.

gine-o, guinea (21 shillings).

ginece-o, gynaeceum. 1 (hist). 2 (bot) fem. organs of a flower.

ginekolog/io, gynaecolog/y. ~(iist)o, -ist.

gingiv-o (dentkarno), Gum(s). ~ito, in- flammation of the gg. (phon) ~alo (gingiva konsonanto), postdental.

ginglim-o (ĉarnirartiko), (anat) gingly- mus, hinge-joint.

gink-o, (bot) gingko, maiden-hair tree.

ginseng-o, ginseng (Panax shinsheng). (pharm) ~a radiko.

gip-o, griffon vulture (Gyps).

gipaet-o, bearded vulture, lammergeyer (Gypaetus) (Le 11/13, Rd 14/12).

gips-o, [UV] Gypsum. Stuka ~o, Plaster (of Paris), (med) ~a bandaĝo; en~igi kruron. ~i (coat with) p. ~i muron, plafonon. ~(ad)isto, p-er. ~aĵo, p-cast, p-ware, ➞ alabastr, selenit, stuk. [Ne= cigano, plastro].

gipsofil-o, (bot) chalk plant, baby’s breath (Gypsophila).

gir-i, gyrate, go round in circle or spiral, whirl. ~oskopo, ~ostato. ll~eno, (ent) whirligig beetle (Gyrinus).

girfalk-o (iasfalko), gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus).

girland-o [OA] (florkrono), Garland, wreath (of flowers, leaves, etc.). ~o el rozoj. ~i (-n), crown (deck) with gg. Kap~o, chaplet. ➞ feston.

gis-o an alloy of carbon with a metal. ➞ fand, muld.

gist-o (bierfeĉo), yeast, ~aĵo, leaven. ~pulvoro, baking-powder. ,Sen~a (unleavened) pano.

gitar-o, [UV] Guitar. ~o elektra, Hispana, plektra. Havaja ~o (ŝtala ~o), Hawaian g. Pra~o, gittern. ➞ ukulel.

glac-o (spegula vitro), (plate) Glass. ~isto, glazier. ~izi fenestr-(dom-)on, fit (furnish) with g. ➞ flint, vitr(at).

glace-a. Glaze/d, with high gloss finish, satin, shiny, smooth. ~a karton-(paper -tol-)o, ~a ledo, glace kid. ~igi. 1 g. ➞ glazur. 2 (cul) g., crystallize, gloss, ice, satin (fruktojn, etc.).

glaci-o, [UV] 1 Ice. ~o artefarita. f Rompi la ~on. 2 similar object. Kokosa ~o, coconut i. ~a, icy, very cold. ~a epoko. f (malvarma, frosta): ~a akcepto. ~aĵo, [UV] (cul). i-cream. Vanila ~aĵo. ~aĵisto, i-c man. ~ejo (~amaso), glacier (a. gleĉero). ~ero, piece of i. ~igi, turn to i., freeze. ~igilo, freezing-machine. ~iga punkto. ~iĝi, freeze, congeal, f ~iĝi de timo. ~ujo, ~ŝrank(~tenej)o, -cellar, -safe, cold store. ~flota}o, ~tavolo, -floe. ~benko, ~tavolaro, (bankizo), -pack. ~kampo, -field. ~monto, -bering. ~pendajo, icicle. ~rompajo, break-up. ~rompilo, -breaker. ~ĉirkaŭ(~ten)ita, -bound. Antaŭ~a, preglacial. Sen~a, i-free. ➞ sukerkovri (kukori).

glacis-o, (mil) glacis.

glad-i (-n), [UV] Iron (clothes), smooth with an i. ~ilo, ~ist(in)o, -er. ~felto. ~maŝino. ~otablo, -ing board.

gladiator-o [OA], (hist) gladiator, sword- fighter.

gladiol-o, (bot) corn-flag, sword-lily (Gladiolus) < irid.

glan-o, [UV] 1 (kverka frukto), Acorn, oak mast. ~ingo, a-cup. ~forma, glandiform. Mar~o (balano). 2 (anat) penisa pinto. ➞ gland, nuks.

gland-o, [UV] (anat), Gland. ~o limfa, sekrecia, saliva, ŝvita. ~(ec)a, ~hava, -ular, -ulous. ~a tumoro (adenomo). ~forma (adenojda), glandiform. ~inflamo. ~omalsano, glanders, etc. ➞ tonsil.

glareol-o, (orn) pratincole (Glareola).

glas-o, [UV] (drinking) Glass, tumbler. Vin-o. (Plen)~o da, g-(ful) of. Trinki el ~o. Trinki du ~ojn. (col) Esplori la fundon de la ~o, drink to the dregs. Muzikaj ~oj (~aro, ~harmoniko), musical gg. ~ego, beer-mug, tankard. ➞ kalik, pokal, vaz, vitr.

glat-a,, [UV] Smooth. 1 s-surfaced, bright, sleek, soft, velvety: ~a kiel spegulo. Jakob estis homo ~a. ~a akvo, haŭto, surfaco, ŝtofo, vitro (1 Sa 17/40, Ps 55/21). 2 (facila, senobstrukca): easy, equable, unruffled, without difficulty (hindrance, hitch, impediment). ~a laboro, parolo, stilo, vojo. 3 (dolĉa, ĝentila): bland, conciliatory, honeyed, winning. ~a bus-dang -parol-)o. ~e, easily, evenly, smoothly. La afero iras (vivo fluas) ~e. ~e mensogi. Vivi sate kaj ~e. 4 (mus) legato. ~aĉa, glib, hypocritical. ~(ec)o, -ness, gloss. ~aĵo, s. spot. ~igi, (make) s., plane. ~igi harojn, lignon, vivon, vojon. ~umi (karesi): caress, pass the hand over. ~umi barbon, katon. ~langa, ~parola, ~vizaĝa. s-spoken(-tongued, -faced). For~igi (diferencon, malfacilaĵon), s. away (out, over). ➞ eben, glad, glazur, glit, plan, plat. Mal~a, ne~a, Rough; bumpy, clumsy, coarses, hairy, rude, rugged, unpolished, etc. f awkward. ~~a lango, versaĵo, viro, vojo. ~~aĵo, r-ness, asperity, bump, inequality. ~~igi -en, rasp.

glaŭber-a salo, Glauber’s salt (natria sulfato).

glaŭci-o, yellow horned poppy (Glaucium). ➞ papav.

glaŭk-a (bluverda, marverda, verdgriza), Glauc/ous, dull, greyish green (with whitish bloom). ~a folio.

glaŭkonito, (min) -onite.

glaŭkom-o, (med) glaucoma. ➞ katar- akt.

glav-o, [UV] sword. Nuda ~o, cold steel. ~ingo, scabbard. ~ofrapo, sword-blow, sword-stroke, accolade. ~fiŝo, ~forma, ~mortigi, ~piko, ~puŝo, ~plato (klingo), ~portilo (portepeo). ➞ ksifi, sabr, spad, rapir.

glazur-o,, [OA] Glaz/e (of ceramics), vitreous coating. ~i, g. ~ita briko (tegolo, vazo). ~isto, -ier. ➞ apret, emajl, glace, lak, polur, verniz. gleĉer-o, glacier.

gledici-o, honey locust (tree), (Gleditsia). glekom-o, ground ivy (Glechoma) ➞ nepet.

gli-o, (mus) glee (English form of pt-song for male voices).

gliceri-o, sweet grass (Glyceria). ~o flotanta, flote grass.

glicerin-o, [OA] (a. glicerolo), Glycerin. Nitro~o, nitro-g. ➞ dinamit. glicin-o, (ch, phot) glycine. ➞ soj.

gliciriz-o,, [OA] Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza), ~a radik-(suk-)o.

glikoz-o [OA] (ark), = glukozo [OA].

glim-o, [UV] (min) Mic/a. ~(bril)i, gleam, glimmer, glow. ~(ec)a, ~hava, ~oza, -aceous. ~skisto, m-slate. ➞ skist. gliptik-o, glyptics. ~aĵo, engraved gem > intajl, kame.

gliptodont-o, (pal) glyptodon.

gliptotek-o, glyptotheca, museum of 1 carved gems, 2 sculpture.

glir-o, (dormomuso) > fat dormouse, seven-sleeper (Glis).

glis-i (nt) (Glitflugi), (av) Glid/e, fly without engine. ~ilo, -er. Akvo~ilo, hydroplane, speedboat. ~anguIo, -ing angle. ➞ glit, ŝveb.

glit-i (nt), [UV] Slid/e. 1 slip. ~i sur vaksita pargeto. 2 (~kuri), s., as boys on ice. 3 (~iri), Glide, flow, move gently, pass, steal. Nub-(ole-serpent-sunradi-temp-)o ~as. Boato ~as sur lago. ~i (fall) en mizeron. Li ~is el la cambro. 4 (~fali, el~i), slip. La tranĉilo ~is el miaj manoj. ~o, s., slip, (phon) g. from one sound to another. Flank~o, side-slip. Ter~o, earth-s. Vost~o (av) tail-s. ~a tubo (de trombono). ~e (mus) glissando, portamento. ~ado, glissade. ~aĵo, ~peco (ŝovpeco), (mec) s-er, carriage, -ing „ ring, (umbrella) runner. (Kur) ~ejo, s. Ŝip~eĵo (klinebeno), (mar) slips, slip-way, stocks. ~emigi, lubricate, etc. ~iga (slippery) angul -(parget-voj-)o. ~igi (-n), cause to s. or slip (PI 4/18). ~umi (sketi), skate. ~ilo [UV] (~umilo, sketilo), skate. ~bobeno (tiavedo), shuttle. ~ŝuo, drag-shoe, shoe (of brake), skidpan. ~veturilo [UV] (sledo) sledge, sleigh. Mana ~veturilo, toboggan. El~i, For~i, slip (steal) away (out). En~i, steal in. La pejzaĝo preter~is. Tra~i inter la amaso. ➞ flu, glat, glis, jor, preterportiĝ, ŝov.

glob-o, [UV] Glob/e; orb, sphere. Bilarda (kroketa) ~o. Okul~o (➞ pupil), eyeball, apple of the eye. Ter~o, (geog) terrestrial g. ~(form)a, orbicular, spherical. (Tut)~a milito, global war. ~aĵo (2 Kr 4/12). ~eto, -ule. Aer~eto, gas~eto, bubble (➞ bobel). Rip~eto (umbrella), tip. (Rul)~etoj (gm) marbles. Sang~eto, corpuscule. ~ludo, bowls. ➞ artik, bul, globus, kloŝ, krajon, sfer. [tie~~pilko].

globus-o, Globe (spherical map). ~o ĉiela, tera, astronomical (terrestrial) g.

glor-o [UV]. Glor/y. 1 high fame, honour, lustre, renown (➞ fam, honor, prestiĝ, renom): Sen laboro nenia ~o. 2 effulgence, grandeur, magnificence, majesty, splendour, ➞ belego, brilego, majestego: La ~o de Dio (la ĉielo). 3 (fierind-aĵo, -ulo), ornament, subject for pride: La ~o de la nacio. ~i (-n) (laŭdegi), -ify, extol, laud, magnify, praise. ~i Dion (Ps 148, 150). ~ata estu (=estu ~o al) Dio, praise be to God. Sin~i (fanfaroni), Blow one’s own trum >et, plume one’s. Kiu sin ~as, malbone odorus. ~a, glorious, celebrated, famous, great, illustrious, renowned. ~a poeto, venko. Morti ~e. ~ado, glorification. ~igi, make glorious, exalt, invest with radiance, transform into something splendid (➞ apoteoz). ~inda, grand, magnificent, praiseworthy. ~amo, ~avido, ambition, love of fame. ~himno, ~kanto. (Ne 12/27, 46). Mal~o, disgrace, dishonour, ignominy, infamy, opprobrium, shame. ~~i (malhonori), abuse, defame. Sen~a, in-ious.

glos-o, Gloss (words), elucidatory annotate, comment, note, remark. Marĝena ~o, marginal note. Diri la tutan veron sen ~o (the whole truth and nothing but the truth). ~i (-n), comment on, expound, supply with notes. For~i, explain away. ~aro, glossary. ~isto, commentator, critic. ➞ interpret, koment, signifoklarig.

glosin-o, Glossina > tsetse-fly.

glot-o, (anat) Glott/is. ~a, -al. ~a fendo. ~a plosivo, -al stop.

glu-i (-n), [UV] Glue, Paste, Stick, fasten (join) with adhesive material. (Jes 44/18). ~i markon al koverto. f turn firmly. Okulo, orelo ~ita al la ŝlosilo. ~o, glue, paste. Amela ~o, starch, p., stiffening. Bird~o, bird lime. Faruna ~o, p. Fiŝ~o, fish-glue, isinglass. Ĝelatena, hufa ~o, g. Grajn~o, granulated g. ~oj, adhesives. ~(ec)a, glutinous, sticky, tacky. ~aĉa, clammy. ~aĵo, ~ilo, sticky (adhesive) substance. ~eto, size. (4/w)~>stot bill s-er. ~izi, g., gum, size (paper, wood, etc.). Al-iĝi al= alkroĉiĝi al, alligiĝi al, stick, adhere closely; f attach one’s., cling close (to). Al~iĝema, adhesive, agglutinative. Kun~i, s. tight. Mal~i, unstick. Kun~i, s. together. ➞ gum, lut, mastik.

glugl-i, (nt) (onom), gurgle (as water bubblg out of bottle or runng over stones); gobble-gobble (turkey).

Glu! glu! (abbreviation) sound of water flowing out of a bottle.

glukoz-o [OA 8] (vinbera sukero), glucose, dextrose, grape-sugar. ➞ glikoz (ark).

glum-o, (bot) glume, husk. ➞ lodikl, pale.

glut-i, [UV] Swallow, absorb. ~i pilolon, teon. f consume, devour. ~iper la okuloj. Ne ~u! Not to be taken! For external use only! ~(aĵ)o, bite, draught, gulp, mouthful. Per unu ~o. Trinku unu ~on (3 FA 74/2) (➞ plenbuŝ). ~ado, -ing. ~ejo, s., gullet, throat. ~ema, gluttonous, greedy. ~emulo, glutton. ~enda, for internal use. ~eto, sip. ~igi, cram down the throat. En~i, For~i, s. (drink) down, consume, devour, eat (drink) up (Ps 124/3). f 1, engulf. Ilin en~is la mar-(ter-)o (El 15/12). 2 (konsumi, kosti, postuli): ~i oron. Ĵete en~i, gulp down. Mis~i, s. the wrong way. ➞ gorĝ, gul, glute-o (sidvango), gluteal muscle, buttock, rump. ~oj (postaĵo), bottom. ➞ pug.

gluten-o, gluten. ~eca, glutinous.

gnafali-o, (bot) cudweed (Gnafalium). Rim.: Some cudweeds are gnafalioj, others are filagoj).

gnejs-o, (min) gneiss.

gnom-o, [OA] (minkoboldo), (myth) gnome, elemental spirit of earth.

gnomon-o, gnomon; style, pillar (of sundial, etc.); (a. geom.).

gnostik-a, ~ulo, (rel) gnostic. ~ismo, -ism.

gnu-o, gnu, wildebeest (Connochaestes).

gobi-o, [UV] (ich) gudgeon (Gobio).

gobius-o, (ich) Goby (Gobius). ~o nigra, black g.

goelet-o = skuno.

gofr-i (-n), Go(ff)(ph)er, crimp, flute, wave (edge, trimmg) with hot iron. ~ilo, -ing iron.

gol-o, (sp) Goal. ~i (trafi ~on)) ~ejo, ~ulo, g-keeper. ~fosto, g-post. ➞ cel.

golf-o, [UV] 1 (geog) Gulf, large narrow- mouthed bay (Jos 18/19). ~o intermonta (fjordo), fjord. ~a fluo, g-stream. ~eto, creek. 2 ~(lud)o, ~i, (sp) golf. ~ejo, g-links. ~eto, putting (gm). ~isto, -er. goliat-o, goliath beetle (Goliathus).

gondol-o, [OA] Gondol/a, Venetian canal- boat. ~a kanto, Vn boat-song. ➞ barkarol. ~isto, -ier.

gong-o (sonora metala disko), (mus) Gong. to g., e.g., ĉe boksado, tagmanĝo. ➞ tamtam.

goniometr-o (angulmezurilo), Goniomet/ er. ~io, -ry.

gonokok-o, gonococcus.

gonore-o, gonorrhoea, clap. ➞ blenore.

gopak-o, gopak, Russian dee.

gorĝ-o, [UV] 1 Throat, gullet, throttle, wind-pipe. Teni ĉe la ~o. Meti trantilon al ies ~o. Premi al iu la ~on(strangoli), strangle, throttle. 2 Monta ~o, defile, gorge, gully, ravine. 3 (mar) narrows. ~a, guttural, throaty. ~a liter-(sori)-o, guttural. ~doloro, sore t. ~ŝirmilo, (arm) gorget. El~igi (el-ĵet-sput-vom-i), disgorge. Plen~e (el tuta ~o), lustily. Ruĝ~o (rubekolo), robin.

goril-o, [OA] gorilla (Gorilla). ➞ timpani.

gotik-a, [OA] Gothic. 1 (arch) (ogiva, pintarka). Fru~a, early g. 2 (typ) ~a litero (sono), g. type (character).

grac-o, (thl) grace, unmerited favour (help, influence) from God. ➞ graci, kompat, korfavor, plat. [Ne= danko temanĝa].

graci-a, [UV] Graceful (of form, manner, movement, etc.) attractive, charmg, dainty, elegant, pretty, refined. ~a stilo, vazo, virino, Jozef estis ~ kaj bela (Ge 39/6). ~(ec)o, -ness, charm. ~ulino, graceful (charming) girl. Mal~a, awkward, clumsy, coarse, gauche, gawkish, hulking, uncouth, ungainly. Mal~ulo, gawk, lout. Sen~a, devoid of grace. ➞ carm, delikat, elegant, gracil, harmoni.

gracil-a, gracefully slender, slight, slim, thin, willowy. ~a kiel kano. ➞ beltali [Ne= malsaneta]. Mal~a lumpy, solid, thickset. ➞ diktrunk, masiv, vastkorp.

gracilari-o (Gracilaria) (ruĝa algo) > Cejlona musko. ➞ agaragar.

grad-o, [UV] Degree, Grade. 1 stage (measure) of proficiency, quality, strength, etc.: ~o de kapablo, perfekto. En tia ~o, to such ad .La plej forta ~o. (gram) ~oj de komparo. 2 (mezuro): d. of scale, pressure, temperature, etc. Kvin ~oj super nulo. (mat) 1/360 of a circle. Angulo de 30 ~oj. 3 (rango): g., rank. (Laŭ)~a (iompostioma, malsubita), gradual. ~e, gradually, by dd. ~igi, arrange in gg., class, graduate, sort. ~igi ekzercojn, instruon. ~izi (make marks on) termometron. ~ado, ~aro, ~eco, ~izo, grad(u)ation, scale. Alt~e, to a high d. Plej alt~e, consummately, highly. De~i (opp alt igi), degrade. Laŭ~e (proporcie). Valor~o, (phlt) denominate. Varm~o, temperature. Unua~(Dua~)a, primary, secondary. ➞ etap, klas, nivel, stadi, ŝtup.

gradient-o, gradient, amount of slope (rise or fall). ~o aerprema, temperatura, traka, voja. ➞ klin.

graf-o, [UV] Earl (England), Count (abroad). Via ~a Moŝto! ~ejo, ~lando, county, e-dom (➞ provinc). ~igi iun. ~ino, c-ess. Vic~o, viscount.

grafik-o, pictorial presentation, especially by diagrams or symbolic curves. ~aj artoj. ~i, plot. ~aĵo, graph. ➞ desegn, grafism, gravur, skrib. grafism-o, (gram) written form of words, ➞d. with sound (opp.fonetism).

grafit-o,, [OA] graphite, blacklead (for pencils), plumbago.

grafolog/io, [OA] grapholog/y. -o, [OA] handwriting expert.

grajl-o, (met) frozen snow-pellets, sleet.

grajn-o, [UV] Grain. 1 small seed: ~o de aveno, pipro, tritiko, rizo (1 Sa 17/17); pip (de pomo, oranĝo, piro). 2 small particle: ~o de oro, pulvo, salo. 3 (iometo): smallest possible quantity. ~o da saĝo, vero. ➞ gut, ombr. ~(ec)a, -plena, ~ita, -y, granul-ar-ated. ~aĵo (Le 2/16). ~eto, granule, jot, particle. ~etoj da sablo (Jes 48/19). ~igi, granulate. ~ledo, shagreen, grained leather (ŝagrino). ~omanĝa, graminivorous. Tut~a (pano), wholemeal. ➞ er, gran, gren, kern, sem.

grajp-o, (mar), gripe, lashing claw.

grak-i, caw, croak (as crow, raven, rook, frog) (also figuratively) ~a voĉo, harsh, hoarse, raucous, scratchy. ➞ raŭk.

gram-o, [OA] gram(me), unit of mass. Centi-(deci-kilo-mili-)gramo.

gramatik-o, [UV] Gramm/ar. ~o ĝenerala, kompara, historia. ➞ fonetik, morfo- logi, sintaks. ~a, -atical. ~isto, -arian. Kontraŭ~a, Ne~a, un-atical.

gramen-oj, -acoj, grain plants (Grami- neae). ➞ gren, gres.

gramofon-o, [OA] gramophone. ~a disko, record. ➞ fonograf, parolmaŝin.

gran-o, (pharm) grain (weight) (0-06 gr.).

granat-o, [UV] Pomegranate (1 Rĝ 7/18). ~arbo, p-tree (Punica granatum). ~a floro, siropo.

grand-a, [UV] 1 great; big, large, vast. ~a ĉambr(kamp - kun ven - liter-mont)o. 2 (amount, quantity): ~a kapitalo, komerco, profito. (el) ~o altern-(oscilant-period -pulsant-)a, alternating (oscillating, periodic, pulsatg) quantity. 3 (quality): (a) (altgrada, supera), major, noble, of high standing (remarkable quality), weighty: ~a intelekto, koro, spirito, talento, valoro, venko, vorto. (b) (forta, intensa, profunda, trea): ~a doloro, ĝojo, kolero. (c) (Altranga, emi- nenta, grava, potenca): ~a homo. 5 (mus) (majora): ~a trito, major third (5/4). ~(ec)o, size, bulk, magnitude, mass, quantity. Natura ~o, life size. ➞ kvant, nombr, valor. ~i, (aspekti ~a), loom, tower, etc. ~aĉa, unwieldy. ~ega, enormous, gigantic, huge, immense, mighty. ~egulo, giant, monster. ➞ gigant, grandioz, elefant, kolos, mamut, titan. ~eta (iom ~a), fairly big, largish. ~iĝi, grow (up). ~ulo, g.man (wide sense) ~aĝa (multjara), aged. ~anima, [UV] high- souled, magnanimous. ~era, ~peca, coarse. ~ere muelita, coarse ground. ~sinjora, lordly. ~industrio, -skala, ~urbo. Ne~a, scanty, etc. Pli~igi, augment, enlarge, extend, increase, magnify. Malpli~igi (redukti), belittle, decrease, diminish, lessen, mitigate, reduce. Po~a (~kvanta), wholesale. Po~a komerco. Tro~a, excessive, exorbitant, extravagant, immoderate. Tro~igi (troigi), carry too far, exaggerate. ➞ ampleks, dikeg, glor, grandioz, nobl, vast. Malgranda, Small, insignificant, little, slight. ~a infano. (mus) (minora), ~a trito, minor 3rd, 6/5. ~a duto, minor tone (10/9). ~aĉa, mean, paltry, petty. ~aĵo (bagatelo), s. matter, trifle. ~ega, diminutive, miniature, minute, tiny, (➞ et, liliput, malgrav, miniatur, minimum). ~egulo (pigmeo, nano), dwarf, pigmy. ~iĝi (malkreski, ŝrumpi), grow s., contract, shrink. Po~isto, retail daler. ~anima, narrow-minded, niggling, of cramped ideas, petty.

grandioz-a [OA] (impone granda), Grand (iose), fine, gorgeous, imposing, magnificent, noble, splendid. ~aĉa, pompous, tawdry. ~(ec)o, -eur, etc. ~e, magnificently. Mal~a, sordid, squalid. ➞ grand, impon, pomp, sublim.

granit-o, [UV] granite. Malmola kiel ~o. ~a monto. f ~a volo.

granul-o (pharm) granule. ➞ grajn.

grapfrukto = pomelo (➞ pampelm).

grapl-o, (mar) grapnel, grapplg iron. ~aj hokoj. ~i grab, grapple.

grapol-o, bunch, cluster, e.g., de cepoj. korintoj, vinberoj.

gras-o, [UV] Greas/e, Fat; butter, cream, oily matter. ~o besta, minerala, planta. Kandel~o, tallow, candle-grease. Gut~o, dripping. Lan~o, wool-g. Pork~o, lard. Ren~o (sebo), suet. ŝmir~o, lubricating g. ~a, fat, greasy, oily (land, cake), rich; (person) adipose, obese; (typ) bold. ~(dik)a bovino. ~eca, ~oza, mult~a, g-y, fatty. ~i (~ŝmiri), g. (➞ lubrik, ole). ~aĉa, g-y, smeary. ~aĵo, fat part. f Manĝi la ~aĵon de la lando. ~ega, obese, swollen. ~eta, plump. ~igi, ~iĝi (Rd 32/15) f-ten. ~histo, adipose tissue. ~makuli, soil with g. ~okuloj (in soup). Mal~a, without fat, lean, meagre, poor, spare. ~~ega, emaciated, scraggy. Sen~a, without fat. Sen~aĵo, lean (of meat), Tro~a, obese, pot-bellied. ➞ dik, ole, vazelin.

grat-i (-n), [UV] Scratch; claw, score, scrape. ~i la kapon, surfacon; je la pordo; per fingro la haŭton, per hufo la teron. ~i la gorĝon, tickle the throat. Kie jukas, tie ni ~as. ~(aĵ)o, s., graze, scar. En unu sako du katoj, tiam mordoj kaj ~oj. ~eto, slight s. ~ilo, scraper, etc. ~vundi, s. open. El~i (s. out) ies okulojn. De~i, for~i, efface. Ungo~i (ungi). ➞ fend, rasp, skrap.

graten-i (cul) bake with cheese and breadcrumbs. ~e, au gratin.

gratif(ik)i, give a bonus (tip). ~o, bonus. ➞ kromsalajr, trinkmon.

gratul-i (-n,pri,pro), [UV] Congratulat/e, express sympathetic joy. Sin ~i, think one’s fortunate. Kun sincera ~o, -ion. ~a (-ory) leter-(parol-)o.

graŭl-i (-nt) Growl (as a dog), murmur angrily. ~o, g., guttural sound of displeasure, rumble, snarl, f complaint. ➞ murmur.

graŭvak-o, (geol) greywacke.

grav-a [UV] (atentinda), Import/ant, grave, impressive, momentous, serious, weighty. ~a decido, dokumento, evento, nomo, kunveno, tago. Plej ~a afero (plej~aĵo), main thing. Ne (estas) ~e! It doesn’t matter! No matter! Never mind! ~e (seriously) vundita. ~i (impersonal) (ke), be i., count, have weight. ~as, ke vi iru. Kiom ~as? What does it matter? ~(ec)o, -ance, gravity, moment, stress, weight. Afekti ~econ, put on airs. ~ega, critical, decisive, momentous, solemn. ~igi (bagatelon), make a fuss about. ~ulo, person of -ance. ~aspekta, i-looking. ~miene, gravely, solemnly. ĉef~a, of prime -ance. Mal~a (bagatela), un-ant, of no -ance (consequence), futile, trifling, trivial. ~~aĵo (bagatelo). Ne~a, of little -ance. Pli~aĵo, (med) complication. Malpli~igi, extenuate, palliate. Viv~a, vital, ➞ alt, eminent, influ, pez, serioz, signif(oplen).

graved-a, [UV] Pregn/ant, enceinte, in the family way, with child (young). Profunde ~a, far advanced. Trimonate ~a, f ~a de ideoj, de pluvo, teeming with ideas, big with rain. ~(ec)o, -ancy, gestation. ~igi (patrinigi), fertilize, im-ate. ~iĝi, conceive (Ge 4/1). Monto ~iĝis, muso naskiĝis. ~iĝema, prolific. ~ulino, woman with child. ➞ akuŝ, nask.

gravit-o (pezforto), Gravit/y, -ation. ~i (nt) -ate. f circle (revolve) round, move towards. ~a, -ational. ➞ pivot.

gravur-i (-n, en, sur), [UV] (En)grave; carve, cut, etch, incise (with instrument or acid). ~i en la kor-(memor-)o. ➞ enskrib, konserv, not. ~ad(~aj~art)o, -ing (2 Kr 2/7). Foto~o, photogravure. Gem-ado (gliptiko). Streka ~ado, line- work. Ligna ~aĵo, woodcut. Elektro~ (kupro~zinko~)aĵo. Ŝtal~aĵo, steeling, ~ilo, gravg tool, burin, style (➞ grifel). ~isto, -er. ➞ akvafort, tiz(el), entrant, giloŝ, strek.

greb-o (a. podicipo), Grebe (Podiceps). ~o nigrakola, black-necked g. ~o orela, Slavonian or horned g. ~o ruĝgorĝa, red-necked g. ~o tufa, great crested g. Malgranda ~o, little g., dabchick.

greft-i (-n, en, sur). Graft. ~i arbon, branĉon en trunkon. (surg) sur~i haŭton. ~(ad)o, grafting. (nwk) invisible mending. Burĝona (okula) ~o, budding, Fenda (flanka, kojna, kopula) ~o, Cleft (side, notch, splice) g-ing. Suĉ~o, inarching. ŝel~o, barking, rinding. ~a bazo (baztrunko), parent stock, wildling. ~a vakso, g-ing wax. ~aĵo (~a branĉeto), scion, shoot. ~ilo, g-ing knife. ➞ markot, transplant.

greg-o [OA] (brutaro), Herd, drove, flock. ~o da anseroj, bovoj, ŝafoj (Ge 29/2-8, 32/16). f (senorda attaro) crowd, multitude. ~a instinkto, herd instinct. ~ejo, fold, pasture (Mi 2/12; Jn 10/16). ~ema, gregarious. ~igi, ~iĝi, herd together. ➞ band, hord, trup.

grejs-o (sabloŝtono), sandstone.

grek-o [OA 8]. G~ujo, G~io [OA-8] GR.

gren-o, [UV] Corn, Grain; cereals. Kia ~o, tia pano. ~a, cereal, corn. ~ejo, [UV] c-loft, garner, granary (Ge 41/56). ~ero, genus of c., seed. ~ujo, c-bin (➞ si I), ~kampo, c-field. ~planto, cereal. ~rikolto (Jes 16/9). ~ventumaĵo, chaff, husks. ~ventumilo, winnow, ➞ cereal, grajn, gran.

grenad-o [UV] (obuseto), (mil) Grenad/e. Fusil~o, man~o, rifle-grenade, hand-g. ~isto, -ier.

Grenad-o GD.

grenat-o, (min) garnet. ➞ ruben.

gres-o, Grass. ~ejo, herbage, pasture. ~landoj, g-lands. -tapiŝo (razeno). ➞ herb.

gri-o, [UV] grits, groats (coarse grain, hulled or crushed, especially oats) (Se 27/22). Hordea ~o, pearl barley. Maiza ~o, hominy, ~aĵo, gruel, porridge. ➞ aven, kaĉ.

grif-o, (myth) griffin, gryphon. ➞ gip.

grifel-o, [UV] 1 slate-pencil. 2 (gravurilo), graver, stylus, etc. (Jes 44/13).

grifon-o (grifhundo), griffon (dog).

gril-o, [UV] (ent) Cricket (Gryllus). Dom~o (Hejma ~o), house c. Kampa ~o, field c. Talpo~o, mole-c (Gryllotaepa). ➞ lokustel.

grimac-o,, [UV] Grimac/e, affected or ugly look, wry face. ~o de doloro (moko). ~i (fari ~on) (Se 10/10), g., make a face. Lip~i (fari dikan Upon) (paŭti). pout, make a lip. Rid~i, grin. ~(ant)a, ~ema, -ing, grinning. ➞ ridetaĉ, rikan, tik.

grimp-i (-n, abs) [OA], Climb; especially clamber, scale, scramble with hands and feet (Jer 4/29, J1 2/7). ~i malsupren tra la kamentubo. ~i sur arbo, al la supro. Rok~nio, rock c-ing. ~aĵo (~a planto), -ing plant, creeper. ~a rozo, rambler. ~anto, ~isto, -er. ~ulo, -er (beast, bird, plant). Mur~ulo, (orn) wall-creeper (Tichodroma). El~i, supren~i, sur~i, trans~i. ➞ ascend, suprenir.

grinc-i (nt), [UV] make a grat-(grind-)ing noise, creak, grate, squeak (kiel grifelo sur ardezo; grilo, maŝino). ~(ad)o, grating, -ado de ĉarnir-(segil-)o. ~igi la dentojn, gnash one’s teeth (Ij 16/9). ➞ ĉirp, grat, klak, knar, skrap.

grip-o, [OA] (med) influenza. ~ulo.

griz-a, [UV] Gray, grey, 1 (between black and white) ~a ĉevalo, lupo, nubo, okulo, vesto. Perl~a, pearl g. 2 between light and dark, clouded, depressing, drab, dull, overcast. ~a tago (vetero). 3 white with age, ancient, hoary. ~i, look g. ~(ec)o, gray(ness). ~igi (~iĝi), make (turn) g. (1 Sa 12/2) ~(barb)ulo, -beard. ~hara, ~kapa, -haired, grizzled.

groc-o, gross, 12 dozen (144). ~o da ovoj.

grog-o, [OA] grog, drink of rum and water, grond-i, (a. grundi, algrundiĝi), (mar) ground, run ashore, strand.

Gronland-o GL.

gros-o, [UV] Gooseberry (Ribes grossul- aria). ~ujo, ~arbusto, g-bush. ➞ rib.

groŝ-o, [UV] groschen (various species). (➞ English groat), f low-value coin. Sen ~o en poŝo. ➞ sold.

grot-o,, [UV] grotto, artificial cavern, picturesque cave. ➞ kavern.

grotesk-a [OA] (ridinde stranga), bizarre, comically distorted, grotesque, ludicrous from incongruity. ~a art-(danc-gest -vizaĝ-)o. ~aĵo, antic, etc. ~ulo, comic figure.

gru-o,, [UV] Crane. 1 (orn) Crane (Megalornis grus). Pav~o (Kron~o), crowned c. Virgulina ~o, demoiselle c. ~aro, flight of cc. 2 (mec) = argano.

grujer-o, (cul) gruyere cheese.

grum-o, groom, stable-lad.

grumbl-i [OA] (plendmurmuri), (nt) Grumbl/e, grouse, growl faintly, murmur complainingly. ~(ad)o, g., -ing. f (intesta bruo), rumble. ~ema, -ing, faultfindg, grumpy, peevish, querulous. Vekiĝi ~ema, get out of bed the wrong way. ~ulo, -er. ➞ graŭl, grunt, murmur, plend.

grund-o, [OA] Ground. 1 Earth, Soil; ~o akveca, argila, batpremita, disfalema, facila. fekunda, firma, gruza, kalka, kompakta, malfekunda, loma, sabla, seka, ŝton(oz)a, marshy, clayey, tamped, loose, light, fertile, firm, gravelly (gritty), chalky, heavy, barren, loam, sandy, dry, stony (g., e., s.). (1 FA 106/29, 108/27). Torfa ~o, peat. 2 (terposedaĵo): ground(s), land estate (biend). 3 bazo, fundamento, starejo, bottom, basis, foundation, substratum, underlying part (Ij 22/16): Stari sur neŭtrala ~o. Firma ~o de faktoj. ~i (ensabliĝi, grondi, surteriĝi), (run a-)ground. Sub~o, sub-s. ➞ bien, fon, fund, hum, parcel, teren. Rim.: Ter and grund are sometimes used synonymously without clear distinction.

grunt-i (nt), grunt, make a low gruff sound as a pig. f express discontent, dissent, etc., by this. ➞ graŭl, ronk.

grup-o, [UV] Group; body, cluster (number of persons or things belonging or classed together): ~o Esperanta, familia, loka. ~o de dokumentoj. Lingvo ~o, language group. Liter~o, (e.g., kl, spr). 2 (soc) (partieto): ~o politika. 3 irregular or unofficial cross- division. ~a kunveno. Sidi ~e. ~ano, member of a g. ~ejo, meetg-place. ~eto, clique, small g. (mus) (turno), ~igi (arigi). ~iĝi (ariĝi). (come together in a) g., rally. Marŝi -ope. ~estro, (sctg) g- leader. ➞ ar, band, koteri, parti, sekt.

gruz-o [OA] (ŝtonetaĵo), Gravel, coarse sand. 2 anything in small pieces, e.g., karba ~o. ~a, -ly, gritty. ~igi, break into small pieces. ~malsano, (med) gravel. ➞ pirit, silik.

guan-o (marbirda ekskremento), Guana. ~i, (manure with) g.

guanak-o, (zoo) guanaco, llama (Lama guanicoe).

guaŝ-o, gouache, painting in opaque water-colour.

guberni-o, [OA] Russian administrative district. ~estro, governor. ➞ departement, distrikt, provinc.

gudr-o, [UV] Tar, pitch, bituminous product from distillation of carbonaceous matters. Karba ~o, coal-t. ~o olea, (pina). ~(ec)a, -ry. -i (~oŝmiri), spray t. ~ita, tarred. ~ita pavimo (ŝipo). ~ila kartono, t-board. ~oakvo, t-water. -openiko, t-brush. -otuko, -paulin.

guf-o, [UV] Eagle owl, grand duke (Bubo) (Jes 13/21, 34/11).

Gujan-o GY

gujav-o, Guava (fruit). ~arbo, g-tree (Psidium). ~a ĵeleo, g-jelly.

gul-o, (zoo) glutton, wolverine (Gulo).

gulaŝ-o, goulash (Hungarian highly seasoned ragout).

gulden-o, [OA] (num) gulden (various species). ➞ floren.

gum-o, [UV] Gum. 1 rezinous material. Amela ~o (dekstrino). Araba (akacia) ~o, g. arabic. Junipera ~o, sandarac-gum. Maĉ~o, chewing-gum. Traganta ~o, g. tragacanth, gum dragon (➞ astragal). ~i (<glui), (smear with) gum. ~(ec)a. -ita, -my, -med. ~arbo, gumtree, indiarubber tree (various species, also ordinary language for eŭkalipto). ~solvaĵo. 2 (elasta ~o, kaŭĉuko), (a) (substance), indiarubber. (b) (grat~o, skrap~o), eraser (inka, krajona). ➞ glu.

gumigut-o, Gamboge, resin from ~arbo, -tree (Garcinia cambogia).

gurd-o, [UV] hurdy-gurdy. Diska ~o, juke-box. Piano~o (stratpiano), barrel-organ. Pingla ~eto, musical box. ~i (ludi -on), f (fari automate, maŝine, rutine): grind out, strum. ~ita (tede ripetita) frazo, hackneyed phrase. ~isto, h-g man.

gurnard-o (ich) grey gurnard (Trigla gurnardus). ➞ trigl.

gust-o, [UV] Tast/e. 1 (impreso surpalata), flavour, relish, savour: ~o acida, amara, bona, sala, sukera. ~o de cepoj, de fumo. Ordonita kiso havas ~on maldolĉan. 2 (senso): organoj de ~o. Havi delikatan ~on. f homo kun ~o, man of (good) taste. 3 (inklino, plaĉo, prefero): fancy, liking, predilection. ~o por sukeraĵoj. ~o nacia, persona. Pri ~oj ne disputu. Laŭ mia ~o, just as I like it. Kiom da homoj, tiom da ~oj. ~oj kaj ~etoj, fads and fancies. ~i (nt), (have the) t. (of). ~i acide, dolĉe, sape, taste sour (sweet, like soap). ~(hav)a, tastful, tasty, stylish, ~igi, season, give t. to. ~umi (-n), [UV] taste (something) 1 (~provi), test by -ing. 2 (~manĝi, manĝeti), have a t. of. f (ĝui, sperti): ~i morton, plezuron, sperton, sukceson. Mima, gustatory. Te~umisto, tea-er. Akre~a, sharp. Antaŭ~o, fore-t. Bon~a, 1 (palatoplaĉa): delicious, nice, palatable, savoury, t-y, toothsome (Alt 2/3) (➞ frandaj). 2 Bon~ulo, person with good t. Brul~a, burnt. Fi~a, unsavoury. Krom-o (~eto), tinge, twang. Malbon~a, nasty, in bad taste. Post~o, after-t. Sen~a, -less, insipid. Sen~a homo, person without taste. Sen~a konduto, parolo.

guŝ-o, pod (of beans, peas, etc.). ➞ silikv.

gut-o, [UV] 1 Drop: ~o da inko, pluvo, sango, ŝvito. 2 (iometo) small quantity: ~o da feliĉo, logiko, saĝo, senco. ➞ er, grajn. 3 (arch, pharm), gutta (pi guttae). ~i (nt), [UV] drop, drip, run down. Larmoj ~as de okuloj, roso ~as de folioj. Ne ~as mielo el la ĉielo. ~e (iom post iom). Feliĉo venas ~e, malfeliĉo flue. ~ado, dropping, dripping (Se 19/13). Rost~aĵo, viand~aĵo, dripping. Maro estas nur ~aro. -eti, trickle, dribble. ~igi (verŝi po~e). (Jĝ 5/4, Rd 33/28). ~igilo (-botelo, ~komputilo), burette, dropper, etc. De~igilo, drainer, plate-rack, etc. (➞ rak). ~ujo, dripping-pan. ➞ defluilo. El~i, exude, leak, ooze out. Po~e (~on post ~o), a d. at a time. Tra~i, percolate.

gutaperk-o, [OA] gutta-percha (latex from various Malayan trees). ~a pilko.

gutural-o (a. velaro), sono gorĝa, vela. (phon) guttural.

guvern-i, [UV] act as tutor, bring up (coach, educate, train) at home, give private tuition. ~i per korespondado (K 207/1) [Ne= regi, reĝi]. ~ado, tutelage. ~at(in)o, pupil, ward. ~anto, ~isto, preceptor, tutor. ~istino, governess. ➞ direkt, instru, reg, vart.

guzl-o (m.i.) guzla (Slava unukorda violono).

gvardi-o [UV] (gardistaro), (mil) (the) Guard(s). Meti ~on antaŭ la pordon. ~a regimento. ~ano, -sman. ~ejo, -house, -room. Antaŭ~o, advance-g., van-g Post~o, rear-g.

gvat-i, (be on the) Watch (look-out) for, lie in wait for, waylay. ~ejo, look-out, crow’s nest (mar), ~isto, look-out (man). ~istaro, watch. Nokta ~istaro, night watch. ➞ gard, insid, observ, sekv, spion, spur.

Gvatemal-o [OA-8] GT.

gvid-i (-n), [UV] Guid/e, Lead (show) the way, conduct, direct, steer. ~i blindulon, konduton, kurson, vizitant-)on. Sin ~i per kompaso. Aliajn ~as, kaj mem ne vidas. ~(ad)o, -ance. Sub Dia ~o. ~a, -ing (principo, stelo). ~anto, ~isto, g., conductor, leader. ~ato (Jes 9/16). ~ilo, g. 1 standard. 2 -ing bar (rail, rope). ➞ direktil, stiril. (av) Radio~ilo, radio-beacon. ~folio, ~libro, ~plako. ~mark ~(sign)o, guide, landmark, referencemark. Mis~i, misguide, mislead. Naz~i, lead by the nose. ➞ direkt, epitom, informil, konduk, mentor, stir.

Gvine-o [OA-8] GN. Gvine-o-Bisaŭ-o [OA-8] GW. Papu-o-Nov-Gvine-o PG.


Ĝ

Ĝ-o [F], letter Ĝ.

ĝajb-i, (velado) gybe, swing across (alter course as when tacking, but so that the wind crosses round the stern (making the boom cross from side to side, possibly violently if not controlled). An accidental ~o (gybe) can have serious results. ➞ tak.

ĝain-o, (rel) jain. ~ismo.

ĝangal-o, jungle, (the) bush. ~a febro.

ĝarden-o, [OA] Garden. ~o botanika, Edena, pejzaĝa, publika, roka, vintra, zoologia. Flor~o, frukto~o, legom~o. ~a floro. ~iloj, garden-tools. ~isto, -er. Ĉef~isto, head -er. ~(um)i, do -ing. ~kultivo, (hortikulturo), -ing. ➞ paradiz, park.

ĝel-o, (chem) gel, semi-solid colloidal solution, ~o agaragara. ~a, colloid. ~igi, ~iĝi, congeal, set (as jelly). ➞ gelatenjele.

ĝem-i (nt), [UV] ~o, Groan, moan, wail. (Mi 1/8). f La arbaro, vento ~as. ~egado (Ce 1/10, 11) Ek~o, sigh. El~i, g. out. For~i la vivon. Pri~i, bewail, mourn for. Dolor~i g. with pain. Plor~i (~krii), blubber, sob. ➞ lament, plend, sopir, suspir, ve.

ĝemel-o, [OA] 1 (kunnaskito), twin. ~oj de gazelino (Alt 4/5). 2 (astr) la ~oj, Gemini. ~ino. f ~a urbo, twin city. ~a ŝipo, sister ship. Kvin-(Tri-)-(an)o, quintu-(tri-)plet. f ~aj urboj.

ĝen-i (-n),, [UV] Embarrass; annoy, be in one’s way, bother, cramp, disturb, grate, hamper, incommode, inconvenience, make uncomfortable (uneasy), trouble. Sin~i, feel restraint, put one’s out, stand on ceremony. Ne ~u vin! Don’t bother (fash yourself)! (abs) Tio ne ~as, It’s no trouble, ~a, -ing, awkward, disagreeable, troublesome, vexg. ~a prokrasto. ~(aĵ)o, bother, inconvenience, nuisance, restraint, trouble. Kiom da ~o mi kaŭzis! ~ata, -ed, bothered, ill at ease, etc. ~ateco, -ment, uneasiness, etc. ~eca, constrained, prim, ~eca sinteno. ~ulo, intruder, nuisance, troublesome person. Sen~a (Sen~ata) (hejmeca, intimeca, negliĝa, neformala, senceremonia), at home, at one’s ease, cool, frank, free and easy, off-handed, unceremonious, unconstrained, unreserved, unrestricted. Trosen~a (maldeca, malkonvena, senhonta), unabashed, imperturbable. ➞ enuig, ted.

ĝendarm-o, [OA] (polica solidato), (mil) Gendarm/e, armed policeman. Rajda ~o, mounted policeman. ~aro, -erie. ~ejo, g. headquarters.

ĝeneral-a [OA] (tutampleksa), General, affecting (relating to) all or nearly all, to a whole class (Not individual, limited, local, sectional, or specialized). ~a amnestio, bildo, kunveno, opinio, pardo, prognozo, regulo. (log) ~a propozicio. ~e, for the most part, in g., in a g. way, on g. grounds, speaking g-ly [Ne= kutime, ordinate, plej ofte]. ~aĵo, -ity, g. principle (law, statement). ~igi, -ize. ➞ komun, universal. (M 2/16, 40/16, 93/24, 186/24, 187/12; 1 FA 9/4, LR 9/13).

ĝeni-o, djinn (of Arabian nights).

genr-o, (art) genre, especially of art or literature. ~a pentraĵo, picture of ordinary life, especially of a particular class.

ĝentil-a, [UV] Courte/ous, Polite; civil, considerate, cultured, of refined manners, well-bred. [Ne= genteel, gentle]. ~a ag-(Jtom-kondut-)o. ~aĵo, c-sy. ~aĵoj, compliments. ~eco, p-ness, civility, urbanity. ~ulo, p. person, gentleman. Mal~a, Rude; boor-(churl-lout-)ish, dis-c, im-p, uncivil. ~~ulo, boor, rough. ~~ulino, impudent hussy. Ne~a, im-p. ➞ afabl.

ĝer-o, pond-skater, water-bug. (Gerris).

ĝerm-o, [UV] Germ. 1 (bio) embryo, first stage. 2 microbe, especially one capable of causing disease. 3 begining, elementary principle, rudiment, seed. ~o de disput -(malsan-revoluci-)o. ~i, -inate, bud, put forth shoots. La semo ~is. f (deveni, fonti, origini, naskiĝi), arise, spring up. Tiu dezir-(dub-ide-)o ~is el... ~ado, -ination. ~igi, cause to -ate. ~igi semon. ~iva, -inable. Sen~a (sterila, nesepsa, senmikroba), sterile. Sen~igi, sterilize.

ĝerman-a (pragermana, germaneca). Germanic, Teutonic. ~aj lingvoj.

ĝet-o, (mar) jetty, groyne, (landing) Pier, protecting mole. Flotanta ~o, boom. Promena ~o, (a. piero), seaside pier. ~a kajo, landing-stage, wharf. ~kapo, j-(p-) head.

ĝi, [UV] (pron) It. Used 1 for objs (a) without sex. (b) of indeterminate sex (=// aŭ Si). Se iu venos, diru al ke… La infano ploras, ĉar ~ volas manĝi. Ĉu ~ estas knabo aŭ knabino? 2 For non-human animals, unless personified. 3 as a synonym of tio. ~ ne estas li. Ĉu ~ estas vi, kiu …? ~ estas virino. Ne kredu ~n. Ho, ~ estas ja tro vera: ~a, its, of it, thereof. En therein. Sur thereon.

ĝib-o, [UV] hump, hunch. 1 of man or beast. Propran ~on neniu vidas. Unu~a kamelo (dromedaro). 2 boss, bump, protuberance. ~a, ~hava, humped, bulging, hunch-backed, (astr) gibbous. ~aĵo, ~eco, gibbosity. La kato ~igis (arched) la dorson. ~igi, become bent, stoop. ~ulo, hunchback (Le 21/20). ➞ bos, elstaraf, konveks, protuberanc, ŝveltuber. ĝig-o, (mus) gigue, jig.

Ĝibuti-o DJ.

ĝigolo, gigolo.

ĝimkan-o, (sp) gymkhana.

ĝin-o, [OA] gin, liquor from grain or malt, usually juniper-flavoured.

ĝir-i [OA 8], (com) (subskribi dorse), Endors/e, back, negotiate (bill or cheque) (transpagi): make over, transfer. ~i ĉekon al iu. ~o, -ment. ~o blanka, blank (open) -ment. ~anto, -er. ~ebla, negotiable. ~ato, -ee. ➞ debit, kredit, trat. ~banko, clearing bank.

ĝiraf-o, [UV] giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).

ĝis., [UV] (prep). 1 (loko), as far as, down to, up to: ~ ilia domo. ~ (la loko), kie. ~ tie, as (so) far as there, to there. ~ ĉi tie (Ij 38/11). ~ ii tiu loko (1 Sa 7/12), hitherto. Nur no further than, f ami ~ frenezo, love to distraction. Kortuŝite ~ larmoj. Proponi ~ (as much as, up to) 10s. La prezo falis ~ (to) 3p. 11 (with accusatv). Atendu du jarojn = dum du jaroj. Sim: Atendu du ĝis tri jarojn (or) dum inter du kaj tri jaroj (➞ proksimume du aŭ tri jarojn). Iru du ~ tri paŝojn, 2 (inkludo, mezuro): de kapo ĝis piedoj, from head to foot. De matene ~ vespere, from morn to night. De majesta ~ ridinda estas nur unu paŝo. 3 (tempo), till, until: ~ nun, till (up to) now, as yet. ~ revido! Au revoir! ~ tiam, till then. ~ kiam? How long? Till when? ~ kiam li atendu? How long must he wait? (El 10/3; Ps 13/1, 2; No 14/11). 4 (conj): ~ mi venos, till I come (1 Rĝ 10/7). ~ ili ĉesos paroli (Ij 32/16) (1 Rĝ 22/27; 1 Kr 28/20, Ez 10/14, Ij 14/14, Ps 73/17, 132/5; Alt 2/17; Jer 32/5; Mi 7/9). ITHere Z never used ĝis kiam: possible, but heavy and inadvisable: but see 3 above. In the only exception (No 14/33) the superfluous kiam may have been added by an editor. PFX: ~alpa, cisalpine. ~nuna kutimo, up to the present. ~morta, life-long. Trinki (Manĝi) -ebrie (~sate) (Jeĥ 39/19). ~funde. Vadi ~genue. Labori ~morte. Plena ~rande (to the brim). ~vivi, live till. ➞ al, antaŭ ol, ne plifrue ol.

ĝoji, (nt) (pri, pro, ke, i), [UV] Rejoic/e, be delighted (glad, happy, pleased). Mi ~as vin vidi. ~o, Joy, delight, gladness, pleasure. Amiko en ~o kaj ploro. Difekti ies ~on. Fari (kaŭzi) ~on al iu. Havi (senti) ~on. ~(plen)a, j-ful, j-ous, blithesome, bright, delighted, gay, glad, merry. ~a kor-(kri-okaz-rid-vizaĝ-)o. ~an feston! ~e, j-fully, gladly, fain. ~ado, -ing (Jes 43/14). ~egi (jubili), r. greatly, exult, triumph. ~igi (-n), cheer, delight, gladden. ~krii, shout for j. Sen~a, dull, j-less. Viv~o, j. of life. Mal~i (afiiktiĝi), grieve, be sad (sorry, unhappy). ~o, affliction, grief, sorrow. ~a, dismal, doleful, melancholy, sad, sorrowful, wretched. ~iga, distressg. ~igi, afflict, grieve. ~ulo (Jes 61/2). ➞ aflikt, ĉagren, gaj, ĝu, kontent.

ĝu-i (-n), [UV] 1 Enjoy; find pleasure in, relish (experience) posses sion (use) of. ~i koncerton, manĝon, promenon (Pr 2/24). 2 (posedi, sperti, uzi; profiti el) have benefit (use) of. ~iga, ~plena, -able, delicious, delightful, nice, pleasant. ~(ad)o, -ment, delight, gratification, satisfaction. ~egi, delight (revel) in. ~emulo, pleasure-seeker. ~igi (-n), fill with delight (Se 5/19). ~ilo, means of -ment. ~ama, epicurean, pleasure-loving, sensuous. ➞ ĝoj, frand, plezur.

ĝust-a,, [UV] Right (konforma al regulo aŭ vero), accurate, correct, exact, fair, in order, just (what should be), proper, very. La ~a homo en la ~a loko. ~a pezilo, just balance. ~a respondo, correct answer. Uzi la ~an nomon, call a spade a spade. ~a ag-(esprim-kalkul-manier-metod-\oj ■vort-)o. ~e, just r., correctly, exactly, precisely. ~e difini, juĝi, paroli. Dio ~e faras, neniam eraras. ~e pro tio, just for that, for that very reason. ~e tie, r. there. ~e same, just the same. ~e hodiaŭ, this very day. ~e antaŭ mi, just (r., exactly) in front of me. Jen ~e la viro, the very man. ~e en tiu tago (Ge 7/13), on the very day, the same day exactly. Pli ~e, rather. ~(ec)o, r-ness, correctness, exactness. Fari ~aĵon, the r. thing. ~igi (ordigi, reguligi), put r. (in order). ~igi horloĝon, kravaton, iun; amend, rectify; correct (erarori), settle (disputori). ~igilo (tech) balance-(fiy-)wheel, governor, regulator, etc. ~adire, strictly speaking. ~atempa, opportune, seasonable, timely. Al~igi, adapt, adjust. ➞ adapt, akomod, akord-(konform-konven-)ig. Mal~a, erroneus, wrong. ~a opinio, vojo. ~~aĵo, error, etc. ~~igi, falsify, pervert. Ne~si, in-accurate(-correct-exact). Re~igi (re- bonigi, ripari), readjust, put r. ➞ ekzakt, just, jus, konven, korekt, nur,prav,preciz, tuj, ver.


H

H-o [F], letter H.

ha!, [UV] (interjection) 1 Ah! denotes sudden emotion (surprise, wonder, etc.). kiel bele! terure! 2 denotes laughter. Haha! ha ha! ➞ aha, ah.

haĉ-i (ombrostreki), (des) hatch, shade with parallel or (kruc~i) intersecting lines. Fono sen~a, solid background. ~aĵo, ~ilo.

hafni-o, (chem) hafnium (Hf).

hagio-grafio, -logio, hagio-graphy, -logy.

Haiti-o HT, Haiti.

hajl-o, [UV] Hail, f shower. ~o da batoj, kugloj. Ŝtona ~o (Jes 30/30). ~a pluvego (Jes 28/2). ~i, (impersonal) ~as, It -s. f Minacoj ~is sur lin. ~ero, -stone. ~neĝo, ~pluvo. ➞ grajl. ~ŝtormo.

hak-i (-n), [UV] Chop, hew (arbon, lignon, viandori). f ~i la klavojn, thump the piano. ~ata (jerky) parolo, stilo, vorto. ~o, c., blow. ~o post ~o. ~(it)aĵo, -ped material, hash, etc. ~eti, c. small, mince. ~ilo, [UV] axe, hatchet. Batal~ilo, battle axe. Pajl~ilo, chaff-cutter, -ileto, chopper. ~tranĉilo, pruning-bill, etc. (arb) ~isto, lumber-jack, woodcutter. Ŝton ~isto, quarryman, stone-mason. De~i, For~i, hew down, fell, lop off. De~aĵoj, chips. Fuŝ~i, hack. Pri~i, Ĉirkaŭ~i, dress, rough-hew, square, trim (lignon, Stonori), poll (arbojri). Tra~i (vojon). ➞ fend, noĉ, tranĉ.

hal-o, [UV] (bid) hall, 1 great roofed space, covered market-place, usually supported by pillars. ~o fest-(foir-stacidom-templ-)a. 2 great room. Koncerta ~o. Trink~o, pump-room of spa.

haladz-o, [UV] (fetora emanaĵo). 1 noxious, unhealthy, unpleasant, unwholesome), exhalation (fume, vapour). 2 bad smell, stench, stink , ~o forna, kloaka, marĉa, strata. ~o de spiro, de putra viando. ~a, f(o)etid, olfensive, stinking. ~i (nt) emit sulfocating vapour, fume, infect (taint) the air, reek. ~igi oleon (Pr 10/1). ➞ infekt, malbonodor, meftt, miasm, mucid, naŭz, sufok.

halebard-o, [OA] Halberd (combined spear and battleaxe). ~isto, -ier.

haleluja! (=Laŭdu Dion!), Halleluja! Alleluia!

haliaet-o (maraglo), sea eagle, white- tailed eagle (Haliaetus).

haliker-o (Halichoerus), grey seal.

haliot-o (marorelo), (zoo) ear-shell, ormer (Haliotis).

halm-o, (gm) halma.

halo! hola! (interjection) hullo! (to call attention, or answer the telephone), halo-o, (opt, phot), Halo. ~o lun-(sun-)a. Kontraŭ~a, anti-h. ~ado, halation. ➞ kron, htm-ring(-rond), nimb.

halogen-o, (chem) halogen (F, CI, Br, I).

hals-o, (mar) tack, lashing line. ~i velon. ~angulo.

halt-i (nt) [UV] (ĉesi agi), (come to a) Halt, Stop; cease to move, (make a) pause, etc. La horloĝo, vagonaro ~is. ~u! (a. Halt!) (4 FA 210/10) ( = estu ~o), Halt! Stop! Hold! Stay! (Na 2/8). Ne ~u! Go on! Continue! ~o, halt, stop, cessation, pause, (mus) (= silento), rest. Batal~o, truce, armistice, suspension of hostilities. Spir~o, pause for breath. ~e, -ingly. ~adi, keep on s-ing, loiter. ~ejo, h., s-ing place, station, ➞ etap, staci. Nokta ~(ej)o, night lodging (quarters) (Ge 42/47). Ŝip~ejo, port of call. ~eti, hesitate. ~igi (-n) (ĉesigi agon), (cause to) halt, stop, bring to rest, to a stand-still. ~igi ĉevalon, maŝinon, oratoron; keep back (larmojn); hold (spiron). ~iga ĉeno, ŝuo, brake-shoe, drag, skid. ~iga ŝraŭbo, s-screw. Sang~iga, styptic. Ne~igebla, irrepressible, irresistable, uncontrollable. ~igilo, brake (➞ brems, brid, klik), s-catch (gun, etc.); check, control, escapement (horloĝo). ~igisto, brakesman. Antaŭ~igi, check, prevent. Sen~a, continuous, uninterrupted, non-stop, through (train). Sen~a flugo, laboro, parolo. ➞ daŭr, kontinu, konstant, senĉes, seninterromp, ➞ ĉes, pane, paŭz, ripoz.

halter-o, (sp) dumb-bell.

halter-o, (ent) haltere, balancer (of diptera).

halucin-o (sensa trompiĝo), (psy) Hallucinate, apparent perception of something not actually present, illusion. ~i (kaŭzi ~on). ~aĵo, h., false image, mirage, phantom vision, etc. ~ato, ~ulo, person with h. ~iĝi (senti ~on).

haluks-o, (anat) big toe.

hamadriad-o, hamadryad. 1 (myth) (arba nimfo), tree-(wood-)nymph. 2 (zoo) large Arabian baboon, tartarin (Cynocephalus hamadryas). ➞ naj.

hamak-o [OA] (pendlito), hammock, hanging bed (Jes 24/20).

hamamel(id)o, (bot) (Hamamelis) > witch hazel (H. virginica).

hamstr-o, [UV] (zoo) Hamster (Cricetus). Ora ~o, golden h. f ~i, hoard (in time of scarcity).

handikap-i (-/;), Handicap, impose a h. on, place at a disadvantage. ~(aĵ)o, h., increased difficulty or burden. ~a kurado. ~isto. ~ita. Sen~a, scratch, handspik-o, (mar) handspike, levering shaft.

hangar-o [OA-8], hangar (remizo por veturiloj, aviadiloj). ~eto, shed. ➞ ŝed.

hant-i (-n) haunt (wide sense). Domo, loko ~ata. ~i iun (lokon). ~ita ideo (vidaĵo) min ~as. ~a memoro. ➞ fantomvizit, frekvent, vizitad.

hapal-o (Hapale), marmoset.

haplologi-o, (rh) haplology, syllabic syncope e.g., praps, Wensday, tragi(ko) komedio. mineral(lo)logio.

har-o, [UV] Hair. 1 ~oj, hair(s). kol~oj, [UV] mane. lip~oj, [UV] moustache. okul~oj, [UV] eyelashes. vang~oj, [UV] side-whiskers. Pub~oj, vost~oj. 2 (bot) (zoo) fur, wool, etc. 3 nap, pile. Brosi, hirtigi, kombi, tondi la ~ojn. La ~oj stariĝis (stood on end). Karesi kontraŭ la ~oj, stroke the wrong way. f Fendi ~ojn (tro subtili), split hairs. Ŝanĝi la ~ojn (pri lupo). Blank~a, ruĝ~a. ĉeval~a, kamel~a, Dens~a (~kovrita, ~plena, ~oza), -y, of h., bristly, shaggy. Mol~a, fluffy, silky. ~aĵo, coat, fleece, etc. ~aro, [UV] mop, thick head of h. ~ego, [UV] stiff (strong) h., bristle, -egoj de histriko. ~eto, fine h., down (➞ cili, filament, lanug, vil). f pendi de ~eto, be in extreme danger. ~aranĝo, coiffure. ~dika, capillary. ~disiĝo, parting. ~fasketo. ~ligo [UV]. ~vosto, lock, pigtail, plait, queue, tress (➞ bukl). ~stariga, creepy, h-raising, horrible. ~tubero, bun, chignon, pad. ~tufo, topknot, toupee, tuft. Sen~a, -less, bald (➞ kalv). ~~aĵo, bald spot, tonsure. ~~iga, delapidatory. ~~ulo, bald-head. ➞ adiant, faden, fibr, lan, peruk.

harakir-o, Harakiri. ~i, commit h.

hard-i (-n, kontraŭ) [UV] (malmoligi), Hard/en, toughen, (tech), anneal, chill, temper (➞ tremp), ~i fandaĵon, feron, glavon. f ~i animon, karakteron, koron. ~i kontraŭ frosto, marmalsano. ~ita (de), -ened, -y, seasoned, weather-beaten (➞ fortikig). Provita, ~ita! ~ita (~iĝinta) krimulo. ~eco, ~iĝi. Mal~i, enervate, soften, weaken. Rapid~a, quick-setting (mortero). ➞ cement.

harem-o [OA] (Islama edzinaro, edzinejo), harem. ➞ ginece.

haring-o [UV] Herring (Clupea harengus). ~o fumizita kaj salizita, bloater. ~o marinita. pickled h. ➞ kiper.

harmon-o, Harmonic. 1 In acoustics = "partial" (sonero): okt(av)o = la dua -o. 2 For the musician = "upper partial" (supertono), and okt(av)o = la unua ~o! ~a serio (la fundamenta vibro kaj ĝiaj obloj), h-series. (org) ~aro (miksaĵo), mixture.

harmoni-o, [OA] Harmon/y. 1 agreement, consonance, agreeable combination of colours, forms, sounds. 2 (mus) (~scienco), branch of music dealg with chords. ~a, -ious, concordant, euphonious, free from dissent, f ~a vivo. Vivi ~e (en ~o), live in concord. ~i (esti en ~o) (kun), -ize, agree (go well) with, match. Lia vivo ~as kun liaj vortoj. ~igi, -ize, bring into h., make -ious. ~scienco (harmonizo), -y. Mal~a, ne~a, in-ious, discordant.

harmoniz-i (-n) (almeti akordojn), (mus) harmon/ize. ~i melodion, h. (put harmony to) a melody. ~o, -y, -ization. ~o diatona, kromata, trivoĉa; etendita, kom- pakta.

harmonik-o,, [OA] (m. i.) mouth-organ (=buŝ~o, anĉ~o, buŝakordiono). Rim.: The root harmonik has various meanings in various langs. (a) Buŝ~o. (b) Tir~o (akordiono, koncertino). (c) Glas~o (frot~o, glasaro), musical glasses, (d) Frap~o, Perkut~o, various instruments of marimba fam., with or without keybord: > celesto, kampaneto (ŝtal~o), ksilofono, marimbo, tipofono. Rim.: Recommendation: Use these names, and reserve harmoniko for mouthorgan.

harmonium-o [OA] (anĉorgeno), harmonium. Suĉ~o (suĉorgeno). American (cabinet) organ.

harp-o, [UV] Harp. Eola ~o, Vent~o, Aeolian h. ~o kromata. ~o pedala (unu-du-mova), single-(double-) action h. ~(lud)i, ~ist(in)o, -er, -ist. ~ujo, h-case. ➞ zumfer.

harpi-o, [OA] Harpy. 1 (myth), f rapacious woman. 2 (orn) h-eagle (Harpia harpya).

harpun-o [OA], (ŝnurlanco), harpoon. ~i. ~isto. ~ĵetilo (~kanono).

hast-i (nt) (denotes urgency). Hast/e, -en, make h., (be in a) hurry, rush (to do something). Ne ~u! Don’t hurry! ~o, haste, hurry. ~a, hasty, hurried, quick-tempered, rush. ~a adiaŭo, manĝo. ~e decidi, skribi. Sen~e, at leisure. Tro~a, precipitate. ➞ rapid.

haŝiŝ-o (kanaba fumaĵo), hashish, bhang, marijuana.

haŭbiz-o, (mil) howitzer.

haŭl-i (mar) haul, drag, forcibly pull at, tow, tug. ~i je la ŝnuro. ~a vojo, tow-path,

haŭser-o, (mar) hawser, large rope, small cable, for towing; sometimes for mooring.

haŭt-o, [UV] (anat) Skin, cuticle, f sim, covering; film, rind, scum, skim. ~(et)o sur lakto, de banano, kolbaso, terpomo. Vaks~o (birdmembrano), cere. ~a, s., cutaneous. ~a malsano. ~eca, s-like. ~ero, scale, scurf, pellicule, (➞ skvam). ~inflamo, dermatitis. Sen~a, raw (vundo). Sen~igi, s., ➞ senfelig (also figuratively). Sub~a, subcutaneous. Dik~a, thick s-ned. Ruĝ~ulo, ➞ derm, epiderm, fel, membran, cel, tavol.

hav-i,, [UV] Hav/e (wide sense) 1 (disponi, posedi): ~i domon, monon, planon; filon, patron; (kiel) amikon. Mi ne ~as (ion), per kio pagi. Kiu ~as nenion, estas nenio. 2 (posedi en aŭ sur si): ~i aknon, barbon, fundamenton, muron; etaĝojn, paĝojn. 3 (posedi econ): ~i devon, fidon, intereson, povon, signifon. 4 (senti): ~i amon, apetiton, deziron, esperon, plezuron. 5 (esti -a): ~i febron, paciencon, ~i du colojn, jarojn, ( = esti febra, dujara). 6 (porti, teni): ~i bastonon, ĉapelon. 7 (produkti): ~i florojn, fruktojn. 8 (various): (akcepti, preni, ricevi): ~i aprobon, gaston, okazon. (scii): ~i nenion por diri (respondi). ~i nenion kontraŭ iu. (trinki): ~i tason da teo. Kiun daton (Kian veteron) ni ~as? Jen vi ~as! Here’s a pretty kettle of fish! ~(aĵ)o, assets, property. ~o hereda, patrimony. Pli da ~o, pli da klopodo. ~ebla ĉe, obtainable at. ~igi (-n) (alporti, venigi) al, get (obtain, procure) for, provide with. ~inda, desirable, worth having. En~i (Ij 21/34), contain, comprise, hold. ➞ enten, enferm, enkalkul, ampleks, uj. ~~o, contents. ~~kapablo, capacity, tonnage, etc. Mal~i, Ne~i (senti mankon de), lack, miss (be) want(ing in). Nemal~ebla (havenda), indispensable. Sen~a, penurious, destitute, indigent, needy, necessitous. ~~eco, penury. ~~igi, impoverish. ➞ malriĉigi, ruinigi, senmonigi. ~~ulo, lack-all. Senen~a, empty, hollow, vacant. ➞ malplen, sensignif, vant. Sur~i (porti), have on, wear. Bon~a (bonstata, riĉeta), comfortably (well) off, in easy circumstances, well-to-do. SFX: -hava = kun-(mult-)a; ~oza, ~plena, ~riĉa. Argil~a, dorn~a, fer~a, mon~a.

haven-o, [UV] Harbour, Port, haven. ~o komerca, milita, ŝipa. Flug~o, air-p. La ~o dezirata ("where they would be"), f ~o de rifuĝo. ~eto, creek. ~isto, docker. ~digo (moleo), h-bar, mole. ~imposto, h-dues, anchorage. ~urbo, seaside p. ➞ basen, rod, varf.

hazard-o, [OA] Chance, Hazard. Blinda ~o. ~a, h-ous, dangerous, dependent on c., risky, uncertain. Ludo ~a, game of c. ~e, by c., at random. ~i (-n), c., h., venture on (action, guess, statement). ➞ akcident, lot, risk, sane.

he! [OA] (a. hola!). (interjection) (atentigo): 1 Hey! Hi there! 2 Hold on! Enough! Not so fast! Stop!

hebre-o, [OA] ~a, Hebrew.

heder-o,, [UV] Ivy (Hedera) ~(ec)a, hederaceous. -okovrita, ivied, i-mantled. ~o venena. ➞ sumak.

hedon-ismo, ~isto, (phi) hedon-ism, -ist.

hegemoni-o,, [OA] (pol) hegemony, leadership, predominance, supremacy, ~a, ruling, supreme. ➞ domin, konduk, super.

heĝ-o [OA-8] (barilo arbusta), Hedge(row). h. ~isto, ~birdo (➞ pronel).

hegir-o, (Islama era-aro), hegira.

hej ho! (interjection) heigh ho! denotes boredom, disappointment.

hejm-o,, [UV] Home, fixed residence. Pra~o, ancestral h. -a (malfremda), of h., domestic, native. ~a besto, kuirado lingvo. ~a bieno, -stead. ~e, at h., at one’s ease. ~e vestita! ~en, -wards (1 21/4). Iru ~en! ~ena vojo, -ward path, -i, dwell, be at h. ~anaro(~a rondo), h-circle. ~eca, -ly, -like. (➞ intimec, komfort, sengen). ~ama, ~restema, -loving, recluse, stay-at-home, -cela, -ing (pigeon). ~edukita, h-bred. ~ir(ont)a, -ward bound. ~lando, native land, -sida, stay-at-home, -sopiro (nostalgio), -sickness. El-igi, evict. Re~igi, repatriate. Sen~a, -less, ~~ulo (vagulo,) vagrant. ➞ dom(icil), famili(ar), loĝej, penat.

hejt-i (-n) (varmigi) [UV] (Ho 7/4). 1 Fire, Stok/e. ~i fornon, [vapor-]lokomotivon. 2 Heat. ~i ĉambron, domon, lokon. Centra, vapora ~ado. ~aĵo, fuel, ~ejo, s-hole. ~ilo, ~aparato (Jes 44/15). Ban~ilo, bath-heater. (el) Merga ~ilo, immersion heater. ~isto fireman, stoker. ~forno (stovo), stove. ~ligno, firewood. Super~i, overheat. ➞ forn(el), radi, stov.

hekatomb-o, [OA] (ant) great public sacrifice. ➞ masakr.

hekelfon-o, (m.i.) heckelphone.

hekl-i, (pol) heckl/e, ĝeni (interrompi) per embarasaj demandoj. ~ado, -ing. ➞ interpel.

heksa-, (ppfx denotes ,se.s-), hexa-. ~gono, -gon.

heksametr-o, [OA] hexameter.

~podo, -pod (sespieda insekto).

heksano, hexane (CjH14).

heksodo, hexode.

hekto- (ppfx denotes cent.), hecto-. ~graf-o, ~i, -graph. ~gram-o [OA].

hektolitr-o [OA].

hektometr-o [OA]. ~ŭato.

hektar-o, [OA] hectare.

hel-a, [UV] Bright. 1 brilliant, luminous: ~a tago, sunny day. ~a ĉambro, ĉielo, fajro, lumo, vetero. 2 (~kolora): b., light. ~blua, b. blue. ➞ pal. 3 (sound) (sonora): clear, ringing, ~a voĉo. ~(ec)o. -ness, splendour. ~igi, -en, clarify, poke (stir) (la fajron), (phot) ~iga bano. ~igilo, reducer. ~iĝi, -en, clear, -imprescco, ~intenso, luminosity. Mal~a, Dark; dull, dusky, overcast, sombre: ~~a arbaro, nokto, vetero. ~~a bluo, d. blue. ~~a tago, dull (gloomy) day. ➞ dens, intens, nub. ~~eco, d-ness, gloom, obscurity. ~~igi, d-en, obscure. ~~iĝi, cloud over. Rim.: ➞ hela (bright), klara (distinct).

helebor-o, Hellebore (Helleborus). ~o fetida, stinking h. ~o nigra, black h., Christmas rose. ~o verda, green h., bear’s foot.

heleborin-o (chem) helleborine. ➞ veratr.

heliant-o (sunfloro), sunflower (Helianthus). Tubera ~o (terpiro), Jerusalem artichoke (H. tuberosns). ➞ artiŝok.

heliantem-o, (bot) rock (sun) rose (Helianthemum). ~o Kanada, frostweed.

helic-o, [OA] helix. 1 (geom) < spiral curve, coil (thread, wire, etc.). 2 (ŝraŭb ~forma ilo), screw, propeller. Aer~o, air-screw. ~a, spiral, winding. ~a risorto, ŝtuparo, ŝafto. (av) ~a postfluo, slipstream. ~ero, spire, turn (of screw). ~oida, -oid. ➞ heliks.

helik-o, [OA] snail (Helix). ➞ helic, limak.

helikopter-o [OA-8], (av) helicopter.

helikriz-o = imortelo (Helichrysum).

heliks-o, helix, rim of outer ear.

helio- (ppfx = sun-), helio-. ~grafo, ~kromio, ~skopo, ~stato, ~terapio.

heliotrop-o, [OA] heliotrope, cherry pie (Heliotropium). ~a, h.

helium-o, (chem) helium (He).

helmint-o, helminth, species of tapeworm, (med) ~oza, helminthous.

heloderm-o, gila monster, bearded lizard (Heloderma).

help-i (-n; abs, al, kontraŭ), [UV] Help; aid, assist, rescue, succour. Help! ~on! ~u! (interjection) Help! ~i al si, look after one’s. 2 (efiki, rimedi, utili): Kontraŭ kalumnio ~as nenio. Ne ~is petoj, nek minacoj. ~o, h., aid, assistance, succour. Peti ~on (por ~o). Unua (sukuro), ~o, first aid. ~a, auxiliary. ~a lingvo. ~a mono, relief, grant in aid, subsidy. ~a paraŝuto, pilot parachute. ~anto, ~isto, -er, assistant. ~ema, -ful, obliging. ~ilo (~rimedo), aid, means of assistance. Inter~i, Kun~i, cooperate. ~~anto, -mate. mal~i, [UV] hinder, handicap, impede, thwart. ➞ embaras, obstrukc, maloportun. ~~(af)o, barrier, hindrance, obstacle, set-back. Ne~eble! It is past h.! Sen~a, ~e, in distress, alone, by one’s, unaided, without h. Mon~o, financial aid, support, subsidy. ➞ asist, favor, komplez, kunlabor, serv, subten, util. Rim.: Mi ne povas ne iri = I can’t help going. [Do not write Mi ne povas ~i tion. instead of ne povas eviti (malhelpi) tion].

hemant-o (sanglilio), blood-lily (Hae- manthus).

heraati-o, red blood corpuscle.

hematit-o (ferŝtono), haematite (Fe203). ~o ruĝa, red iron ore.

hematop-o, (orn) (ostrobirdo), Oyster-catcher (Haematopus ostralegus).

hemat/ozo, haemat-osis. II ~urio, -uria > blackwater fever.

hemerokal-o (taglilio), day lily (Hemerocallis).

hemi- (ppfx = duon-), hemi-. ~kranio, (migreno), -crania. ~plegio, -plegia = unuflanka kapdoloro (paralizo), (ent) ~pteroj, -ptera. ~sfero, -sphere (norda, sudd), -stiko, -stitch.

hemion-o, (zoo) kulan (Equus hemionus). ➞ azen.

hemip-o, Syrian wild ass (Equus hemip- pus). ➞ azen.

hemo- (Gk ppfx = sang-), haemo-. ~fUio, -philia. ~globino, -globin. -ragio, -rrhage (sangado). ~rojdoj, -rrhoids, piles. ~stazo, -stasis.

hen-i (nt) (ĉevalbleki), neigh, whinny.

hena-o, henna. 1 Egyptian privet (Lawsonia). 2 preparation from this. la harojn.

hendiadis-o, (rh) hendiadys, two nouns instead of noun and adj., e.g., tasoj kaj oro = oraj tasoj.

henr-o, (el) henry, unit of inductance.

hepat-o, [UV] (anat) Liver (Se 7/23). ~o morua. ~a, Hepat/ic. ~a malsano. (Gras) ~aĵo, pate de foie gras. ~ito. 1 (~inflamo), h-itis, inflammation of the 1. II 2 (min) hepatite. II

hepatik-o (hepata herbo), liver-wort (Hepatica).

hepial-oj (ent) swift and ghost moths (Hepialus).

heptod-o, (rad) heptode.

herakle-o, cow-parsnip, hog-weed (Heracleum).

heraldik-o (blazonscienco), Herald/ry. ~a, -ic, armorial. ➞ herold.

herb-o, [UV] Herb. 1 -aceous (green’ one-year) plant. 2 (cul, pharm), herb- ~o kuir-(medicin-)a. 3 Grass (➞ gramen> gres). Vojon batitan ~o ne kovras. Bird~o (stelario). Drog~o, simple. Hund ~o (agropiro). Kat~o (katario). Lup~o (akonito). Pot~(Spic~)oj, dried (mixed) hh. Pul~o (pulikario). Tern-o (ptarmiko). Vipur~o (ekio). ~(ec)a, -al, h-aceous., g-y. ~aĉo (trud~o), weed. ~aĵo, h-age (Ge 1/30). II ~ario (~kolekto) (3 FA 17/10), h-arium. ~ejo, [UV] (~kampo) (Jes 19/7), grass (green) field, meadow. ➞ razen. ~eja reĝino (ulmario). Paŝt~ejo, pasturage, pasture. ~ero, blade of grass (➞ kulm, tig). ~isto, h-alist. ~obedo, g-plot. ~okovri, turf. ~omanĝa, -ivorous. ~tondmaŝino, g-cutter, lawn-mower.

herc-o, (ph) hertz.

hered-i (ion de iu), [UV] Inherit, (jur) receive by descent or succession, come in for, succeed to. ~i bienon, ŝuldon. (med) malsanon, ruĝajn harojn. f ~i honoron, kutimon. ~(it)a, -ed, hereditary, transmitted. ~a havo, patrimony, ~a ordo, rajto. ~(aĵ)o, -ance, estate, heritage. Dividi ~on. ~aĵo de pasinteco, heirloom. ~anto, heir. ~ebla, heritable, real. ~eco, heredity, germinal constitution. ~igi (ion al iu): leave. ➞ postlas, testament. (iun pro io): make heir to. ~ordo, order of succession. Kun~anto, co-heir. Pri~a juro. Sen~igi, dis-i, cut off.

herez-o [UV] (opinio neortodoksa), Here/sy. ~a, -tical, heterodox. ~a doktrino, kredo. ~i (~e opinii). -ulo, -tic. ĉef~ulo, arch-tic.

hermafrodit-o [OA] (duseksulo), Hermaphrodite. ~a, -ic. ~a besto, planto. ➞ hibrid.

hermet(ik)a, Hermetic, air-tight. ~e fermita, -ally sealed.

herni-o, [UV] Hernia, rupture. ~o ingvena. ~o entordita (strangolita), strangulated h. ~a bendo (bandaĝo), truss. ~ulo (Le 21/20).

herniari-o, (bot) rupture-wort (Herniaria).

hero-o, [UV] Hero. 1 (grandfarulo): ~o de land-(scienc-)o. 2 (ĉefrolulo): ~o de aventur-(histori-)o. ~a, -ic. ~a konduto. -a (rimedo), -ic, kill-or-cure. ~eco, -ism. ~ino, -ine. Mal~o (timulo), coward, poltroon.

heroin-o, (chem) heroin.

herold-o, [OA] Herald. ~i, h., proclaim. ➞ anonc, distrumpet, proklam.

herpest-o (Herpestes). Mongoose (and many related animals). ➞ iĥneŭmon, mung.

herpet-o, (med) herp/es. ~a, -etic. ~o zona (zostro), shingles.

hers-o, (mil) portcullis.

hesperi-o, (ent) skipper butterfly (Hesperia).

hesperid-o, Dame’s violet, sweet rocket (Hesperis).

hetero- (ppfx = ali-), hetero-, other, different. (rad). ~dino, -dyne. ~doksa = neortodoksa. ~gena (diverskonsista).

hetman-o [OA] (kozakestro), hetman, Polish military commander.

hezit-i (nt) (pri, ĉu) [OA], Hesit/ate, show (act, speak, with) indecision, be reluctant, falter, have misgivings (scruples), hold back, shrink (from), waver. ~i inter alternativoj. ~a paŝo, respondo. ~(ad)o, -ation, -ancy. Ne sen ~o, not without misgivings. ~(em)a, (nedecidema), -ant, -ating, doubtful, irresolute, undecided. Sen~a, unhesitating. ➞ dub. Rim.: Heziti denotes mental, ŝanceliĝi, physical, wobbling.

hiacint-o, [OA] Hyacinth (Hyacinthus). ➞ endimion, kampanol, skil.

hialit-o, (min) hyalite, water (colourless vrty of) opal.

hiat-o, hiatus, break, gap. 1 in a series or chain of argument. 2 between two vowels.

hibisk-o, (bot) bush (or shrubby) mallow, (Hibiscus). ➞ alte.

hibrid-o, (bio) Hybrid (offspring of union between different races, species, or varieties), mongrel. ~a, h., crossbred, composed of incongruous elements. ~igi (krucigi), -ize, cross-fertilize, (gram). ~a radiko, e.g., korekt. (see p. 10).

hid-a = malbelega.

hidr-, (ch pfx) hydr-. ~aeido, ~ato, ~ido, -okarbido, -oksido, ~osulflto.

hidr-o, [OA] hydra. 1 (as, myth) many- headed serpent, f thing hard to extirpate. 2 freshwater polyp (Hydra).

hidrange-o, (bot) hydrangea. ➞ hortensi.

hidrant-o, hydrant, pipe nozzle for hose.

hidrarg-o, [UV] Mercur/y, quicksilver (Hg). f Li estas vera ~o! ~a, -ial. ~a spegulo. ~aĵo, preparation of m. -ika, -ic. ~ika klorido, corrosive sublimate (Hg Cl2). ~ujo, m-cup. ➞ merkurial.

hidrastid-o, (bot) golden seal (Hydrastis).

hidraŭlik-a, hydraulic.-a h. crane (brake).

hidro- (ppfx = akvo), hydro-.

~cefala, -cephalous, with water on the brain.

~dinamiko. -elektra.

hidrofilo (zoo) waterlover, water-scavenger beetle (hydrophilus).

hidrofobi-o, [OA] hydrophobia (akvotimo) (➞ rabi).

hidrogeno, [UV] hydrogen (H). -grafio.

hidrokarido, frog-bit (-charis).

~kinono, (phot) -quinone.

~kotilo, (bot) marsh pennywort (-cotyle). -lizo. -meĥaniko. ~metr(i)o.

-pipro (akvopipro), (bot) water-pepper (Polygonum -piper).

hidroplan-o, sea-plane. Flot-plano, float-plane.

~poniko, -ponies.

~stateko [OA].

hidroterapi-o, [OA] (akvokuraco). ~ejo, hydropathic establishment.

hidrops-o, dropsy. ~ulo.

hien-o, [OA] hy(a)ena.

hieraci-o, hawkweed (Hieracium).

hierar/ĥi-o [OA], (a. ~kio [OA]), hierarchy. ~o eklezia, politika, socia.

hieratik-a, hieratic, priestly. ~a skribo.

hieraŭ, [UV] Yesterday. De since y. ~ nokte, last night. ~ vespere, yester-eve. ~a, of y. Antaŭ~, post~, the day before (after) y.

hieroglif-o [OA] (skribsimbolo). Hieroglyph. 1 figure of an object. representing an idea or sound. ~a, -ic. 2 secret symbol, writing difficult to make out. ➞ ideograf, nedeĉifrebl, nelegebl.

hifo (funga fadeno), hypha.

higien-o [OA] (sanscienco), Hygien/e, principles of health. ~a, -ic. Ne~a, insanitary. ➞ sanitar.

higro- (ppix=malsek), hygro-. ~grafo. higrometr-o [OA]. ~skopo.

hik! (interjection) sound of hiccough. ~i, h. ➞ singult.

hikori-o, hickory wood. ➞ karj, pekan.

hil-o, 1 (arba rano) tree-frog (Hyla). 2 (anat) hilus.

hilumo, (bot) hilum.

himantop-o, (orn) stilt (Himantopus).

himen-o, Hymen, (anat) maidenhead, ~a, -eal.

himenio, (bot) hymenium.

himenofilo, filmy fern (Himenophyllum).

himenopteroj, hymenoptera.

himn-o, [OA] Hymn, song of praise or prayer, (rel) hymn (Mt 26/30). ~o naeia. ~i (laŭdkanti), h., sing hh. ~aro, -ary, h-book. ~olog-o, -io, -olog-ist, -y. ➞ glorkant, kantik, pean, psalm.

Hind-ujo, Hindio (= Barato) IN.

hindu-o, hindu. ~ismo, -ism.

hindustani-o, hindustani.

hiosciamin-o (a. hiskiamino), hyoscyamine, hyoscine.

hipalage-o (rh) hypallage, epithet transference, e.g., "the body of this death" (Ro 7/24) = this mortal body.

hiper- (Gk pfx=super, tro), hyper-, over-, -bato, (rh) -baton, unusual word-order for emphasis, e.g., Akre blovis la vento; Paŭlon mi konas; Li estas~~kie? ~bolo, 1 (geom) -bola. 2 (rh) -bole, exaggerate. ~a, -ic, e.g., Ij. 6/3, 41/12-34; Ps 119/136, Mt 5/29, Lk 14/26. ~kritika. ~metropa, longsighted.

hipertrofi-o, [OA] (trokresko), hypertrophy, excessive development.

hiperik-o, St John’s wort (Hypericum) (3 FA 108/40) > androsem. H. calysimum = Rose of Sharon.

hipnot-o, [OA] Hypnot/ic sleep, hypnosis- ~a, -iga, -ic. ~igi (~izi), -ize. f charm. ~(iĝ)i, be(come) -ized. -ismo, -ism. -isto, -ist. -igito, ~iĝinto, -ic sleeper.

hipo- (Gk pf\=sub-), hypo-. ~derma (subhaŭta) -dermic. Il-dermo, (ent) warble fly (Hypoderma). ~gastro, -gastrium. ~kondri/o, -chondria, morbid depression, low spirits. ~ulo. ll(phot) = "hypo" (natria tiosulfato, Na2S203, 5HaO).

hipodrom-o [OA] (ĉevalkurejo), hippodrome, circus.

hipoglos-o, (ich) halibut (Hippoglossus).

hipokamp-o (mara ĉevaleto), (ich) seahorse (Hippocampus). ➞ rosmar.

hipokerid-o, (bot) catsear (Hypochaeris).

hipokaŝtan-o, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). ~arbo.

hipokorism-o (rh) hypocorism, nursery expression, pet name, e.g., hanky, nosey- posey, ĉj, nj.

hipokrit-i, [UV] (nt) play the Hypocri/te, dissemble, (dissimulate, pretend to be what one is not. ~a, -ical, canting, feigned, put on. ~(ad)o, ~aĵo, ~eco, -isy, cant, ~ulo. ➞ afekt, farise, malsincer, kiso Judasa.

hipola-o (Hippolais), species of Warbler > melodious, olivaceous, and olive-tree ww. ~o fiava, icterine w. ➞ silvi.

hipopotam-o,, [OA] Hippopotamus.

hipotek-o, [OA] Mortgage, Havi, porpagi ~on. ~a banko, loan bank. ~a ŝuldo. ~e, on m. ~i, 1 mortgage. 2 secure (debt) by m. Sen~a (unencumbered) bieno. Ŝip~o, bottomry.

hipotenuz-o, (geom) hypotenuse, side opposite right angle.

hipotez-o, [OA] Hypothe/sis, assumption, supposition. ~a, -tical. ~i, assume. ➞ supoz, teori.

hipurid-o, (bot) marestail (Hippuris). ➞ ekviset.

hirak-o (zoo) coney (Se 30/26) = prokavio (Procavia, olim Hyrax).

hirt-a, [OA] Brist/ly, -ling, hirsute, rough, scrubby, shaggy, spiky, unkempt. ~aj haroj. ~a plumo. ~igi (harojn), make stand on end. -iĝi, -le up.

hirud-o [UV], (zoo) Leech (Hirudo). ~bredado, 1-breeding. f bloodsucker. ➞ ekspluat, sangosuĉ, vampir.

hirund-o, [UV] (orn) Swallow (Hirundo). Dom~o, house martin (Delichon). Sablo~o, sand-martin (Riparia). ~a nesto. ~vosto (tech) dovetail, s-tail. ➞ dovel, stern.

his-i (suprentiri) (mar) hoist, raise, run up. ~i flagon, signalon, velon. f Sin ~i (pull one’s up) ĝis la supro. ~ilo, halyard. Duon~ita, at half-mast. Mal~i (mallevi), haul down, lower.

hiskiam-o, [UV] henbane (Hyoscyamus). Il-ino = hiosciamino.

hisop-o, [OA] (bot) hyssop (Hyssopus) (El 12/22, Ps 51/7).

hisp-o, (ent) hispa beetle (Hispa).

Hispanujo, Hispanio [F], ES.

hist-o, (organic) tissue. -ologio, histology.

histerez-o, (ph) Hysteresis, lagging, retardation. Magneta ~o, magnetic h.

histeri-o, [OA] (med) Hyster/ia. f morbid excitement. ~a, -ical. ~ul(in)o.

histori-o (de, pri), [UV] Histor/y. 1 (kroniko) continuous record: career, course of affairs, train of events: ~o de mia vivo, de Anglujo. Biblia ~o. ~o por infanoj. Bela ~o, pretty business. La tuta ~o, the whole affair. Malnova ~o, old story. Mond~o. 2 (scienco): Natura ~o. ~a, -ical. ~a fakto. ~eco, -icity, authenticity, ~eto (anekdoto). -isto, -ian. Antaŭ~a, pre-ic. Pra~o, ancient h. ➞ evolu, rakont.

histrik-o, [UV] porcupine (Hystrix).

histrion-o (aktoraĉo), strolling player, third-rate actor.

hm! (interjection) He! Hm! Hum! denotes 1 polite dissent. 2 hesitation. 3 Ahem! simulated cough to attract attention. ➞ um!

ho!, [UV] (interjection) O! Oh! 1 (vocative, no comma). - Dio\ - mia karal 2 denotes emotion, grief, indignation, protest. -/ Kion vi faras! - ve! Alas! - ~! Ho, ho!

ne! terure! ➞ oho.

hobi-o (ŝatokupo, amata ĉevaleto), hobby.

hoboj-o [OA], (m.i.) oboe, hautboy. Ald~o (Angla korno), English horn.

hodiaŭ, [UV] Today. ~ forto, morgaŭ morto! ~ matene, this morning, ~ nokte, tonight. ~ vespere (ĉi-vespere), this evening. ~ post monato, a month from today, ~a, today’s. En la ~a tago.

hoj! (interjection) Ahoy! Hi! (to call attention). ~i, call, hail (from a distance). ~ilo, hailer.

hok-o, [UV] Hook, claw, fluke (anchor), tendril (vine), (box) ~o dekstra, right hook (sten) ~o dekstrena (horloĝmova). Boat~o, boat-h. Buton~o (butontirilo), button-h. fiŝ~o, [UV] Kurten~o, curtain-h. Pend~o, Vest~o, hanger, coat-peg, hat-peg. pord~o, [UV] door-hinge, gate-hinge. Serur~o, skeleton key. Ŝaf~o, shepherd’s crook, f snare, trap. ~(kapt)i, hook, catch. ~ego, crook (umbrella). ➞ grapl. ~eto (ueto), (typ) = breve over ŭ. ~ingo, eye. ~fadeno, ~ŝnuro, fishing-line. Mal~i, unhook. (mar). La ankro ~~iĝis, is aweigh. Sur~i, attach by hook. ➞ agraf, krot.

hoke-o, (gm) hockey.

hold-o, (ŝipkelo), hold.

holk-o, soft grass (Holcus). Lana ~o, "Yorkshire fog".

holmi-o, (chem) holmium (Ho).

holograf-o, holograph.

holoste-o, (bot) jagged chick-weed (Holosteum).

holoturi-o (markolbaso, markukumo), sea-cucumber (-slug) (Holothuria). > beche de mer, trepang. ➞ aŭrikulari, tripang, tritoni.

hom-o,, [UV] Man (in gen.), Human (being), person. ~o proponas, Dio dis- ponas. Kvazaŭ~o, dummy, lay-figure. Neĝ~o, snow-m. Pajl~o, m. of straw, scare-crow (➞ birdotimigil). ~a, h., of m. ~a figuro, parolo, memoro. ~aĉo, creature, wretch. ~aro, h-ity, h-race, mankind. ~arano, citizen of the world (➞ kosmopolit). ~~ismo, doctrine of universal brotherhood, ~eco, h-nature. ~ego, giant (➞ gigant). ~eto, little person, homuncule, mannikin (➞ pigme, nan). ~idoj (Bb) children of men (Pr 1/13). ~ino (col) female h-being, woman. Mia bona ~ino! (H /148). ~izi, m. (boat, gun). ~ama, benevolent, philanthropic. ~amaso, crowd, populace (Da 11/11). ~evit(em)a, misanthropic, unsociable (➞ mizantrop). ~mortigo, m-slaughter, homicide. ~manĝa, m-eating. ~plena, multe~a, crowded, populous. Fi~o, blackguard, villain (➞ fripon, kanajl). Liter~a, social. Mal~a, in-h, barbarous. (➞ barbar, monstr). Ne~a, non-h. Pra~o, primitive m. Sen~a (dezerta), empty, forsaken, uninhabited. ~~igi, depopulate. Super~o, superman. ~~a, super-h. Ĉiu~a (ĉies, komuna, tuthomara, universala), universal. Du~a segilo. Unu~a, one-m. ➞ human, vir.

homeopat/io, [OA] Homoepath/y. ~a, -ic. f (eta) tiny. ~a dozo. ~(iist)o, homoepath. opposite alopati.

homili-o, Homil/y, lecture, sermon, ~a, -etic. ➞ admon, predik.

homini-o (maiza grio), hominy.

homo- (Gk pfx = .vam-), homo-. ~gama.

homogen-a = samkonsista, samspeca, homogenous, uniform (opp heterogen). ~a miksaĵo.

homolog-a (samrilata), homologous, corresponding. ~a serio. ~aj elementoj.

homonim-o, [OA] homonym, word with same sound but different meaning. ~a, -nymous.

homopter-oj (insects with similar wing-pairs), -ptera. -seksa.

Hondur-o HN, Honduras.

honest-a,, [UV] Honest. 1 not cheating, not stealing. ~a ago, gajno. 2 fair, moderate, reasonable. ~a prezo. 3 decent, honourable, straight, truthful. ~a intenco, knabino, konduto, respondo. ~aj homoj. 4 chaste, virtuous. ~a virino. ~(ec)o, honesty, integrity. Paroli ~e. ~ulo. Mal~a, Ne~a, dis-h, crooked, dishonourable. ➞ ĉast, fidind, honorind, lojal, rekt, virt.

honor-o,, [UV] Honour. 1 high respect (distinction, position). Loko, seĝo de ~o. ~o al, all honour to Rigardi kiel ~on. Ne venas ~o sen laboro. Mi havas la ~on diri, have the h. (beg) to state. 2 good name, nobleness of mind, repute, Afero, ŝuldo de ~o, matter (debt) of h. ~o perdita, ĉio perdita. 3 credit, person (thing) reflecting h. on. Esti ~o (be a credit) al la lando. 4 (~aĵo), mark of esteem. Fari la lastajn ~ojn, pay the last (funereal) honours. (al). ~a devo, gvardio, parolo, debt (guard word) of h. ~a (senpaga, titola), honorary. ~a sekretario. ~e al, in h. of. Sukcesi ~e, with credit, flying colours. ~i (-n), [UV] (fari ~on al), (treat with) honour, do h. to. ~i traton, meet a bill. ~ata, -ed, distinguished, respected. ~igi, confer dignity on. ~inda, -able, worthy of h., of high standing. ~~a homo. Mal~o, affront, disgrace, ignominy, insult, outrage. ~~a dis-ing, derogatory. ~~i, dis-h, besmirch’ defame, discredit, sully (Mai 2/11). Sen~a, without h., unhonoured. ➞ dign, glor, honest, respekt, rever.

honorari-o, [OA] fee, emolument, honorarium, remuneration for professional services, retainer. ~i iun. ➞ pag, rekompenc, salajr.

hont-i (antaŭ, je, pri, pro), [UV] be Ashamed, feel Shame (Ge 2/25). siajn larmojn (M 26/30). ~anta, a., abashed. ~u! S. on you! ~o, s., ignominy, infamy, opprobrium, reproach. Lia ~o ne forgesiĝos. Ne diru "~o!" (H 105/ 17). ~ema, s-faced, ashamed, bashful, embarrassed, timid, shy. Foriri ~e, slink away. ~igi (kaŭzi ~on al), (put to) s., abash, confound, humiliate (➞ humilig). ~iĝi (Ps 25/2). ~inda, s-ful, despicable, dishonourable, infamous, scandalous. ~~aĵo, ignominy, turpitude. ~~ulino (sen~ulino) (PI l/8), hussy, profligate, jade, strumpet. Sen~a, s-less, impudent, un-a. ➞ impertinent. Sen~eco, effrontery, impudence. ➞ konfuziĝ, malglor, malhonor, malrespekt, prud, pudor.

hop-i (salteti) ~o, Hop. ~u! Hop! (interjection) Hop! Now then, jump! Out you go! Hop it! Ne diru "Hop" antaŭ la salto. For~i, hop away. ~ludo (marelo), h-scotch.

hor-o [UV] (tempkalkulo), Hour, Time. 1 60 minutes. Ĉiu~e, h-ly. Duon~o, half- an-h. Ok~a tago. Po~a laboro, t-work. Unu~a distanco. 2 t-measurement. ~o meza, mean t. ~o norma, standard t. ~o astronomi-(somer-sun-ver-)a. ~angul (~zon)o. 3 t. of day, o’clock. Kioma ~o estas? What is the t.? La dua(~o) =2.0. Kvinahora teo, 5 o’clock tea. ~montrilo, h-hand. 4 appointed t., moment. Atendi konvenan ~on, bide one’s t. Venis la ~o, the t. has come. Last~a (latest, stop- press) novaĵo. Lumiga (manĝ-)~o, lightg- up (meal) t. Oficejaj, lernejaj ~oj. ~aro, ~libro, ~tabelo, t-table, ry guide. ~eto, less than an h., only a short t. ~montra ombro (Jes 38/8).

hord-o, horde, band (of nomads, etc.). ~o da Sirianoj (2 Rĝ 24/2). f swarm. ~o da kreditoroj. ➞ apaĉ, band, svarm.

horde-o,, [UV] Barley. 1 grain. 2 b-grass (Hordeum). Perl~o, pearl b. Vintra ~o, winter b.

hordeol-o, (med) sty (on eyelid).

horizont-o, [OA] Horizon, sky-line. Ĉe la ~o. ~o videbla (vera), true (apparent, visible) h. f bounds, limit, outlook. ~o politika. Vastigi sian ~on. ~a ebeno, plane of the h. ~a linio, vanishing line.

horizontala, [UV] Horizontal, level (at right angles to vertical). ~o =~a linio (ebeno), h. ~iĝo, (av) recovery.

horloĝ-o, [UV] Clock, Watch, timepiece. ~o akva, elektra, kukola, mura, pezila, pendola, risorta. Brak~o, Pojn~o, wrist-w. Kontrol~o, timing-c, stop-w. Ripet~o, repeater. Sablo~o, hour-glass, sand-glass. Sun~o, sundial. vek~o, alarm-c. ~a ĉeno, vitro. ~eto (Poŝ~o), watch. Klik~eto, lever-w. ~isto, horologist. ~okesto, ~ujo, c-case, w-case.

hormon-o, hormone.

horor-o, Horr/or, (feeling of) abhorrence, detestation, disgust, repugnance, terror. ~(aj)o, horror, La ~oj de milito. ~(ig)a, -ible, -ifying, awful, creepy, dreadful, fearful, frightful, ghastly, gruesome, hair-raising, shocking. ~i (nt) be horrified, feel (have) a h. (dread) of, (aversion to), shudder. ~igi (teruri), inspire h., -ify, shock.

horoskop-o, [OA] horoscope.

hortensi-o, [OA] (bot) hortensia (Hydrangea hortensis). ➞ hidrange.

hortikultur-o (ĝardenkultivo), Horticulture. ~a ekspozicio, flower show, ~ejo, market garden, nursery, etc. ~isto, -ist.

hortulan-o [UV] (ĝardena emberizo), (orn) ortolan (Emberiza hortulana).

Hosana! (interjection) Hosanna! shout of adoration (Mt 21/9).

hospital-o [OA] (flegejo, malsanulejo), Hospital. ~o kampa, field h. ~a ŝipo, vagonaro.

host-o, plantain lily, funkia (Hosta).

hosti-o, [UV] host, consecrated wafer, ~ujo, ciborium.

hot! (interjection) Gee up! (to horse, cow).

hotel-o, [UV] Hotel, hostelry, inn. Motorista, aŭtista ~o (motelo), motel, ~isto, -keeper, -proprietor.

hotoni-o, water-violet, featherfoil (Hottonia).

hu! (interjection) Coo! (denotes start, or jocular wonder) (Rj /115). ~i 1 (owl), hoot; (crowd) boo, jeer, hoot, shout, derisively. ~i krimulon. Also 2 noise of wind! Hu! HU-U’U (4 FA 76/15, 78/25, 84/28).

hub-o, hide (of land) (G Hube, Hufe), obsolete, but Z. Usable for "small holding, croft, homestead". ~ulo, crofter.

hubar-o, (orn) houbara bustard (Chlamydotis).

huf-o, [UV] Hoof. ~o fenda, havita, cloven h. ~uloj, ungulata, -ed animals. ~bat (~frap)i, kick (➞ stampf). ~fero, ~umo (4 FA 219/1), horse-shoe. (~)feri ĉevalon. shoe. ~feristo, farrier. ~signo, -mark. Supei-aĵo, fetlock.

hugenot-o, (hist) huguenot, French protestant.

hul-o (ŝip-fram-korp-ŝel-o), hull (of ship, plane). ➞ ŝvel.

hum-o, [OA] Humus. 1 vegetable mould. Folia ~o, leaf mould. 2 (o.l. = ĝardena tero), garden mould (soil). ~acido, humic acid. ➞ kompoŝt.

human-a [OA] (malkruela), Human/e, compassionate, considerate, kind, -itarian. ~(ec)o, -ity. ~igi, ~ize. Mal~a, Ne~a, cruel, inhuman, savage, unfeeling, 2 (phi) ~ismo, ~isto, -ism, -ist.

humer-o [OA] (anat) humerus, bone of upper arm. ~a, -al.

humid-a [OA-8] (malseketa, vaporeca), Humid, damp, dank, moist. ~a aero, domo, vetero. ~(ec)o, -ity, moisture. Gradoj de ~eco.

humil-a [UV] (malfiera), hum|ble. 1 modest, unpretending, with a low estimate of one’s own importance. ~a koro, peto. 2 lowly, mean (condition in life). ~(ec)o, -ility (Ce 2/3). Paroli ~e. ~aĉa, ~ega, cringing, grovelling. ~igi, (hontigi), h., abase, humiliate, mortify (Ps 136/23) ~iĝi (antaŭ), h. (submit) one’s, eat h. pie, stoop. Al li ~iĝos la popoloj (El 10/3) ~ulo. Mal~(eg)a, arrogant, haughty, high-handed, imperious, proud.

humor-o, [UV] Humour. 1 Temper, frame of mind, mood, spirits, vein (➞ agordiĝ). ~o gaja, trankvila. Acida ~o, sharp t. Nigra ~o, depression, fit of the blues. 2 (a. humuro), jocose imagination. ~a, h-ous, amusing, droll, facetious, jocular, playful. ~aĵo, funny story, joke, pleasantry, witticism. ~isto, -ist. Bon~a, good t-ed, in a good h. Malbon~a, bad t-ed, cross, grumpy, peevish, out of t., snappy, testy. ➞ em, splen.

humoresk-o (~a muzikaĵo), humoresque.

hund-o, [UV] Dog, Hound (Canis). ~o bojas, homo vojas. Vivi kiel ~o kun kato, ~a, canine. ~a dento, vivo. Dalmata ~o, Dalmatian, coach-d. Dan~o, Dane. Eskima ~o (Sled~o), husky, sleigh-d. Kimra ~o, corgi. Novlanda ~o, Newfoundland. Pekina ~o, Pekinese. Rusa lup~o, borsoi. ĉas~o, hound. Cerv~o, deer-h. Fos~o (teriero), terrier. Pembroka ~~o, sealyham. Gard~o, kort~o, ĉen~o (4 FA 236/1), watch-(yard-)d, mastiff. Kaŝ~o, setter. Kur~o, grey-h. ~~eto, whippet. Lepor~o, hare-h, harrier. Lutro ~o, otter-h. Mel~o, badger-dog, dachs-hound. Montro~o (Halt~o), pointer. Rat~o, setter. Sang~o (Spur~o), blood-h. Ŝaf~o, sheep-d. ~~o Australia, kelpie; Germana, Alsatian; Skota, collie. Trov~o, retriever. ~aĉo, cur. ~aro, pack of hh. ~ido, puppy. ~ino, bitch. ~ujo, kennel. ~herbo (agropiro). ~lango (cinogloso). ~ŝnuro (~vipo), d-lead (whip), ~vosto (cinozuro). Vir~o, male d. ➞ baset, bigl, buldog, ding, dog, grifon, mops, pudel, spaniel, ŝpic, terier.

hungar-o [OA-8], Hungarian. H~ujo, H~io [OA-8] HU, Hungary.

hup-o, 1 (zoo) crest, tuft; top-knot (➞ tup). 2 (mot) ~i, hoot, sound the horn. ~ilo, hooter, horn, klaxon.

hura! [OA] (interjection) (accent: hura’), Hurah! Hooray! ~i, cheer, shout (with approbate, exultation).

hurd-o, 1 (plektobarilo), Hurdle, wattling. 2 (ĉirkaŭbarilo), fold, pen. ~kurado, h-race, steeplechase. ➞ heĝ, latis.

huri-o, houri, nymph of Islamic paradise.

hurl-i, ~o, Howl. 1 (make) long doleful cry as of dog or wolf. 2 long cry of pain, yell of derision. f h., bawl, roar, yell. ~i kun la lupoj, cry with the pack.

husar-o, [UV] hussar, soldier of light cavalry regiment.

huŝ! (a. Ŝŝ!), Hush! Be silent! Quiet! Silence! ~a, h-h, highly confidential, very secret.

huz-o, [UV] Great (White) sturgeon, hausen. (Accipenser huso). ➞ sterled, sturing.


Ĥ

Ĥ-o [F], letter Ĥ.

ĥameleon-o (a. kam-), chameleon (Le 11/30) (Chamaeleo).

ĥamsin-o, (met) khamsin, Egyptian sandy wind from Sahara.

ĥan-o, Khan (Asiatic ruler).

ĥaos-o [UV] (a. kaoso), chao/s. 1 formless void. 2 utter confusion. ~a, -tic.

ĥemi-o, [UV] (a. kemio), Chem/istry. ~a, -ical. ~aĵo, -ical. ~isto, -ist. [Ne= apotekisto]. ➞ apotek, drog.

ĥet-oj (a. ketoj), bristles of some worms. ~uloj, chaetopods.

ĥimer-o, [UV] Chimer/a. 1 (monstro leonkapa, kaprokorpa, serpentvosta). 2 bogy, fanciful conception. ~a, -ical. ~ulo, visionary.

ĥirurg-o, ~io, = kirurg-o, ~io.

ĥiton-o (Le 8/7), robe, tunic. ➞ kiton.

ĥoler-o, [UV] Cholera. Kokina ~o, fowl-c., fowl-pest.

ĥor-o, [UV] (kantistaro; a. koruso), Chor/us, choir. ~o infana, miksita, vira, virina; anĝe1a, birda. ~a, -al. ~e, in c., all together. Deklami, paroli ~e. ~i, sing in c., as choir. ~aĵo, -al work, music for c. ~ejo, c-chancel (➞ absid, galeri). ~estro, c-master. ~an(~ist)o, -ister, member of c. (especially ~knabo, c-boy). ~orgeno, c-organ. ~societo (kantsocieto), -al society. ➞ refren, rekantaĵ.

ĥoral-o, chorale, slow German hymn-tune.

ĥore-o, (med) chorea, St. Vitus’ dance.


I

l [F], letter I. -greka (ipsilono), Y. -korelativo ( = ia, ial. . .). -fero. -relo. -terpomoj, name given by a child to "chips", -vorto ([verbo).

-i, [UV] ending of infinitive verb. With verb root = to. Mi volas lerni kanti, I want to learn to sing. With other roots denotes state or action. I (adj root) ~~ impresi, stati; Verdi, be green. Abundi, avari, egali, kuraĝi, necesi, pravi, sani, simili; anstataŭi, superi. II (noun root) 1 = use, utilize: Ankri, brosi, ĉeni, harpi, najli, veli, vipi. 2 = izi, supply with. Adresi, gudri, kroni, sali, seli. 3 = produce: Flori, fumi, plani, radii, sangi, streki. 4 = act as: Dandi, estri, profeti, serpenti. 5 (various): Fronti, kongresi, nesti, nombri, ondi, tranokti. 6 = diri. Adiaŭi, bisi, hurai, jesi, nei.

~io, -iisto. If a noun root ends with -grafio, -katio, -manio, -nomio, -patio, -zonio, -iisto can usually be abbreviated to -o. E.g., astronom(iist)o, diplomat(iist)o. Sometimes, however, -io = technique, use of. E.g., stetoskop-io, from the object. stetoskopo. Rim.: Vb rts (fotograf-i, stenograf-i) are in a different class, and form -isto. If Ekonomiisto cannot be reduced to ekonomo, which has a different meaning.

ia [UV] (iuspeca), of some (indefinite) kind (sort) or other, some kind of a, a sort of. Ĝi estas ~ hundo. Nur ~ abomena acidaĵo. Sen ~ kaŭzo, without any reason. ~ ajn, of any kind (whatever) (you like). ➞ iu, kelka, unu.

ial [UV] (iukaŭze, iumotive), for some (a certain) reason. ~ ŝi ne venis. Se if for some reason … ~ ajn, for any reason (whatever).

iam [UV] (iutempe), at some time (or other). (Past): once (upon a time). ~ estis reĝo. Vi amis min ~ ! Ĉu vi ~ ? Did you ever? (Future): some day. Se if ever. Venu ~ ajn, at any time (whenever) you like. ~a, [UV] (past): erstwhile, once enjoyed, one-tm, quondam. Memori ~an feliĉon. (future): to come. Esperi ~an sukceson. ➞ iufoje, unu tagon.

ibeks-o, Ibex, wild goat (Ps 104/18). (Capra ibex). ~ino (Se 5/19).

iberid-o, (bot) candytuft (Iberis).

ibis-o, [UV] Ibis (Ibis ibis) and various related species (Re 14/16).

-icid-o (unoff. sfx), -icide. 1 mortigaĵo. fungicido, herbicido, insekticido, pesticido. 2 mortiginto. Fraticido, patricido, reĝicido. ~a, -icidal (mortiga, ~inta).

-id [UV] (sfx), 1 Child, son, young, of (a) Human beings: reg~o, prince of the blood royal, (b) Other animals: kat~o, kitten, pav~o, pea-chick, (c) Plants: arb~o, seedlg tree; plant~o. (d) Other things: Latin~aj (romance) lingvoj. (e) (astr) Meteors: Perse~oj, Perseids. 2 Offspring, descendant, scion, in gen., irrespective of age (El 20/5). Reĝ~oj = filoj, nepoj, kaj pranepoj de reĝo. Izrael-o, Israelite. Hom~oj, sons of men (No 23/19, Ps 4/2). ~o, c., cub, whelp, etc. ~aro, children, descendants, issue, posterity, progeny, seed (Ge 9/9); brood, litter, young. Sen~a, c-less, barren. ➞ fil, infan, naskit, posteular. ➞ English -ite, Gr. -id, R. -(ov)iĉ. Mnemonics: kid, seed. II Ido (i.l. project).

-ido (ch. sfx), -ide. Brom-(klor-sulf-)ido. Klor~a acido, hydrochloric acid.

ide-o [F], Ide/a, concept, fancy, mental image, notion. ~o falsa, ĝusta, klara. Bona ~o, happy thought. Fiksita ~o, fixed idea. Genia ~o, brainwave. Havi (nenian) ~on. Kia ~o! The idea! Venis al mi la ~o (It occurred to me), ke. Ĉeno de ~oj. La interna ~o de Esp. ~a, of ideas. ~a mondo. ~ismo, (phi) -ism (opposite materiismo, realismo). Sam~ano, fellow-thinker. ➞ samcelano, samidealano. Sen~a, barren of ideas, dull. ➞ imag, komprenaĵ, koncept, noci, opini, pensaĵ, pensbild.

ideografi-o [OA] (~oskribo), -ography, picture-writing. -ogramo, -ogram, -ograph, e.g., Chinese script.

ideologio (idearo), ideology.

ideal-o [OA], Ideal, high aim, model of perfection, vision. Atingi, celi, havi ~on. ~o neatingebla. ~a, ideal, perfect. ~a formo, plano, viro. ~e bela. ~igi, -ize. ~ismo [OA], -ism. ~isma (nobla, malegoisma). ~isto, (~emulo), -ist. ~ulo, model, paragon. Sen~a (proza), without ideals, drab, matter-of-fact. ➞ ide, model, perfekt, rev, subjektiv.

ident-a (kun) [OA], 1 (of one thing): Ident/ical, one and the same, self-(the very) same. 2 (of several things): agreeing in every detail, counterpart, duplicate, synonymous. ~(ec)o, -ity. Atesto pri ~eco. ~igi (pruv -rekon-i), -ify, establish -ity of, name, recognize. ~igi krimul-(lok-)on, A kun B. ~iĝi, be -ied. ➞ egal, sam, tute simil.

idili-o [UV] (paŝtista poemo aŭ priskribo), Idyll, e.g., Georgie de Virgilio. f. ~o de juneco. ~a, -ic, bucolic, pastoral, peaceful, pleasant. ~a pejzaĝo, vivo. ➞ eklog, pastoral.

idiom-o, [OA] Idiom, vernacular (dialect, speech), peculiar to place or age. ~a. -atic, characteristic, colloquial. ~aĵo > idiotismo. ➞ dialekt, lingvaj, slang.

idiosinkrazi-o, Idiosyncr/asy, personal peculiarity, ~a, atic.

idiot-o, [OA] Idio/t, cretin, imbecile, natural fool, f blockhead, booby, dunce, silly ass, simpleton. ~a, -tic, senseless. ~aĵo, ~eco, -cy, rank stupidity, ~eta, feebleminded. ➞ malsaĝ.

idiotism-o [OA] (idiomaĵo), (gram) Idiomatic expression or phrase, lingual peculiarity, (often) illogicality. Uzi la ~ojn de (forms peculiar to) la idiomo (the language used). Perhaps Estas bele!; kiel eble plej; aldoni, eldoni, elteni, elpensi, eltrovi, rideti, subteni; may be called ~oj de Esperanto

idol-o,, [UV] Idol, false god or its image. ~o el arĝento, ligno, oro. (Rd 5/8). f (io, iu, amegata), darling, favourite. Esti la ~o de la nacio, patrino, tago. Mono estis lia ~o. ~ano, ~isto, -ater, heathen. ~ana, pagan. ~isteco (Jeĥ 14/4). ~ejo (~ana preĝejo), heathen temple, ~igi, -ize, be passionately fond of, worship, ~kulto, ~servo, -atry. ➞ fetiĉ.

ie [UV] (iuloke), in some (a certain) place, somewhere (or other). Li loĝas ~ en Kent. ~ kaj here and there. Ĉu ĝi estas ~ (anywhere) en la domo? Ĝi ne estas ~ ajn, not anywhere (at all), ~n, somewhither. Iru ~n ajn, anywhere (you like).

iel [UV] (iumaniere), by some means, in some manner (way), somehow or other. ~ ni sukcesos. Ĉu mi povus ~ (in any way) vin helpi? Faru ĝin ~ ajn, anyhow, in any way (whatever) (you like). ~e (pleon) (M 115/2).

ies [UV] (de iu, de iuj), a certain person’s, somebody’s (-one’s), of some one (or other), of some people. Mi aŭdis ~ voĉon. Ĉu tio estas ~ (anyone’s) propraĵo? Prenu ~ajn, (anyone’s you like, it doesn’t matter whose).

-ig,, [UV] (sfx) make, cause to be, render. Duon~i, halve. Unu~i, unite. I (adj. root): = make -a. Blank~i (igi blanka), bleach. If ➞ English -en, e.g., akr~i, sharpen; -ify, e.g., cert~i, divers~i, klar~i, sankt~i; -itate, e.g., facil~i, neces~i; -ize, e.g., util~i. II (noun root): = make -o; or -a. Buter~i lakton; Esperant~i romanon; nul~i mendon. Rim.: For "to make use of" use -i, not ~igi (vd -I II). e.g. marteli, kroni, veli. Rim.: Compounds: albord~i Upon; detron~i reĝon; elter~i trezoron; enlit~i infanon, senkap~i krimulon. Ill (intransitive verb root): makes a transitive vb. La akvo bolas: mi bol~is ĝin. Pere~i urbon; ven~i pastron. IV (transitive verb root): = igi -ata or -anta according to context. Sci~i amikon pri novaĵo (or, novaĵon al amiko). Kred~i iun pri io (ion al iu). To avoid ambiguity one may use -at or ~ant, e.g., manĝ-at(-ant)igi katon. [Do not use -ig needlessly. Fermi (not: fermigi) fenestron; fini laboron veki dormanton. ➞ interesi = to interest; interesigi = to make interesting], Rim.: Sometimes either igi or fari can be used. Tio igis (or faris) lin ruĝa. But they are not synonymous. Mi faris (not igis) mian laboron. Mi igis (not faris) lin labori. ➞ far, iĝ, instig, kaŭz; G einigen, L fumigare.

iglu-o, igloo, Eskimo dome-shaped hut.

ignam-o, (bot) yam (Diosocorea).

ignor-i (-n) [OA] (intence flankenlasi, preterlasi, malatenti), ignore, act as if ignorant of, avoid noticing, cut, disregard, leave out of view, not take into account, pass over, pretend not to see, regard as unknown, shut one’s eyes to, take no notice of [Ne= be ignorant, ne scii], Saĝulo ~as ofendon. (Se 12/16). Li (Ĝi) ne estas ~ebla. ➞ forsilent, ne konsider, strut.

igvan-o, (zoo) Iguan/a (Iguana), and related genera.

igvanodont-o, (zoo) iguanodon.

-iĝ,, [UV] (sfx) become, come to be, get, grow, turn. Shows change, whether voluntary, or due to external force.
I. (adj root): Verdi, be green verd~i, turn green. pal~i de timo.
II. (noun root): = -< -o or -a. Amik~i, maten~i, ruin~i, vesper~i. Compounds: altabM; derel ~i; enlit~i; subakv~i; surmar~i.
III (intransitive verb root) = iĝi -anta. Sidi, sit (be seated), sid~i, sit down, become seated.
If the vb itself denotes change or momentary action, -iĝi is pleonastic, Droni, fali, halti, kreski, velki (not -iĝi).
If Mort~i (E 39) is possible, but unusual. See ĉes.
IV (transitive vb root): Makes an intransitive vb; -iĝas = estas (or iĝas) -ata (passive) = oni -as -on. Mi rulas la ŝtonon, ĝi rul~as. La kunveno ferm~as (= estas fermata, oni fermas la kunvenon).
V Strictly speaking, -iĝi and esti -ata are not exact synonyms. La ŝtono rul~as asserts change of position, however caused: La ŝtono estas rulata = oni rulas la ŝtonon.
VI -iĝi is a useful variant of sin -i. Klin~i, sin klini. Lev~i, sin levi. The form with sin is, the other may or may not be, reflex v.
VII Such expressions as La muroj ban~as en la lago; la tero turn~as, conventionally denote state rather than action.
VIII There is a diffce between vundo and vund~o. When both forms are possible, -o is better. A bato may be given or received. La komenco, fino, fermo (not: -iĝo) de kunveno.
Rim.: Fariĝi is sometimes used as a synonym of -iĝi. There is, however, a difference: -iĝi = become, get, grow, turn, and fariĝi be made, e.g., iĝi maljuna fariĝi reĝo. ➞ ek. Do not say -iĝita (because verbs with -iĝi, being intransitive, cannot be used in the passive); nor -iĝebla, -iĝinda (for these imply a passive verb). Instead of rompiĝita, say rompita or rompiĝinta; Instead of edziĝebla, say edzigebla or edziĝipova].

iĥtio- (a. iktio-), (ppfx) ichthyo-, fish.

iĥtiokolo (fiŝgluo), [UV] isinglass. ~logio, -logy. ~saŭro (fiŝdrako), (pal) -saurus.

-ik, (ch sfx) -ic, denotes a salt with maximum valency. Fer~a (ferric) sulfato.

ikneŭmon-o (a. -iĥx), 1 ichneumon -(cuckoo-)fly (Ichneumon) > ofiono (Ophiori). 2 icheumon, Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon). Vd herpest.

ikon-o (sankta bildo), icon, image (representation) of sacred personage. ~adoro, ~rompo. ~oklasto (idolrompisto).

iks-o, name of letter X. ~radioj.

iksi-o, corn lily (Ixia).

iksod-o (< akaro), (ent) tick (Ixodes, etc.).

ikter-o (flava malsano), jaundice, (vet) yellows. ~ulo.

-il [UL] (sfx) 1 object. used to perform an action; appliance, implement, instrument, tool, utensil: Skrib~o, anything used for writing (krajono, plumo, etp.). Hak~o, axe; lud~o, toy; rem~o, oar. 2 means (in gen.): Demand~o, enquiry form; indik~o, sign; transports, means of transport. 3 medium (substance used as means): Solv~o, solvent. Ilo, tool, instrument. ~aro, set of tools. ~ujo, tool-bag(-box). Rim.: With an intransitive root, both ~ilo and ~igilo are used, according to viewpoint (objective or subjective). The sleeper uses his bed as a dorm~o; the nurse gives the patient a dormig-o. Pend~o relates to the criminal; pendig-o to the hangman. Rim.: With a noun root: (a) -ilo=//o por -i, ilo de -ado. Muzik-o, mus. instrument. (b) -igilo = ilo igi -a (-o). Pulvorig~o, pulverizer. Rim.: Ilo = a tool; maŝino, a larger, more complicated piece of machinery. Kudrilo, needle; kudromaŝino, sewing-machine. IT If the root itself denotes the tool, -il is pleonastic. Baston-(bros-)o, not -ilo. ile-o, ileum, pt of small intestine.

ileks-o, [OA] holly (Ilex) (Jes 44/14).

ili, [UV] they, Al to them. Mi vidis ~n, I saw them. ~a, their, theirs, of them.

ilici-o, (bot) (stelanizo), star anise. (Ilicium).

ilium-o, ilium < hip-bone.

ilumin-i (-n), [UV] Illuminat/e. 1 (supply or decorate with) Light(s), 1. up, shed 1. (lustre) on, brighten. ~i dom-(strat-)on. 2 decorate with colored initials. ~i manuskripton. 3 enlighten, give insight. inteligenton, spiriton. ~ado, ~aĵo, -ion. ~ilo, -itoj, illuminati. ➞ ilustr, lamp(ion), lantern, lumig.

ilustr-i (-n), [OA], Illustrat/e. 1 with pictures. ~ita libro, poŝtkarto, revuo. 2 elucidate, explain, exemplify, make clear. ~i regulon (sian penson) per ekzemplo. ~a -ive. ~ado, ~aĵo, -ion, example, picture, ~isto, illustrator.

iluzi-o [OA] (sens-eraro), Illus/ion, deception of the senses. ~o akustika, optika. f Fari al si ~ojn. ~oj de juneco. ~i (-n) (trompi), deceive, delude, hoodwink. (M 141/4). ~a, -ive, -ory, deceptive, phantom, sham, unreal. ~a espero, projekto, promeso. ~aĵo, illusion, castle in the air, soap-bubble. ~iĝi, have an illusion. ~iĝulo, cloudwalker, visionary. ~isto, illusionist (➞ ĵongl). Sen~igi, dis~i, disenchant, undeceive. Sen~iĝo, disappointment (M 141/5). ➞ fantazi, halucin, ĥimer, miraĝ, sonĝ.

imag-i [UV] (mense bildigi), Imagin/e, conceive, fancy, form a mental image, get into one’s head, picture to one’s. ~u mian ĝojon (la scenon)! ~u vin sur mia loko! ~u al vi, ke… . ~(it)a (nereala), -ary, fancied, hypothetical, illusory, shadowy, supposed. ~ita malsano. ~(aĵ)o, -ation, fancy. Forta ~o. "La Malsanulo pro ~o". ~e, in -ation. ~ebla, -able. Ne~ebla (inconceivable, unthinkable) ĝojo, sufero. ~ema, -ative, fanciful. ➞ bild, fantazi, supoz, rev.

imagin-o (insekto seksmatura), (ent) imago.

imanent-a, (phil) immanent, indwelling, inherent (in), intrinsic.

imbrik-i, imbricate, overlap, e.g., of bandages, slates, tiles. ~ita (tegolaranĝa), overlapping.

imit-i (-n) [UV] Imit/ate. 1 be modelled on, copy, follow, reproduce. ~i ekzemplon, geston, mod(el)on, patron. ~i fidele, simie. 2 (burleski, ~aĉi, mok~i), ape, take off, mimic, parody, travesty. 3 counterfeit, forge. ~i diamanton, subskribon. ~(aĵ)o, -ation. ~ado al Kristo. (mus) repetition at another pitch, ~anto, ~isto, -ator, impressionist. ~(em)a, -ative. ~enda, ~inda, to be -ated, exemplary, model, pattern. Ne~ebla, in-able. Son~a, onomatopoeic. ➞ faksimil, fals, kopi, surogat.

imortel-o (a. helikrizo), everlasting flower, immortelle.

impedane-o, (el) impedance. ~a bobeno, choke coil.

imperativ-o [OA] (u-modo), (gram) imperative (volitive) mood, f ~o (devigo) de la konscienco. ~a, i. (also figuratively).

imperfekt-o, [OA] (gram) imperfect (tense).

imperi-o, [UV] empire. 1 dominion, territory. ~o Brita, kolonia. 2 command, sovereign authty (rule, sway). ~a. Imperial. ~estr(in)o, emperor, empress, ~ismo [imperialism-o [OA]], -alism. ~isto, -alist.

imperial-o, [OA] top deck, outside (of bus, tram, cab, etc.).

impertinent-a, [OA] Impertinen/t, cheeky, "fresh", forward, impudent, insolent, pert, rude, saucy. ~a konduto, letero, parolo, rigardo. ~(ec)o, -ce, cheek, effontery, impudence. ~ulo, cheeky rascal, saucy fellow. ➞ malĝentil, malrespekt.

impet-i [OA-8], be impetuous, bound, dash. ~o, impetus, (on)rush, energy (force) of motion, impulse, momentum. ~o de rivero. ~a, impetuous, acting (moving) with rash or sudden energy. ~a gesto, karaktero, parolo, torento, vento. ➞ ard, fervor, impuls, sinĵet, very.

implic-i (-n, ke), Impl/y, involve, hint, insinuate (the truth of something not expressly asserted). ~ita, -icit, -ied, tacit, understood but not expressed. ~ita ideo, kondiĉo, senco. ~ita fido, unreserved faith, (mus) ~ita cifero, -ied figure. ~o, -ication, suggested meaning. (rh) hypocatastasis = -ied metaphor, e.g., "Go tell that fox". Mal~a, definite, explicit, express, stated in detail. ➞ insinu, implik.

implik-i (-n, en, per), [UV] Implic/ate, entangle, entwine. ~i fiŝon en reton, piedon en draton. ~ita (caught) per la kornoj. ~itaj (matted, tangled) fadenoj, haroj. f involve, embroil. ~i iun en disputon, krimon, respondecon. ~o, -ation. ~a, -ative, ~aĵo, entanglement, complication, labirinth. Politika ~aĵo. ~ema, captious. ~igi, be affected by (drawn into), get embroiled, entangled, implicated, involved, mixed (tied) up in (Gen 22/13). ~ilo, (Ps 140/5). Mal~i, clear up, comb out, disentangle, free, unravel. ➞ implic, lig, vind, volv; komplik, konfuz, labirint.

impon-i (al, per) [OA] (trudi respekton), Impress, command respect, make a strong impres sion (on). ~i al la publiko, al simplulo. Li ne ~as per la eksteraĵo, is not much to look at. ~a, -ive, commanding, imposing, striking, venerable. ~a aspekto, fasado, monto, ordeno, ruino, personeco. ~eco, majesty, prestige. ~ega, overwhelming. Ne~a, unimpressive, feeble, insignificant, plain, unpretentious. ➞ altrud, efekt, grandioz, impres, majest, okulfrap, solen. [Ne= tromp].

import-i (-n) [OA], Import. ~i karbon, ideojn, varojn. ~(ad)o, -ation. ~a komerco. ~oj, ~aĵo, -ed goods. ~isto, -er.

impost-o, [OA] Duty, Tax (Ez 7/24). Libera de ~o, t-free. Kolekti, pagi ~on. ~o (ne)rekta. Enspez~o, income-t. Haven~o, harbour due. Hund~o, dog-t. Kap~o, poll-t, capitation. Komerc-o, customs. Lim~o (dogano), Spez~o, purchase-t. Ter~o, land-t. Urb~o, rate. Voj~o, toll. ~i (-n), tax, ~ata, ~ebla, assessable, dutiable, rateable. ~ejo, custom-house. En ~ejo, in bond. ~(kolekt)isto, t-collector. ~evitulo, t-dodger. ~kvoto, assessment, ~paganto, t-payer. Sen~a, d-free. ➞ akciz, dogan, tribut.

impoŝt-o, (arch) impost, upper course of pillar, bearing arch.

impotent-a (sekse senpova), (med) impotent. ~(ec)o, -ulo.

impoz-i (-n), (typ) impose, arrange, lay and secure papers.

impregn-i (-n) (sorbigi), impregnate, permeate, saturate, (bio) fecundate, f imbue. 01e~ita ŝtofo, oilskin, etc.

impres-o, [UV] 1 mental Impress/ion, effect produced on mind or feelings: ~o de sufokiĝo, varmo. ~o forta, profunda. Fari, ricevi, senti ~on. 2 (phot) impress, effect of light on film, sensitized plate. 3 (typ) print. ~i (-n, kiel, kvazaŭ), i., make an -ion on, affect, influence. ~i favore, neforgeseble. Esti ~ata de. Tio ne ~as min, it leaves me cold, ~a, impressive. ~a parolo, programo, spektaklo. ~ebla, ~iĝema, impressible, -ionable, easily influenced, persuasible, sensitive, susceptible. ~~a karaktero, naturo, plato. ~ebligi, sensitize, -ismo, -ionism. ➞ aktiv, efekt, efik, impon, pres.

impresari-o, [OA] impresario, manager (organizer) of public entertainment.

improviz-i (-n, abs) [OA], Improv/ise, compose (perform, utter) without prepar- ation. 1 Extempor/ize. ~i parolon, poemon. (mus) akompanon, vamp. 2 (organizi), get up, provide, think out extempore. ~i ekskurson, manĝon, rimedon. ~e, at a moment’s notice, off-hand, on the spur of the moment, without premeditation. ~(it)a, e-ized, improvised, e-aneous, impromptu. ~ado, ~aĵo, e-, improvization, makeshift. (mus) impromptu.

impuls-o, [OA] impulse; (mech) impulsion, momentary force, propulsion, push; (phi), mental incitement, sudden tendency to act without reflection. ~o de kolero, konscienco. Agi laŭ ~o. ~i (-n), drive, force, impel, move. ~(iĝem)a, impulsive, hot-headed. ~a karaktero, viro. ➞ ekmov, ekpuŝ, impet, incit, instig, pel.

imput-i (-n), Imput/e, ascribe, attribute, put down to. ~i Iculpon al, lay the blame on. ~ado, ~aĵo, -ation. ➞ al-juĝ-kalkul, atribu.

imun-a (kontraŭ) [OA], Immun/e, exempt, not liable (for), protected (proof) against. Akv~a, impermeable. Brul~a, incombustible. Lik~a, water-tight. Pluv~a, rain-proof. Rust~a, rust-proof. ~eco, -ity, freedom (from), protection, security (against). ~eco de iu kontraŭ io. ~igi, -ize. ➞ ne … -ebla, liber, ŝirmit.

-in, [UV] (sfx) denotes Female, Feminine, (a) Human being: avino, edzino, fratino; amikino, profetino, skoltino. (b) National or personal name: Anglino, Jozefino. (c) Animal: bovino, pavino. (d) Other beings:. Anĝelino, diablino, feino [FE], niksino. (e) (Col). Ĉapel~o (or ~ĉapelo), woman’s hat. similar ĉemiz~o, chemise; duet-(fantom-kadavr-voĉ-)ino. Vidv~aĵoj, widow’s weeds. Vidv~eco, widowhood. AS A ROOT: Ino, female; Virbesto kaj ino (Ge 7/2, 9). Du viroj, kvar inoj. ~a, ~seksa, feminine. ~a floro, konduto, rideto, sekso. (pros) feminine, ending with unaccented syllable. ~a rimo, verso. Rim.: If the root itself denotes fem. sex, -in is pleonastic. Amazono, madono, matrono, Sofio (not: -ino). Ŝi (F-ino B.) estas aŭtoro, sekretario; not ~ino, unless it is desired to emphasize the sex. ➞ she is my secretary.

-in (chem. sfx), -yne, denotes triple chain.

inaŭgur[aci]-i (-n) [OA], inaugurate, celebrate the institution of, formally open, institute, introduce with fitting ceremonies, set going, usher in. ~i ekspozicion, kurson. f introduce, start. ~i epokon, reĝimon. ~o, inauguration (2 Kr 7/5, 9; Ne 12/27). ~a, inaugural (No 7/10, 84). ➞ dediĉ, enkonduk, inic(iat), komenc, malferm, senvualig.

incendi-o, (outbreak of) fire, conflagration. ~a, incendiary, f inflammatory. ~into, ~isto, firebrand, incendiary.

incens-o, Incense, various aromatic gums agreeable when burned. ~i -n per, (fumizi), (in)cense, burn incense. ~i altaron. ~ado, f flattery, praise, (M 1/24). ~ilo, ~ujo, censer, thurible (Le 16/12). ~(port)isto, thurifer. ➞ parfum, oliban, timian; flat, laŭd.

incest-o (sangadulto), incest. ~a, incestuous.

incid-i. (nt) (opt) (ph), fall on (a surface), strike. ~o, Incidence, range. ~a angulo, angle of i. ~a ebeno, punkto, radio.

incident-o (eventeto flanka), incident, circumstance, subordinate event or occurrence. ~oj de kongreso, vojaĝo. ~a, incidental, adventitious, fortuitious.

incit-i (-n), [UV] Incit/e, provoke. 1 badger, bait, fret, harass, irritate, torment (l Sa 1/7). ~i abelojn, hundon. ~ita voĉo. 2 awaken, rouse, stir up. ~i al kolero, pasio, ribelo. ~i koleron. egg, (spur, urge) on to action. ~i la fajron, galon, nervojn. ~a, pungent. ~(ad)o (2 Rĝ 23/26), irritation, provocation. ~aĵo, irritant, red rag. ~egi, exacerbate, exasperate, infuriate, overstimulate. ~eti, fret, tease. ~iĝi, fret, fume, get annoyed (cross, peeved). ~iĝema, cross-grained, easily provoked, fretful, irritable, peevish, susceptible, testy (Se 14/16). ~ilo, incentive, spur, stimulus. Frot~i, chafe, fret, gall. Log~i, inflame, lead on (with curiosity, etc.). ➞ instig, pik, provok, stimul, turment, vek.

inciziv-o (tranĉdento), incisor.

-ind-a [UV] (sfx) Worth/y, deservg of (to be … ed, … -worthy). Fid~a, trust-w; Hont~a, shameful; Kompat~a, poor; Lern~a, w. learning; Prez~a, w. the price; Rid~a, ridiculous. Rim.: Sometimes =-able (in this sense only), e.g., admir~a, honor~a, admirable, honourable [Ne= ~ebla]. ~o, 1 -iness, merit. 2 w., value. ~a, -y of, deserving. La afero ne ~as penon, is not w. troubling about. ~eca, dignified. Mal~a, base. Ne~a, un-y. undeserving. Sen~ulo, un-y person. ➞ ebl, end, digit, merit, taŭg, valor.

indeks-o, [OA] Index, alphabetical list of names, subjs, etc. ~i, i., make an i. of. ➞ indic.

indi-o, (chem) Indium (In).

indic-o (gvidsigneto, indikaĵo, signero), (mat) index, characteristic, exponent, mark, sign. ~o bibliografia, logaritma, preza, refrakta, vivkosta. ➞ indeks.

indien-o, indienne, chintz, printed cotton goods, calico printing. ➞ kalikot, meblokatun.

indiferent-a [UV] Indifferen/t. 1 (objective) (tutegala), of no consequence, immaterial, all the same, unimportant. La rezulto estas por mi ~a (all the same either way.) 2 (subjective) (having no preferce for or against), i. to, neutral, taking no interest in, unaffected by, unconcerned as to: Por mi estas ~e (I don’t care, it makes no difference to me) kiam li venos. ~a koro, spirito, ~aj okuloj. ~a por (pri) tio (to that), kontraŭ li (towards him). ~e rigardi fremdan mizeron. ~ismo, -ism.

indig-o, [OA] (chem) Indigo, blue powder from i-plant (3 FA 100/7). ~a bluo, i-blue. ~oplanto, i-plant (Indigofera).

indign-i (kontraŭ iu, pri io), [UV] be Indign/ant (at, with), (Da 2/12), be moved by mingled anger and scorn, or feeling of injured innocence; be shocked at, resent. Pri kio vi ~as? ~o, indignation, anger excited by meanness (injustice, misconduct), resentment. ~a, -ant. ~a rigardo, tono. ~ema (ofendiĝema), resentful, touchy. ~igi, rouse to -ation. ~iga, ~inda, revolting, shocking. ~~a konduto, perfido, trompo. ~indaĵo, indignity.

indiĝen-o, [OA] (landido, praloĝanto). Native, aboriginal (No 15/13,1 Kr7/21). ~a native, indigenous. ~a besto, homo, planto.

indik-i [OA] (precize montri), Indic/ate, be a sign of, betoken, denote, evince, notify, point out, show, specify. ~i adreson, horon, kvaliton, rimedon, vojon. ~(aĵ)o, -ation. ~a, -ative, ~a fosto, sign-post. ~ilo, -ator, -ing apparatus, recording instrument. Brulaj ~ilo, fuel contents gauge. Direkt~ilo, direction finder. Driv~ilo, drift sight. Prem~ilo, pressure gauge. Rapid~ilo, speedometer. Turn~ilo, (mot) turn-indicator. ➞ inform, montri, sugest, sign.

indikativ-o,, [OA] (gram) indicative (mood).

individu-o, [OA] 1 Individual, fellow, single human being, person (opposite grup). 2 single member of class. ~a (aparta, persona, propra), i., of one person, particular, single, separate. ~a instruo, gusto, laboro, libero, opinio. ~e, -ly, in person. ~eco, -ity, separate existence, i. character. ~igi, -ize, specify. ~ismo, ~isto, -ism, -ist.

Indonezi-o ID, Indonesia.

indukt-i, [OA] (log) Infer, generalize, reason a posteriori (from cause to effect, from isolated facts to gen. statement, from parts to whole). ~o, -ence, induction. ~a, inductive. ~a metodo, rezonado. ➞ dedukt.

indukt-o, (el) Induct/ion. ~o elektro- magneta. Inter~o, mutual i. Mem~o, self-i. ~a kurento, induced current. ~ado kontinua, continuous loading. ~eco, -ivity. ~ilo (~a bobeno), -or, i-coil. ~ilo agorda (variigebla). Ne~a, Sen~a, non-ive.

induktanc-o, inductance, -ive resistance. Antena ~o, aerial -ance.

indulg-i (-n, al; abs) [UV] (trakti malsevere, milde, pardoneme). be Indulg/ent (forbearing, lenient, merciful) to, bear with, excuse, let off lightly, make allowance for, pass over, spare. ~i kulpon (pri kulpo). Dio ~u al mi (min). ~i filon (Ge 22/16), malvirtulon (Jes 26/10), malforton, maljunulon, orelojn de infano. ~(em)a, -ent, clement, lenient, magnanimous, merciful, patient. ~o, -ence, clemency, forbearance. Peti ~on. ~inda, excusable, venial. Mal~a, Sen~a, exacting, hard, implacable, inexorable, pitiless, relentless, severe, stern, tough, unsparing. ➞ domaĝ, dorlot, fer, kompat, malsever.

indulgenc-o (rc) indulgence. Vendo de ~oj.

industri-o [UV] Industr/y, productive trade. ~o libra, mina, peza, de la lando. ~a, -ial, of i. ~a arto, lernejo, urbo. ~aĵo, -ial product. ~isto, -ialist. ➞ fabrik, komerc, meti.

inerci-o ( = inerteco), (ph) inertia. ~a fort-(moment-)o. ~a rado, fly-wheel.

inert-a, [OA] Inert. 1 (sen propra movo), without inherent power of action, motion, or resistance, ~a gaso, maso. 2 apathetic, dull, heavy, inactive, lethargic, slow, sluggish. ~a inteligento, spirito. ~a rezisto, passive resistance. 3 chemically inactive. ~eco = inercio. ➞ apati, neagem, pasiv.

infan-o, [UV] Child. 1 (opp plenaĝulo). 2 son or daughter. Adopt(it)a ~o. Al malriĉulo ~oj ne mankas. ~a, c’s, for cc., of a c. ~a argumento, ĉambro, ludo, vesto, voĉo. ~aĉo, brat imp, monkey, scamp. ➞ bub, ~aĵo (1 Ko 13/11), something childish. ~aĵa, puerile. ➞ naiv. ~aro, ge~oj, cc., boys and girls. ~eco [UV] (~aĝo, ~jaroj), -hood, -ishness, infancy. Dua ~eco, dotage. ~eca, -like, -ish, artless, infantile. ~ejo, nursery. ~eto, tiny c., infant. ➞ etui. ~etejo, creche, day (infant) nursery. ~iĝi, grow -ish. (col) ~ino, girl, lassie. ~ismo, infantilism, ~istino, (vartistino), nurse (maid). Mir~o, (infant) prodigy. ~mortigo, infanticide. ~ŝtelisto, kidnapper. Sen~a, -less. Sen ~igi, bereave of cc. (Jeĥ 36/13). Sol~o, only c. Suĉ~o (bebo), infant in arms, Vir~o, male c. ➞ id, knab, naskit.

infanteri-o, [OA] infantry. ~ano, foot- soldier. ➞ landkneĥt.

infekt-i (-n, per), [UV] Infect. 1 (komuniki malbonon, malsanon), contaminate, corrupt, pollute, taint, vitiate. ~i infanon, ŝafaron, vundon. f ~i landon, morojn, iun per herezo. ➞ inokul, kontaĝi. 2 (komuniki kutimon, penson, senton): communicate, imbue with, pass on to. ~i iun per espero, rido, ideoj. ➞ inspir. ~a, infectious, catching. ~a malsano. ~(ad)o, -ion, diffusive influence, ~o de lepro, sur la haŭto. ~aĵo, infected spot, etc. (Le 13/3). ~iĝi (de io, de iu per io), catch. ~ito, -ed person (Le 13/4). ~itaĵo (Le 13/50). Mal~i, Sen~igi, dis~i. ~~i ĉambron, veston. Re~i, reinfect. ➞ astiseps, virus.

infer-o, [UV] the infernal regions. 1 Hell. En ~o loĝante, kun diabloj ne disputu. 2 (subtera mondo), (myth) underworld. ➞ gehen, hades, f (loko suferiga). Tia vivo estas ~o. ~a, ~inda, hellish, fiendish, infernal. ~a maŝino, turmento. f abominable. ~a bruo, karaktero, kruelo. ~ano, ~ulo, devil, fiend (Se 2/18). (myth) inhabitant of lower regions. ➞ diabl.

infest-i (-n), Infest, overrun, swarm about or in (of germs, insects, pirates, etc.). Planto, tero ~ita de, -ed (contaminated) with. ~o, -ation.

infiks-o, (gram) infix, modifying element in middle of word., e.g., fer-i-cianido, kelk-a- foje, ĉiel-en-a vojo.

infinit-o (senfinaĵo), the Infinit/e, -itude, -y. ~a, i., boundless, endless.

infinitezima (senlime malgranda), (mat) infinitesimal, -ely small in amount. ~a kalkulo, kvanto.

infinitivo, [OA] (gram) -itive mood (i-modo).

inflaci-o, (fin) inflation.

inflam-o, [OA] (brulumo, -ito), 1 (med) Inflam/mation. ~i, be -ed. ~a, inflammatory, -ed. ~igi, inflame, irritate, f aggravate, excite passionately. Kontraŭ~a, antiphlogistic.

infloresk-o, (bot) inflorescence, arrangement of flowers of plant in relation to axis and each other. ➞ korimb, panikl, racem, umbel.

influ-i (-n, al, super, sur), [UV] Influence, have an effect on, move, sway. ~i (affect) rezulton. ~i iun (al iu). ~i decidon, sorton. ~o, i., ascendency, pull, weight. Sfero de ~o. Havi, posedi ~on. ~o de lumo al floro, de oratoro sur la publiko(ri). ~(hav)a, -tial, with i. ~a hom-(Jurnal-)o. ~ebla, open to i. Ne~ebla, proof against, refractory, stubborn. Sen~a, without i. ➞ efik.

inform-i (-n, al; ĉu, ke, kiel, pri) [OA], Inform, give -ation, acquaint with, apprise of, enlighten as to, notify, tell. ~u lin (al li), ke … Bone ~ita hom -(gazet-)o. ~o, -ation, communication, intelligce, particulars. Doni ~o(j)n. ~a, -ative. -a bulteno. ~ado, publicity, ~anto, informant, authority. ~(ofic)ejo, -ation bureau, enquiry office. ~iĝi, get -ation, investigate, learn, make enquiries. ~ilo, news bulletin, -peto, request for -ation. Mis-i, mis-i. Pri~i (iun), post, supply with full -ation. ➞ anonc, aviz, kon-(sci-)ig.

infuz-i (-n), [UV] Infus/e, brew, macerate, steep (in liquid), f in-culcate(-spire-stil). ~i herbojn, kafon, teon. ~(aĵ)o, -ion, brew, extract. ~iĝi, i., draw. ➞ dekokt, ekstrakt, tizan.

infuzori-oj, (zoo) infusoria.

-ing, [UV] (sfx) denotes obj in which something is set or put; holder (sheath, socket, stand, etc.) for one object. only. The object. is not completely contained, but fits more or less closely, held usually at one end, the other end being free. Ingo, sheath, socket, stand (El 25/27). Fingr~o, thimble; glan~o, acorn-cup; glav~o, scabbard; ombrel~o, umbrella case; ov-o, egg cup. Ingi, hold, grasp. En-igi, encase, sheathe. El~igi (Mal~i), unsheathe, draw. IT In gen., an ingo is for one object.; an ujo for some (number or quantity). An ingo holds or grasps pt of an object., usually at one end; an ujo contains the whole. Ij Violonujo = vn-case, though holding only one vn. An ingo usually holds firmly, and is shaped to fit; an ujo contains loosely. An ingo is usually for convenience or protection in use; an ujo for convenience in keeping or carrying. ➞ kandel~o, candle-stick; kandelujo, candle-box.

ingredienc-o [OA] (cul) (pharm) ingredient, component pt (element) of mixture. ➞ element, er, konsistaĵ.

ingven-o, [OA] (anat) groin. ~a, inguinal.

inĝeni-a (elpensema, eltrovema), Ingen/ious, clever at contriving, cleverly contrived, showing invention or resource. ~o, -uity.

inĝenier-o, [UV] Engineer. ~o civila, elektr a, milita, mineja. ~a fako, -ing department. ~ado, ~arto, -ing.

inhal-i (-n), (enspiri), Inhal/e, breathe in, take into the lungs, ~u profunde! ~ado, -ation. ~aĵo, -ant. ~ilo, -or.

inhib-i (-n), Inhibit, forbid, (jur) Prohibit (from). ~o, inhibition, (psy) blocking of thought or action by mental resistance. ➞ malpermes.

inic-i (iun), Initiat/e (into office, secret, society, etc.) (col) let into. ~i en misteron, pri ritoj. ~anto, guide, ~o, -ion. ~a, -ory. ~ilo, introduction, guide. ➞ enkonduk, ensekretig, iniciat.

iniciat-i (ion), [UV] Initiat/e, be the first to do or propose, begin, institute, instal, introduce, open, originate, set going (on foot), start, take the -ive. ~i agadon, eksperimenton, enketon, metodon. ~o, -ion, -ive, inception, introduction, start. Manko de ~o, want of push. Laŭ propra ~o, off one’s own bat. Fari (preni) la ~on. ~ema, (entreprenema), with -ive, go-ahead. ~into, -or, author, pioneer. ➞ debut, entrepren, inaŭgur, inic, spont.

injekt-i (-n) [OA-8] (enŝprucigi), (med) (tech) Inject, force into, as by syringe. ~i morfinon. ~a motoro. ~(aĵ)o, -ion. Subhaŭta ~o. ~ilo, -or, squirt, syringe. ➞ inokul.

ink-o, [UV] Ink. ~o anilina; blunigriĝa (blueblack i.); Ĉina (Indian i.,); kopia; marka; sekreta (invisible ink). Pres-o, printers’ i. ~i, (-n), ink. ~ilo, ~cilindro, -er, -ing ball (roller). ~ujo, [UV] -pot, -well. ➞ inokul, ruband, sorb.

inkandesk-a (blankarda), Incandescent, glowing with heat, white-hot. ~a fadeno, korpo, lampo, lumo. ~i, be i., glow.

inklin-o [UV] Inclin/ation. bent, bias, disposition, liking, partiality, penchant, propensity, taste, tendency. ~o al ribelo, virto, por muziko, studo. ~i (nt) (al, por; -i), (havi, senti, ~on). ~e, be -ed (disposed). ~i ridi. Forte ~i, have a good mind to. ~a, -ed, apt, prone, ready (to). ~igi (iun al, por), dispose, incline, induce, make willing, persuade (El 35/22). ~iĝi, become -ed. Antaŭ~o, predilection, predisposition). Kor~o (al). affection, fondness, liking (for). ➞ em, klin, simpati, tendenc, volont. Mal~o, dis-ation, aversion, dislike, reluctance, repugnance. Mal~a, averse, hostile. ➞ antipati, malem, malvol.

inklud-i, include, comprise, count (take) in, cover, embrace, (as part of whole). La prezo ~as trinkaĵojn. ~e de, including. ➞ implic, inkluziv, enkalkul, enten. opposite eksklud.

inkluziv-a, [OA] (inkluda), Inclu/sive. ~e de, -ding. De Marto ĝis Majo ~e, (-sively). (1 Sa 18/4). ~i = inkludi.

inkognit-o [OA], ~e, incognito, (person) concealed under disguised char, or with another name. Vojaĝi ~e. ➞ anonim, kamufl, kaŝ, vual.

inkrust-i (-n), En-(In-)crust, in-(over -)lay, coat over, form a crust on, cake (with mud), fur (kettle). ~ita per argento. ~aĵo, -ation, crust, layer, scab. ~aĵoj de eburo, perlamoto. ➞ tenajl, imbrik, marketr, mozaik, niel.

inkub-o, incubus 1 (myth). 2 (premsonĝo), nightmare: better koŝmaro. f person or thing oppressing the spirit like a nightmare: burden, dead weight.

inkubaci-o (kovado), Incub/ation, brooding, hatching. ~o artefarita. (med) early phase of infection. ~ilo, -ator.

inkunabl-o, incunable, book printed before 1500.

inkvart-o (a. kvarto), (typ) quarto.

inkvizici-o [OA] (rc). Inquisit/ion, ~a, -orial.

inkvizitor-o, [OA] inquisitor.

inokul-i (-n), [UV] inoculate (per, kontraŭ), ~i homon, planton. ➞ greft, vakcin. f implant, instil. ~i al iu kredon. principon, saĝon, senton. ~aĵo, serum. ~iĝi. ~ilo. ➞ infekt, inspir, komunik.

insekt-o, [UV] Insect, f insignificant creature. ~aĵoj, vermin, e.g., pediko, pulo. ➞ fi~oj (Ps 105/31). ~omanĝa, -ivorous. ~icido (~mortigilo).

insert-i, Insert, introduce, put (thrust) into, ~aĵo, -ion. ➞ aldon, enmet, enŝov.

insib-i (iun, kontraŭ, abs), [UV] lay a snare (lie in wait, set a trap) for, lurk, work secretly against. f kontraŭ ies bonfamo, la virto de virino. ~a, insidious, crafty, secret, treacherous, subtle, underhand. ~a demando, kareso, malsano. ~e, by stealth. ~(aĵ)o, ambush, plot, trap (Jos 8/4). ~anoj, ~antoj (Jos 8/19, 21). ~ejo, ambushment (Jos 8/9), ~ema, artful, crafty, cunning, intriguing, perfidious, sly, traitorous, underhand. ➞ artifik, ĉikan, embusk, komplot, konspir, kapiil, ret.

insign-o (distingosigno), [UV] 1 Badge, emblem of dignity, authority, crest, medal, stripe, etc. 2 ~oj, insignia, armorial beargs, coat of arms, paraphernalia of rank. Reĝaj ~oj. 3 (rekonilo), b., token of identification, membership, e.g., la verda stelo. ➞ atribut, blazon, emblem, sign, simbol.

insinu-i, insinuate, convey indirectly, hint obliquely, introduce gradually or subtly. ~o, insinuation. ➞ pensig, subdir, sugest.

insist-i (nt) (ĉe iu, pri io) [OA], insist. 1 (forte aserti aŭ subteni) demand (maintain) positively, dwell on, make a stand on as essential: ~i pri regulo. ~i, ke io estas vera. 2 (forte peti), apply pressure, press, urge: ~i pri lia veno (ke li venu). Ili ~is longe (2 Rĝ 2/17). 3 (forte decidi): ~i iri. ~(em)a (decida, energia), insistent, earnest, emphatic, pressing. ~a peto. ~(ad)o, insistence. Tedi per ~o. ~adi (El 5/13). Sen~e, casually, without rubbing it in. ➞ akcent, devig, obstin, persist, prem, substrek, trud.

inspekt-i (-n) [OA], Inspect, officialy examine (look closely into), review, scrutinize. ~i armeon, fabrikejon, funkciadon, lernejon. ~(ad)o, -ion. ~anto, ~isto, (~oro [OA]), -or (Da 1/11), overseer, shop-walker, surveyor, etc. ~istaro, body of -ors. ➞ ekzamen, kontrol, revizi, revu, superrigard.

inspir-i (-n, al, per), [UV] Inspir/e. 1 lie behind, prompt, suggest: ~i artikolon, ideon, projekton. 2 animate, infuse thought or feeling into, stimulate; ~i al iu amon, kuraĝon, respekton. Liaj vortoj ~is la kongreson. 3 endow with supernatural insight, enlighten, illuminate: ~ita de Dio, de la muzoj. Min io el supre ~is. ~ita elokvento, libro, plumo, profeto. ~ita por harpoj (1 Kr 25/1). ~a, -ing. ~(itec)o, inspiration, afflatus, divine influence. ~o de poeto, laŭvorta. ~iĝi (de, per) be -ed by, draw -ation from. ➞ dikt, influ, instig, nask, sentig, suflor.

instal-i (-n) [OA], Install, establish, introduce, place, set up (in office, position, for use) (1 Rĝ 12/29). ~i banon, elektron, firmon, maŝinon; induct (pastron). Sin ~i (make one’s comfortable) en brakseĝo. ~(aĵ)o, -ation, arrangement. ~aĵoj de fabrikejo, de hospitalo. ➞ aranĝ, enkonduk, establ, fond, inaŭgur, lok, starig.

instanc-o, [OA] 1 instance, jurisdiction. Tribunalo de unua ~o, county court; de la plej alta ~o, High Court. 2 = aŭtoritato decido-pova, juĝo-pova, administrative body, official authty (with power of decision). En la lasta ~o, in the last resort. [Ne= ekzempl, okaz].

instant-o, Instant, moment, precise point of time, "twinkling of an eye". ~a, instant, -ancous, snap. ~e, at once, in an instant, immediately, in a flash (jiffy, trice), in (less than) no time, presto, quick as lightning (thought), on the spur of the moment. ➞ moment, subit, tuj.

instep-o, instep.

instig-i (-n, al, por, kontraŭ) [UV] (inciti al ago). Instigat/e, goad, impel, incite, move, rouse, spur, stir up, urge on (to) (1 Rĝ 21/25). ~i al batalo, laboro, ribelo. ~i ĉevalon per vipo, homon kontraŭ homo. ~a, impelling. ~(ad)o, -ion, prompting. ~o de konscienco. ~aĵo, ~ilo, goad, incentive, inducement, spur, stimulus. Mal~i (iun de ago) (deturni), dis-courage(-suade). Pluv~o, rain-making. ➞ admon, impuls, incit, infiu, inspir, pel, puŝ, spron, stimul, urĝ.

instinkt-o, [OA] Instinct. 1 innate (natural) impulse or propensity. ~o de abelo, formiko, homo, tigro. ~o de migrado, sino, konservo. 2 natural aptitude, intuition, unconscious skill. ~o por muziko. ~a, -ive, automatic. ~a movo. ➞ aŭtomat, impuls, intuici.

instituci-o, [UV] institution. 1 establishing foundation, organization (for promotion of object.). ~o bonfara, jura, publika. 2 building used by this. ➞ institut, organiz.

institut-o, [UV] = institucio arta, eduka, scienca < edukejo. 1 Institute, academy, seminary. 2 Blding used by this. ~o blindula, muzika, scienca. La Franca I~o. ~estro, principal. ➞ instituci.

instru-i (ion al iu, iun pri io, ke, kiel) [UV]: Educat/e, Instruct, Teach. ~i gramatik-(infan-)on. La sperto -as. Mi -os al vi kanti (kion fari). ~(ad)o, t-ing, i-ion, counsel, tuition. Aŭskult-(don -pren-profit-)i -on. Tio servu kiel -o; Prenu tion kiel -on, let that be a lesson to you. ~oj de la vivo. ~a, -ive. -a ekzempl-(rakont-)o. Ministro de Publika ~ado, Minister of E-ion. ~aĵo, t-ing, doctrine, precept. ~ato, pupil, scholar, -ebla, t-able, amenable to i-ion. ~ejo (> instituto, lernejo). ~iĝi, acquire knowledge, learn. ~isto, t-er, i-or, master, ment-(precept-tut-)or. ➞ docent, lektor, profesor. La -ista profesio. ~ita (early writings) (klera), e-ed, erudite, learned, scholarly, -iteca, high-brow (2 FA 29/26). ~arto (pedagogio). Ĉef~isto, headmaster, principal. Sin~ita, self-taught. Ne~ita, Sen~a, illiterate, une-ed, unlettered, untaught. Pri~a, pedagogic. ➞ dres, eduk, guvern, inform, instrukci, klerig, lecion, lernig, pedagog, predik.

instrukci-o, [UV] instructions, directions, orders (1 Rĝ 3/3, 4/28). Laŭ -o, as directed. Doni, sekvi -on pri uzado. give directions, orders. ➞ direkt(iv), instru, komisi, ordon, preskrib.

instrument-o, [OA] Instrument. 1 (ilo), object. used in performg action., especially for delicate or scientific work, implement, tool. ~o optika. f person so used. 2 (muzika ~o) ~oj [anĉaj, blovaj, kordaj, latunaj, lignaj, perkutaj = with reeds, wind, strings, brass, wood-wind, percussion]. ~o mekanika. ~a, -al. ~a muziko. ~isto, -alist. ~faristo, i-maker. ➞ aparat, maŝin.

insul-o, [UV] Island, isle. La ~o Man. f anything detached or isolated. ~ano, -er. ~aro (arĥipelago), archipelago. ~eto, islet, -anima, insular, narrow-minded. Duon~o, peninsular. Trafik~o, island.

insulin-o, insulin.

insult-i (-n) [UV] (parolataki), affront, attack with insulting words, be scornfully abusive, curse, call names, give a piece of one’s mind, inveigh against, mock (rail) at, revile, scold, taunt, upbraid. (2 Sa 16/5-13; 2 Rĝ 19/16, 22; Ps 22/7, 55/12; Ce 2/8). Ŝia patrino ~is ŝin, (demandante) kial ŝi revenis tiel malfrue (E 17). ~i la nomon de Dio. Ne rapidu ~i, volu aŭskulti. ~(em)a, abusive, insulting, scurrilous. ~aj paroloj. ~e, (Ij 16/10). ~(ad)o, ~(aĵ)o, abuse, invective, bad language (PI 3/61). ~ataĵo, object. of scorn. ~egi, swear at. ~egado, tirade, series of invectives. El~i (H 98). Mok~i (Ij 11/3). ➞ malhonor, mallaŭd, ofend, riproĉ.

-int, [UV] ending of past participle active. Forir~a, departed. Mi estas parol~a, I have spoken. Pek~o, one who has sinned. Dir~e tion, li …, after saying (when he had said) that, he … La est~eco, the past.

intajl-o, intaglio, intaille. 1 engraved design, carvg in hard metal. 2 gem with incised design. Opp kame.

integr-a, integral, complete, whole. ~i, integrate, make complete, or combine into a whole. ~ado, integration. ~eco. Mal~i, disintegrate.

integral-o, ~a, (mat) integral. ➞ entjer.

intelekt-o, [OA] Intellect; faculty of thought, brains, mind, reason. ~a -ual, appealing to (marked by) i. ~a forto, kapablo. Malgranda aspekte, sed granda ~e. ~ismo, -ualism. ~ulo (cerbulo), -ual. ➞ cerb, inteligent, mens, raci, spirit.

inteligent-a, [OA] Intelligen/t, brainy, bright, quick, sharp, ”all there”, ~a lernanto. f ~a respond, vizaĝo. ~o, -ce, sagacity. ~ulo, i. person. ~ularo, -tsia. Mal~a, dense, stupid. Ne~a, un-i, dull, obtuse. ➞ prudent, sagac, saĝ.

intenc-i (-n), [UV] Inten/d, design, mean, plan, propose, purpose (El 2/14). Mi -as iri. Nepre -i, be set on. ~o, -tion, aim, design, end, intent. Havi, kaŝi -on. ~(it)a, -ed, -tional; done on purpose. Ek~i, think of doing (plan to do) something. Bon~a, well-disposed (-meaning). Duon~i, have half a mind to. Malbon~o, ill-will, malice. Sen~a (nevolita), unintentional, involuntary, undesigned, (jur) Sen~a mortigo, manslaughter. ➞ cel, plan, projekt, proponi al si, vol.

intendant-o, [OA] person in charge, administrator, bailiff, curator, manager, steward. Sub~o, under-steward. Super~o, superintendent. ~o biena, doma, muzea. ➞ ekonom.

intens-a [OA] (altgrada), Intens/e, -ive (of action, emotion, quality); to a high degree, ardent, eager, energetic, vehement, vigorous, violent; deep (colour), heavy (gunfire), high (fever), severe (pain). ~a kultivo, laboro, lumo, propagando, varmo. ~(ec)o, -ity, force (of wind, etc.). ~igi, -ify. ~iĝo, increase of -ity. Mal~a, Ne~a, feeble, light, mild. ➞ ard, energi, fort, vigl, viv.

inter [UV] (prep) (meze de) (position in place or time). 1 Between, betwixt (two): ~ lulilo kaj tombo (mano kaj buŝo; martelo kaj amboso). Kuru ~ ilin. Distanco ~ A kaj B (= de A ĝis B). ~ 30 kaj 40. Heziti ~ du devoj. Disting-(decid -divid-elekt-)i 2 (inclusion), Among(st) (more than two): Sidi ~ amikoj. ~ lupoj kriu lupe. Eĉ ~ piuloj ne mankas pekuloj. 3 (relation): Batalo ~ bono kaj malbono. Ligitaj ~ si. Kalkulo ~ ni. PFX: 1 (position): ~doma spaco. Skribi ~linie. ~meti, ~veni. -tempo, interval. ~tempe, meanwhile. 2 (inclusion): ~alie, among other things. 3 (mutual or reciprocal relation): ~plekti manojn. ~ŝanĝi ideojn. ~agi, batali, kompreni. ~konsenti, agree together.

interdikt-i, (jur) Interdict, ~o, -ion, injunction, prohibition, restraint.

interes-i (-n), [UV] Interest. 1 Being (appeal) to, awaken i. in, arrest attention, attract (excite) curiosity: La historio tre ~is min [Ne: interesigis]. ~i la publikon pri E-o. 2 affect, concern: Kiel tio ~as (tuŝas) min? ~o, 1 interest felt in (~o de iu pri io): Havi, gajni, konservi, senti, veki ~on (pri). 2 i. possessed by (~o de io por iu): attraction, Tio estas sen ~o por mi. 3 Advantage, profit, welfare: En la ~o de, in the i. of. Zorgi pri sia propra ~o, look after one’s own i. Gardi (servi) la ~ojn de la lando. Ne ekzistas kareso sen ~o. Paroli el la koro, ne pro ~o (on interested grounds), 4 share, stake; Havi (posedi) ~on en entrepreno. ~a (al, por), interesting, of i., attractive. ~a persono, propono, romano. ~aĵo, object. of i. ~ata, -ed, concerned, not impartial. ~ega, absorbing, thrilling. ~igi, make -ing. ~igi libron per ilustraĵoj. ~iĝi (sin ~i) (pri), feel (take) an i. (be -ed) in. Mal~a, ne~a, sen~a, dry, uninteresting; disinterested, un-ed. ➞ absorb, interez, koncern, profit, tuŝ, util.

interez-o (rentumo), (fin) interest. ~o simpla, amasiĝa (kunmetita). ➞ invest, procent.

interfer-o (interkruciĝo de radioj) (opt) (ph) (rad), Interference. ~a, interferential, of i. ~a franĝo, strio. (ac) ~a ŝvelo (sonbato), beat. -ometro, interferometer. ➞ bat, fad, sin intermet.

interjekci-o, [UV] (gram) interjection, ejaculate, e.g., Fi! Ve! Dio donu!

intermez-o, (mus) intermezzo.

intermit-a, [UV] Intermi/ttent, irregular. ~a febro, lumo, pafado, pulso. ~a laboro, casual labour. Pluvi ~e (off and on). ~o, intermission, momentary cessation (gap, pause). Dum la ~oj de lia parolo. ~i, be i., occur intermittently, (mot) misfire. La doloro ~is, ~igi, intermit, discontinue (stop, suspend) intermittently.

intern-a, [UV] (ena, malekstera), Inter-ior, internal, Inside. ~a flanko, malsano, organo. ~a lando, interior, hinterland. Boarding, living in, ~a studento. Civil, ~a milito. (pol) Home, ~aj Aferoj. Inland, ~a maro. i (anima, escenca): inner, inward; essential, fundamental, intrinsic, real. ~a ideo, forto, paco, sento, vivo. Plej ~a, inmost. ~e, inside, in the interior, within, indoors. Putra ~e. ~e de la domo. Diri al si (ekridi, senti) ~e (Ge 18/12). Forto de (el) ~e, from within. ~en, inwards. Iru ~en, go inside, indoors. ~o, i., i-ior. ~o de domo, lando. f La ~o (bottom, innermost recesses) de la koro. ~aĵo, entrails, viscera, ~igi 1 (penetrigi) insert, inculcate, thrust in. 2 confine, shut up. ~igejo, concentration camp. ~iĝi (penetri). ~ulo, boarder, insider. ~ulejo, school boarding-house, etc. ➞ en, inter, profund.

interpel-i (a. interpelaci-i [OA-8]), (pol) Interpell/ate. ~o, -ation, interruption by demanding explanation. ~anto. Pasi sen~e, without challenge. ➞ hekl.

interpol-i (enŝovi), Interpolat/e. 1 make insertions (introduce words) in book, etc., especially to give a false impression. 2 (mat) insert intermediate term in series. ~aĵo, -ion. ~into. ➞ insert.

interpozitiv-o, a preposition preceded and followed by the same noun, e.g., mano(n) en mano, paŝo(n) post paŝo.

interpret-i (-n) [OA], Interpret. 1 Explain, expound, give (bring out) the meaning of. ~i la Fundamenton de Esperanto, leĝon, parolon, sonĝon, tekston. f render (as an artiste). ~i poemon, muzikon. 2 act as -er, translate (from another language). ~i parolon. ~ado, -ation, rendering. ~anto, ~isto, -er, exponent, expositor. Mis~i, mis-i. ➞ ekzegez, komentari, komprenig, traduk.

interpunkci-o [UV] (punktado), Punctuat/ion. ~o Zamenhofa. ~i, -e, insert (divide by) stops, f interrupt with exclamations. ~a signo (punktilo), p-mark.

interstic-o (interspaco), intersti/ce, chink, cleft, crevice, intervening space, ~a, -tial.

interval-o, interval. 1 (mus) (piĉ-diferenco): ~o simpla, kunmetita, invertita; disonanca, konsonanca; maĵora, minora, perfekta, pliigita. 2 (intertempo), period of time. 3 (interspaco), distance, gap, space.

intervju-i (iun) [OA], Interview, meet face to face. ~o, i. ~isto, -er.

intest-o, [UV] Intestin/e, bowel, gut. ~o (mal)dika, (small) large i. ~a, -al, enteric. ~a bruo, rumble. ~a vermo. ~aro, entrails, guts, tripe, viscera, ~inflamo, enteritis.

intim-a, [UV] Intima/te. 1 bosom, close, familiar, heart-to-heart: ~a amiko, rilato. 2 cosy, home-ly-like (➞ famili, hejmec, inter ni, komfort, senceremoni, senĝen): ~a angulo, etoso, festo, parolo, rondo, vizito. 3 deep-seated, inner, inmost, private (➞ intern, nepublik, privat): ~a afero, penso, sento, taglibro, vivo. ~(ec)o, -cy. Paroli ~e (en ~eco). ~aĵo, confidence. ~eca, familiar, ~iĝi (kun), become i., chum up. ~ulo, i. (bosom, close) friend, confidant (Ij 19/19). Ne~a, distant. ➞ komunsent, konfidenc, proksim.

inton-i (-n, abs), 1 Inton/e, recite in singing voice, especially (mus) chant more or less on one pitch. ~i preĝojn. ~ado, -ing. 2 ~ado, -ation, modulation, ring (of voice).

intrig-i (nt; kontraŭ, por -i), [UV] Intrigu/e, (carry on underground) Plot, employ secret influence, scheme. ~o, i., p. (lit) p. (of novel, play). Am~o, love affair. ~anto, ~ulo, -er, schemer, wirepuller. ~ema, addicted to i. ➞ kaŝag, kombin, komplot, ruz.

intrors-a (frontanta internen) (bot) introrse. ➞ ekstrors.

introspekt-o (phi) Introspect/ion. ~i, examine one’s own thoughts and feelings. ~a, -ive.

introvert-a, (psy) introvert. ~o, introversion. ~ulo. i. Opp ekstrovert.

intu(ici)-o, Intuit/ion, immediate insight, apprehension without reasoning. ~a, -ive, perceived by (possessing) -ion. ~e (per ~o) -ively, by -ion. ➞ diven, indukt, inspir, konsci, vizi.

inul-o, (bot) elecampane, golden samphire, ploughman’s spikenard (Inula).

inund-i (-n) [OA] (superakveg, superverŝ), Inundat/e, flood, overflow. La rivero ~is la kampojn, siajn bordojn (also figuratively). ~o (superbordiĝo), -ion (Na 1/8). ~a justeco (Jes 10/22). ~ego (Da 9/26).

invad-i (-n) [OA], Inva/de, make a hostile inroad into. ~i landon. f overflow, overgrow, overrun) (gastoj - domon; herbaĉoj - ĝardenon; ratoj - ŝipon); assail, encroach upon (rajtojn). ~o, invasion. ~o de akridoj. ~anto, ~ulo, invader. ➞ atak.

invalid-o, [OA] disabled person (soldier, workman, etc.). ~a, enfeebled or disabled by illness or injury, incapable of (unfit for) labour (service), infirm [Ne= malsana, nevalida], ~a pensio, disability pension, f ~a (rickety) tablo. ~aĵo, defect, disability, infirmity. Asekuro kontraŭ ~eco. ~ejo, hospitalo (rifuĝejo) por ~oj. ➞ kaduk, kripl.

invent-i (-n) [OA-8] (< elpensi), Invent; contrive, devise, originate (produce) by original thought). ~i instrumenton, maŝinon, metodon, procedon, vorton. f coin (phrase), fabricate (make up) story. ~(aĵ)o, -ion, device. ~o de pulvo. Utila ~aĵo. ~ema (eltrovema, inĝenia). inventive, resourceful. ~into, -or, designer. ~opatento, (letters) patent.

inventar-o, inventory, detailed list (of goods, etc.), stock-sheet. ~i (fari ~on), enter (make an i. of) stock. ➞ bilanc.

invers-a [OA] = en mala direkto, pozicio, rilato. Reverse, contrary, opposite. ~a bildo, komo, ordo, pozicio, proporcio, senco, vortaro. ~a direkto, opposite course, (log) Inverse, contrapositive. (mat) ~a funkcio, inverse function. ~(ec)o, revers (opposite state), vice versa. ~igi, reverse (current, image, result), (sewing) turn inside out. ~igebla, reversible. ~igilo, r-ing lever, change-over switch, (el) ~iri. draw (fall, step) back. ➞ invert, kontraŭ, mal, renvers, retr, return.

inversi-o, (gram) inversion, unusually word-order. ~i (fari ~on).

invert-i (-n) (meti subon supreri), (mus) Inver/t, place root in upper pt., turn upside down. ~i akordon, intervalon, pedalon. ~o, -sion. La dua ~o de triado ( ~~ la tria aŭ „c“ pozieio) estas 6/4-akordo. ~ita, -ted. Sesto estas ~ita trito. ~ita pedalo (=persista noto en voĉo alia ol la baso). ~ebla, -tible. ~ebla kontrapunkto II (chem) ~ita sukero, i. sugar, (typ) ~ita komo.

invertazo, (chem) invertase.

invest-i (-n), Invest. 1 (fin) employ at interest, put money into (stock, etc.). ~i kapitalon (en), (col) ~i en lay out money on. ~o, -ment, ~o profita, riska, ruiniga. ~aĵoj, -ments. ~anto, shareholder, etc. 2 (enoficigi): ~i ambasadoron, episkopon. 3 endow (with authty, dignity, power, rank). ~o, -iture, induction.

invit-i (-n, -i, al) [OA], Invit/e, politely ask(request). 1 to attend, (visit), ~i iun al kunveno, veni, en sian hejmon. 2 (to act): ~i iun manĝi, prelegi, veni. 3 (to give): solicit: ~i konfidon, opinion, sugeston. f (logi) allure, attract, tempt: Beta vetero ~as al promeno. ~i katastrofon, court disaster. ~o, -ation. Akcepti, fari ~on. (cgm), lead. ~a, -ing, attractive, engaging, winning. ~iĝis 300, sed venis nur 30. ~ilo, (card of) -ation. ~a karto, letero. ~into, convener, host. ~ito, guest. Ne~ito, gate-crasher. ~itaro, company. ~kunveno, reception. Mal~i, call off, cancel, withdraw. Ne~a, un-ing. Sen~e, un-ed. Batal~o, challenge, defiance.

involukr-o, (bot) involucre, bracts round inflorescence.

io [UV] (iu afero), a certain thing, something (or other). Mi havas ~n por vi. Pli bona ol nenio. Diversaj ioj. Ĉu ~ (anything, aught) mankas? ~ ajn, anything whatever. ~ alia, anything (something) else. ➞ iom.

iom [UV] (iukvante): a certain amount, a little (some) of. ~ da salo(tempo). ~ de tiu salo (grado): a little, rather, somewhat, to some extent. ~ laea, Mi ~ komprenis vian leteron. Mi ~ kredas (I rather think), ke ... ~ post bit by bit, by degrees, gently, gradually, little by little, pro- gressive, step by step. ~post~a, gradual. ~a ( = ~ da) progreso. ~ ajn, any at all. ~eto (~ete) da, a very little, a particle, pinch, touch, trace (Ij 26/14). Nur ~ete!kelk, part.

ioni-a (modalo), (mus) Ionian mode (naskis la modernan majoron).

ipekakuan-o, ipecacuanha. 1 the plant (Cephaelis i.) 2 (pharm) preparation from its root.

iperit-o, (mustarda gaso), mustard gas.

ipome-o, moon-flower, morning glory (Ipomoea).

ipsilon-o (i-greka), 1 letter of Gk alphabet. 2 the letter „y“.

ir-i, [UV] go. 1 (in gen): journey, proceed, travel. ~i piede, ŝipe; rapide; sian vojon; sur la strato; tien-reen. 2 (to definite place): ~i de A ĝis B; en la liton; hejmen. Tiu letero ~os al Usono. ~onta al, bound for. 3 (attend, visit): ~i en lernejon, preĝejon; al Diservo, kongreso, sia morto. 4 (extend, reach): la muro, vojo ~as al (ĝis) X. 5 (depart): ~u dormi; en paco; kun Dio. 6 (work) (funkcii): la horloĝo ne ~as: ĝi haltis. 7 (get on, progress): La afero, entrepreno, negoco bone ~as. Ĉio ~as glate. ~(ad)o, going, course, progress, Bileto por ~o kaj reveno. ~ado de afero maŝino. (chs) move. ~adi (Ge 3/14, 5/22). ~antaro, procession. ~ebla (passable) vojo. Ne~ebla. Ŝip~ebla, navigable. ~ejo, path, route, way (Se 7/25). Sen~eja, pathless (vojo, f situacio). ~enda, that must be taken. ~igi, cause to go, drive, move, propel, send. ~~i horloĝon, veturilon. ~ilo, [UV] ~stango (stilzo), stilt. ~maniero, gait. Al~i, approach. ~~ebla, accessible, approachable. Ne~~ebla. ~~ejo, approach, entrance, gateway. Antaŭ~i, advance, go ahead. ĉirkaŭ~i, [UV] rond~i, go round, circle, circulate, revolve, rotate. De~i (de) (Jĝ 4/15), go from, depart, leave, quit, get off. dis~i, [UV] separate. Ek~i (make a) start, set off, put in motion. El~i, go out, leave, El~o, escape, exit. (Bb) Exodus. ~~ejo, exit, orifice, outlet, vent, way out. Sav~~ejo, emergency (safety) exit. Sen~~ejo, blind alley, cul de sac, impasse (➞ dilem). Ne~~ebla, with no way out. En~i, enter. ~~i cerbon, ĉambron. Trud~~i, force one’s way in. (mus) ~~a signo, entry sign (in a round). ~~o, entrance, entry. ~~ejo, entrance, inlet, loop-hole, way in. For~i, depart, go away, leave. ~~igi, dispel, send away. Ĝis~i, reach (➞ ating). Kun~i, go together. Laŭ~i (sekvi), go along (down), coast, follow, skirt, traverse. ~~i riveron, vojon. Ne~~ebla, impassable. Post~i, follow, succeed. Preter~i, pass by (Ij 9/11). ~~anto, passer-by, (Ps 129/8, Mi 2/8). ~~ejo, by-pass. Re~i, go back or again, return. Retro~i, draw (fall) back, move backwards, recoil, retreat. Sub~i, go under, set, sink. Tra~i, pass through, pierce, traverse. ~~ejo, passage, thoroughfare. Trans~i, go across, cross, pass over. ~~ejo, crossing, passage. ~~igi, transfer. Anas~i (4 FA 93/35), waddle. ĉiel~o, [UV] ascension. Flanken~i, turn aside, swerve. Pied~i, go on foot, walk. ~~ado, pedestrianism. ~~a, ~~anto, pedestrian. Malsupren~i (descendi, sobi), descend. Milit~o, campaign, expedition. Rapid~e, by express. Supren~i (ascendi, sori) ascend, climb, go up, rise. Voj-i, be on the road. ~~anto, wayfarer. De~~iri, go astray. Zigzag~o, (mar) course, tacking. ➞ marŝ, migr, pas, paŝ, vetur, vojaĝ.

Irak-o [OA-8] IQ.

Iran-o [OA-8] IR.

iredent-ismo, ~isto, irredent-ism, -ist.

irid-o, [OA] (bot) Iris, flag (Iris). Flava ~o, yellow i. Haladza ~o, stinking i., roast-beef plant. ~a radiko, orris r. ~acoj, iridaceae.

iridi-o, (chem) iridium (Ir).

irigac-i (-n), Irrigat/e, flood, spray. ~i kampon, dezerton. ~o, -ion. ~a kanalo. ~ilo, -or, water-cart, douche, hose, etc.

iris-o, [OA] (anat) iris, (phot) ~a diafragmo, i. diaphragm. ~ito, iritis.

irit-i (-n), Irritat/e; annoy, bait, get on one’s nerves, provoke, tease. ~ado, ~iĝo, -ion. ➞ agar, ĝen, incit, inflam, koleretig, piket.

iriz-a, Iridescen/t, rainbow-colored. ~aj nuboj. ~i, reflect r-colours, make i. ~eco, -ce.

Irland-o [OA-8] IE.

ironi-o, [OA] (rh) Iron/y, meaning opposite to what is said. (1 Rĝ 22/15; Am 4/4; Lu 13/33). ~o de la sorto. ~a, -ical. ~a laŭdo. ~i, speak -ically, with one’s tongue in one’s cheek. ➞ sarkasmo (= ~o doloriga, kritika, pika, moka) (Ij 12/2); cinik, mok, pik.

-is, [UV] ending of past tense. Est~, was, were. Li kur~, he ran, has run, was running. Mi vid~, ke li kur~, I saw that he had run. ~formo, (gram) ~tempo (preterite), past tense, ~eco (pasinteco), the past,

is-o (dieso), (mus) Sharp. F-is, F sharp. Isiso, double s. ~igi, -en, raise a semitone. Unua tonalo ~flanka, first-s. key. ~gamoj, ~tonaloj, s. keys. Tonalo du~a, key with two sharps (D, B min). Opp be(mol).

iski-o, (anat) ischium, ~a, (i)sc(h)iatic, of the hip. ~a doloro, sciatica. ~a nervo.

Island-o [OA-8] IS.

-ism, (sfx, officialed 1914): 1 doctrine, movement, principle, system, teaching: Ideal~o, imperi~o, komun~o, nud~o, real~o. 2 School of thought: despot~o, kvaker~o, stoik~o, Budh~o, Darvin~o, Platon~o, Ŝtalin~o. 3 Peculiarity of speech (dialect, idiom): Angl~o, Latinismo (Better: ~aĵo). 4 Morbid propensity: Alkohol~o, morfin~o, nikotin~o, ~o, an ism, doctrine, movement, etc. ➞ ec, ist. Rim.: Usually -ism and -ist run in pairs: e.g., absolut-ismo, -isto. Sometimes however they are not affixes, but part of the root., e.g., in altruismo, optimismo, sofismo, turismo, -isto; altru. . . are not Esperanto roots.

Israel-o [OA-9] IL, Israel.

-ist, [UV] (sfx). 1 person concerned (connected) with, engaged (employed) in, the subject denotes by the root; whether (and usually) by profession (business, calling, vocation), or by habitual or frequent occupation or interest (= English -ist, -er, -ian, -man, -or, in this sense). Flor~o, instru~o, muzik~o, afer~o, mar~o, florist, teacher, musician, business-man, sailor. 2 (-ismano), adherent (adept, advocate, partisan, supporter, votary) of person or creed. See -ism above. Rim.: A root that itself denotes a person, e.g., doktor, kvaker, lake, profesor, is not followed by -isto, as this word be pleonastic. ➞ adept, an, ant, partian, ill.

istm-o, [OA] (terkolo), isthmus. ~o de Suez, f (anat) (bot) (zoo) narrow part connecting two larger parts.

-it, [UV] ending of past passive participle = -ed, -t, -en. Ben~a, blessed, blest; skrib~a, written; Kapt~o, captive. Dir~e, far~e! No sooner said than done! Dir~aĵo, what has been said. ➞ -at.

-it (chem sfx), -ite, denotes -ous acids and their salts. Nitr~a acido, nitrous acid. Nitr~o, nitrite. similar sulf~a, ~o.

-it (med sfx) = organa inflamo. Apendic~o, artr~o, bronk~o, ~inflamo,

-it (min) ending with various applications (commercial product): ebonito. (explosive): dinamito. (fossil organism): belemnito. (mineral): antracito.

ital-o [OA-8]. ~a opero, pico. Ital-ujo, Ital-io IT.

iterbi-o, (chem) Ytterbium (Yb).

itri-o, (chem) Ytrium (Yt).

iu, [UV] a certain (individual) one (person or thing). Someone. 1 (pron) someone (or other). ~ alia (El 4/13), someone else. ~ vokis, someone called. Ĉu ~ vokis? Did any one call? ~j, c. (some) people. 2 (adj) some, a certain (Ij 1/1); some (or other). Mi legis tion en ~ libro. ~ amiko mia, one of my friends. ~ ajn, any (one) whatever. ~foje, at times, sometimes, occasionally, now and then. ➞ ia, unu. Rim.: Iu denotes indivuality, ia, quality.

-iv (tech sfx) (-ipova, kapabla -i) = which can (is able to) do the action denotes by the root. Parol~a (parolpova), able (having the power) to speak. Brul~a, combustible. Elvok~a, evocative. Pag~a, solvent. Sent~a, sentient. Solstar~a, able to stand alone. Konduk~eco, produkt~eco, conductivity, productivity.

-iz (provizi per), (tech. Sfx) = -ize, denotes tech. application. 1 (of substance or obj). (a) Provide with: Dent~i buŝon; plum~i sagon; ring~i barelon. (b) (-ozigi per -o). Fill (impregnate) with: Fum~i ĉambron, haringon. Kalk~i grundon, suker~i paston. (c) Cover with: Glu~i (gum) paperon. Or~o, gilt, (d) Bring under the influence of: Elektr~i, hipnot~i, radi~i. 2 Process named after its author. Galvan-izi, makadam-izi. ➞ garn, proviz, ŝmir, teg. Rim.: In ordinary language prefer the simple form without -iz: buteri panon; kalki muron; pipri (sali) supon; sukeri teon.

izatid-o, (bot) woad (Isatis).

izo-, (Gk pfx) iso- (wide sense), 1 (= egal-, sam-). 2 (ph).

~baro, -bar. ~cela, -sceles. ~kromata, -chromatic. ~mero, -mere. ~metra, -metric. ~morfa, -morphous. ~podo, -pod. ~termo, -therm. ~topo, -tope. ~tropa, -tropic.

izoet-o, (bot) quillwort (Isoetes).

izol-i (-n), [UV] 1 Isolat/e, cut off, detach, dissociate, seclude, separate; maroon, quarantine; (chem) free from combinations: ~i fenomenon, landon, radion, malsanulon. ~e, apart, singly. ~eco, -ion, seclusion, separation, solitude. ~eca, ~ita (soleca, solula); -ed. lonely, retired, secluded; solitary, detached (house), remote (spot). ~a frazo, punkto, nubo. ~ejo, -ion ward; desert, desolate place (Ij 3/14); place of solitude, retreat. ~iĝi, be -ed. ➞ detranĉ, internig, kvarenten. 2 Insulat/e (pri elektro, sono, varmo, etc.): ~a, -ing, non-conducting. ~a bendo, -ing tape. ~a botelo (termoso), vacuum flask. ~aĵo, ~eco, -ion. ~ilo, -or. Son~ita, sound-proof. ~difekto, -ion fault. ~povo, -ing property.


J

J-o [F], Letter J.

-j, [UV] plural ending. tiuj bluaj paĝoj, those blue pages.

ja, [UV] (adv) (strengthens an assertion, sometimes = ĉu ne?), assuredly, indeed, in fact, really and truly, to be sure. Den. 1 emphasis, insistce: I TELL you, yes! ~ vere, that IS so. Mi ~ iros, I SHALL go. Vi ~ scias, you know very well (of course) (Ps 10/14, 44/21; Ge 4/7, 1 Sa 25/17). 2 expostulation, remonstrance: Tio ~ estas vera, indeed it IS true (whatever you may think to the contrary). Mi ~ povas tion fari, I CAN do that. Mi ~ skribas, Don’t you see that I AM writing? Mi ~ diris tion, I SAID that, I TOLD you so. Li ~ estas edzo, he is actually married, you see (Ps 55/12, Rd 32/31, Mi 3/1). 3 (although, I grant you) that is so (but, nevertheless): Li ~ estas kulpa, tamen li estas nur infano. ➞ efektiv, nepr, sendub.

jabiru-o, (orn) jabiru (Jabiru).

jaborand-o, (bot, pharm) jaborandi.

jacint-o, (min) jacinth (or hyacinth), vrty of zircon (Ap 21/20). Rim.: Ĉe EI 28/18, hiacinto. ➞ hiacint.

jad-o, (min) jade, various green mineral substances.

jaguar-o, [OA] jaguar (Panthera onca).

jak-o, [UV] (man’s short) Coat, Jacket, tunic. Leda ~o, jerkin. Marista ~o, pea-j, pilot’s c. Perforta ~o, strait-j. Sav~o, life-j. ~eto, small c., Eton jacket. ~eto kelnera. ➞ ĵaket, ĵerz.

jakan-o, (orn) jacana.

jakarand-o, jacaranda (tree) (Jacaranda).

jakt-o (a. jaĥto), (promena ŝipo), Yacht. ~a promeno, -ing cruise.

jalap-o, (pharm) jalap, drug from root of ~ujo (Exogonium purga).

jam, [UV] (adv) Already, by now, by then. Den. change, ff ➞ ankoraŭ, denotes no change. Li ~ manĝas=he (was not, but now) is a. eating. Li ~ est-is-ias-os) tie, he was (is, will be) there a. ~ dirite, aforesaid. ~ de longe, for a long time past. Mi ~ devas iri, It is now time (the time has now come) for me to go. ~ en 1914, as far back as 1914. ~a, a. achieved (existing). Rim.: Jam ne, denotes cessation of action or state; no longer. Li j.n. manĝas = He (was eating, but now) has a. left off (stopped) eating (has ceased to eat). Li j.n. manĝis = he had been eating, but had a. left off eating. IT ➞ ne plu, denotes non-repetition of an action: it did (does, will) not occur again (any more). Neniam plu, never more (again). Rim.: Place jam before the negative word. Rim.: Instead of ne jam, use ankoraŭ ne.

Jamajk-o JM.

jamb-o, (pros) jam/bus (u-). ~a, -ic.

jambos-o, (bot) rose-apple. ~arbo, r-a. tree (Jambosa).

Januar-o, January.

Japan-ujo, Japanio [OA-9] JP.

jar-o, [UV] Year annual course. La ~o 1966. Havi du ~ojn (esti du~a). Kiom da ~oj vi havas (Kiom~a vi estas)? ~o kalendar-(sider-)a. f Pagas maljunaj ~oj por junaj eraroj. En la tridekaj ~oj, in the 30’s (4 FA 128/25). ~aga, one y. old, -ling. ~cento, century. ~deko, decade. Cent~ulo, centenarian. Cent~a festo (dat-reveno), centenary. ĉi~(Nun~)av of the present y. Ĉiu~a, annual. Ĉiudu~a, biennial. Duon~o (~duono), half a y. Laŭ~e, by the y. Mult~a, aged. Nov~o, New Y. ~~a nokto, N-Y’s eve (4 FA 106/ 16). Plur~a, (bot) perennial. super~o, [UV] leap-y. Unua~a, of the first y.

jard-o, Yard. 1 (metr) (3 ft). Kuba ~o, cubic y. 2 (velstango), (mar) y., spar. ~o antaŭa, meza, posta. Bram~o, topgallant y. Reĝ~o, royal y. Top~o, topsail y. Al~(ig)i (clew up) velon. ~~ilo, gasket.

jas-o, (ent) leaf-hopper (Jassus).

jasmen-o, [UV] jasmine, jessamine (Jasminium). ➞ filadelf, siring.

jasp-o, jasper, vrty of quartz, (a. jaspiso, El 28/18, Ap 21/19).

jatagan-o, yataghan, Turkish curved sabre without guard or cross-piece.

jazion-o, (bot) sheep’s bit (Jasione).

je [UV] (prep) = as regards, in relation to: replaces the accusative to denote any prepositnal relation implied by the context. Mi manĝas ~ pomo, I am eating of (nibbling at) an apple, mi manĝas pomon. Rim.: This vagueness makes it useful when no other preposition seems certainly to meet the case. Mi kredas ~ al? pri?) Dio, I believe in God. Sopiri ~ (al? por?) feliĉo = sopiri feliĉon. Lament! ~ (pri? pro?) perdo =l amenti perdon. Ridi ~ (al? kontraŭ? pri? pro?) li. ➞ (pri)ridi lin, deride him. Used especially to denotes time of day. ~ kioma horo vi venos? ~ la dua. Rim.: Better avoid je when a more precise preposition is available. Its overuse marks the beginner. Akcepto ~ (al) la kongreso. Simili ~ (al) la patro. Vizito ~ (al) Parizo. Konsenti ~ (al, kun, pri) io (iu). Kapti ~ (ĉe) la gorĝo. Morti ~ (de) febro. Plena (proksime) ~ (de). Konduki ~ (per) la mano. Amikiĝi ~ (kun). Pagi ~ (po) tri frankoj. Ĝoji ~ (pri) novajo.

jejun-o, (anat) jejunum, pt of small intestine.

jelp-i (bojeti, plorboji), yelp.

Jemen-o YE.

jen [UV] (interjection.) (to call attention), Behold! Lo! Look! See! Here! There! ~ mi (estas)! Here I am! ~ vi havas! Here’s a pretty kettle of fish! ~ kion (this is what) mi faros. ~ kial, that (this) is why. ... at one time ..., at another; sometimes..., sometimes; now . .. now (both things true, but alternatevily). Paroli ~ Germane, ~ France. Li parolas ~ al mi, ~ al ŝi. ~a, the following (2 Rĝ 5/18). ~e, as follows, thus (Ge 23/3, 8; El 15/1). ~o, the following, what follows (Jĝ 11/37, El 16/12; 2 Sa 14/3).

jen-o, (num) yen, Japanese coin.

jes [UV] (interjection), Yes, yea (in reply to question) (Mt 5/37). Den. agreement, approval (opposite ne). Ho ~, oh yes! Mi kredas, ke I believe so. Vi ne konas lin, sed mi ~ (but I do). Vi dubas? Sed but it is so, but he did, (etc., according to context). Diri ~i, ~diri, say yes, assent, consent. Ĉu ~? Do you agree? Is that so? ~a (affirmative) respondo. Respondi ~e, in the affirmative. ~igi [UV] (konfirmi), confirm. Kap~i, nod assent. ➞ certig, ja, konsent.

jet-o, (av) jet propelled aircraft.

jezuit-o,, [OA] Jesuit. ~a, -ical. f practising equivocation or mental reservation of truth, specious.

jid-a (judgermana), Yiddish (language).

jing-o, (koltordulo), (orn) wryneck (Jynx).

jod-o, [OA] Iod/ine (I). ~a, -ic. -a tinkturo. ~atacido, -ic acid. ~ido, -ide. ~izi, -ize. ~izita (~hava). -ized. ~oforma, -oform.

jodl-i, (mus) yodel (1 FA 123/32), sing with interchange of falsetto and normal voice.

jog-o, yoga. ~ano, yogi. ~ismo.

jogurt-o, yog(h)urt.

johimb-o, (bot) Yohimbe (Corynanthe johimbe).

jol-o, yawl, "a sailing boat which is decked over, and has a main mast and a small mizzen mast".

jon-o, (chem) Ion. ~a, -ic. ~igi, -ize. ~osfero, -osphere.

jonkvil-o (< narciso), jonquil, rush-leaved daffodil (Narcissus jonquilla).

jor-i (nt), (av) (mar), yaw, deviate from straight course owing to action of sea, wind, etc.; lurch, side-slip, skid, sway, swerve, f digress (from subject ). ➞ devi.

Jordani-o JO.

jot-o, iota (Gk letter), f (detaleto, punkteto) (Mt 5/18).

ju ... des (adv), [UV] the … the. ~ pli... des pli, the more... the more.

jube-o, (arch) rood-screen (separating choir and nave).

jubil-i, Jubil/ate, exult, make demonstrate of joy. ~a, -ant, elated, jolly, merry. ~ado, -ation.

jubile-o, [OA] Jubilee, anniversary (Le 25/11). Festi ~on. ~o arĝenta, diamanta, ora, silver (diamond, golden) j. = 25 (60, 50) years (of marriage, etc.). ~a jaro, trumpeto, (Le 27/17).

juft-o, Russia leather. ~e bindita.

jug-o, [UV] Yoke, cross-bar (for oxen, etc.). f bondage, dependence, servitude, subjection, thraldom (Jes 9/4). Forĵeti la ~on. Esti sub la ~o de. La Romana ~o. ~i, (put) y. (on), f (obeigi). ~aĵo, ~ilaro, harnessing. sub~igi (subpremi), subjugate. ➞ despot, jung, servut, sklav, vekt.

jugland-o, [UV] Walnut. ~a ŝelo. ~arbo, w-tree (Juglans).

Jugoslav-ujo, Jugoslavio YU, Yugoslavia.

juĝ-i (-n, abs), [UV] Judg/e. 1 (jur) act as j., adjudicate, decide, pass (sit in) judgment, pronounce sentence, try. 2 Form opinion (about), believe, conclude, consider, criticize, reckon, think. ~ ion bona. ~i iun freneza. ~i (take in) la situacion. Ne ~u pri afero laŭ ĝia ekstero. ➞ taks. ~o, judgment. 1 award, decree, sentence, trial. La lasta (mondfina) ~o. 2 conclusion, decision, estimate, ~o justa, klara, propra. 3 discernment, understanding. ➞ diskret, prudent, ~a, judicial. ~a decido, verdikto (Jes 28/7), verdict. ~a ministro, Minister of Justice. ~a seĝo, -ment seat, bar, bench. ~anto, arbiter, referee, umpire; connoisseur, critic. ~antaro (ĵurio), jury. ~ato, accused, prisoner at the bar. ~ejo, court of justice. Ĉef~ejo, supreme court, ~isto arbitracia, distrikta. ~istoj, (Bb) Judges. ~ista kampo, rajto, jurisdiction. ~istaro (tribunalo), bench. Ĉef~isto, Chief Justice. ~afero (PI 3/58), action, case, cause, suit. Al~i (asigni), adjudge, award. Antaŭ~(em)o, prejudice. Ne~~a, Sen~~a, open-minded. Pri~i, criticize, examine critically. Mis~i, misjudge. Propra~a, discretionary.

jujub-o, Jujube. 1 drupe of various plants, especially of ~arbo (zizifo). 2 jelly lozenge with similar flavour.

juk-i (nt), [UV] Itch, feel irritation in skin. ~u la haŭto, sed ne sur mia korpo. Kie ~as, tie oni gratas. ~as al mi (4 FA 222/14). ~o, itch. Senti ~on. ~ado, -ing, pruritus. ~iga (-y) vesto.

juka-o (Palmlilio), yucca, Adam’s needle, candles of the Lord (Yucca).

jul-o, Yule, the Christmas festival.

julep-o, (pharm) julep, sweet or medicated drink.

Juli-o, [UV] July.

jun-a, Young, juvenile, youthful. ~a arbo, ĉevalo, folio, kapo, Movado, sango, vino. Pli ~a, -er, junior, f green, immature, not far advanced. ~aj pizoj. ~(ec)o, ~aĝo, ~uleco, youthfulness, adolescence. ~eco rapide pasas. ~eca, ~ula, youthful, of youth, juvenile. ~ulo, [UV] y. man. adolescent, lad, teenager. ~ulaj jaroj, ~ularo, youth, rising generation. ~ulino, damsel, maiden, lass, y. woman. Ge~uloj, y. people. Ne~a, elderly, middle aged. Re~igi, rejuvenate. ➞ freŝ, nov. Mal~a (grandaĝa, multjara, a. olda), old; aged, ancient, hoary, long-established. mal~ulo, [UV] old man. ~~ulaj sulkoj, old-age wrinkles. ➞ arka, arkaik, kaduk, malnov, old.

jung-i (-n), [UV] Harness, hitch, yoke. ~i bovon al plugilo, ĉevalon al veturilo. f couple, join, link, unite. ~aĵo (1 Rĝ 19/21), ~ilaro, equipage, harness. ~itaro, team. Kun~ito, yoke-fellow. Mal~i, un-h, outspan. Kol~iloj, hames. ➞ jug.

Juni-o, [UV] June.

juniper-o, [UV] Juniper (Juniperus). ~o nana, dwarf j. ~a brando (ĝino), gin. Rim.: J. virginiana is the "cedar-wood" used for lead pencils, and in cabinet-making.

junk-o, [OA] (bot) rush (Juneus) (Ij 8/11).

junkr-o, junker, young German noble, overbearing member of Prussian aristocracy.

junt-o, (tech) Joint, join(ing), connection. ~o artika, flanĝa, kabla; boltita, gluita, lutita; de membro, rimeno, ŝnuro, tubo. ~o entranĉa, cut-in joint. ~o hirundvosta, dovetail j. ~o kaŝita, secret j. ~o ŝtuda, pin j. ~o tenona, tenon j. ~o neŝtopita, gaping (open) j. ~i, joint connect, fit, interlock, piece together, unite. Mal~i, divide at joint or into joints. ~aĵo, gasket. ➞ kunig, mortez, ŝtud, tenon.

jup-o, [UV] Skirt. (mal)longa. Kombin~o, princess slip, petticoat slip. Ringega ~o, hoop-s. f Sin kroĉi al la patrina ~o. ~a regado, petticoat rule. (Baleta) ~eto, ballet-dancer’s skirt, tutu. ~istino, s-hand. ~kunveno, hen-party. Sub~o, petticoat, slip, underskirt. ➞ bask, ĉemiz, kilt.

jur-o [F] [OA] (leĝoscienco), law, jurisprudence (Es 1/13). Studi ~on. ~o administracia, internacia, kanona, kriminala, milita, publika. ~o medicina, forensic medicine. ~a, juridicial, legal. ~isto, jurist, lawyer. ➞ leg, rajt.

jurisdikcio (juĝdistrikto), jurisdiction.

just-a, [UV] Just. 1 Equitable, lawful, legitimate, reasonable: ~a decido, divido, postulo, kolero. 2 Fair, impartial: ~a al (kontraŭ). Juĝo severa, sed ~a. 3 Honest, righteous, straightforward, upright: ~a ago, homo, konduto. 4 correct, exact; appropriate, fit, proper, suitable; due: ~a prezo, rekompenco. Agi ~e, do justice (Mi 6/8). ~(ec)o, justice, equity, fairness, etc. (Ez 2/63; Jes 32/17). ~aĵo, j. action (decision). ~ulo, j. (good, righteous) man. ~igi (pravigi), justify, vindicate, warrant. ➞ ĝust, honest, prav, rajt. Mal~a, Ne~a, unjust, bad, evil, iniquitous, unfair, wrongful. ~~a ago, homo, profito, puno, suspekto. ~~aĵo, ~~eco, injustice, iniquity (Ge 6/13, Ce 3/5). ~~ulo, evil-doer, worker of iniquity.

justic-o, law, judicial proceedings or organization. Sin turni al ~o, go to law.

jut-o, Jute. 1 (bot) various E. Indian plants (Corchorus). 2 (~a fibro), fibre from these.

juvel-o, [UV] Jewel, piece of jewellery, precious stone, ornament containg this, f something or someone highly prized (treasured). ~aĉo, bauble, gewgaw, ~aro, set of -lery, treasures. ~eto, bijou, trinket. ~ejo, jeweller’s shop. ~izi (poŝhorloĝon). ~ujo, j-case (casket). ➞ briliant, perl, stras, trezor.


Ĵ

Ĵ-o [F], name of letter Ĵ.

ĵabot-o, (cl) jabot, frill (ruffle) on front of woman’s bodice (M 90/6).

ĵak-o (konektilo, kontaktingo) (el) Jack. ~o interrompa, break j. ~o multiga, multiple j. ~o responda, calling j.

ĵaket-o, [OA] Jacket (for woman or children), (men) tail-coat, morning coat.

ĵaluz-a, [UV] Jealous, anxious for preservation of something, apprehensive of displacement by someone, resentful of preference, suspiciously vigilant. ~a okulo, zorgo. ~a pri bonfamo, rajto, sukceso. ~e, -ly. ~o, jealousy. Amo kaj ~o estas gefratoj. Eksciti ~on (pri, pro) io, kontraŭ iu. ~i (esti ~a), be jealous for (of). ~ema, ~igi, ~ulo. ➞ envi.

ĵaluzi-o, (arch) jalousie, blind, shutter (with holes, or with slats sloping upwards from without, enabling a person inside to see but not be seen).

ĵam-i, (rad) jam, block by interference. ~ado, jamming.

ĵambore-o, (sctg) jamboree.

ĵar-o, large earthern jar.

ĵargon-o, [OA] Jargon, lingo. 1 (lingvo fuŝita); barbarous, debased, or unintelligible language, gibberish. 2 (mikslingvo, piĝino); pidgin, e.g., Chinook. 3 (lingvo faka, klasa, konvencia): technical (class, specialized) language, cant, slang. ~o aktora, cigana, jurista, marista, ŝtelista. ~i, jabber, talk gibberish. ➞ slang.

ĵartel-o (ŝtrumpŝelko), Suspender (for sock, stocking, etc.). ~a zono, suspender-belt.

ĵaŭd-o, [UV] Thursday. ~o antaŭpaska, Maundy T. En la tri~a semajno ~~ neniam.

ĵaz-o, jazz. ~bando (~trupo), jazz-band.

ĵele-o, (cul) jelly. ~o frukta, vianda. ➞ agaragar, gelaten.

ĵerz-o, (cl) jersey, knitted tunic or undervest, sweater, (woman) close-fitting knitted jacket. ~eto (pulovro), pullover.

ĵet-i (-n), [UV] Throw, Cast; chuck, fling, heave, pitch, toss. ion en la maron (jettison) (Jona 1/5), sur la teron (El 4/3). ~i kubojn, (t. dice), f Jen, kion li ~is! ~i al iu en la vizaĝon. ~i ganton (challenge). 2 direct, turn: ~i flanken, c. aside. ~i okulojn (lumon, rigardon). 3 produce effect or feeling: ~i krion, ombron, timon. ~i en funebron, mizeron. Sin ~i (fall, t. one’s) al ies kolo (sur ies kolon), sur iun; (plunge) en akvon, batalon. ~o, throw, cast, pitch, f La ~o (decido) estas farita. ~aĵo, missile, projectile. ~egi, dash, hurl. ~iĝadi tien-reen sur la lito toss (tumble) about, be restless, ~ilo, -rimeno, catapult. Sxton~ilo, sling (1 Sa 17/50). Al~i, bowl. De~i, c. down (off), discard, moult (feathers), shed (leaves, skin), t. (rider). Dis~i, scatter, strew. Ek~i, let fly. EM, lafon, vorton, el la fenestro, t. out(up), c. out, eject, ejaculate, eliminate, emit, expel, vomit (flames). ➞ elsput, elverŝ, elvom. ~~aĵo, discharge. ~~ulo, outcast. En~i, t. in. For~i instruon, konsilon, projekton, timon, t. away, drive off, jettison, reject. ~~a prezo, dirt cheap (ruinous) price. ~~aĵo, jetsam, refuse, rubbish. ~~inda, useless. Pri~i per ŝtonoj, stone. Re~i, t. back. Sur~i, t. at, (upon), pelt. ➞ kovr, stern. Trans~i, t. over (wall, etc.). Lum~ilo (reflektilo), reflector, searchlight. Supren-i, t. up. ➞ spruc.

ĵib-o, (mar) Jib, triangular stay-sail. ~stajo, j-stay.

ĵig-o (segita bildo), jigsaw puzzle. ➞ ĝig.

ĵinrikŝ-o, jinrickshaw.

ĵip-o, jeep.

ĵoke-o, jockey.

ĵongl-i, [UV] 1 Juggl/e, Conjur/e, use sleight of hand. 2 practise imposture, cheat, f ~i per rimoj, vortoj. ~(ad)o, c-ing, legerdemain, ~aĵo, c-ing trick; deceit, imposture, trickery, ~isto, c-er, j-er. For~i, cause to disappear, c. away, make vanish. ➞ artifik, ĉikan, fraŭd, iluzi, vortlud.

ĵonk-o, (mar) (Chinese) junk.

ĵos-i, (hort) bed inearth, heel in, plant out.

ĵud-o, (sp) judo, jiujitsu.

ĵul-o, (el) joule.

ĵur-i (~n, per, pri, ke, abs), [UV] take oath, swear (by); solemnly attest, (declare, promise, state) vow. ~i labori. ~i fidelon. ~i per ĉio sankta. ~i false, mensoge. Mi povas ~i (estas certa) pri tio. ~o, oath, vow. Fari, nuligi, rompi ~on. ~a, ~e, on oath. ~a interkonsento. ~igi (-n), administer (put under) oath. ~inta, sworn. ~ligi, bind by oath (Alt 2/7). ~rompo (Ps 59/12). For~i, adjure, forswear. Inter~i, ~i al si reciproke (Ge 26/31). Je~i (kontraŭ), conspire, league together (against). Pri~i, dedicate, vow. ➞ blasfem, malben.

ĵuras-a, (geol) jurassic.

ĵuri-o (ĵurintaro), jury. ~ano, juror.

ĵurnal-o [F] [OA] (taga gazeto), Journal, Newspaper, daily paper. ~aro, papers, daily press. ~ismo, -ism. ~isto, -ist, newspaper man, reporter. ~ista ĵargono, journalese, ~vendisto, newsagent. ➞ gazet, revu, taglibr.

ĵus [UV] (tuj antaŭe) (precedes … -is), just (now), not long ago (before), a little time ago, just. ~ batis la dua. Li ~ venis. ~a, just made (occurred), last-moment, stop-press, up-to-date. ➞ freŝ, ĝust, just, preciz. [Translate "just when" by ĝuste kiam, not by ~ kiam]. ➞ tuj.


K

K-o [K], the letter K.

kab-o, (terkapo), cape, headland. ~o de Bonespero. K~overdo CV. ➞ promontor.

kabal-o, [OA] cabal. 1 secret intrigue. 2 clique. 3 mystic science. ~a, -istic, dark, mysterious, occult. ~aj signoj. ~i, intrigue privately. ➞ hieroglif intrig, koteri.

kaban-o, [OA] Cabin, crude humble dwelling, hut, shanty, shelter. ~o de montano, por bruto (Ge 33/17, Ps 27/5, Jer 9/10). ~ano, cotter. ~kvaralo. Ŝtip~o, log cabin. Ter~o, earth hut. ➞ barak, bud, kajut, ŝed.

kabaret-o, cabaret. 1 small French inn. 2 (kafeja koncerto), show. ➞ variete.

kabinet-o [OA], 1 (special) Room (for consultation, work, study). ~o jurist, kuracista, consultg-r, chambers. Labor~o, study. Nigra ~o (phot), dark r. Tualeta ~o, dressing-room. ~a skribotablo. f ~a (= surpapera, teoria) provo. ~e, in camera, privately. 2 (ministraro), cabinet, ministry. ~a sigelilo, privy seal. ~a decido, kunveno, krizo, ministro. 3 case with drawers and shelves. 4 (phot) c-size (3f"x 5i") [Ne= necesejo].

kabl-o, [OA] Cable. 1 (ŝnurego), strong thick rope (9" in circumference). Ankro~o. Tren~o, tow-rope. 2 (el) ~o submara, subtera, ŝtala. Proviza ~o, mains. ~a depeŝo, -gram. ~a tramo, funicular tram. ~i (~e telegrafi), c. ~eto, hawser.

kabriolet-o, [OA] cab(riolet), two-wheeled hooded one-horse carriage. ➞ fiakr.

kaĉ-o, [UV] hash, mush, much, pap, pulp, puree. Avena ~o, gruel, porridge. Pan~o, sop. Paper~o, paper-mache. Kot~o, neĝ~o, slush. Piz~o, pease pudding. Riz~o, rice-pudding. ~o faruna, terpoma. f (col) (kuiraĉaĵo), hotch-potch, mess. ~igi (iun), (col) squash. ~ujo, porringer. ➞ gri, kompot, marmelad, sup.

kaĉalot-o (spermaceta baleno), cachalot, sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus).

kaĉu-o, cachou (lozenge).

kadastr-o, fiscal land register, survey and valuation. ~a, cadastral.

kadavr-o, [OA] corpse, (dead) body, carcase, remains. ~(ec)a, cadaverous. ~a vizaĝo. ~aj okuloj. ~e odori. ~e pala. ~aĵo, carrion, dead matter (Le 5/2). ~ejo, morgue, mortuary. ~esploro (nekropsio).

kadenc-o [OA] (frazfino). 1 (mus) cadence, Perfekta, plenfina (V-I). Dominanta, duonfina (V). Plagala, amena (IV-I). Surpriza, evitita, interrompita (V- plus alid akordo ol I). 2 (voĉfalo), fall of voice.

kadenz-o (solo-pasaĵo koloratura), (mus) cadenza.

kadet-o, [OA] student in naval or military college. Mar~o, naval cadet. ~a ŝipo, traing ship. ~a lernejo.

kadi-o, cadi, Turkish civil judge. ➞ mufti, ulem.

kadmi-o, Cadmium (Cd). ~a flavo, c-yellow.

kadr-o, [UV] 1 (borderaĵo), Frame, Border. ~o de bildo, spegulo. Picture-frame, mirror-f. (phot) Kliŝ~o, ŝanĝ~o, dark slide. 2 (ĉirkaŭaĵo), setting, surroundings. ~o historia. ~i (ĉirkaŭi), border, encircle, panel, set off, surround (Alt 5/14). Blue ~itaj (blue- rimmed) okuloj. ~i per cedroj (Jer 22/14). Herbejo ~ita de montoj. En~igi (ĉirkaŭigi), (put in a) frame. En~igi bildon, kameon. ~aĵo, ~eto, ouch, mounting, setting (El 28/11). ➞ fram.

kadrat-o (interlitero, spaco), (typ) Quadrat, em-q. ~eto, en-q.

kaduk-a [UV] (malfortiĝa, ruiniĝa), frail, broken-down, impaired, weak, worn-out. 1 (thing) dilapidated, falling to pieces, ramshackle, rickety, shabby, tumble-down, rusty. ~a domo, ĉapelo, muro, urbo, vesto. 2 (person) decrepit, feeble, infirm, sickly. ~a homo, maljunulo. f decadent, fading, failing, falling-off, fugitive. ~a afero, entrepreno, espero, folio, menso, sano, stato. ➞ falem, nefirm, ŝanĉeliĝ, velkant. (esti ~a). ~aĵoj de maljunaĝo. ~(ec)o, decay, decline, delapidation, infirmity. ~iĝi korpe, mense, break up (Ps 38/8). ➞ konsumiĝ. ~ulo (Ps 105/37). ~ulejo, infirmary. ➞ azil, maljunulej. Mal~a, bearing years well, in good condition, well-preserved.

kaf-o, [UV] Coffee. 1 beverage from ~arbo, c-tree (Coffea). 2 ~semo, c-bean. ~o muelita, rostita. ~ejo, cafe, c-room. ~ujo, 1 (~kruĉo), c-pot. 2 (~skatolo), c-tin. ~bruna, ~kolora. ~plantejo. ~rostilo.

kafein-o, caffeine. Kafo sen~einigita (decaffeinated), "Hag" c.

kaftan-o, (cl) caftan, Eastern long under-tunic with girdle.

kaĝ-o, [UV] Cage. Bird~o. Kokina ~o, hen coop, f dungeon, keep, prison. ➞ urskav. El~igi, set free. En~igi, c., confine, coop up, imprison.

kahel-o, [UV] Tile, paving block (slat), flag. ~o asfalta, betona. ~i plankon, ifom, muron. tile, cover with tiles. ~a forno (1 FA 33/14). ~a planko, paved floor. ~aro, tiling. Brika ~aro, brick paving. ➞ brik, ceramik, fajenc. ➞ tegol.

kaj [UV] (conj), And. Manĝi panon ~ lakton. ~ A ~ B, both A and B (Pr 9/6). H Kaj may begin a sentence, e.g., the first word of many paragraphs in Nombroj.

kaj-o [OA], 1 (mar) Quay, Pier, Wharf. 2 embankment (along river). 3 (ry) platform (➞ platform). ~pago, p-dues, w-age. Sur~e, on q. ➞ varf.

kajak-o, (mar) kayak, Eskimo one-man canoe.

kajer-o, [UV] 1 (stitched-paper) Book; section (number) of book. Eliradi (po)~e, in parts. 2 exercise-b. Skrib~o, copy-book. ~eto, memo-b.

kajman-o, cayman, species of S American alligator (Caiman).

kajt-o (flugdrako), kite.

kajut-o, [UV] (mar) cabin, saloon. ~o pasaĝera, pilota, unuaklasa. (av) cockpit. ~o unulita, single berth, (ry) signal~o, signal-box.

kajol-i, cajole, blandish, persuade (soothe) by flattery or deceit, wheedle.

kak-i, (col) (~~feki). ➞ kaki.

kaka-o, [OA] Cocoa. 1 (~semo), c-bean. 2 beverage from -arbo, c-tree (Theobroma cacao). ~ujo, (~skatolo), c-tin. ➞ kokos.

kakatu-o, (orn) cockatoo (Kakatoe).

kaki-o, ~a, khaki, dull brownish yellow.

kakofoni-o, cacophony, discord.

kakt-o [OA-8], cactus. ~acoj.

kal-o, [UV] corn (on hand or foot), ~aĵo, callosity. ~(ec)a, hardened, horny. ➞ gren, korn.

kalabas-o, Calabash, bottle-gourd. ~arbo, c-tree (Crescentia).

kalamint-o, calamint, wild basil (Calamintha).

kalandr-i (rulglatigi), Mangle, calender, press, roll out. ~ilo, ~omaŝino, mangle, wringer. ➞ rulcilindr.

kalandr-o, 1 (ent) corn Weevil (Calandra). Riz~o, rice-w. 2 (orn) Calandra lark (Melanocrypha calandra). ~eto etfingra (a. kalandrelo), short-toed lark (Calandrella).

kalcedoni-o, (min) chalcedony, vrty of silica.

kalceolari-o, (bot) calceolaria, slipper- wort.

kalci-o, Calcium (Ca). ~a oksido, quicklime.

kalcin-i, Calcin/e. ~o, -ation. ➞ kalkig, rost.

kalcitr-i, (of horse), Kick, lash out with hind legs, f jib at, k. against. ~ema, recalcitrant, refractory.

kaldron-o [UV] (granda bolpoto), Boiler, cauldron, large kettle (1 Sa 2/14). Lav~o, copper. ~o fera, hejta, kuira, tuba. ~(eg)o, boiler (of engine, ship). ~isto, b-man.

kalejdoskop-o, [OA] kaleidoscop/e. ~a, -ic, everchanging. ~i (ŝanĝiĝadi). Ideoj ~as (svarmas) en lia kapo.

kalendar-o [OA], 1 (jarkalkulo), Calendar. ~o (mal)novstila, Gregoria. 2 (almanako), table of dates. ~o ŝirfolia (bloka), tear-off c. ~o ĉiama, mura, perfingra, poŝa, reklama.

kalendul-o, [OA] (kalendolo), marigold (Calendula).

kaleŝ-o, [UV] light 4-wheeled Carriage (chaise, victoria, etc.) (Jĝ 5/28). Balga ~o (landaŭo), landau. Funebra ~o, funeral c. Lu~o (fiakro), hackney. ~ego, kvarĉevala ~o, coach. ~eto (durada), buggy, gig. ~(far)isto, coach-builder. Duon~o, brougham. ➞ veturil, kabriolet.

kalfatr-i, [UV] Caulk, make joint tight with oakum and pitch, f stop up chinks (seams). ~i ĉambron, make room draught-proof. ~ilo, c-iron. ~isto, -er (Jeĥ 27/9). ➞ nepenetreblig.

kali-o, [OA] Potassium (K). ➞ potas.

kalibr-i, [OA] Calibr/ate. 1 measure internal or external dimensions. 2 check graduates on thermometer, etc. ~i cilindron, kuglon, tubon. ~o, inner diameter, bore, of pipe, f degree of merit. ~ado, -ation. ~ilo, calliper(s), instrument used for this. Kord~ilo, string-gauge. ➞ gaŭĝ, mezur.

kaliceb-o, (zoo) titi-monkey (Callicebus).

kalidr-o, (orn) (Calidris). Alpa ~o, dunlin. Granda ~o (kanuto), knot. Malgranda ~o, little stint. Mara ~o, purple sandpiper, Sabla ~o, sanderling (Crocethia alba). ➞ tring.

kalif-o, [OA] Caliph, Islamic ruler. ~eco, ~ejo, -ate.

kalifor-o, blow fly, blue-(green-)bottle (Caliphorus). ~a larvo, gentle.

kaligraf/i-o (belskribo, skribarto), Cali- graph/y, beautiful handwriting, penmanship. ~(iist)o, -ist, writing expert.

kalik-o [UV], (pokalo luksa, formala, pied-hava), (broad and shallow) Cup, bowl, chalice (Jes 51/17, Mt 26/27). Asperga ~o (Jer 52/18); (bot) flower-calyx, ~oforma, c-like, calyciform. ➞ pokal, tas.

kalikant-o, Calycanthus, Carolina allspice (Calycanthus).

kalikot-o, [UV] (tex) Calico, plain white unprinted cotton cloth (In USA printed). ➞ katun, muslin, perkal.

kaliop-o, (orn) ruby-throat(ed warbler) (Calliope).

kalistef-o, Chinese aster (Callistephus chinensis). ➞ aster.

kalistegi-o (granda konvolvulo). Bindweed (Calystegia sepium). Apudmara ~o, sea b. (C. soldanella). Granda ~o, American bellbine (C. silvatiea). ➞ konvolvul.

kalistem-o, bottle brush (Australian shrub) (Callistemon).

kalitrik-o, (bot) water starwort (Callitriche).

kalitriks-o, (zoo) marmoset (Callithrix).

kalk-o, [UV] Lime. Klor~o, chloride of lime, bleaching-powder. ~o estingita, slaked lime. kaŭstika, anhidra, senakva, quick-1ime. ~akvo, ~lumo, ~ŝtono. ~eca, ~oza, calcareous, limy. ~(blankig)i, whitewash. ~i domon, muron (Le 14/42, Da 5/5). ~izi, (agr) cover with lime. ~argilo (marno), marl. ~forno, l-kiln. ➞ gips, kret, stuk.

kalkan-o, [UV] Heel. Sin turni sur la ~o. f h. of rudder, vn-bow, etc. ~umo, h. of shoe. Pinta (stileta) ~o, stiletto h. ~osto, h-bone, Sidi sur~e (kaŭri), squat.

kalkul-i (-n, nt), [UV] Calculat/e. 1 (komputi) (mat) Reckon, compute, work out: ~i distancon, konton, procenton. 2 (nombri) count, enumerate, number: ~i ĝis cent; perfingre (kapojn, monon, voĉojn, la stelojn). 3 consider, deem, judge, look on as, rate, think (to be): ~i kiel devon, meriton, pekon, nenion. 4 (fidi, konfidi) count (depend) on: Mi ~as je via helpo. 5 reckon with, take into consideration: ~i kun cirkonstancoj (la situacio). ~o, 1 (c-ion, r-ing): ~o erara, ĝusta. Bonaj ~oj, bonaj amikoj. 2 enumerate, review, survey. Lasi el la ~o. 3 (konto), account, bill, charge: doni, pagi, prezenti ~on. Je mia ~o. Havi ~on kun. ➞ faktur. 4 sum. ~ebla (reputed) kiel nenio (Da 4/35), ~ema, c-ing, scheming (in disposition). ~ejo, counting-house. ~ilo (~aparato), (komputilo) (➞ abako), c-ing machine, r-er. Cel~ilo, distanc~ilo, range finder. Glit~ilo, slide-rule. ~isto, accountant. ~itoj (No 2/4). Al~i, add, put to a/c, attribute (impute) to. Antaŭ~i, estimate. De~i, subtract (➞ rabat). El~i, count in full (Ps 71/15). En~i (Kun~i), allow for, count in, include. Transdoni laŭ~e (Ez 1/8). Mis~i, mis-c. Ne~ebla (sennombra) (Ij 9/10, J1 1/6). Pri~i la komunumon (No 1/3). Fari pri~on (Le 25/50). Re~i, recount. Fin~i (bilanci, saldi). Kap~o, census. Temp~o, ➞ era, kronolog. ➞ komput, kont, nombr, sumig.

kalm-a (mar, met), Calm (senventa), smooth, still, undisturbed by abnormal conditions, un-perturbed, unruffled, especially after previous agitation. ~a aero, maro, nokto, vetero. ~o, c., absence of violent motion or noise, quietude, serenity. Ekvatora ~o (~aj zonoj), doldrums (doldrumo). ~igi, c., appease, quieten, still; allay (timori), soothe (nervojn). ~iĝi, (of storm), abate, blow over, die down, drop. ~iĝu! Gently! ➞ kviet, trankvil.

kalomel-o, [OA] calomel (Hg2Cl2).

kalori-o (varmunuo), calor/y. ~a, -ic. -metro.

kalson-o [UV] (subpantalono), Drawers (m. or f.), pants, shorts; knickers (fem). Ban~o, bathing-drawers. kombin~o (kombinaĵo), combinations. ~eto, panties. ➞ kulot.

kalt-o, marsh marigold (Caltha).

kalumet-o (pa➞ipo), calumet, Indian pipe (of peace).

kalumni-i (-n kontrau, pri), [UV] Calumn/iate, Slander; backbite, blacken the char, of, defame, libel, malign, run down (Ps 15/3). ~o, -y, false charge, malicious misrepresentation, s-ous report. Disporti ~ojn (Le 19/16). ~(em)a, defamatory, s-ous. ~anto (Ps 140/11).

kalun-o, ling, heather (Calluna). ➞ erik.

kalv-a [OA] (senkaphara), bald-headed. ~o (Jes 3/24, Am 8/10). Se haroj ne mankus, mi ~on ne havus (P.). ~aĵo (Le 13/42), ~ulo (2 Rĝ 2/23). ~iĝi, lose one’s hair.

kam-o, (mec) Cam, projecting pt of wheel. ~o cilindra, inversa, juga, konusa, pozitiva, tanĝanta, triangula. ~o necentra, off-centre c. ~o fronta, face c.

kama-o, (zoo) kaama (Bubalis camaa).

kamarad-o, [OA] Comrade, chum, companion, fellow, pal, (play)mate. ~o lerneja, lita. Voj~o, travelling companion. ~i (kun) (esti ~o de), be chummy (fraternize, walk) with. ~aro, band of cc., fellowship. ~eco, c-ship. ~ema, companionable, sociable. ~ino (Mai 2/14). If ➞ kamarado (pro kunvivo), kolego (pro samokupo). ➞ kunul, kunvivant, militfrat, samlernejan.

kambi-o, [UV] (com) Bill of exchange, -isto, b-broker. ➞ mandat, trat.

kambri-a, (geol) Cambrian (period). Antaŭ~a, pre-c.

Kamboĝ-o KH.

kame-o, [OA] cameo, small relief-carving in stone with colourd background of another colour. Opp intajl.

kamel-o, [UV] Camel (Camelus); usually = ~o duĝiba, Bactrian (two-humped) c. ~o unuĝiba (dromedaro). ~ino, (Jer 2/23). ~(pel)isto, c-driver. ~haroj, c-hair.

kameleon-o, (a. ham), chameleon (Chamaeleon). f ~a, fickle. ➞ ŝanĝiĝem.

kameli-o, [OA] (bot) camellia (Camellia).

kamembert-o, (cul) camembert (cheese).

kamen-o, [UV] fire-place (fire-side), hearth. Sidi ĉe la ~o. Fajro sur la ~o. ~a fajro, open fire. ~angulo, chimney corner. ~breto, mantle-piece, ~kapuco, canopy over hearth. ~tubo, [UV] chimney (Ho 13/3). ~tubisto, stove-setter. ~purigisto, ~skrapisto, chimney-sweep.

kamer-o, [UV] (ĉambreto senfenestra), 1 small dark room, e.g., box-room, camera obscura. 2 (senluma kesteto, hence = fotografilo), Camera. ~o balga, elektronika, stereoskopa. Fald~o, Man~o, Stativ~o. ~isto, c-man. 3 (mil) chamber (of gun). Ses~a revolvero. ~eto (anat) (ventriklo) de la koro. ➞ ĉambr, fotil.

Kamerun-o CM.

kamfor-o, [UV] Camphor, ~arbo (Camphorus). ~a, -ic. ~(iz)ita, -ated. -oleo.

kamion-o [OA-8], camion, low flat four- wheeled truck or cart for heavy goods, dray, lorry. Ŝut~o, tip-waggon. ~isto (ŝoforo de ŝarĝaŭto).

kamizol-o, [UV] (wide sense) camisole, woman’s underbodice, often embroidered or trimmed with lace. ➞ tunik, vest.

kamlot-o, [UV] (tex) camlet, light cloth for cloaks, etc. Originally from camelhair and silk.

kamomil-o, [UV] chamomile; ordinary language for various species of antemido and matrikario.

kamp-o, [UV] Field, expanse of land, meadow. 1 (tero kultivita); gren~o, gres ~o, riz~o. 2 (ejo, tereno): batal~o, flug~o, tend~o. f area, f., scope, sphere. ~o de forto, gravito. (el) ~o alterna, magneta, magnetiga, rotacia, vektora, vida, alternating (magnetic, magnetizing, rotating, vector) f. (her) Blazon~o. ~o de agado, diskuto, laboro, servo. ~(ar)a, country, rural, rustic. ~a floro, muso, vojo. ~ado, camping. ~adi, (en)camp. ~adejo, camping-ground. ~aro, (open) country, land. ~arano, countryman, peasant. ~(labor)isto, f-labourer, tiller of soil (Ge 25/27). ~ulo, -isto, rustic, swain, man of the fields. ~ulino, land girl. ➞ fak, fon, parcel, sfer, tendar, zon.

kampanet-o (ŝtalharmoniko), glockenspiel. Variants: k. vitra, tubofono, vibrafono.

kampanil-o, (arch) campanile, bell- tower, especially one detached from main building. ➞ belfrid, sonorila turo.

kampanj-o, ~i, (mil) (pol), campaign, organized course of action.

kampanul-o, (a. ~olo), bell-flower (Campanula) (4 FA 10/29). C. medium is the "Canterbury bell". ~eto (~o rondfolia), hare-bell (the "bluebell" of Scotland). ➞ endimion, hiacint, rapunkol, skil, trakeli.

kampeĉ-o, campeachy, logwood tree (Haematoxylon campechianum). ~a ligno, logwood.

kamufl-i, ~(aĵ)o, camouflage, disguise by deceptive appearance. ~ilo.

kan-o, [UV] Cane, Reed. 1 stem of large reeds or grasses (Ij 8/11). Bambu~o, suker~o, bamboo (sugar) cane. Aroma ~o (El 30/23). ~aro, ~ejo, bed of reeds (Ge 41/2). ~plektita (~reta) seĝo, c-bottomed chair. 2 (bastono): c., switch, walking-stick, rod. Bati per ~o (Se 23/13-14). ➞ vering. Fiŝ~o, fishing-rod. Skrib~o, reed-pen. f Sin apogi sur ~o rompita. ➞ ant, fragmit, kareks, junk, rotang, tifa.

Kanado [OA-8] CA.

kanbirdo (akrocefalo), Warbler (Acrocephalus). ~o akvama, aquatic w. ~o marĉa, marsh warbler. ~o scirpa, reed w. ➞ silvi.

kana-o, (bot) canna (Canna). 11 inda ~o, Indian bead.

kanab-o,, [UV] Hemp (Cannabis). ~a, -en. ~aj folioj, marijuana, ~a semo, h-seed. ~a tola, -en cloth, canvas. ~aĵo, rope- ends, etc. ~ejo, h-field. ~fumaĵo (haŝiŝo), hashish. ➞ kanvas.

kanaben-o [OA], linnet (Carduelis cannabina).

kanajl-o [UV] (malnobla fripono), Blackguard, knave, rascal, scamp, villain. ~a, b-ly, k-ish, r-lly, v-ous; low, smutty, vulgar. ~aj homoj, children of Belial (Jĝ 20/13). ~aĵo, dirty deal, low-down trick. ~aro, rabble, rag tag and bobtail, riff-raff, scum of the populace. ~ino, hussy, jade. ➞ fripon.

kanal-o [OA] (akvokondukilo), Canal, artificial water-channel (-course), aqueduct, conduit, etc. (Ge 30/38). ~o irigacia. ~aro, c-system. ~eto, ditch, drain, duct, gutter, rill, trench. ~~o spira, uretra. ~igi, -ize (riveron), convert into a c. ~izi, -ize, furnish with canals (waterways). ➞ kanel, kloak, tub.

kanap-o, [UV] couch, settee, sofa with half-back and one head-end. ➞ divan, sof.

kanari-o, [UV] Canary (Serinus canarius). ~o savaĝa. ~kolora, c-yellow. ➞ falar, tropeol.

kancelari-o,, [UV] Chancery, office of public records. ~ano, ~isto, c. official or clerk. ➞ kont, kontor, oficej.

kancelier-o [UV] (wide sense), chancellor, minister of state, state or law official. ➞ financestr.

kancer-o, (bot) (med) cancer. ~i (esti ~a). ~ulo. ➞ kankr.

kand-o,, [UV] Candy. Suker~o. ~i, (coat with) c. ~ita (citron)ŝelo, -ed peel. ~iĝi, c. crystallize.

kandel-o, [UV] 1 Candle, waxlight. Nokta ~o, night-light. ~o altara, Kristnaska, seba stearina, vaksa. 2 (unuo de lumintenso), c-power. Cent~a lumo. ~eto, dip, taper. ~ingo, [UV] c-stick, sconce. ~(far)isto ~(vend)isto, chandler. ~brilo, c-light. ~festo, Candlemas (2 Feb). ➞ lumen, sparkil.

kandelabr-o [OA] (kandelingaro), Candelabrum (El 25/31; Da 5/5). ~a, branched (of candelstick). ➞ lustr.

kandidat-o, [OA] Candidat/e (for office or honour), applicant, aspirant. ~i (al, por), apply for, aspire to, seek to obtain, be (stand as) a c. for. ~eco, -ure. ➞ ambici, aspir, cel, ekzameniĝ, sin prezent.

kanel-o," Groov/e; chamfer, channel, fluting, thread, rifle (of gun), worm (of screw or nut). ~o de gramofona disko. ~o helica, rekta. ~ado, g-ing. ~aĵo, moulding. ~igi, score. ➞ ĉiz, fold, sulk, strek.

kanguru-o, (ordinary language) Kangaroo (technical language mak- ropo). Arba ~o (dendrolago), tree k.

kanibal-o, [OA] Cannibal, ~eco, ~ismo, -ism.

kanin-o = kojndento, eye-tooth.

kanistr-o, canister, small can or box, usually of metal (for tea, shot, etc.).

kanjon-o, canyon, deep gorge or ravine formed by river. ➞ fjord, ravin.

kankan-o, (dance) cancan.

kankr-o, [UV] crayfish (various species, astako, kamburo, palinuro, etc.). (astr) Crab (K 236/4). ~a tropiko. ➞ kancer, krab.

kankrom-o, (orn) boat-bill (Cancroma cochleria).

kanon-o [OA] (pafilego), Cannon, (mounted) Gun. ~o kampa, peza, rapidpafa, siege, ŝipa. ~o kontraŭ-aviadila, -tanka. Bomb~o, mortar. ~ado, c-ade, g-fire. ~aro, artillery, ordnance. ~isto, gunner. ~kuglo, c-ball. -pordo, g-port. ~ŝipo, g-boat. ➞ haŭbiz, karambol, mitral.

kanon-o, Canon 1 (mus) composition in which one voice follows another in strict imitation. -o kunfina, senfina, 2 en 1 ( = du voĉoj, unu temo), inversakcenta, (mal)longa, sekvenca (ronda). Retro-o, "cancrizans". ~a imitado. 2 church decree. 3 (Bb) list of accepted books. 4 fundamental standard of authority, rule laid down, prescribed. ~a, -ical, authorized. ~a juro, c. law. ~eco, -icity, validity. ~isto, -ist.

kanonik-o, [OA] (rel) Canon, member of cathedral chapter. ~a, -ical. ~aro, chapter. ~(ar)ejo, chapter house, ~ino, -ess.

kanoniz-i, canonize.

kanot-o, vaguely = light open boat, dinghy; once used for canoe. ➞ bark, boat, gondol, kanu, korakl.

kant-i, [UV] Sing, carol, (birds) warble, etc.: ~i pro ĝojo. ~i ~on (El 15/1). f Abelo, rivero, ŝpinilo, vento ~as. Ofte ~as la buŝo, kiam ploras la koro. 2 Celebrate in verse; hymn, praise: ~i al Dio. Armojn mi kantas (Eneido). ~o, Song, ballad, lay, melody, words with music. ~o senvorta. Alta ~o (Bb), S. of SS. Ĉas~o, hunting-s. Funebra ~o, dirge. Lul~o, lullaby, berceuse. Marista ~o, shanty. Moko~o (Jes 14/4). Plor~o, lament, (Bb) Lamentations. Religia ~o, sacred song. Rond~o, Ĉen~o (senfina kanono), (mus) round, ~~o vortluda, catch. Sorĉ~o, incantation. Am~o, bird~o, cigno~o, laŭd~o, part~o, popol~o, sol~o. ~aĉi, squall. ~aro, (~libro), song-book. ~egi, bawl, ~eti, hum, sing snatches, ~isto, -er, vocalist. ~istaro (horo), choir, ~birdo, sing-bird, warbler. ~societo, choral society. Antaŭ~i, rehearse, try over. ek~i, [UV] break into song, strike up. Pri~i (-n), sing about, make a song of (Mi 2/4). Pri-kantanto (4 FA/212). Re-aĵo (refreno), chorus, refrain (PI 3/14). Plor~i, lament (Am 5/1). Trem~i, sing tremolo. Zum~i, ~i duonvoĉe, hum. ➞ blek, ĉant, ĉirp, himn, kanzon, kantor, pep.

kantalup-o, cantaloup, small species of musk melon with reddish-orange flesh.

kantarel-o (ovofungo), chanterelle, yellow edible fungus (Cantharellus).

kantarid-o, [UV] sailor (soldier) beetle (Cantharis) > blister beetle, Spanish fly. a plastro (1 FA 85/2).

kantat-o, [OA] cantata, choral work (drama or oratorio), not acted.

kantik-o (kanto liturgia), Canticle, e.g., Venite, Magnificat, Te Deum. ~aro, "Service". ➞ himn.

kantilevr-o (bid) Cantilever (overhung suspension). ~a argano, ponto, c-crane (-bridge).

kantin-o, canteen (barracks or factory cafe).

kanton-o, [OA] (geog) canton. 1 Swiss. 2 French.

kantor-o, [UV] precentor, leader of church choir. ~a (flanko), cantor-ial, -is. Vic~o, succentor. Opp dekan.

kanu-o, (many species), canoe: small light keelless open boat propelled by paddle(s).

kanul-o (med, surg), cannula, douche -(injection-)tube, nozzle.

kanut-o (granda kalidro), (orn) knot (Calidris canutus).

kanvas-o, [UV] canvas (wide sense), strong hemp or other coarse cloth. ~o artista, tega. ~a ŝua. ➞ velaĵ.

kanzon-o [OA-8], chanson, little song, ballad, usually with refrain. ~eto, -ette, ditty. ➞ kant.

kaolin-o (porcelana tero), kaolin, china clay.

kap-o, [UV] 1 (anat) Head: De ~o ĝis piedoj. Stari sur la ~o. Balanci, klini, levi, skui la ~on. 2 (individual): Kalkuli ~ojn, (laŭ~e), count heads. Kiom da ~oj, tiom da opinioj. Meti sur (ies) ~on, hold responsible for. 3 brains, (presence of) mind, intelligence: ~o plena, obstina, saĝa. Multo en ~o, sed nenio en poŝo. Venis al mi en la ~on, It occurred to me. Perdi la -on. 4 chief: ~o de la familio. 5 head, top, upper (fore, front) part; button, knob, etc.: ~o de arbo, bastono, brasiko, kometo, kompaso, lito, martelo, monero, muziknoto, paliso, pajlo, paĝo, papavo, pinglo, sago, tamburo. Butt (kolbo); cape (ter~o, kabo); peg box (vn); toe-cap (ŝuo). ~a, mental, (of the) head. ~a doloro, laboro. Blank~a, griz~a, nud~a. Dik~a, block- headed, stupid. ~a registro, voĉo, falsetto, head-voice. ~aĉo, noddle, pate. ~aĵo, head-piece. Plat~ulo, flat-head, shallow-pate, -loko, head of bed (1 Rĝ 19/6). ~vesto, h-dress. En~igi, get (take) into one’s h. Sen~a, headless. ~~igi, behead, (arbon) pollard. Trans~iĝi, turn somersault, tumble head over heels. ➞ cerb, ĉap, ĉapel, ĉef, kab, kapitel, krani.

kapabl-a (je, por; -i), [UV] Capable (of -ing); Able (to); fit (qualified) for; competent, efficient, equal to, gifted. ~(ec)o, (cap)ability, etc., power, talent. ~o instrui (por instruo). ~i, be (cap)able. Ŝi nenion ~as. ~ulo, capable person. Mal~a, Ne~a, in-c, un-a, incompetent, unfit, unqualified. Sen~a, without talent. Pens~a, intelligent. Servo~a, able-bodied, fit for service. Ŝarĝ~o, carrying capacity. ➞ geni, kompetent, pov, taŭg.

kapacit-o, Capacit/y. 1 (enhavkapablo), possible content, load. ~o de vazo. ➞ tonelar, volumen. 2 (produktivo), power of production. 3 (el) (a. ~anco), -ance, measure of c. ~anco de kondensilo, de konduktilo. ➞ kapabl.

kape-i, (mar) sail under bare poles, lie to.

kapel-o, [UV] (bid) Chapel, subordinate church, or pt of church; private church of institution or residance. Tombeja ~o. ~ano (~a pastro), chaplain.

kaper-i (rabi korsare), capture (make a prize of) at sea. ~isto, freebooter, pirate. ~ŝipo, corsair, privateer. ➞ korsar, pirat.

kapibar-o, capybara, water-cavy, water-pig (Hydrochoerus).

kapilar-a (harforma), Capillary, hairlike, with very minute internal diameter. ~a altiro, c. attraction. ~a dukto, (anat) c.

kapital-o, [OA] (fin) Capital, assets, funds, property, stock. Engluti, havi, investi, posti, lasi, rezervi ~on. Spez~o, cash reserve, working-c. f capitalists (collectively). ~a konto, c a/c. ~igi, -ize. ~ismo, ~isto. ➞ ĉefurb, hav, kas, posedaj, riĉ.

kapitan-o, [UV] Captain. ➞ rotestro, sixpestro, ĉefo, estro.

kapitel-o, [UV] (arch) capital, head of pillar or pilaster (Am 9/1; Ce 2/14).

kapitol-o, capitol. 1 Roman. 2 USA congress-house.

kapitulac-i (nt), [UV] Capitulat/e, surrender on terms, f (sp) give up, resign. ~o, -ion.

kapok-o, kapok, fibre round seeds of the silk cotton tree (Ceiba).

kapol-o, 1 tallow-drop (jewel). 2 (cy) ~o ruĝa, red reflector. 3 stud-nail.

kapon-o, [UV] capon, castrated cock.

kapor-o, [UV] Caper, flower-bud of -arbo, c-bush (Capparis spinosa).

kaporal-o, [OA] (mil) corporal.

kapot-o [UV] (kapuĉmantelo), 1 capote, large cloak with hood. 2 (tech) covering, hood (collapsible or fixed); bonnet (of car).

kapotast-o, (mus) capotasto, barre (of guitar, etc.).

kapr-o, [UV] Goat (Capra). ~o hejma, sovaĝa. Alpa ~o, Alpine ibex, (astr) Capricorn (K 236/4). f ~o pekoporta, propeka, scape-goat. ~a felo, g-skin. ~ido, kid. ~ino, nanny-g. ~ina lakto, g’s milk. ~oledo, kid. Vir~o, buck. ➞ antilokapr, boselaf, kapreol, ibeks, oriks, tragelaf.

kapreol-o, [UV] Roe-deer (Capreolus). ~ido, roe-kid. Vir~o, roe-buck.

kapric-o, [UV] Capric/e, 1 unaccountable change of mind or conduct; freak, vagary, wantonness (Ge 49/6). ~oj de la modo. 2 (mus) C. ~(em)a, -ious, fitful, incalculable, inconstant, wayward, whimsical. ~a infano, modo, sorto, virino. ~i (havi ~ojn), be -ious. ~eto, crochet, fad. ~ulo. ➞ fantazi, maniet, Strang. Rim.: Curious use of ~i, ~o (No 11/4, 34): Moffat and RSV = crave for, craving.

kaprifoli-oj, honeysuckle fam. (2 FA 12/23, 4 FA 10/13) > lonicer, sambuk, viburn.

kaprikorn-o, (astr) Capricorn (a. kapro K 236/4). ~a tropiko.

kaprimulg-o, (orn) nightjar, "goatsucker", whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus).

kapriol-i (kaprosalti), caper, frisk, gambol, leap about, prance. ~o, ~a, antic.

kapsel-o, shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris).

kapsik-o, (Capsicum), name of various "peppers" (red or green, round or long). ~eto, chilli. The powdered pods and seeds of C. annuum are called papriko, or Kajena (ruĝa) pipro.

kapstan-o (vertikala vinĉo), capstan, winding gear. ~o ankra, mana. ➞ krik, vind.

kapsul-o, [UV] Capsule (wide sense), cap for bottles; cap (firearms); (bot) dry seed-case; (pharm) shell containing drug. ~o amela, gelatina. Eksplod~o, detonator. ~i, cap (seal) bottle, etc.

kapt-i (-n) [UV], Capt/ure, Catch. 1 (ek~i): Lay (take) hold of, clutch at, grasp, grip, seize, snatch: Dronanto herbeton ~as avide. ~i (iun) ĉe la brako, je la vesto, per la mano. ~i pilkon. f (plenigi): ~is min kolero, timo. (Surprizi, trafi): take unawares, surprise, come suddenly. ~is nin pluvo, ŝtormo, ventego. ~i iun ĉe la ago. 2 c., apprehend, ensnare, get. ~i birdon, fiŝon, ŝakpecon, ŝteliston. Virina rideto pli ~as, ol reto. 3 (logi): captivate, win. ~i okulon, rigardon. ~i per flataj vortoj. 4 (get, obtain, receive): ~i la sencon de parolo. ~i atenton, malvarmumon, melodion. (phot) ~i grupon. Kapt! Got you! etc. ~o, c., seizure, etc. ~aĵo (predo), booty, loot, plunder, prey, spoil. ~ema, 1 (avida). 2 (insida), ~iĝi (implikiĝi), get caught. ~ilo, [UV] pitfall, gin, snare, trap. ➞ falil, insid, ret. Bird~ilo, mus~ilo, pied~ilo. ~(in)isto, trapper, ~into, -or. ~ito, -ive, prisoner, Milit~ito, p-er of war. ~iteco, captivity (Ob/11). ~oludi, play c., tag. For~ita (Ps 53/6, Am 6/7). Mal~i (malteni), let go. Ne~ebla, impregnable. Re~i, recapture, get back. Ŝnur~i (hokfiŝi). ➞ ensorb, kurating.

kapucen-o, [UV] capuchin monk.

kapuĉ-o, [UV] Hood, cowl. 1 (cl) ~o monaĥon ne faras. 2 (obj) hood of vehicle. Kamen~o, turn~o, vent~o. ➞ kapot.

kapus-o, (mar) head (course), (opt) ~linio, zero alignment.

kar-a, [UV] Dear (wide sense) 1 (amata), Lov/ed, beloved, cherished: ~a filo, lingvo, patro. ~ega, darling. ~ul(in)o, d. one, beloved, darling, love. ~memora, of precious memory. 2 (alte ŝatata, grandvalora), highly esteemed, precious, valuable, valued: ~a amiko, sinjoro, objekto (2 Kr 36/19); oleo (Jes 39/2); saĝo (Se 3/15). Mia ~a, my d., my good fellow. 3 (altpreza, multekosta), costly, expensive, high-priced: ~a hotelo, manĝo. Aĉeti, ami, kosti, pagi ~e. Mal~a, cheap, low-priced. Ne~a, inexpensive, reasonable. Pli~iĝi, rise in price. Tro~igi, overcharge, overprice.

karab-o, ground-beetle (Carabus). ➞ skarab.

karaben-o, [UV] (mil) carbine, short rifle for cavalry, ~isto, carabineer.

karadri-o (Charadrius), (orn) (Ringed) Plover. ~o blankbrusta, Kentish p. ~o malgranda, little r-p. Montara -o, dotterel. ➞ vanel.

karaf-o, [UV] Carafe, glass water-bottle for table. ➞ flakon.

karagen-o (Irlanda fuko), (phar) carragheen, Irish moss (Chrondus crispus). ➞ cetrari.

karakal-o, caracal lynx (Felis caracal).

karakol-i, ~o, half-turn(-wheel) (horse or rider), to right or left.

karakter-o, [UV] Character. 1 quality, category, kind, nature. ~o de stilo, verko. Gramatika ~o de radiko. 2 (ecaro), habitual conduct (disposition), individuality, personality, reputation. La ~o de Hamleto. ~o afabla, nobla, viva. Forto de ~o, backbone, moral strength. Sen~a, c-less, banal, ordinary, undistinguished, weak. Sen~a pejzaĝo. Divers-a (heterogena). ➞ karakteriz, natur, reputaci.

karakteriz-i (-n), [OA], Character/ize. describe as (the c. of). 2 be -istic of. ~a, -istic, typical. ~a gesto, trajto. ~aĵo, -istic, idiosyncracy, peculiarity. ➞ disting, mark, sign, stamp.

karambol-i (nt), [OA], (billiards) Cannon, collide, strike obliquely, f be jostled, knocked about (in a crowd), encounter. ➞ kolizi.

karamel-o, [OA] caramel, "burnt sugar". Buter~o, butter-scotch.

karapac-o, (zoo) carapace, upper shell. ~o krokodila, testuda. ➞ kiras, krust, ŝel.

karas-o, [UV] crucian carp (Cyprinus carassius). Or~o (orfiŝo), goldfish.

karat-o, [OA] carat: of weight (jewels); of purity (gold).

karavan-o,, [OA] Caravan. 1 company of desert travellers (Ge 37/25; Ij 6/19). 2 conducted travel party. Kongresa ~o. [3 = ruldomo]. ~a gastejo, haltejo, -sery. ~estro, party leader.

karb-o, [UV] Coal, us , = ŝton~o, ter~o. Ardantaj ~oj (Se 6/28). Bruna (ligna) ~o, lignite. Ost-o, bone black, f Fajraj ~oj (Se 25/22, Ro 12/20). ~a polvo. ~e nigra, c-black. ~ejo, c-bunker(-cellar-hole). ~ero, lump of c. (chem) ~ido, -ide. Kalcia ~ido (CaC2). ~ida lampo. Hidro~ido, hydro-carbon. ~igisto, charcoal burner. ~iĝi (cul) burn. ~izi ŝipon. ~olo (fenolo), carbolic acid (C6H6OH). ~ujo, c-scuttle (El 27/3). ~ŝton-(~hav)a, c-bearing, carboniferous. ~ohidrato, carbohydrate. ~minejo, c-mine. ~(min)isto, c-miner, collier, pitman. ~(vend)isto, c-merchant. ~oleo, kerosene. ➞ antracit, bitum, karbon.

karbon-o, [OA] Carbon (C), (for arc lamp) c-pencil. ~a di-(mon-)oksido (CO2,CO). ~ato, -ate. ~atacido, -ic acid. Natria bi~ato, sodium bi-ate. ~eca, -aceous. ~igi, -ize, character ~ilo, -yl. ~ila klorido, phosgene. ~izi (~kovri) paperon. Sen-a (metalo), soft metal. ➞ karb, paper.

karborund-o, carborundum, silicia karbido (Si C).

karbunkl-o, (med) carbuncle, malignant tumour. ➞ antraks, furunk.

karbunkol-o, (min) carbuncle, cabochon garnet, iron-aluminium-silicate.

karbur-i, (chem) Car bur/et, combine with carbon, (mt) -ize. (int. combustion engine) vaporize (fuel). ~ilo, -ettor. karcen-o, shore crab (Carcinus).

karcer-o, [OA] 1 place of detention, punishment room. Du horoj da ~o, two hrs’ detention. 2 lock-up, cell, prison (Jer 20/2). ~ulo, person in detention, jail-bird, prisoner. En~igi, incarcerate, detain, keep in. ➞ arestej, cel.

kard-o, [UV] thistle (Carduus) (many species) ➞ also centaŭre, cirsi, dipsak, karlen, onopord, sonk [Ne= kart, karton].

kard-i, (tex) Card, comb (wool, flax, hemp), ~ilo, -ing comb. ~isto, -er. ~maŝino, -ing machine. ➞ dipsak, komb, taŭz.

kardamen-o, bittercress (Cardamine). Kampa ~o, cuckoo-flower, lady’s smock.

kardamom-o, cardamom, spice from seed capsules of various plants.

kardan-o, (mec) universal joint. ~a kuplilo, ŝafto.

kardel-o, [UV] (orn) goldfinch, thistle- finch (Carduelis). ~o flama, redpoll. ~o flavbeka, twite. ➞ fring, fringel, kanaben.

kardi-o, (zoo) cockle (Cardium).

kardinal-o, [OA] 1 (re) Cardinal. ~a ĉapelo. ~a Moŝto, Eminence. ~aro, college of cardinals. 2 (orn) c-bird (Cardinalis).

kardiograf-o, (med) cardiograph.

kardiogram-o, (med) cardiogram.

kardon-o (Hispana artiŝoko), cardoon (Cynara cardunculus).

kare-o, (cul) curry.

kareks-o, (bot) sedge (Carex) (many species). ➞ also fragsrat, junk, kan.

karen-o (ŝipsubo), (mar) Careen, pt under water, -a tabulo, bottom-board.

(av) planing board. ~i (Siport), c., turn on one side for cleaning, etc.; heel over.

kares-i, 1 (ame tuŝi: man~i) caress, stroke, fondle, pet, touch fondly. ~i katon, barbon, lipharojn. ~i kontraŭ la haroj, stroke the wrong way. Hodiaŭ ~as, morgaŭ forgesas. f cherish: ~i esperon, iluzion, revon. f fall lightly on; Lumo ~as muron, ondoj la strandon. 2 favour, smile on. 3 cheer, comfort, solace, soothe. la animon, delight the soul (Ps 94/19). ~(ad)o, affection, blandishment (Se 5/19). Ne ekzistas ~o sen intereso. ~(em)a (amema), affectionate, clinging, endearing, fond, tender, winning. ~a tuŝo. ~aj vortoj, loving words. Mal~i, bully, cuff, knock about, treat roughly. Flat~i (kafoli), cajole. Pri~i, lavish caresses on, make much of. ➞ dorlot, tener.

karg-o, (mar) Cargo, Freight, lading. ~i ŝipon. ~ŝipo, freighter.

kari-o, (med) Cari/es, Decay (of bone or tooth). ~a, c-ous, d-ed.

kariatid-o, (arch) caryatid, fem. figure as column.

karier-o [OA], Career. 1 profession. 2 life. Komenci sian ~on, ~o artista, scienca. ~ismo, ~isto. ➞ okup, profesi.

karikatur-o, [OA] Caricature, burlesque, ludicrous representation, parody, take-off, travesty. ~isto, -ist. ~e, in c.

kariljon-o (sonorilaro), (m.i.) carillon, set of bells.

kariofil-o, [UV] Clove, flower-bud of ~arbo (Caryophyllus aromaticus). ~oleo, oil of cloves. ➞ diant. ~acoj, pink fam..

kariol-o, [OA] light two-wheeled carriage, dog-cart, trap.

karitat-o, (rel) charity, Christian love of fellow-men, benevolence, benignity, good-will [Ne = almozo].

karj-o, (bot) Hickory (Carja). ➞ hikori, pekan. C. ovata (shagbark h.) is the "American walnut" used for pianos and carriages.

karlen-o, Carline thistle (Carlina).

karm-o, (Bud) karma, doctrine of destiny, cause and effect.

karmezin-o, crimson, deep red, inclining to purple.

karmin-o, [UV] ~a, carmine, crimson red, from cochineal or alizarin.

karn-o, [OA] Flesh. 1 (anat): of body (Ge 9/4, Se 5/11). Ili estu unu ~o (Ge 2/24). Tibia ~o, calf. 2 (vivaĵo): Por ekstermi tiun ~on (Ge 6/17). f iri la vojon de tiu ~o (morti). 3 Body (opposite spirit), natural man (Rom 8/5). 4 pulpy substance of fruit or plant: ~o de melono, pruno. 5 offspring, stock: Vi estas lia ~o, lia sango. ~a brako, arm of flesh. (2 Kr 32/8). f fleshly, carnal, gross, sensual. ~(ec)a, ~(hav)a, ~(plen)a, dik~a, -y, meaty, plump. ~e, in the flesh, carnally. ~ulo, mortal. ~kolora, f-tinted. ~omanĝa, carnivorous. ~oŝiri, rend. ~~a, ravenous (Ge 49/27). En~igi, clothe in flesh, incarnate. ~iĝo, reen~iĝo, (re)incarnation. Sen~a, fleshless. Dent~o (gingivo), gum. ➞ viand.

karnaval-o, [UV] Carnival. 1 festival days before Lent. 2 riotous revelry.

karneol-o, (min) carnelian, cornelian, red vrty of chalcedony.

karo-o, (cgm) Diamond. ~a reĝo, king of dd.

karob-o, [UV] carob, locust-bean, St John’s bread (Lu 15/16), fruit of ~arbo (Ceratonia siliqua).

karol-o, carol, joyous folk-song, usually seasonal and religious, especially for Christmas.

karoseri-o, coach-building. ~(ist)o, coach-builder.

karot-o, [UV] Carrot (Daucus carota).

karoteno, carotene, yellow colouring matter in cc. and other vegetables, and in butter.

karotid-o (kolarterio), carotid.

karp-o, [UV] (ich) carp (Cyprinus carpio).

karpe-o (pojnostoj), carpus, wrist-bones. ~a, carpal.

karpel-o, (bot) carpel.

karpen-o, [UV] (bot) hornbeam (Carpinus).

kart-o, Card. 1 card, thick paper. Domo el ~oj. Not~eto (slipo). Vizit~o, visiting c. 2 correspondce c. ~o ilustrita, Kristnaska, poŝta. Duobla poŝt~o, reply p.c. 3 (lud~o), playing-card. Ludi ~ojn. 4 (manĝ~o, menuo), bill of fare. 5 (better mapo), map. (lud)~aro, pack of cards. ~ludo, c-game. ~ludantaro, c-party. ~ujo, c-case. ➞ bilet, ĉart, map.

kartam-o, (bot) bastard saffron, safflower (Carthamus).

kartav-i [UV] (knarparoli), speak with a burr. ~o, guttural speech, exaggerated rolling of the "r".

kartel-o (interkonsento), (econ, pol), cartel, agreement for common action. ➞ sindikat, trust.

kartilag-o, [UV] (anat) Cartilag/e, gristle, elastic tissue. ~eca, ~oza, -inous.

kartoĉ-o, [UV] Cartridge, ~ingo, c-belt (-holder). ~ujo, c-pouch. ~o senkugla, blank c. ➞ prajm, pulv.

kartograf-o [OA] (mapisto), cartographer.

kartografi-o [OA] (mapado), cartography.

karton-o, [UV] Card-Board, paste-brd. Dika ~o, mill-brd. Led~o, leather brds. Ond~o, corrugated c. Pajl~o, straw-brd. ~o asfalta, bituma, gudrita, tegmenta, ŝtona. ~a skatolo, carton. ~a masko. ~i (~e bindi). ~(bind)aĵo, paper boards.

kartotek-o (= sliparo, slipujo), card index.

kartun-o, (des) cartoon. 1 large design. 2 drawing (humorous, political, topical).

kartuŝ-o, [OA] cartouche. 1 (arch) scroll ornament, tablet, volute, often with inscription. 2 (ant) Egyptian oval with hieroglyphics.

karusel-o, [UV] (sp) merry-go-round, roundabout. [Ne= orgi], f ĥaosaj pensoj ~is en lia kapo.

karvi-o, Caraway (Carum carvi). ~a grajno, semo, c-seed. ~a (or kumina) brando, kummel. ~a kuko, seed cake. ~oleo. ➞ kumin.

kas-o, [UV] Cash. 1 (monkesto): c-box, moneybox, till. ~o senmona. 2 fund, reserve, stock. Lud~o, kitty. Regna ~o, Treasury. Ŝpar~o, savings box. ~ejo, ~tablo, c-counter, pay desk. ~isto, -ier, paymaster, treasurer. ~libro, c-book. En~aĵo, c. in hand. ~~igi, pay in. ➞ buĝet, kontant, mon, spez.

kasaci-i (nuligi), Annul (legally), declare invalid, quash (decree, will, verdict). ~o, -ment.

kasav-o, cassava, preparation from manihoto. ➞ manihot, maniok.

kaserol-o, [UV] casserole, stewpan, heatproof vessel, usually of earthenware or glass, in which food is cooked and served. ➞ bolpot.

kasi-o, cassia (Cinamomum cassia). ~a floro, semo, ŝelo (El 30/24). ➞ sena.

kask-o, [UV] Helmet (1 Sa 17/38; Ef 6/17). Fera ~o, steel h. Friz~o, hair-drier. Lan~o, Balaclava h. ~tufoj, plumes [Ne= barelo].

kaskad-o (akvofaleto), Cascade, waterfall. ~i, fall in cc.

kaskar-o (ramna ŝelo), (pharm) cascara sagrada.

kaskaril-o, (pharm) cascarilla, bark of c. shrub (Croton cluteria).

kasked-o [OA 8], man’s peaked cap.

kason-o, (wide sense) (arch) (eng) (mil), caisson, diving-bell, sunk chamber, water-tight compartment. ➞ merĝa kesto.

kast-o, [OA] caste, f exclusive class (grade, order, rank). ~o (mal)alta. Sam~ano. ~ismo (~a sistemo). ➞ gild, klas, rang.

kastanjet-o [Bat] [OA] (klakilo), (m.i.) Castanet.

kastel-o,, [UV] Castle. 1 fortified residence, lordly mansion. ~o surmonta. f ~o en aero. 2 stronghold, citadel, small fort. ~o kavalira, rabista. ~remparo, ~ruino. 3 (mar) c. Antaŭ~o, fore-c. Post~o, quarterdeck. ~ano, c-dweller. ~estro, c-governor (Ne 7/2). ~urbo, fortified town (Da 8/2). ➞ citadel, ferdek, palac, poŭp, tur.

kastor-o, [UV] beaver (Castor). ~o Kanada. ~a ĉapelo, felo, pelto.

kastr-i, [UV] Castrate, emasculate, geld, f bowdlerize, deprive of vigour, expurgate, weaken. ~ito (eŭnuko). ~ita bovo, bullock. ~ita ĉevalo, gelding.

kasuar-o, (orn) cassowary (Casuarius).

kaŝ-i (-n, antaŭ, de, de antaŭ) [UV] (Ge 4/14), Hide, Conceal, Secret/e (from), bury, keep s. t(prisilenti), suppress, pass over in silence; (vuali), cloak, cover, veil. ~ita al mi de li per kurteno, hidden from me by him with a curtain. ~e, furtively, in s., on the sly, out of sight. ~ado, dissimulation. ~ebla, Tuso kaj amo ne estas ~eblaj. ~eco, obscurity. ~ejo (~angulo), h-ing place, s. recess (1 Sa 23/23). ~ema, close, s-ive. ~emulo, sly-boots. ~iĝi, sin ~i, h. one’s, lie hid (c-ed), skulk (Ge 3/8). ~ita, s., c-ed, hidden, latent, f cryptic, dark, mystic, (mus) ~itaj kvintoj (oktoj), hidden 5ths (Sves). Mon~itaĵo, hoard. Mal~i, disclose, discover, lay bare, reveal, unveil; (perfidi): betray, divulge, ~~c, openly, without c-ment. Mal~ema, Ne~ema, Sen~a, candid, communicative, frank, free, open, outspoken, plain, unreserved. Ne~ebla (Ne~ita), manifest, overt. Sin~emo, reserved, shy, keeping one’s in the background. Sin~into, stowaway. Tromp~i, suppress fraudently. ➞ sekret.

kaŝmir-o, (tex) cashmere, fine woollen cloth from Kashmir goat-wool.

kaŝtan-o, [UV] Chestnut, fruit of ~arbo (Castanea) (Sweet) c-tree. ~o rostita. ~bruna, ~hara, ~kolora, nut-brown. Mar~o = ekino. ➞ hipokaŝtan, maron.

kat-o, [UV] Cat, puss. 1 (feliso), member of c-fam., e.g., lion, tiger, puma. 2 ~o doma, hejma, domestic c. ~o arbara, sovaĝa, wild c. (F. silvestris). ~o (mal)longhara; Abisena, Birma, Ĉinĉila, Egipta, Manksa, Persa, Rusa, Siama. Panter~o (pardalo), ~eca, ~simila, feline, -tish, -ty. ~ido, kitten. ~idaro, litter. Kanjo, pussy. ~inaĉo, grimalkin, old she-c. f spiteful old woman. ~bleki, caterwaul. Vir~o, Tom-c. ➞ miaŭ, felis, panter.

kata-, (Gk pfx, wide sense) cata-. ~bazo (malklimakso), (rh) -basis, gradual descent. ➞ batos. ~klismo, -clysm (➞ katastrof).

katakomb-o, [OA] catacomb (➞ kript).

katakrezo, (rh) catachresis, incongruity; e.g., vidi tondron (voĉon) (El 20/18; Ap 1/12).

katalepsi-o, [OA] catalepsy. ~ulo. ➞ tetan.

katalizo (chem) catalysis. ~aĵo, ~anto, ~ilo, -lyst. ~a, -lytic.

katalog-o [OA] (orda listo), catalogue, ~i, to c. ➞ etat, indeks, inventor, registr, tabel.

kataplasm-o [UV] (pharm) medicated plaster (poultice) to draw out inflammation, etc. ~o sinapa, mustard p.

katapult-o (ĵetpafilo), catapult. ~i.

Katar-o QA.

katastrofo, [OA] catastrophe, sudden blow, disaster, ruin, terrible end. ~a, -ic, crushing, disastrous, overwhelming, shattering. ➞ fatal, kataklism, sortobat.

katafalk-o, [OA] catafalque, decorated stage for coffin, open hearse.

katalp-o, catalpa (tree), Indian bean.

katar-o [UV] (imflamo mukmembrana), Catarrh. Bronka ~o, bronchial c. ~o intesta (disenterio); Naza (korizo); Stomaka (gastrito), Vezika (blenoragio).

katarakt-o, [UV] (med) cataract, opacity of eye-lens. ➞ glaŭkom. [Ne= akvofalo, kaskado].

katari-o (katherbo), (bot) wild catmint (Nepeta cataria).

katastro = kadastro.

katedr-o, [OA] seat of authty or office, 1 University (professorial) chair, lecturer’s desk. 2 pulpit. 3 Bishop’s throne, see. El~e, ex cathedra, auth-tive. (El~)a decido, cathedral utterance, ruling from the chair. ➞ podi.

katedral-o, [OA] (katedra preĝejo), cathedral, church with episcopal chair.

kategori-o, [OA] 1 Categor/y, class, head, division, order, (lin) Gramatika ~o. ➞ genr, grup, klas(if), rang. 2 ~a, -ical, absolute, down-right, explicit, positive, unconditional. ~a rifuzo. ~e aserti. ➞ nepr.

kateĥ(k)ismo, Catech/ism, treatise for instruction by question and answer. ~isto, [OA] -ist. ➞ demandar, kompendi, kred.

  1. ~IZI , [OA] -ize, teach (examine) by question and answer. ~ato, -umen, neophyte.

  2. katen-o , [UV] Fetter, Chain, shackle (for prisoners), f f., band, restraint, restriction, tie. ~oj, irons, chains (Ps 105/18). ~i, c., f., put in irons, f Kiu donacon prenas, tiu sin ~as. ~ado, catennation. Kun~i, shackle. Mal~i (Sen~igi). Free from fetters, liberate, loose, unchain. Sen~a, uninhibited. Man~o, handcuff, manacle. Pied~o, hobble-iron. ➞ ten.

kateter-o, (surg) Catheter, bougie. ~i, -ize. ➞ buĝi, dilat, sond.

katgut-o, catgut.

katidid-o (onom) katydid, name (USA) of various large green orthopterous insects.

katiz-i, (tex) Press, give Gloss (lustre) to material. ~o, g., lustre, from p-ing, Sen~igi, take the gloss off, unglaze. (mal)varm~i, cold(hot) p. ➞ amel, apretur.

katlej-o, cattleya, S-Am orchid.

katod-o, (el) Cathod/e, negative pole, -a radio, c-ray.

katokal-o, (ent) red underwing moth (Catocala).

katolik-a, [OA] Catholic. 1 all-embracing, of wide sympathies, general, universal, world-wide. ~a gusto, legado. 2 (ecc) (tutkristanara), ecumenical. 3 (rc) of Roman Church, Romish, opposite protestant. ➞ universal. Rom~o.

katun-o [UV] (kotona tolo), Cotton fabric > indieno, kalikoto, kretono, nankeno, perkalo. ~a, of c., print. ~aĵo, c-goods. Mebla ~o, chintz, cretonne. ➞ koton.

kaŭci-o, [OA] (jur) 1 Bail, Caution, security [N t=averto, singardo]. ~a, c-ary. 2 on b., under bond. ~i (doni ~on), give bail, go c. for. ~aĵo (~a mono), security. ➞ garanti.

kaŭĉuk-o,, [OA] (India) Rubber. Kruda ~o (latekso). ~a arbo, bendo, fadeno. ~a mantelo, mackintosh, waterproof. ~aj ŝuoj. ➞ edonit, gum, elast. Krepa ~o, crepe rubber.

kaŭkalid-o, bur-parsley (Caucalis).

kaŭr-i [OA], (sidi surkalkane). Crouch, sit on one’s heels, squat. Tim~i, cower. ~iĝi, (cat) crouch (for a spring).

kaŭri-o, 1 (suda damaro), kaŭri pine (Agathis australis). 2 = monkonko. ➞ cipre.

kaŭstik-a (histokoroda), Caustic, burning, corrosive. f biting, cutting, mordant, sarcastic, (chem) ~a potaso, c. potash (KOH). ~a sodo, c. soda (NaOH), ~aĵo, c-substance. ➞ brul, kaŭteriz, korod.

kaŭteriz-i, [UV] Cauteriz/e, sear (with hot iron or caustic), kill the nerve (of tooth), render callous. ~aĵo, c-ing substance. ~ilo (a. kaŭtero), cautery (instrument).

kaŭz-o, [UV] Caus/e. 1 (producing an effect). de kolero, morto, milito. 2 Reason, ground, motive, for action. ~o financa, por espero, plendo. ~i, [UV] c., be the c. of, bring about (on), effect, give rise to, induce, occasion. ~i akcidenton, doloron, elspezon, malpacon. Kio ~is, ke li iru (made him go)? ~a, oal, causative. ~e (sekve) de (Ps 102/10), because (by r.) of, owing to. ~ado, causation. ~eco, c-ality. Pra~o, first c. Sen~a (senbaza), causeless, groundless. ~~a bato. ~~e plendi. Ne sen ~o, not without reason. Ŝajn~o (pretendita ~o) pretext. Tiu~e (tial), for that r. ➞ font, motiv, origin, pro, radik.

kav-o, [UV] Cav-e-ity, Hollow; hole, pit. ~o de leonoj (Da 6/7). ~o en buĝeto, fromaĝo, pano. Aera ~o, (av) air pocket. Bituma ~o (Ge 14/10). Fos~o, ditch (4 FA 229/21). Man~o, hollow of the hand (Jes 40/12). Okul~o, eye-hole, orbit. Ost~o, socket. Rad~o, wheel-rut. Urs~o, bear-pit. ~a, hollow(ed), concave, empty. ~a dento. ~aj (sunken) vangoj. f ~(ec)a sono, voĉo, h-sounding. ~aĵo, concavity, depression. Profunda ~aĵo, deep cutting. ~ego (abismo), abyss, chasm, gulf. Vanga ~eto, dimple. ~igi, hollow out. ~igita mano. ~iĝi (enfali), cave (fall) in, sink. En~iĝintaj okuloj. Tera ~iĝo, depression. El~igi, excavate. Mal~a, convex. ➞ fos, grot, kavern, konkav, put, tru.

kava-o, 1 (bot) kava (Piper methysticum). 2 intoxicating beverage from roots of this.

kavaleri-o,, [OA] Cavalry, horse-soldiers, mounted troops. ~ano, -man.

kavalir-o, [UV] (wide sense) Knight, member of an order, Sir. Kruc~o, crusader. ~o migrants, k-errant. ~o de la Verda Stelo = Esperantisto. f escort, protector. ~(ec)a, -ly, chivalrous, gallant. ~aj ludoj, tournament. ~aĵo, gallant act. ~eco, k-hood, chivalry. ~ino, Lady, Dame. ~igi, k. ~igo, accolade. II (orn) Akva ~o (Stojan) = totano, redshank.

kavalkad-o, cavalcade, company of riders, procession on horseback.

kavatin-o, cavatina, short simple song, smooth melodious air.

kavern-o, [UV] Cavern, natural cave in earth or rock (Ge 23/9). Besta ~o, denotes ~aĉo, f dirty hole, hovel, pigstye, slum. ~(ec)a (voĉo), -ous. ~ulo, cave man. ➞ grot.

kavi-o, cavy (Cavia); any of various ~edoj (short-tailed rough-haired S-Am rodents) > ➞ kobajo, guinea-pig.

kaviar-o, [UV] (cul) caviare.

kaz-o, [UV] Case (wide sense) 1 (gram) ~o nominativa, etc. 2 (med) occurrence of disease. ~o de morbilo. 3 (jur) cause, suit (for trial, discussion). f ~o de konscienco = kazuo. ~o analoga, c. in point. ➞ okaz.

Kazaĥ-ujo, Kazaĥio KZ.

kaze-o, [UV] Curd. ~a fromaĝo, cream cheese. ~igi, ~iĝi, curdle. ~igaĵo, rennet. ➞ kazein, koagl.

kazein-o, casein, protein of milk.

kazemat-o, [OA] (mil) casemate, vaulted chamber, armoured enclosure.

kazern-o [OA] (soldatejo), barracks, soldiers’ quarters.

kazin-o, [OA] Casino, public room for dancing, gambling, etc.

kazu-o, case of conscience or doubt. ~ismo, casuism, -istry. ~isto.

kazubl-o, (cl) chasuble.

ke, [UV] (conj) that. Mi kredas, ~ jes (~ ne), I believe so (not). Vi diris, ~ vi venos, You said you would come. Rim.: Often omitted in English, as here, but not in Esperanto (See however 4 FA 33/14: mi pensas, (ke) mi rabos). Por in order that. Tiel so as, so that …

ke-o, kea (Nestor notabilis), N-Zealand green parrot.

kegl-o, [UV] Skittle, nine-pin. ~a globo, ludo. ~aro, set of ss. ~ejo, s-alley.

kejl-o [OA-8], Peg, pin (often wooded and wedge-shaped). Agorda ~o (vn), tuning p. Fer~o, bolt. Haltiga ~o, stop-bolt (-pin). Pinĉ~o, clothes-peg. Tend~o, tent-peg. Stop~o, spigot. ➞ stift.

keirant-o, wall-flower (Cheiranthus).

Kenj-o KE.

kel-o, [UV] Cellar, underground storeroom. Malfermita ~o tentas al ŝtelo. Vin~o, wine-c. ~aro, ~ejo, -age, vaults. ~isto, c-man. ➞ ĉel, subter.

kelidoni-o, (bot) greater celandine (Chelidonium). ➞ papav.

kelk-a, [UV] (indefinite non-numeral adj). 1 (iom da, ioma)’. Some, a little. Post ~a tempo. Kun ~a hezito. 2 (iu) a certain. ~a nombro (de vortoj) (el ili). ~aj (~e da) ( = iuj, unuj): Several, a few, (a) certain (number of), sundry (1 Sa 30/22) (➞ diversaj, pluraj). ~aj vortoj (~e da vortoj). ~aj el ni. ~oble, manifold, several times (multiplication). ~ope, several together. Kelk(a) foje, several times, on various occasions (repetition). Rim.: ➞ iufoje (sometimes). ~tempa, provisinal, temporary. ~a ĉeso ne estas forgeso. ~deke da, some dozen (=-30-50). Dek~e da, some ten, a dozen or so (=-11-15). Tridek ~jarulo, a man in his thirties.

kelner-o, [UV] Wait/er, ~i, serve as w. ~ino, -ress. ~aĵo (trinkmono). Ĉef~o, head waiter.

keloni-o (mara testudo), turtle (Chelonia). ~a ŝelo, tortoiseshell. Birdbeka ~o, hawksbill t. Verda ~o, green t.

kemi-o [OA-8] = ĥemio.

ken-o, [UV] resinous pinewood. ~a torĉo.

kenomel-o, Japanese quince. "Japonica" shrub (Chaenomeles).

kenop-o, (zoo) pelican’s foot (Chenopus).

kenopodi-o, (bot) Goosefoot (Cheno- podium). ~o bonhenrika, good king Henry. ~o blanka, white g., fat hen (C. album). Vp atripl, blit.

kep-o, [OA] kepi, French military peaked cap.

kepr-o, (tex) Twill, woollen textile with cross-lines. ~aĵo, -ed cloth.

ker-o, [UV] (cgm) Heart. ~a darno, question of hh. ➞ kor.

keratin-o, (chem) keratin.

kerkedol-o (marĉanaso), gargany duck (Anas querquedula). ➞ anas.

kermes-o, kermis, country (village) fair.

kern-o, [UV] kernel; grain, seed (corn), pip, stone (fruit). Nuksa ~o. (tech) core, inner pt, nucleus, etc. ~o de atomo, bobeno. f cream, essence, root. La ~o de la demando. ~eca, pithy, going to the root of the matter, terse (style). ~eto, pip. Sen~igi, stone. ➞ amand, drup.

kerofil-o, rough chervil (Chaerophyllum). ➞ cerefoli.

kerosen-o, paraffin oil (American kerosene).

kerub-o, [UV] Cherub (Ge 3/24). ~oj, -im. ~(osimil)a, -ic.

kest-o, [UV] (strong) Box, Case, chest. (Bb) ~o de interligo (Jos 6/6). ~o almoza, cigara, letera. Flor~o, window-b. Lat~o, coop, crate. Mon~o, money-b. Pak~o, packing-c. Poŝta ~o, letter (pillar) b. Rad~o, paddle-b. Son~o, sounding-board. tir~o, [UV] drawer. Vent~o (org) wind-b. Vojaĝ~o, travelling trunk. ~ego, packing-c. ~eto, box, coffer (1 Sa 6/8). En~igi, pack (in c.), post (letter). ➞ arke, kofr.

kestrel-o = tinunkolo. keton-o, (chem) ketone, ketup-o, (orn) fish-owl (Ketupa).

kia [UV] (kiuspeca), (adj) of what Kind, what k. (Sort) of a. ~a bruo! What a noise! ~ ĝi estas? What is it like? ~n vi volas? What s. do you want? Jen ~ mi estas, That is the s. of man I am. ~jn grandajn okulojn vi havas! What big eyes you have! ~~ patro, tia filo, Like (As is the) father, like (so is the) son. ~ ajn, What ever k. of a.

kial [UV] (Pro kio, kiukaŭze, kiumotive), (adv) Why, wherefore, on what grounds, for what reason. (Diru al mi,) ~ vi ploras? What are you crying for? w. are you crying? Mi ne scias I don’t know w. ~ ne? W. not? Jen That is w. Ciu tial havas sian ~ ajn vi venis, w. ever did you come? ~o, ground, reason. Est~o, raison d’etre.

kiam [UV] (kiutempe), (adv) When, at what time. (Diru al mi,) ~ vi venos? Ĉiufoje, ~ li venas, w-ever he comes. De (la tempo) ever since. Gis ~ (vi atendos?), Till w.? How long? Post ~ li venis, After he came (had come). Tuj ~ li venos, Directly (As soon as) he comes. Venu ~ ajn (vi volos), Come w-ever you like, at any time.

kiang-o, kiang, Tibetan ass (Equus kiang).

kie [UV] (kiuloke), (adv) Where, in which (what) place. ~ vi estas? where are you? ~n (al ~) vi iras? W. are you going to, Whither goest thou? ~ jukas, tie ni gratas. De (El) Whence, from where. Ĝis ~, How far? to what length? Mi vin sekvos, ~ ajn vi iros, w-ever you go. ~o, where-abouts.

kiel [UV] (kiumaniere), (adv) in what way, by what means, to what degree. 1 HOW: Kiel vi faris tion? Kiel bela ŝi estas! 2 AS: Faru, ~ (as, what) mi diras, ne ~ mi faras. Li komprenas predikon, kiel (just, in the same way, as) bovo muzikon. Mi amas vin kiel filon. Venu kiel eble plej baldaŭ (as soon as possible). (Tiel) forta, kiel leono, (As) strong as a lion. kiel se (kvazaŭ), as though. 3 LIKE: like unto, just like Vivi kiel kuko en butero. Trinki kiel fiŝo. kiel viroj, tiel ankaŭ virinoj, men and women alike. Rim.: The forms ~a (= kia), and ~e (pleon), are sometimes used for emphasis.

kies [UV] (de kiu, de kiuj), (pron) Whose, which one, of whom, of which. (Diru al mi) ~ infano vi estas? La viro, ~ (whose) verkon mi legas. La domo, ~ tegmenton (the roof of which) vi vidas. ~ ajn, whose-soever.

kiker-o, chick-pea (Cicer). ➞ cicer, latir.

kil-o, [UV] Keel, Bottom (of ship). ~o bilĝa, falsa, bilge k. ~o supre, b. up. ~(forma) (hava), k-ed. ~mono, ~pago, -age. Larĝ~a, broad b-ed. Antaŭ~o (steveno), stem. Post~o, rudder post.

kilo-, (metr.pfx) kilo-.

kilocikl-o, kilocycle.

kilogram-o [F], kilogram.

kilolitr-o, kiloliter.

kilometr-o [F], kilometer.

kiloŭat-o, kilowatt.

kilson-o, (av) (mar) keelson.

kilt-o (virjupo), kilt.

kim-o, (bot) cyme.

kimon-o, kimono, 1 Japanese woman’s garment. 2 similar Dressing-gown.

kinematik-o, kinemat/ics. ~a, -ic. ~a energio, premo.

kinematografi-o, cinematograph, film (as an art form). ~a lampo, projection lamp. ~i (filmi). ~aĵo, ~a bildo. ~ejo (col kino [OA-8]) (filmteatro), cinema.

kinet-a, kinetic. ~iko, -ies.

kinin-o, [OA] (pharm) quinine, alkaloid from kinkonarbo.

kinkaju-o, (zoo) kinkajou, American potto (Potos flavus).

kinkon-o, (bot) Peruvian bark, from ~arbo (Chinchona).

kio, [UV] (pron) What (thing). ~ estas tio? What is that? ~ estas ili? What are they? ~ estas al vi? What is the matter with you? (Diru al mi) ~n fari? What is to be done? ~ do? What then? Li ridis: ~ (= kaj tio) estis netolerebla. Okazu ~ ajn, for better, for worse; what ever may happen. Mi faros ~on ajn vi volos (what ever you want).

kiom [UV] (kiukvante), (adv, conj) What amount (quantity), how much (many). (Diru al mi), ~ vi deziras? ~ da butero? How much butter? ~ da pornoj? How many apples? ~mi scias, As far as I know. ~ da homoj, tiom da gustoj (So many ... so many). Tio estas pli, ol ~ mi povas porti (more than I can). Kaŝu ~ vi povos (as much as you may), mensogo sin elŝovos. ~ ajn mi provas, how ever much I try. ~a, What number (in a series)? = how manyeth? Sur ~a etaĝo li loĝas? ~a horo (tago) (estas)! ~a infano vi est is? ~an jar-(paĝ-)on vi atingis? ~e (pleon) (If/43). ~o, amount, quantity. ~ope ni estas? How many are we in all? (Rj 58/30).

kiosk-o, kiosk. ~o flora, gazeta, telefona.

kiper-o, kipper (herring or salmon split open, salted, and dried).

Kipr-o CY.

kiras-o, [UV] (body) Armour, (coat of) Mail, cuirass (Ne 4/16). (tech) iron-case. Brust~o, breastplate. Maŝ~o, coat of (chain-) m. ~i, a-plate. ~(it)a, a-ed, m-clad. ~a ŝipo, iron-clad. ~ulo, cuirassier. ~aĵo, a-plating. ➞ arm, karapac, konk, krust, ŝel.

Kirgiz-ujo, Kirgizio KG.

Kiribat-o KI

kirl-i [OA] (turnmovi) (-n), Whirl, twirl; beat (buteron); churn (lakton); make boil (la maron) (Ij 41/31); stir (teon); whisk (ovon). ~fluo, eddy, vortex, ~vento, w-wind. Ov~aĵo, ~itaj ovoj, scrambled eggs. ~iĝi, w. about. La fumo, maro, nebulo, polvo ~iĝas. f Miaj pensoj ~iĝis. ~ilo, shaker. Ov~ilo, egg-whisk. Kun~iĝi, swirl. ➞ ciklon, tromb.

kirmes-o, kermes, scarlet from various cocci.

kiromis-o (a. ajajo), aye-aye (Chiromys). kironom-o, midge (Chironomus). ~a larvo, blood-worm.

kirŝ-o [OA] (ĉerizbrando), kirsh.

kirurgi-o [OA 8] (a. ĥir~), Surgery. ~ejo, surgery. kirurg-o [OA 8] (= ~iisto), surgeon.

kis-i, [UV] Kiss (Ge 27/26; Mt 26/48). Doni ~on, ~i la manon al iu. Blovi man~on. f (pri akvo, flamo, sunradio), brush against, graze, lick, skim, touch lightly. ~o de Judas, perfingra. ~a, osculatory. ~ema, sloppy. ~ego, (ŝmaco), smack. ~eto, light k., peck. ~inda, desirable. Al~i, lap (ondoj ~as la rokon). For~i (doloron). Inter~i, embrace one another. Pac~o, k. of reconciliation.

kist-o, (med) Cyst. ~a, -ic. ~ito, -itis.

kitel-o, [UV] long loose covering garment (for workman, etc.), overall, smock. Mort~o, shroud.

kiti-o (trifingra mevo), kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla).

kiton-o, (zoo) mail-shell, coat of mail (Chiton). ➞ hiton.

kiu, [UV] (adj and pron), Which (one) (thing or person). Kiu el ni (Which of us) povus iri? Kiu scias? Who knows? Kiuj scias? Who know? Kiu (which) el la libroj estas via? La knabo, ~n (whom) vi vidas. La domo, ~n (that) vi vidas. ~ vivos, tiu vidos. ~ ajn, which ever (one), who ever, whosoever, klab-o, Club, bludgeon, mace. ~eto, truncheon. ~portisto, mace-bearer, (agr) ~radikozo, c-root.

klaĉ-i, [OA] Gossip, clack, prate, tattle. ~(ad)o, babble, chit-chat, prattle, tittle-tattle, small talk. ~aĵo, piece of gossip. ~ema, of a -ing disposition. ~ul(in)o, g., idle talker, scandal-monger, tale-bearer. ➞ babilaĉ.

kladoni-o (Cladonia) > cup lichen, reindeer moss.

klaft-o, [UV] Fathom. Various meanings: ~o Angla, Franca, Germana, Rusa. ~i, fathom, gauge, measure. ➞ sond.

klak-i, [OA] (nt) make short sound by blow: chatter (dentoj); crack (fingroj, vipo) flap (flugiloj) slap, smack. ~i per beko, lango, lipoj, manoj. Klak! Crack! Smack! Snap! La cikonio ~adis Egipte. ~ado, chatter, clatter. ~eti, click, crackle, rattle. ~igi (-n), bang, slam (pordon); clap (manojn), crack (vipon); smack (lipojn). ~ilo, clapper, rattle. ~ileto (kastanjeto). ~istaro (aplaŭdistaro), claque. ~sono, (phon) click,

klam-o, (ordinary language) clam, various eatable bivalve molluscs (especially Venus mercenaria and Nya arenaria). [Ne= tridakno].

klan-o, clan, Scots with common ancestor. ~ano, c-sman. ~ema, -nish. ~estro.

klangol-o, long-tailed duck (Clangula).

klap-o, [UV] overlapping piece, bit, hinged, jointed, pivoted at one end, free at the other; lappet, lid, shutter, tab; flap (koverta, poŝa); flap-seat (of w.c.); leaf (faldporda, tabid); tongue (poŝlibra); trap door (kamena); valve (kapsula, konka, pumpila). ~o aera, ventola. Glit~o, slide. Orel~o, ear-tab. Sava, sekureca ~o, safety-valve. Stringo~o, throttle. Du~a, unu~a (mollusc), bivalve, univalve. ➞ valv.

klar-a, Clear. 1 pure, limpid, pellucid: kristale ~a. ~a akvo, lumo, rivero, sono. ➞ diafan, hel. 2 distinct; easily audible, seen, or understood; explicit, intelligible, lucid, plain, unambiguous: ~a esprimo, penso, skribo, stilo, voĉo, vojo. 3 serene, unclouded: ~a ĉielo. 4 discerning, penetrating: ~a kapo, okulo, vido. ~e aŭdi, kompreni, paroli, vidi. ~eco, clarity. ~ega, evident. ~igi, clarify, make clear, elucidate, explain (Da 2/4). ➞ eksplik, komprenig, lumig, koment. Signifo~igi, expound, interpret. Ne~igebla, inexplicable, inscrutable. ~igisto, expositor. Signo~igisto, augurer, diviner. Sonĝ~isto. ~iga, explanatory. ~iĝi, brighten (vetero). ~vida, c-sighted. Mal~a, Ne~a, clouded, dark, dull, obscure, thick, turbid. ~~aĵo, ~~eco, obscurity. ➞ enigm, mister, nebul, nub. ➞ evident, hel, lum, seren.

klaret-o (bev) (Bordoza vino), claret. Ni trinku -on (1 FA 77/30).

klarion-o, clarion. l = buglo. 2 (org) 4-ft stop of similar quality. ~a, f, loud and clear.

klarnet-o, [UV] 1 (m.i.) clarinet. 2 (org) 8-ft stop of similar quality.

klas-o, [UV] Class. 1 Grade, order (of society, etc.), rank, status; form (school); kind, sort. ~o burĝa, meza. ~o laborista, popola, reganta, socia. 2 Category, denominate, division, group. ~o unu-(du-tri-)a ĉe lernejo, vagonaro. Kupeo tria~a, 3rd-c. carriage. ➞ Subdivid. ~i (en~igi), g., place in a c., form into cc., range, rank. ~ado, -ing. ~ano, member of c. ~ebla, -ifiable. ~instruisto, form master, c-teacher. Alt~a, of superior g. (rank). Bon~a, of good quality. Dua~a, second-g. Mez~a, middle-c. Sam~ano, c-mate, compeer. Unua~a, first-c, first-rate, Al. ➞ fak, kategori, klasif(ik), nivel, rang, soci [Ne= kurs].

klasif(ik)-i [OA] (klasi science, sisteme), Classif/y, reduce to order, sort out. notojn, objektojn. ~(ad)o, -ication. ~o biografia, botanika, decimala. ~o de temoj. ~ebla, -iable. ~ita, -ied.

klasik-a, [OA] Classic/(al). 1 of ancient Gk or L. author or art. ~aj lingvoj. ~a edukado. 2 in conformity with traditional models, cultured, refined, restrained. ~a aŭtoro, poeto, stilo. ~ismo. ~isto, -ist, -al scholar.

klaŭn-o, (circus) clown, jester. ➞ arleken, burleskul.

klaŭz-o, 1 (gram) (subfrazo), clause, a sentance which is part of a larger sentence. Clauses may be kunorditaj (independent) or suborditaj (dependent, subordinate). ➞ fraz. 2 (jur) section of a document.

klav-o [UV] (prembutono), (tech) Key, e.g., of piano, typewriter. Frapi la ĝustan ~on. (el) Senda ~o. ~a instrumento, -board instrument. ~aro, -board, manual. ~ara glasaro, musical glasses with -board. Vic~o, (org) stop. ➞ klap, kief, ŝlosil, tonal.

klavicen-o, (m.i.) harpsichord. ~eto, spinet.

klavikl-o (ŝlosilosto), collar-bone, clavicle.

klavikord-o, (m.i.) clavichord.

klef-o (ŝlosilo), (mus) Clef. F-(C-G-)klefo.

klem-o (a. borno), (el) Terminal. ~o enira, elira, neŭtrala, input (output, neutral) t.

klemat(id)o, clematis, old man’s beard, traveller’s joy (C. vitalba).

kleptomani/o, Kleptomani/a. ~ulo, -ac.

kler-a, [UV] Educat/ed; cultured, enlightened, learned, well-informed. ~(ec)o, culture, enlightenment, learning. ~eco artista, muzika. ~econ oni ne vendas. ~igi, educate (Da 11/33). ~ulo, (~a homo), man of -ion or culture. Mal~a (Ne~a), barbarous, ignorant, simple, illiterate, uncultured, unenlightened, unlearned. Mez~a, of fair -ion, Pli~iĝi, grow in wisdom. Sen~eco, lack of -ion or culture. ➞ edukita, instruita, lumigita, scihav.

klerik-o, Ecclesiastic, clergyman, divine. ~a, -al. ~aro, clergy. ➞ eklezi, pastr.

klerikal-a, clerical (pol). ~ismo, -ism.

klient-o [OA], ~ino, Customer, client, patient, patron. ~i (iun), patronize as c. ~ado, custom, patronage. ~aro, circle of cc., clientele. ~oplena, with a thriving custom.

klif-o, cliff, crag, steep rock-face or headland.

klik! (interjection) click, snap. Fari ~on, ~sonon.

klik-o, 1 clique, cotery, set (koterio). 2 (tech) Ratchet; (safety) catch, claw (of bracelet), click, pawl, pin (to stop motion, or permit it in one direction only). Puŝ~o, push pawl. Tir~o, pull pawl. ~aĵo, r-mechanism, (hor) escapement. ~tenilo, r-brace. El~igi, disconnect (escapement). En~igi, cog, ratch. ➞ ellasil, kam, krik.

klimaks-o, Climax, ascending scale, ascent to culmination. (rh) successive increase of effect (Ps 18/37-8). Mal~o (katabazo), anticlimax, gradual descent (Flp 2/6-8). ➞ apoge, kulmin, zenit; batos.

klimakter-o, (med) climacteric, critical period, age 45-60, change of life.

klimat-o, [UV] Climat/e. ~o loka. ~a, -ic. ~a faktoro, zono. Al~igi, ac-ize. Al~iĝi, get ac-ized.

klimatologi-o, -o, -olog-y, -ist.

klimatizi (-n), air-condition.

klin-i (-n), [UV] Inclin/e. 1 (cause to) bend, incline, slant downwards (Ge 49/15). ~i la kapon, bow the head. Arbo, branĉo ~ita de la vento. f ~i la animon, koron, orelon (Ps 31/2, 119/112). Sin ~i antaŭ la vento. ~o, bending (de la kapo). (astr) i-ation. ~aĵo, declivity, gradient, ramp. ~iĝi (sin -i), 1 bend down (forwards), bow down, crouch, lean, stoop. ~iĝi ĝis la tero. ~iĝinta, -ed, leaning, slanting, sloping. ~iĝinta turo de Pizo. ~iĝo, heel, list, slant, tilt. 2 (cedi): give way. ~iĝi al la plimulto (El 23/2). ~iĝi antaŭ la leĝo. ~ilo, elevation pointer. De~i (-n), (deturni, deviigi) turn aside, divert. De~i iun de la ĝusta vojo. De~i koleron, koron, riproĉon, rajton. De~iĝi (sin deturni), turn aside. Sende~iĝe, straight ahead, without deviation. For~i, turn away, avert, divert. la atenton, kapon, koleron, orelon (Ps 106/23). ~~iĝi (Ij 31/7). Ador~iĝi, worship. Retro~i, bend backwards. Turn~i, (av) bank. ➞ apog, dekliv, fleks, inklin.

kling-o, [OA] Blade, flat part, cutting piece (of axe, chisel, knife, plough, saw, scissors, spade, sword). Raz~o, razor-blade.

klinik-o, [OA] Clinic. 1 medical teaching to students at bedside. 2 institution for giving medical advice or treatment. ~a, -al, at (of) the bedside. ~a fenomeno, termometro.

klink-o, Latch (fastening by bar falling into a catch, and lifted by lever). ~ita (~e fermita), on the 1. 2 spring-lock catching when door is closed. ➞ ans, klik, fak, skori.

klinopodi-o, (bot) wild basil (Clinopodium).

kliper-o, (mar) clipper, "a fast-sailing ship with fine lines".

klister-o, [UV] Enema, douche, intestinal injection. ~i (doni ~on), give an e. ~ilo, e-syringe. ➞ ŝprucigil.

kliŝ-o, [OA] (typ) Block, plate (electrotype or stereotype cast. Linia ~o, line-block, line engraving, zinco. (phot) negative. ~i (fari ~on). ~isto, b-maker, electrotyper. ~aĵo, f cliche, hackneyed expression, stock phrase.

klitor-o, (anat) clitoris.

kliv-i, Cleav/e, split. ~ebeno, -age plane.

kloak-o, [OA], 1 Sewer, drain. 2 cesspool. ~aĵo, sewage, waste, ~isto, s-man.

klon-o, (med) Clon/us, muscular spasm. ~a, -ic.

klopod-i, [UV] (nt) (R. klopotat), take measures (steps, trouble), make efforts, busy one’s about, set to work; canvas (petition) to realize aim. ~i ĉe ministro. ~i (por) atingi, fondi, ricevi ion. ~i pri ĉies favoro, try to gain the good will of everybody. ~ado, preliminary action (efforts, endeavours, exertions, measures, steps). ~ema, assiduous, bustling, energetic, unwearied. ~igi (iun), put to the trouble of, importune, spur. Sen~e, without exertion. ➞ entrepren, pen, streb. Rim.: Cel = aim; klopod = action; zorg = care, responsibility.

klor-o, [OA] Chlor/ine (CI). ~alo, -al. ~ato, -ate. ~atacido, -ic acid (HC103). ~ido, -ide. Kalcia -ido (CaCl2). ~idacido, hydro-ic acid, spirit of salt. ~ito, -ite. ~itacido, -ous acid. ~izi, -inate. ~ozo (bot) (med) -osis, green sickness.

klorofil-o, chlorophyll.

kloroform-o, chloroform.

klostr-o, (arch) cloister, close, covered walk or arcade between windows and colonnade. ~a, f romantic, sheltered.

klostrofobi-o, claustrophobia.

kloŝ-o, [UV] 1 (hort) bell-shaped cover, frame, usually of glass. 2 similar obj: dish- cover, lampshade, (cl) woman’s hat of similar shape. Merga ~o, diving-bell. ~forma, bell-shaped. ➞ sonoril.

klozone-o (ĉel-emajlo), cloisonne, enamel with colours between metal divisions.

klub-o, [UV] Club, circle, meeting periodically for common purpose. ~o Esperanta, manĝa, politika, socia, ŝaka. Nokta ~o. ~ano, c-man, member of c. Sam~ano. ~ejo, c-room. ➞ klab.

kluĉ-o (konekta kuplilo), (mec) Clutch. ~o diska, frikcia, konusa, disc-(friction-cone -)c. ~i, throw into gear, let in the c. ~pedalo, ~stango, c-lever. Mal~i, de-c. ➞ kupl, rapidum.

kluk-i, [OA] cluck (as hen). Kluk! Cluck! ~ulino, -ing hen (also figuratively). Rid~i, chuckle. ➞ gugl.

klupe-oj, (ich) fam. > alos, haring, pilĉard, sprot.

klus-o, (mar) hawse-hole, hawse-pipe.

kluz-o, [UV] Lock; dockgate, floodgate, sluicegate. Tajda ~o, tide-gate. ~o duobla, unuobla. ~isto, lock-keeper. Inter~ejo, level, reach (between locks).

knab-o, [UV] Boy, lad, male child. ~o lerneja, school-b. ~a gusto, revo. ~aĵo, -ish prank. ~eco, b-hood, -ishness. ~eca, -like, puerile. ~ego, hefty chap, strapping lad. ~eto (El 2/6). ~ino, girl. ~ineto, lassie, little maid. ~ulino, Tomboy. Ge~oj, boy(s) and girl(s). Ŝip~o, cabin-b. ➞ bub, infan, junul.

knal-i (eksplodbrui), make sound of explosion, blow up, burst, explode. ~o, bang, detonation, explosive noise, report, (mot) back-fire, knock.

knar-i, [OA] make short dry noise of friction, grince, grate, grind, scrape, scratch, squeak, as by ĉarniro, pordo, ledo, ŝuo, plumo, rado. Rado malbona ~as plej multe. ~ema (plumo), stratchy pen. Plum~isto, literary hack, quill-driver (Rz 97/1). ➞ grinc, klak, krak.

kned-i, [UV] Knead. 1 mix. ~i farunon, paston (Ge 18/6, 2 Sa 13/8). 2 give form to. ~i argilon (Na 3/14). f (masaĝi): ~i muskolon. ~a tabulo, pastry-board. ~aĵo, dough. ~ilo, rolling-pin. ~ujo, kneading trough.

knel-o, (cul) quenelle, forceball, meatball, fishball. ➞ knedlik.

knifofi-o, (hort) red-hot poker, torch-lily (Kniphofolia).

knik-o (sankta kardo), holy thistle (Cnicus benedictus).

knot-o, Knot. 1 (ligtubero, a. nodo), k. Fuŝ~o, granny. Glit~o, running knot. Okforma ~o, figure of eight. Kura ~o, sheepshank. Ref~o, reef knot. Seĝ~o, bowline. Teksista ~o, weaver’s k. Turbana ~o, Turk’s head. ~i (fari ~on), make (tie) a knot. Mal~i, undo, unravel, untangle, untie. 2 (mar) (a. nodo), one nautical mile an hour. Vojaĝi 20~ojn = po 20 marmejloj hore. ➞ nod. Rim.: In various langs knot and node are inextricably confused. I follow Marista Terminaro (De l’lsle) M.C.B.

knut-o, ~i, knout (Rusa vipo). ➞ skurĝ.

koagul-i (-n) (malfluidigi), (Cause to) Coagulat/e. ~aĵo, -ation. ~iĝi (nt), c., clot, congeal, curdle, thicken. ~iĝinta, -ated, clotted. ➞ ĝel, kaze, solid.

koaks-o, [UV] Coke. ~a forno, c-oven.

koal-o (a. faskolakto), (zoo) koala (Phaseolaetus).

koalici-o, Coalition (of parties, states, etc.). ~i, be in coalition. ~ano, -ist. ➞ alianc, asoci, federaĵ, lig, unuiĝ.

kobaj-o, guinea-pig (Cavia eobaya). ➞ kavi.

kobalt-o, [UV] Cobalt (Cb). ~a blu(aĵ)o, c-blue, smalt.

kobe-o (Cobaea), > Mexican (or cup-and-saucer) vine, cathedral bell, mile-a-minute (C. seandens).

kobitid-o, (ich) loach (Cobitis).

kobold-o, [UV] (hob)goblin, gnome, imp, evil sprite. Arbara ~o, faun. Hejma ~o, brownie, f (friponeto), little rogue. ~aĵo, impish trick. ~ino. ➞ gnom, silf.

kobr-o, (zoo) cobra (Naja).

koĉ-o, (ent) cocc/us (spherical bacterium). ~edoj.

koĉenil-o, [UV] Cochineal, dried bodies of ~insekto (kakta koĉo). ~(aĵ)o, c-dye. ➞ karmin.

koĉer-o (kaleŝisto), coachman, driver.

kod-o, Code. 1 (leĝaro, regularo), ~o civila, komerca, kriminala, kuracista. 2 conventional figures, letters, symbols, used for brevity. ~o telegrafa. (En)~igi, codify. Voj-o, highway c. ➞ cifr, kodeks.

kodak-o, kodak, hand snapshot camera (trade name).

kodein-o, (pharm) codeine, alkaloid from opium.

kodeks-o, codex, ancient MS volume.

kodicil-o, [OA] (jur) codicil, addition (supplement) to a will.

koeficient-o [OA], (mat) (phys), coefficient. ~o binoma, temperatura, de amplifo, disperso, ekspansio, rapido. ➞ faktor, indic, konstant.

koendu-o, tree-porcupine (Coendou).

koferdam-o, (mar) cofferdam, small space between bulkheads or in the tween decks.

kofr-o [OA] (forta kesto), 1 Chest, trunk, etc. Vojaĝa ~o, travelling trunk. 2 money chest, coffer, safe, strong box. ➞ kest, valiz.

koher-i (kunteniĝi), (ph) Cohe/re, cleave (hold) together. ~a, -sive. ~(em)o, -sion. ~ilo, (el) -rer. ➞ adher, kungluiĝ.

kohort-o, cohort, one tenth of Roman legion.

koincid-i, [OA] Coincid/e, concur, occur at same time or place. Parte ~i (imbriki), overlap. ~a, -ental. ~(aĵ)o, -ence. ➞ kunfal, kongru, kunokaz.

koit-o, (med) coitus. ~i, have sexual intercourse.

kojl-o (dika intesto), (anat) colon. ~ito, colitis.

kojn-o, [UV] (➞ corner): Wedge, block, chock, jam. ~o fera, ligna, ŝtala. [Ne = coin], ~e fiksi. ~(um)i, w., (chock, key) up. ~e fendi, w., (rive, split) asunder. ~dento (kanino) (Da 7/5). ~forma, arrow-headed, cuneiform. ~~a skribo. ~(pec)o, (cl) gore, gusset (of shoe, skirt). ➞ daŭb. ~tavoloj (Sxuo), split lifts.

kojot-o, Coyote, prairie wolf (Canis latrans).

kojp-o, coypu rat (Myocastor coypus).

kok-o, [UV] (jungle) Fowl (Gallus). Hejma ~o, barndoor (domestic) fowl. f trompita ~o, cuckold. ~a krio, kresto. ~ido, chicken, pullet. Vir~ido, cockerel. ~idaĵo (cul) chicken. ~idaro, brood. ~ideto, chick. ~ino, [UV] hen. ~inejo, hen-coop (-house -roost). Vir~o, cock, chanticleer, rooster. Batal~o, game-cock. ➞ bantam, fazan, frankolen, kortbird, kluk, kokerik, kov. Rim.: ~ineto (4 FA 220/17), should be kokcinelo. Akvo~o, 1 (fuliko), coot. 2 (galinolo), moorhen. Akvo~eto, spotted crake (porzano). Perlo~o (numido), guinea-fowl. Step~o (sirhapto), Pallas’s sand-grouse (Syrrhaptes).

koka-o, Coca shrub. ~folioj.

kokain-o, cocaine. ~inismo, -inism. ~inizi, anaesthetize with cocaine.

Kokard-o, [OA] cockade, bow. ~eto, rosette, usually of ribbons.

kokcig-o, (anat) small bone ending spinal column.

kokcinel-o, [UV] (ent) ladybird (Coccinella).

kokerik-o, ~i, crow, cock-a-doodle-do.

koket-i (-n; al, kun), [UV] Coquett/e, flirt, philander (Jes 3/16). f dally, trifle with affection. ~a, -ish. Rideti ~e. ~ado, ~eco, coquetry, affectation of love. ~ul(in)o, c., flirt. Mal~(em)a, ne~(em)a, prim, reserved. ➞ flirt, okulum.

kokl-o, (bot) Indian berry (Cocculus indicus).

kokleari-o, (scurvy-grass) (Cochlearia) > kreno.

kokluŝ-o, [UV] whooping-cough.

kokolob-o, West Indian sea-grape, etc. (Coccoloba).

kokon-o, [OA] Cocoon. ~ejo, -ery.

kokos-o, [UV] Coconut. ~o raspita, sekigita. ~eroj, dessicated c. ~arbo (~a palmo) (Cocos nucifera), c. palm. ~a butero, fibro, oleo. ➞ kopr.

kokotraŭst-o, hawfinch (Cocothraustes).

kokr-i, be unfaithful to, cuckold. ~ito, cuckold, deceived husband.

koks-o, [UV] Hip, haunch. Kun manoj sur~e, akimbo. ~doloro (~malsano), h-disease. ~osto, h-bone. ➞ femur, iski(atik), lumb.

koktel-o, (bev) cocktail.

kol-o, [UV] Neck. Riski, rompi la ~on. f narrow part, e.g., of bottle, violin. Botel~o, bottle-n. Ĉirkaŭ~o (koliero), necklace. Mar~o, Channel. La Manika ~~o, English Channel. ~~eto, narrow, sound. Pied~o (instepo). Post~o, withers. ter~o [UV] (terlango, istmo), isthmus. ~a, cervical. ~a vejno, jugular vein. ~umo, [UV] Collar (of coat, shirt). ~umo punta, tola. ~umo refalda, turn-down c. Star~umo, stand-up c. ➞ gorĝ, nuk.

kola-o, kola (tree) (Cola). Koko~o, (bev) coco-cola. ~nukso, c-nut.

kolaps-o, 1 (med) Collapse. 2 extreme or sudden break-down (exhaustion, prostration). ~i, collapse, break down. f cave in, come to nothing, fail utterly. ~igebla (seĝo), made to fold up.

kolatitud-o, collatitude.

kolb-o, butt (of rifle), grip (of pistol). ➞ kulas.

kolbas-o, [UV] sausage, salami, saveloy. ~o mola, seka. Sang~o, black pudding. Trip~o, chitterling. (bot) Mar~o (holoturio).

kolĉik-o, meadow saffron, naked ladies (Colchicum). Aŭtuna ~o, autumn crocus.

kolĉikino, (chem) colchicine.

koleg-o [UV] (kunulo), Colleague. 1 holder of same office, partner. 2 associate, confrere, fellow-worker. 3 comrade, companion. Voj~o, traveling companion. Ne estas piediranto ~o al rajdanto. ~ de ŝtelistoj. ~aro, circle of cc. ~ino (Ps 45/14). ➞ kamarad, kunfrat, kunlaborant, sam-fak(-profesi)an.

kolegi-o, [OA] (various meanings in difft countries) Colleg/e, institution of scholarship, seminary of higher learning. La ~oj de Oxford. ~ano, -ian. ~estro, principal. ➞ gimnazi, lice, universitat.

kolekt-i (-n) [UV] (arigi, wide sense), Collect. 1 (kunvenigi), assemble, call (gather) together, convene: ~i amikojn ĉirkaŭ si. Kokino ~as siajn idojn. 2 (things) (amasigi), accumulate, amass, compile, heap(pile) up: ~i citaĵojn, informojn, librojn, pensojn, poŝtmarkojn, trezorojn. 3 bring in, gather: ~i grenon, lignon, branĉojn. ➞ pluk, rikolt. 4 make a -ion of: ~i florojn, konkojn, poŝtmarkojn. 5 make a -ion for charitable purposes: ~i monoferon. 6 (enkasigi), receive: ~i impostojn, ŝuldojn. ~o, -ion. ~o de kortkoj. Jar~o, set, yearly volume. ➞ antologi, kompil, seri. Mon~o, offertory, subscription. ~isto, -or. ~iĝi (amasiĝi, ariĝi, kunveni), assemble, come together, meet (Ge 1/9, 49/1). ~iĝas pacaj batalantoj, ~iĝo, assembly, gathering. ~ilo, (el) storage battery. ~ujo, offertory plate. Al~iĝi al sia popolo (Ge 25/8). En~i, gather in, reap (Jes 17/5). Post~i, glean. Re~i siajn fortojn, renew one’s strength.

kolektiv-a [OA] (opa), Collectiv/e, common, joint, equally belonging to (coming from, done by) many. ~a farmejo, laboro, sekureco, verko. (gram) ~a substantivo. ~e, -ly. ~(aĵ)o, -ity. ~ismo, ~isto. ➞ komun.

koleopter-o, coleopter, beetle.

koler-i, (abs; kontraŭ, pri; -n) [UV] (Da 2/12, Jes 12/1), be Angry, cross, in a temper, incensed, irritated, wrathful. ~a, a., heated, irate. ~o, anger, choler, hot displeasure, ire, wrath. ~eta, annoyed, displeased, irritated, put out. ~ega, enraged, furious, rabid. ~ema (eksplodema, flamiĝema), hot-tempered, irascible, quick to anger, snappy, testy (Se 15/18). ~igi, anger, enrage, exasperate, incense, provoke. Ek~i, get a., flare up, lose one’s temper (Ge 4/5, Est 1/12, Jona 4/1). Post~o, resentment. Sen~e, coldly, dispassionately. Sen~iĝi, calm down. ➞ bol, eksplod, flamiĝ furioz.

kolesterol-o, (chem) cholesterol.

koli-o, (orn) coly, mouse-bird (Colius).

koliad-o, clouded yellow butterfly (Colias).

kolibr-o [UV] (ordinary language zumbirdo), humming bird (< trokelo).

kolier-o (ĉirkaŭkolo), necklace.

kolik-o, [OA] (med) colic, gripes, intestinal cramp.

kolimat-i, (ph) collimat/e, adjust (lensojn, radiojn). ~ado, -ion. ~ilo, -or.

kolimb-o, [UV] (orn) Diver, loon (Colymbus or Gavia). Arkta ~o, black-throated d. Granda ~o, great northern d. Ruĝgorĝa ~o, red-throated diver.

koliri-o, eye-salve(-wash).

kolizi-o [OA] (kunfrapiĝo), collision, clash, violent encounter, f (konflikto), conflict. ~o de interesoj, sentoj. ~i (kun), collide, come into collision, crash, knock (strike violently) against, run into, clash with. ➞ karambol.

kolob-o, colobus monkey (Colobus).

kolocint-o, colocynth, bitter apple (gourd) (Citrullus colocynthis) (2 Rĝ 4/39).

kolodi-o, [OA] (chem) collodion.

kolofon-o, [UV] 1 colophony, dark resin distilled from turpentine (vn) resin. ➞ rezin. 2 (typ) colophon, decorative device at end of book or MS. ➞ vinjet.

kolojd-o, (chem) Colloid. ~a, -al, gluey.

kolomb-o, [UV] Dove, Pigeon (Columba) (Ge 8/8). Leter~o, poŝt~o, carrier-p. ~ejo, ~ujo (Jes 60/8), dove-cote. ~umi, coo. f bill and coo. ~kolora, d-coloured. ➞ amindum, interkares, kver; enad, livi, palumb, turt.

Kolombi-o CO.

kolon-o, Column, Pillar, monument or other vertical object. in form of c., post, stanchion, upright. ~o de (el) akvo, fero, fumo, lingo, ŝalo, ŝtono (Ge 19/26; Jĝ 16/29). ~o fajra, nuba (El 13/21). f subtenilo de la ŝtato, p. of state. ~aro, colonnade, arcade. ~eto (balustro), bannister, etc. ➞ fost, kolum, pilori. ➞ kolumn.

kolonel-o [OA] (regimentestro), Colonel. Sub~o, lieutenant-c.

koloni-o, [OA] Colon/y, settlement. La Franca ~o en Londono. (bot) (zoo), ~o formika, larva, mikroba, sturna. ~a, -ial. ~a ministro. ~i (fondi ~on), -ize. ~aĵoj, -ial produce. ~ano, -ial. ~ismo, -ialism.



monochrome. ➞ farb, pentr, ŝmink, tinktur.



koloratur-o, (mus) coloratura, florid passage. ➞ rulad.

kolos-o, [OA] Coloss/us, huge dominating figure (➞ gigant, titan). ~a (grandega), -al, enormous, gigantic, ~a arbo, entreo, preno, viro.

Kolose-o, (Roman amphitheatre) coliseum. f large theatre.

kolostr-o, colostrum, first milk from mother.

kolport-i (-n), [UV] Hawk, carry about for sale, peddle. ~ado, colportage. ~isto, -er, colporteur, itinerant vendor, pedlar, packman.

kolubr-o, [UV] genus of harmless snakes > whip (rat) snake (Coluber). ➞ natrik, vipur.

kolumn-o [OA 8], 1 column (of text, page, figures, etc. (Jer 36/23). f pile of plates, etc. 2 file; (mil) of soldiers; (chs, drs) of pieces. ➞ kolon.

kolute-o (vezik-arbedo), bladder senna (Colutea).

koluzi-o, Collus/ion, fraudulent secret understanding. act in c. ~a, -ive. ➞ komplot, konspir.

kolz-o, [OA] Colza, winter rape (Brassica campestris var. olifera). ~a oleo, c. oil. ~a semo, cole-(rape-)seed. ➞ nap.

kom-o, [UV] (typ) comma. ~o invertita. ~forma bacilo, c-bacillus. ~a papilio, c-butterfly (Polygonia c-album). punkto~o [UV] (semikolo), semicolon.

koma-o, (ac) comma, interval 80/81.

komand-i (-n), [UV] 1 (be in) Command (of), have authty (over). 2 bid, order. 1 c., bidding, order. 2 authty, control, rule. ~a, -ing, imperative. ~anto, -ing officer, -ant, -er (Jer 51/28). Ĉef~anto, -er in chief. ➞ ordon.

komandor-o, commander (of an order).

komandit-o, [OA] Sleeping Partner/ship. ~a societo, limited liability partnership. ~i, finance without administration (as a s.p.). ~anto, ~ulo, s.p.

komat-o, Coma, prolonged loss of consciousness, unnatural heavy sleep. ~a, -atose, drowsy. ➞ beriberi, letargi, sensent.

komatol-o, (zoo) feather-star (Comatula).

komb-i, [UV] Comb, brush, groom. ~i barbon, katon, harojn. 2 (kardi) card (flax, wool) (Jes 19/9). ~ilo, c. ~isto, hair-dresser. ~itaĵoj, -ings. Mal~i, dishevel, take one’s hair down. Ne~ita, bedraggled, slatternly, unkempt. Retro~i, c. to the back. II Venus~ilo (bot) (skandiko). ➞ bukl, friz, strigl.

kombajn-o, (agr) combine harvester, reaping and threshing machine.

kombin-i (-n kun), [UV] Combin/e (wide sense). 1 amalgamate, blend, compound, join together, pool, unite, (chem) ~i elementojn (to form a compound). 2 arrange, put together in definite order. ~i ciferojn, literojn, vortojn. ➞ permut. (ac) ~a tono (rezultanto), -ation tone, resultant. ~aĵo, -ation, (cl) -ations. ~iĝi, c., coalesce, unite. ~iĝemo (chem) affinity. Mal~i, break up, decompose, disintegrate. ➞ kompon, kunig, kunmet, miks, unuig.

komedi-o, [OA] Comed/y, light amusing stage-play. ~a, of c. ~a sceno, situacio. ~i (ludi) ~on (also figuratively). ~aĵo, piece of c. ~anto, player in c. f dissembler. ~ist(in)o, -ian, -ienne. ➞ burlesk, fars, histrion, komik.

komelin-o, (bot) commeline > spiderwort (Tradescantia).

komenc-i (-n, ce, per, -i, abs), [UV] Begin, Commence, Start (something). 1 engage in, enter upon, s., set about, take up. ~i laboron, parolon, ~i disputi, paroli, varmiĝi. Mi ~os per plendo. ~as pluvi. 2 be (stand) at the b-ning of; inaugurate, open. Tiu frazo ~as la poemon. ~o, b-ning. 1 c-ment, s. ~o bona, laboro duona. La ~o de sciado (Se 1/7). 2 first part. ~o de jaro, kanto, strato. ~a, first, initial, opening, primary. ~a elspezo, stadio. ~e (en la ~o) (Ge 1/1), at first, in the b-ning, to s. with. De ~e, from the begining. ~e de, (ek de), begining with, s-ing from. ~anto, tyro. ~igi, b., initiate, set in operation. ~iĝi, (nt) b., c., s. La kunveno ~iĝis per kanto (opposite ĉes, finig). Re~i, restart, resume. ➞ ek, entrepren, inaŭgur, inic(iai), malferm.

koment-i, Comment, annotate, make observations (remarks) on. ~o, c., gloss, critical or explanatory note, remark, ~ado, ~aro, (running) -ary, cc., descriptive observations. ➞ komentari.

komentari-o [UV] (< komentaro), Comment/ary, expository treatise, notes of elucid-(explan-illustr-)ation. ~o pri la Biblio. ~i (fari -on) (Ij 13/4). ~isto, -ator.

komerc-o, [UV] Business, Commerce, Trade, exchange of merchandise. ~o eksterlanda, enlanda, pogranda. Kaŝ~o (nigra ~o), black market. Libera ~o, free t. Vin~o, wine trade. ~i (per, pri), trade, carry on , deal. ~a, b., c., t., mercantile. ~a centro, ĉambro, firmo, rilato. ~a ŝipo, merchantman. ~aĉo, low type of b., e.g., in brummagem ware, junk. ~~i (pej), make money out of, trade on. ~aĵo [UV] (varo), commodity, goods, merchandise, wares. ~ejo, mart, place of b., t-centre. ➞ bazar, foir, merkat. ~isto, dealer, merchant, t-r, t-sman (Ze 14/21). ➞ afer, industri, negoc, var.

komet-o, [OA] comet. La kapo, vosto de ~o.

komfort-o, [UV] Comfort, ease, sense of well-being, freedom from trouble. ~a, -able, cosy, pleasant, snug. ~a domo, vivo. ~aj cirkonstancoj. ~a seĝo, easy chair. ~e, in c., at ease. Sidi ~e. Cu estas ~e tie? ~i, be -able [Ne= konsoli], ~aĵoj, cc. ~igi (~iĝi), Make (get) -abie. Mal~(Sen~)a, c-less, bleak, cheerless, dreary, unable, uneasy. ➞ hejmec, oportun. Opp ĝen.

komik-a, [OA] Comic(al), droll, facetious, funny, humorous, laughable, ludicrous, mirth-provoking. ~a aspekto, gesto, kanto, situacio. ~aĵo, -ality. ~ulo, c. fellow, ~opero. ➞ amuz, komedi, ridig, sere.

komisar-o, [OA] Commiss-ary, -ioner; deputy, temporary steward (of ball, meeting, etc.). ~ejo, -ioner’s office.

komisi-i, [UV] Commission. 1 (ion): entrust with, commit (confide) to, give into the charge (put into the hands) of: ~i aferon, homon, oficon, taskon al (2 Kr 23/18, Se 26/6, Da 1/11). 2 (iun, al iu); appoint, authorize, empower, warrant: ~i iun por pro testi (Ez 1/2, Da 2/24). ~i al komitato fari proteston. ~o, c., charge, entrusted task, mandate. Plenumi ir~on, run an errand. Preni ~on (1 Sa 17/18). ~a, fiduciary, on trust. ~a pago, (payment). ~e de mi, on my behalf. ~isto, -aire, messenger, etc. ~ito (komisaro), deputy, mandatory representative, trustee. ~ite de, on behalf of. ~itaro, c., board of trustees. ➞ agent, deleg, konfid, ordon, rajtig, ŝarĝ.

komision-o [OA] (komisiitaro), Commission, Board, authorized for special enquiry or study. ~ano, -er.

komitat-o, [UV] Committee, body appointed for special function by (and usually out of) a larger body. ~o Biblia, eldona, financa, kongresa, lingva, loka, organiza. Plenuma ~o (ekzekutivo). ~ano, c- member. ~ejo, c-room. ~estro, chairman of c. Sub~o. ➞ komision.

komiz-o, [UV] (com) shop or office assistant, clerk, employee, salesman. Migra, vojaĝa ~o, commercial traveller. ~tao, shop girl. Ĉef~o, head clerk, head of department. ➞ oficial.

komod-o, [UV] (tirkestaro), commode, chest of drawers.

komodor-o (subadmiralo), commodore.

Komor-oj KM.

kompakt-a, compact, closely pressed together, dense, solid; (of man, horse), dumpy, squat, stocky, thick-set. (mus) ~a harmonio, close harmony, (style) condensed, terse. ~igi, compress, condense, cram, jam firmly together, squeeze (tight). Mal~a, loose, slack. ➞ aglomer, dens, firm, kondens, konglomer.

kompani-o, [OA] Compan/y. 1 co-partnership, firm, joint business. X kaj ~o, X & Co. Akcia, anonima ~o, joint stock (limited liability) c. 2 -ionship, fellowship, social party. En ~o eĉ morto faciliĝas. En ~o de (akompanate de, kune kun). ~i kun, fari (havi) ~on kun, associate with, be in the c. of. 3 (mil) (roto). ~ano, member of c. ~ema, -able, sociable. ~ulo (kunulo), -ion, associate (Jĝ 14/20). ➞ akompan, firm, komandit, societ.

kompar-i (-n, kun) [UV]. 1 Compar/e (similarity or diffce) between objs, estimate relatively, make a -ison with, collate. 2 state sim-ity with, liken to. ~i fraŭlinon kun rozo. ~a, -ative, relative. ~o, -ison, relative estimate. En ~o kun (~e kun) (No 3/46, Jeĥ 16/52), in -ison with, -ed with. ~aĵo (similigo), -ison, similitude. ~ebla, -able. Sen~a, ne~inda (senegala), in-able, matchless, peerless, unique, unparalleled, without c. (Se 3/15). Ne~eble (sen~e) beta. ➞ egal, komparativ, rilat, simil.

komparativ-o,, [OA] (gram) comparative form. ~o egaleca, (mal)supereca.

kompas-o, [OA] (mar) Compass [Ne= cirkel]. ~o azimuta, magneta. ~a devio, ekarto, c-error. ~a montrilo, nadlo, rozo, compass-needle, disc. ~ujo, binnacle. ➞ ampleks.

kompat-o,, [UV] Compassion, Pity; mercy, sympathy. ~i (-n, al), pity, have compassion (p.) on, be sorry for, commiserate with. ~i (indulgi) la vivon de bruto (Se 12/10). ~u (nin), have p. (on us)! ~oplena, ~(em)a, -ate, sympathetic, tender-hearted. ~anto, one showing p. ~igi (kortuŝi), move (stir) to c., incite to p. ~iga, affecting, moving, touching. ~inda (mizera, plorinda, povra); Deplorable, miserable, pitiable, poor. ~indulo, poor creature. Mal~a, Sen~a, (senkora), hard, harsh, implacable, pitiless, ruthless, unfeeling. La sen~a morto. ➞ bedaŭr, domaĝ, kondol, kunsent.

kompendi-o, Compend(ium), abridgment, concise and comprehensive account or treatise. ➞ epitom, resum.

kompens-i (-n; al, pri) [OA]. Compensat/e. 1 balance, counterpoise, offset, restore equilibrium. 2 atone, indemnify, make amends (up) for, requite (for), make good (a loss) (El 22/12). ~a, compensating, -ory. ~a balancilo, pendolo. ~e, in -ion (El 21/26). ~(aĵ)o, -ion, amends, reparation, satisfaction (El 22/3). Milita ~o, indemnity. Aljuĝi mon~on, perd~on, award damages. ~ilo, -or, -ion balance, equalizing appliance. Sin ~i (per), indemnify one’s by, recoup. ➞ egalvalor, ekvilibr, kovr.

kompetent-a [F] (en, pri), Competen/t; able, adept, capable, efficient, proficient, properly qualified. ~a instruisto (Jes 40/20). ~(id)a esploro, kritiko. ~(ec)o, -ce, ability, qualification. ~ulo, c. person, connoisseur, expert (Jes 5/21). Ne~a, in-c., inefficient. ➞ ekspert, fidind, kapabl, lert, specialist, spertul.

kompil-i, [OA] (lit) Compil/e, collect into volume form, draw up from various sources. ~i antologion, dokumenton, faktaron, vortaron. ~aĵo, -ation, collection, miscellany. ~into, ~isto, -er. ➞ kolekt, kunmet, redakt, sintez.

kompleks-o, (geom, mat, med, psy) Complex(us), complication of various factors; network, tangle, whole consisting of several parts. Minusa ~o, inferiority complexus. ~a (plurelementa), c., complicated, composite, involved, ~a demando, ideo, karaktero. ~a frazo, c. sentence (with subordinate clauses). ~eco, -ity. ➞ komplik, kunaĵ. opposite element.

komplement-o, [OA] complement. 1 completion, full number or quantity required, quota, ~a, -ary, serving to complete. ~a faktoro, funkcio, koloro. ~a angulo (making up 90°). ➞ kompletig, plenig. 2 (gram) complement, object. ➞ adjekt, epitet, objekt, predikativ, prepozitiv, suplement. Sen~a, absolute.

komplet-a, [OA] Complet/e, all included, entire, finished, having all its parts, lacking nothing of full number. ~a kolekto, servico, vortaro. ~o (io ~a), c. set, equipment, ensemble, outfit; suit (vestaro) (Jĝ 14/13), suite (mebloj). En plena ~o, in full muster. ~eco, c-ess. ~igi, c. ~igi siajn seiojn. ~iga kurso, finishing course. ~igo, -ion. Ne-a (mankhava), in-c., defective, with gaps, partial. ➞ perfekt, plen(nombr), senmank, tut.

komplez-o, [UV] Kind/ness, courtesy, favour, good offices, service. Faru al mi la ~on, do me the favour, oblige me. ~i (fari -on), oblige, be so kind as to. Ĉu vi ~us? ~(em)a, kindly, benevolent, complaisant, courteous, friendly, good-natured, obliging, willing. ~e, -ly. ➞ afabl, bonvol, favor, servem, volont.

komplic-a, accessory. Esti ~a, be a party to (evil act), ~o, partnership in guilt, ~ulo, accomplice, ~ido en adulto, co-respondent.

komplik-i [OA] (malfaciligi, malsimpligi), Complicat/e, entangle, make complex or intricate. Tio ~as la aferon. f aggravate, ~(aĵ)o, -ion, -ing circumstance, entangled state of affairs. ~aĵoj politikaj, sociaj, de malsano. ~eco, complexity, ~ita, -ed, complex, intricate, involved, knotty. Mal~i (klarigi, simpligi). ➞ implik, kompleks.

kompliment-o, [OA] Compliment, amiable (polite) expres sion of congratulation or praise, civility. ~i (fari ~on), c., congratulate. ~(em)a, -ary, flattering, laudatory. Sen~e, sincerely, without flattery. ➞ flatet, gratul, omaĝ, salut.

komplot-i (-n, abs) [OA], contrive, (hatch, weave) a Plot, plan, scheme (for evil purpose). ~o, p., intrigue, machination. ~into, conspirator. ➞ insid, konspir, intrig, sekrete interkonsenti.

kompon-i [OA], 1 Compos/e (write) music. ~i sonaton. ~ado, ~aĵo, -ition. ~isto, -er. 2 (chem) = kombini. Mal~iĝo, de-ition.

kompost-i, [UV] (typ) Compos/e, set up (in type), assemble. ~(ad)o, typesetting. ~a framo, -ing frame, ~aĵo, matter in type. ~endaĵo, copy. ~ilo, -ing stick. ~isto, -itor. ~formato, justification, type area. Mal~i, diss, break up type. [Ne= kompon, kompost].

kompoŝt-o, (agr) Compost. 1 organic manure from rotting matter. 2 soil-mixture for pots or seed-boxes, ~i, spread c. ~amaso, c-heap. ➞ mule.

kompot-o, [OA] (cul) compote, fruit cooked or preserved in syrup (keeping wholly or in part its initial form). Poma ~o, stewed apple, ~i (malrapide bolet(ig)i), stew. ➞ marmelad.

kompozit-oj, (bot) compositae.

kompren-i (-n, ke, kiel, abs) [UV]. 1 (kapti la sencon): Understand, Comprehen/d; know (grasp) the meaning of, take in. ~i lingvon, parolon, malfacilon, ŝercon. El tio mi ~as, ke … 2 be competent, know (all about, how to deal with). ~i matematikon, muzikon, infanojn. 3 understand the cause of. -i lin, lian konduton, timon. ~o, c-sion (Jes 44/19). ~aĵo, concept, idea, notion. ~ebla [UV] (por), c-sible, clear, evident, intelligible, obvious, perspicuous. ~emo, insight, ~eti, half u., get a glimmering (inkling, faint idea) of. ~igi (ion al iu), clear up, explain, (iun pri io), make understand. Ek-i, apprehend, grasp the idea. Inter~(iĝ)o, mutual u-ing. Mem~ebla (~ebla per si mem), self-evident. Mis~i, mis-u. Ne~ado, lack of u-ing (Jes 5/13). Ne~ebla, inc-sible (Se 30/18). Sub~i, deduce, infer. ~~ita, implied, tacit. ~~igi (implici), hint, imply, insinuate. ➞ koncept.

kompres-o, [UV] (surg) Compress, pad of lint or wet cloth to c. artery or relieve inflammation. ➞ bandaĝ, bend, fomentaj, kataplasm. [Ne= kunprem].

kompromis-o, [OA] Compromise, middle course, mutual concession. ~i (fari ~on), settle by c. ~aĉi, palter (with duty), surrender (principle). ➞ (inter)ced, mezvoj.

kompromit-i, [OA] Compromis/e, endanger, imperil, jeopardize, prejudice (by indiscreet action). ~i interesojn (reputacion, sanon). Sin ~i, bring one’s under suspicion, place one’s in false position. ~a, -ing. ~a letero, situacio. ~iĝi, become c-ed.

kompund-a (plurera), (ph) (tech), compound, composite. ~a dinamo, generilo, interezo, intervalo, kurbo, okulo, ostrompo, umbelo.

komput-i (nombri, kalkuli), Comput/e, Reckon (count number or amount). ~(ad)o, -ation, r-ing. ~ebla, calculable, numerable. ~ilo, -er. Gas~ilo. Paŝ~ilo, pedometer.

komun-a (al), [UV] Common (to), collective, general, public, belonging to, known (shared) by, for the use of, all. ~a feliĉo, lingvo, konsento, kredo, uzo. Havi nenion ~an kun... ~a ĉambro, c-room. ~a domo (Se 21/9), c. to both. ~a juro, c-law. ~a kunveno, gen. meeting. ~a letero, joint letter, round robin. ~a muro, dividing wall. La Libro de ~a Preĝo. ~a tero, c. (land). ~e (kune), by all, c-ly, in c., jointly. ~igi, collectivize, put to c. use. ~ismo, ~isto. ~umo, [UV] community, assembly (El 12/3, Ps 22/25). 1 body politic, borough, c-wealth, township. 2 group with c. life and interests. ~umo religia, congregation. ~umo de mortintoj (Se 21/16). Ne~a, personal, private. ➞ ĝeneral, kun, reciprok, vulgar [Ne= triviala],

komuni-o, [UV] (the Sacrament of Holy) Commun/ion. ~i (iun), administer the s. to. ~a tablo, c-table. ~iĝi, -icate, partake of (receive) the s. ~iĝant(-ul)o, -icant. Eks~igi, ex-icate. Inter~iĝi, inter-c.

komunik-i (-n), [UV] Communicat/e. 1 convey, give, impart, transmit. ~i malsanon, movon, varmon. 2 disclose, divulge, make known, reveal. ~i ideon, eltrovon, novaĵon, senton. 3 hold intercourse, transmit by speech, etc. ~a, -ing. ~a pordo, ŝnuro, tubo, vojo. ~o, -ion. ~o de movo. ~aĵo, -ion, despatch, information, message. ~ebla, communicable, contagious. ~ejo (~a vojo). ~ema (konfidencema), -ive, unreserved. ~igi (A kun B), put into -ion. (Inter)~iĝi (kun, per), c., be in connection (Se 20/19). La iambroj inter~iĝas. Tele~o, longdistance (trunk) call. ~ilo, means of -ion. ➞ infekt, rilat, korespond, trans-don (-send), transmisi, sciig. komut-i (alidirektigi), (el, ry), Switch, alter course of current or track, shunt, shift the points, f ~i la konversacion. (jur) commute (penalty), (mat) reverse, transpose (order). ~a tabulo, s-board. ~ilo, change-over s, commutator (trakforko). Rotacia ~o, collector (of dynamo). ~(il)isto, pointsman. ➞ Salt.

kon-i (ion, iun) [UV] (Rd 34/10), Know (about); be acquainted (familiar) with, aware of; have an idea of, identify, ken. ~i aferon, homon, libron. ~i arbon per la frukto. ~i iun intime, laŭnome, kiel Esp-iston, per la voĉo. Mi ~as (have heard of) Esp-on, sed mi ne scias ĝin. f be used to, have experience of. ~i dolor-(hont -malsat-milit-)on. Sako ne sonas, amiko ne ~as. ~(ad)o, cognizance. ~anto, connoiseur, expert. ~ata, well-k-n. ~ata afer-(histori-poet-)o. Cie ~ata, celebrated, famous, notorious, renowned. ~ato. [Ne: ~atulo], acquaintance (Ps 88/8). ~ateco, notoriety, renown. ~atiĝi kun, enter into relations with. ~igi, introduce, make k-n, put into touch, ~iĝi, be k-n, recognized. ~iĝas birdo laŭ flugo. Dis~igi, broadcast, circulate, spread (news). Ek~i, 1 get to k., form an opinion about (Se 20/11). 2 (carnally) (Ge 4/1, 25). Inter-(iĝ)a vespero, get-together evening. Re~i, k. again, recognize (the identity of), k. ~~i skribon (PI 4/8, Rut 3/14, Ge 38/25). ~~igi sin, make one’s k-n (Ge 45/1). ~~ilo, means of identification, badge, distinctive mark. ➞ distingil, insign. Nere~ebla, unrecognizable. Ne~ata (fremda), unk-n. Ne~ato, stranger. Ne~ateco, obscurity. ➞ rekon, sci. Rim.: Before iu, ke, or£a A>crltive, use sci, not kon.

konced-i (-n, ke) [OA-8], concede, admit, allow, grant. ~i punkton en argumento. Tion mi ~as, tamen . . . (gram) ~a klaŭzo. ➞ koncesi.

koncentr-a [OA] (evit) = samcentra, concentric.

koncentr-i (alcentrigi, konverĝigi), Concentr/ate. 1 Bring to bear, bring to common point or centre, collect, draw to a head. ~i atenton, fortojn, pensojn, trupojn. 2 (chem) increase amount of substance in solution. ~ita infuzo, solvaĵo. ➞ kondens. ~ado, ~aĵo, ~iĝo, -ation, intensification. ~ejo, concentration camp. Mal~i, 1 (difuzi, dispersi, diverĝigi): disperse, dissipate, scatter. 2 (dilui, maldensigi): dilute, thin. ➞ densig.

koncept-o, [OA] (phi) Concept, abstract gen. notion. ~i, form a c., conceive. ➞ ide, imag, noci. [He ~~ koncip],

koncern-i (-n), [UV] Concern, affect, bear upon, be the business of, have to do with, interest,relate to,touch (Ps 119/38). Tio ne ~as min. ~o, c., business, interest. Senti ~on pri, have a c. about. ~a, -ing, on the subject , pertinent. ~a literaturo. ~ata, -ed, in question, taking pt. ~ata persona (=~ato). ~e (-n) (rilate al), about, as regards, in referee (relation) to (No 3/7; Rd 34/11, 12). ~e tion, as to that. ➞ interes, pri, rilat, tuŝ.

koncert-o, [OA] (mus) Concert. ~o instrumenta, voĉa. ~i (fari -on), give (play in) a c. ~aĵo, c-piece. ~ejo, c-hall. ~ist(in)o, performer. ➞ kontert.

koncertin-o, (m.i.) concertina.

koncesi-o, [OA] (jur) (official) Concession, grant, licence, sanction. ~i (fari ~on), confer (grant) a c. ~i privilegi-(rajt-ter -)on. ~ulo, -naire, licensee. ➞ konced, privilegi, rajtig.

koncil-o (a. koncili-o), (ecc, pol) Council,

koncip-i (gravediĝi), conceive, become pregnant. Kontraŭ~ilo.

konciz-a, [OA] Concis/e, brief and com- prehensv in expression, laconic, pithy, succinct, terse. ~a parolo, raporto, stilo. ~(ec)o, -ion. ~igi, condense, compress, put briefly. Mal~a (multvorta), diffuse, prolix, wordy, verbose. ➞ mallong, resum, unuvort.

konĉert-o, concerto, composition in sonata form for solo instrumt(s) and orchestra.

kondamn-i (-n; al; je; abs), [UV] condemn. 1 (jur) Convict, give judgment against, pronounce guilty, sentence. ~i al morto. 2 Strongly disapprove, blame, censure, deprecate, proscribe, reject. 3 doom (H/32). ~(aĵ)o, condemnation, conviction, sentence. ~a, condemnatory. ~inda, to be condemned, reprehensible. ~ito, condemned person, convict. Mal~i, (absolvi) acquit, clear, discharge, exonerate. ➞ anatem, forĵet, malaprob, mallaŭd.

kondens-i (densigi), condense, increase density of, reduce in volume, thicken. ~i (likvigi) gason. ~ita lakto, condensed milk, f compress into a few words. ~aĵo, ~iĝo, condensation. ~ilo, condenser, capacitor. ~ilo agord-(diferencial- elektroliz- krad- variiegebl-)a, (phot) condensing lens. ➞ amasig, intensig, koneentr, kundensig (Ij 10/10).

kondicional-o [OA] (gram) = us-modo.

kondiĉ-o, [UV] 1 Condition, qualification, stipulate [Ne ~~ stato]. ~o de kontrakt -(lu-vertd-)o. 2 needed circumstance (element). La unua ~o de sukceso. ~a, -al, hypothetical, qualified. ~a modo, -al mood (-us). ~a akcepto, qualified acceptance. ~a promes-(propon-)o. ~e (~~kun (sub) la ~o) ke, -ally, on c. (provided) that. ~i (fari ~on), impose cc., limit as a c., postulate, stipulate. ~oj, ~aro, cc., terms. Sub tiuj ~oj, under those circumstances. ~oj ekonomiaj (de la vivo). Sen~a, un-al, absolute, free. ➞ postal, premis, rezerv.

kondiment-o (spicaĵo), condiment, relish, seasoning, spice (= mustardo, salo, vinagro ...). ~i, flavour, season, spice. ~ujo, cruet.

kondol(enc)i (-n; kun iu pri io), [UV] Condol/e, commiserate, express sorrow (sympathy). ~i kun vidvino. ~o, -ence. Esprimi ~on. ~a letero, vizito, of -ence. ➞ kompat, kunsent.

kondom-o, condome, contraceptive sheath.

kondor-o, [OA] (orn) Condor (Saeorhamphus gryphus). ➞ vultur.

kondr-o, carragheen, Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) (seaweed used for jellies, etc.).

konduk-i, [UV] Conduct, Guid/e, Lead, show the way. ~i (gvidi), c., g., 1., escort, go before: ~i blindulon, ĉevalon, infanon; al la altaro; en batalon, tenton; laŭ (sur) vojo; per mano, ŝnuro; tra la abismoj (Ps 106/9). 2 (ŝofori), drive, ~i aŭton. 3 Communicate with, lead. to: la pordo ~as en la ĝardenon. La vojo ~as de A al B. 4 (rezultigi): Tio ~os al mizero, nenio, pereo, sukceso. 5 (tech) bring, convey, take, transmit: Kanalo ~as akvon. 6 (estri, prizorgi): Direct, be at the head of, look after, manage, preside over. ~i batalon, Diservon, ĥoron, aferojn. ~(ad)o, c. leading, leadership, direction, guidance, management. ~a stango (stirstango), control column. ~anto, c-or, d-or, guide, leader (Ps 48/14). (mus) (a) antecedent, dux (in canon); (b) leading-note (in scale). ~ebla, amenable, docile, ~ilo [UV], (~a ŝnuro, ~rimeno; direktilo, gvidilo, stirlo), bridle, feed(er), lead(ing string), rein, ~isto, g., leader. Brut~isto, drover. Al~i, lead. (conduce) to. f bring about, occasion. El~i, 1. out. En~i (Ge 6/19), 1. in, bring into, inaugurate, introduce. ~i novan mondon. (rad) En~a drato, 1-in wire. For~i, 1. away. Ne~ebla, out of control. Re~i, 1. back. Tra~i, lead through. ➞ direkt, gvid, estr, irig, kondukt, persvad, stir, venig.

kondukt-i, (el) (konduki elektron). Conduct, convey, transmit. ~anto, -or (material). Duon~anto, (Ne~)anto, semi-conductor, non-conductor. ~ilo, -or, circuit (wire). ~ilo unuopa, single-wire -or. ~iv(ec)o, -ivity. ➞ cirkvit.

konduktanc-o, -ance (la inverso de rezistanco).

konduktor-o, [OA] conductor, official in charge of bus, tram, etc. [Ne= kondukisto].

kondut-i (agi), [UV] (nt) (kontraŭ, abs), Behav/e (well or ill) [Not: ~i sin], ~i afable, bone, ĝentile. ~o, b-iour, Conduct, demeanour, deportment, manners. Atesto pro bona ~o. Bon~a (ĝentila), civil, courteous, good, polite, well-behaved (bred). Malbon~a, naughty. Mis~o, Mis-b., (-c.).

konekt-i (kunigi) (-n), (mec) Connect, assemble, couple, join, link together (objs, pts of apparatus), f associate mentally, (el) (ŝalti), put into contact (gear), establish a circuit, switch on. ~o, -ion, contact. ~a stango, -ing rod. ~ilo (a. ŝaltilo), switch, contactor. Mal~i, disengage, detach, release, switch (turn) off, throw out of gear. Tempa ~ilo, time switch. Ter~o (~i), (rad) earth. ➞ enkliklig, interlig, komut, kontaktig, kupl, salt.

konfeder(aci)-i, [OA] Confederat/e. ~o (kunfederaĵo), -ion, alliance, union, of independent states or organizations. ~ita, -ed. ➞ alianc, feder, lig, unuiĝ.

konfekci-o, [OA] (cl) ready-made suit or dress.

konferenc-o, [OA] conference, discussion, consultation.

konfes-i (-n, ke; abs), [UV] Acknowledge, Confess. 1 plead guilty (own up) to: ~i eraron, krimon, kulpon, ŝuldon. Filo ~is, patro forgesis. 2 a., admit, avow, ~i amon, meriton, veron, ricevon de letero. 3 (agnoski), a., recognize as one’s own, the validity of. ~i kiel filon. 4 profess, make declaration (profession) of faith: ~i kredon. 5 (rc) make c-ion (to a priest). ~o, a-ment, c-ion, admission, avowal. Fari ~on pri (Le 5/5; Ne 9/2). ~a, c-ional. ~e, avowedly. ~anto, c-or, professor (of faith). ~ejo, c-ional box. ~preni, shrive. ~prenanto, father c-or. For~i, abjure, abnegate, give up, recant, renounce (something once accepted). ~~i eraron, kutimon, suspekton. Mal~i. 1 deny, disclaim, declare innocence of, deny truth of. ~~i aserton, aŭtorecon, krimon, kulpon, meriton, pretendon, ŝuldon. 2 refuse to a. or recognize as one’s own., disavow, disown. ~~i amikon, patrujon, religion, subskribon, verkon. Nemal~ebla, undeniable. Kred~o, creed. ➞ akcept, konfesi, koneed, konsent, rekon.

konfesi-o, religious denomination, persuasion, sect. Ali~ano, adherent of another religious body. Inter~a edziĝo, mixed marriage (in this sense).

konfet-oj, confetti.

konfid-i (-n; al, en), [UV] Confid/e. 1 (havi ~on), bestow -ence (rely) on, have (repose) -ence in, open one’s heart (unbosom one’s) to: ~i iun, al iu, al ies vorto. ~u, sed vidu! 2 (-n) (komisii ion al, ŝarĝi iun pri), commit, entrust, give: ~i infanon, laboron, al ies zorgo. 3 communicate a secret ( = konfidenci), ~o, -ence, assured expectation, firm trust (Se 3/29). Havi plenan ~on al iu. Perdi ~on. ~o naskas ~on. Tro da ~o kondukas al perfido. ~a, -ent, assured, bold. ~ato, -ant, trusted friend, -ential attorney, etc. (No 12/7). ➞ komisiit, rajtigit. ~ema, -ing, trusting. ~inda, worthy of -ence, trust(worth)y. ~itaĵo, deposit (Le 6/2). Mal~i, distrust, mistrust. Sen~e, distrustfully. ➞ fid, komisi, konfidenc.

konfidenc-i (al) [OA] (fari ~on), Confid/e, entrust (private matter, secret) to. ~i projekton, sekreton, senton. ~a, -ntial, intimate, not to be dismissed, private. ~a agento. ~(aĵ)o, -ence, secret. ~e, in -ence, under seal of secrecy. ~ema (korelverŝema, malkaŝema), communicat v ■ Mal~ema, reserved, reticent. ➞ komunik, konfid, sekret. Rim.: Z used konfidenci-a at OV 540, 541, 562.

konfirm-i (-n), [UV] Confirm. 1 encourage, strengthen, remove doubt: esperon, konvinkon, kredon, kutimon, timon. 2 corroborate, establish, substantiate, verify: ~i aserton, ateston, novaĵon, supozon. 3 make valid, endorse, ratify, sanction, seal: ~i interkonsenton, leĝon (Da 6/8). ~(ad)o, -ation. ~a, -atory. 4 [a. konfirmacii], (rel) administer rite of -ation. Tago de ~o (3 FA 58/25). Esti ~ita (3 FA 48/13). ~ota (4 FA 137/5). ~oto, -ation candidate. Mal~i, belie, contest, deny, give the lie to, refute. ➞ apog, certig, jes, pliig, firmig, forig, ratif, verig.

konfisk-i (-n) [OA], Confiscat/e. 1 legally seize, commandeer, distrain, sequestrate. ~i bienon, kontrabandaĵon. 2 appropriate as penalty, take posses sion of something forbidden. ~i libron, tranĉilon. ~(ad)o, -ion, attachment, embargo, seizure. ➞ sekvestr.

konfit-i (-n), [UV] (cul) Preserve (fruit) in syrup. ~aĵo, p., jam. ~aĵoj, p-ed (bottled, tinned) fruits. ~isto, confectioner. ~ujo, p-dish, jam-jar(-pot). ➞ kompot, marmelad, prezerv, sukeraĵ.

konflikt-o, [OA] Conflict. 1 Battle, col- lision. 2 antagonism, clash. ~o de voloj (inter du partioj). Anima ~o, inner discord. ~i (nt; inter, kun; abs) (esti en ~o), c., clash. ~a, -ing, at variance, incompatible. ~aj interesoj. ➞ antagonism, batal, kolizi, malakord.

konform-a (al) (law), [UV] Conform/able to, in accordance (compliance) with. 1 (similar to): kopio ~a al la originalo. 2 (consistent with): ago ~a al instrukcio, principo. 3 (adapted to): konsilo, stilo, vesto ~a al la okazo. ~e al (Da 9/16), in conformity (keeping) with. ~i al (esti ~a) conform, match, correspond to, square (tally) with. ~(ec)o, -ity, agreement. ~ema, tractable. ~igi (-n), bring into -ity (line) with, accomodate, adapt. ➞ adapt, akomod. ~iĝi (sin ~igi), adapt one’s to, comply with. ~ismo, -ity. Ne~a, at variance, incompatible, in opposition. Ne~isto, nonconformist, dissenter. ➞ akord, harmoni, konsekvenc, konven, respond, sekv.

konfront-i (-n), (jur) confront. ➞ front.

Konfuce-o. k~ano, Confuci/an. ~(an)ismo, -anism.

konfuz-i (-n), [UV] Confus/e. 1 Throw into disorder, confound, disarrange, upset. ~i demand-(lingv-)on (Ge 11/7). la pensojn. 2 mix up mentally. ~i A kun B, objektojn en mallumo. 3 discomfit, disconcert, embarrass, fluster, nonplus, perplex, put out. la cerbon, kapon, ~i krimulon per demandoj. ~o (~eco, ~iĝo), -ed state, -ion; chaos, disorder, jumble, muddle, perplexity, upset (Jĝ 4/15). ~a, -ed, chaotic, in disorder, muddled. ~a bruo, malreguleco, parolo, stato. ~aj memoroj. ~aĵo (io en ~o). ~egi, bewilder, confound, flabbergast (Jos 10/10). ~iĝi, be(come) -ed, (troubled), lose one’s head (Da 2/1; Rd 20/3). ~iĝema, bashful, diffident, shy. ~ita, c-ed, embarrassed, flustered, perplexed, puzzled, put out, taken aback. Inter~i, mix up, tangle. Mal~i, extricate from -ion, clarify, disentangle, distinguish, unravel. ➞ disting. Mal~a, Sen~a, clear, distinct, without complication. Ne~ebla, cool (headed), imperturbable, not to be put out. ➞ aplomb, flegm. ➞ embaras, ĝen, ĥaos, implik, konstern, malord, miks, senordig.

Kong-o, 1 Demokratia Respubliko Kongo, Kongo Kinŝasa. 2 Respubliko Kongo, Kongo Brazavila CG. 3 (river).

kongest-o, Congest/ion, abnormal accumulation. ~i (-n), (med) c., overcharge with blood. ~iĝi, accumulate to excess. ~ita, ~iĝinta, -ed, over-charged.

konglomer-i (-n), Conglomer/ate, collect (pack) into a tight coherent mass. ~aĵo, -ation. f heap, pile. ~iĝi, c. ➞ aglomer, amasiĝ. II

konglomerat-o [OA], ~aĵo, (geol) pudding-stone.

kongr-o (marargilo), conger eel (Conger).

kongregaci-o, [OA] Congregation. 1 (rel) (Fanny/25) (adorant-preĝejan-aro), body assembled for worship, or habitually attending a particular place of worship. 2 gen. assembly of qualified members of a university. 3 (rc) committee of cardinals, etc. ~israo, ~ist, -al-ism(-ist).

tKONGRES-o, Congress. ~o Esperanta, internacia, scienca, universala. ~a komitato. ~i, attend (be a member of) a c. ~ano, c-member. ~ejo, c-hall. ~estro, c-president. Antaŭ~(Post~)o. ➞ konferenc.

kongru-i, (nt) (esti interkonforma), Congru/e, agree. Tiu hipotezo ~as kun la faktoj. ~a, -ent, -ous, accordant, coincident, (geom) equal and similar. Ne~a, in-ous. ➞ koincid, konform, respond.

koni-o, hemlock (Conium maculatum).

koniino, con(i)ine. ➞ abio Kanada, cikut, etuz.

konifer-o (pinglarbo), Conifer. ~a, -ous. ➞ konus, strobil.

konik-o (konusa franco), conic section, koniv-i (Je), Conniv/e at (in), close one’s eyes to; wink at. ~o, -ance, tacit permission.

konjak-o,, [OA] cognac, French brandy.

konjekt-i (~n, pri, ke, abs), [UV] Conjecture, (make a) guess, suppose, surmise. ~o, c., inference on incomplete evidence, persumption. ~aĵo (textual criticism), proposed reading. ~ebla, presumable. ~ema, speculative (in thought). ~igi, lead to infer, suggest. ➞ diven, supoz, suspekt.

konjug(aci)-i, [UV] (gram) conjug/ate (a vb). ~o, ~ado, (konjugado Z), -ation.

konjunkci-o, [UV] 1 (gram) Conjunction. A c. connecting a subordinate clause to the main sentance is sometimes called a subjunkcio. 2 (astr) apparent proximity of two heavenly bodies. ~i, be in c. ➞ kvadratur, samlongitud, sizigi. Opp opozici.

konjunktiv-o, (anat) conjunctiv/a. ~ito, -itis.

konjunktur-o (cirkonstancaro), conjuncture, combination of events, situation, state of affairs (market, etc.).

konk-o, [UV] Shell. 1 (mol) ~o de helik -(mitul-ostr-)o. Blov~o, conch, triton’s trumpet. Klap~o, bivalve. Mon~o (moncipreo), cowry. 2 (anat) concha. Naz~o. Oirel~o (external ear). ~ojd (~form)a, conchoid. ~ologio, concho- logy. ~ulo, s-fish. ~hava, testacious. ➞ kiras, krust, ŝel.

konkav-a [OA] (konverĝiga), Concav/e, ~a lensom spegulo. ~aĵo, ~eco, -ity. Du~a, bi-c. Opp konveks.

konker-i, [OA] Conquer. 1 bring to subjection, overcome by force, subjugate. ~i land-(urb-)on (Jes 7/1). 2 gain, win. ~i koron. ~o, conquest. ~iĝi, be -ed. ~into, -er. Ne~ebla, un-able, impregnable, invincible. ➞ venkakir.

konklav-o, (rc) conclave (for papal electa), f grave private assembly, secret council.

konklud-i (-n, el), [UV] Conclu/de, arrive at by reason, deduce (draw consequence, form judgment, gather, infer) from argumts or facts [Ne= /77!i], El tio mi ~as, ke. ~o, -sion, deduction, inferce. Fari (tin) ~on, veni al ~o (Pr 7/27). ~iga, -sive, clinchg, convincg, decisive. ➞ argument, decid, dedukt, konvinkiĝ, rezon.

konkord-o,, [OA] Concord, (gen) accord, agreement, harmony (between persons or things). Kie regas ~o, regas ordo, (gram) agreement (in case, number), (mus) consonant interval or chord. ~a, -ant, harmonious, in c. ~i, be in c. Mal~o, dissension. ➞ akord, harmoni, konflikt, konsent, kun- sent, simpati.

konkordanc-o, concordance. Biblia ~o. ~o de "Marta".

konkordat-o, (rel) concordat (between pope and gvt).

konkret-a, [OA] Concrete, in material form, perceptible by senses, positive, real. ~a esprimo de danko. ~a ekzemplo, rezulto. Doni~an formon al idealo. [Ne ~~ betono]. ~aĵo, something c. ~eco, c-ness. ~igi, put into c. form. Opp abstrakt.

konkub-o, Cohabit/or out of wedlock. ~i (kunkuŝi), to c. ~ado, concubinage. ~ino, concubine (kromvirino).

konkur-i (kun, kontraŭ, pri), [UV] Compet/e, (be) Rival (to), contend, enter into c-ition for, vie with. ~(ad)o, c-ition, contest (for some obj), r-ry. ~e, in c-ition. ~e kun, vying with. ~antino (1 Sa 1/6), Am~anto, r. in love. ~ejo, sphere of c-ition. ~ema, emulous. Ne~ebla, incomparable, unsurpassable. ➞ konkurs, kunaspir, kunkur, rival.

konkurenc-i, [OA] Compet/e commercially. ~a, -itive.

konkurs-o, [UV] (prize) Competit/ion under definite rules; contest, match. Antau~o, prov~o, trial heat. Kur~o, race. Marŝ-o, walking-match. Rem~o, Rowing-match. Ŝak~o, chess tournament, ~a ekzameno, -ive examination. ~a komitato, premio, ~e egaligi (handikapi), handicap. ~i (~e konkuri), compete (for honour, prize). ~anto, -or. Ekster~a, out of the running. ➞ konkur [Ne= turniro],

konopodi-o, pignut (Conopodium).

konsci-i (-n, pri, ke; abs), [UV] be Conscious (Aware, sensible) of (mentally or physically). ~i sian forton. ~ante, ke, being a. that. ~u lin en viaj vojoj (Se 3/6). ~(ec)o, a-ness, c-ness, perception. Perdi (ricevi) ~on. ~a, a., c., cognisant, sensible, sentient, with faculties awake. ~a pri kulpo, c. of guilt. Agi ~e, deliberately, with one’s eyes open (Se 13/16). (Re)~iĝi, (re)gain c-ness, come to. Mem~a, self-c. Ne~(Sen~)a, un-c, insensible. Sen~e, without knowing. Sen~igi, make un-c, stun. ➞ anestez, narkot. Sen~iĝi. ➞ sven. Sub~o, subconsciousness. Duon~a, half-c. Klas~a, class-c. ➞ kompren, sei, sent.

konscienc-o,, [UV] Conscien/ce, moral sense, inner voice. Riproĉo, voĉo de ~o. ~o elasta. Pura, trankvila. Agi kontraŭ sia ~o. Silentigi, surdigi, ŝargi, la ~on. ~a, -tious. 1 faithful, honourable, scrupulous, upright. ~a laboro. Labori ~e. 2 of c. ~a dubo, scruple. Sen~a, without sense of root and wrong, unscrupulous. ➞ skrupul.

konsekr-i, [OA] Consecrat/e, dedicate (devote) to religious service, hallow, sanctify, set apart as sacred. ~i arbon, pastron, preĝejon, sin (No 6/2). ~ado (Le 8/33). ~(iĝ)o, ~iteco, -ion, dedication. ~ito (2 Sa 2/20, Am 2/11). ~itaĵo (Le 27/23). ➞ dediĉ, ordin, sanktig.

konsekvenc-a, [UV] 1 Consist/ent; accordant, thorough-going, in conformity with established principle: ~a ago, homo, konduto, vivo. 2 logically following: ~a konkludo, sekvo el opinio. ➞ dedukt, konklud. ~e (laŭ ~a maniero), -ently, accordingly, logically. ➞ sekve, do. Agi ~e. ~o, -ency, logical sequence [Ne ~~ simpla rezulto, sekvo], Havi ~on de ideoj. Pro ~o, for the sake of -ency. Mal~a konduto, stilo. Ne~o, sen~o, inconsistency, inconsequence, irrelevance. ➞ konform.

konsent-i (-n; kun, pri, ke; abs), [UV] Agree, Consent. 1 Unite in feeling, opinion, thought; admit (that), approve (of); concur, be of same mind, in accord or harmony with; give assent (subscribe) to opinion. Mi ~as, ke vi estas prava. ~ite! Agreed! 2 accede (give c.) to; acquiesce in; comply (fall in) with; permit. ~i donacon, favoron, peton, prunton. ~o, agreement, consent. 1 accord, approval, assent, concurrance. Silento estas ~o. Doni ~on (Ge 34/23). 2 acquiescence, compliance. ~e kun, in agreement (concert) with. ~ebla, admissible, that one can agree with. ~ema, compliant. ~igi, cause to a. or c., gain (win) over, persuade, prevail on. ~iĝi, be agreed. Inter~i, a. together, come to an understanding (terms) with. Inter~o, mutual arrangement, covenant, settlement, understanding (1 Sa 22/17). Jura ~~o (Rd 29/14). ~~igi, reconcile. Mal~i, deny, disagree, dissent, refuse. ~~i inter si (➞ konflikt, kontest, rifuz). ➞ akord, alias, dec, harmoni, konkord, kunsent, samopini, unuec.

konserv-i (-n) (de, kontraŭ), [UV] Keep, Conserv/e, Preserv/e. 1 (from loss): cherish, retain. ~i belon, foton, junecon, opinion, sanon, sekreton, valoron, varmon; la dent-(fort-har -)ojn; ~i en la kapo (memoro). 2 (from harm, safe): ~i sian animon (Se 16/17), ~i kontraŭ forgeso, morto, perdo, ruino. 3 maintain, uphold (state of things): ~i ordon (pacon), (mus) ~i la piĉon, keep the pitch. 4 (a. prezervi): (from decay), p., bottle, can, tin, etc. ~(ad)o, -ation, maintenance, retention, up-keep. ~anto, ~isto, k-er, curator. ➞ kurator. ~ejo, larder, safe, store, etc. ➞ deponejo, gardejo, tenejo. ~(em)a, conservative, retentive. ~a kuirado. ➞ konservativ. ~iĝi, k., remain safe. ~inda, worth keeping. ~ismo, c-atism, hostility to change, wish to p. existing state of things. ~ujo, receptacle, bin, box, etc. Sin~o, selfp-ation. ➞ gard, konfit, ten. Rim.: Gardi kontrau danĝero; konservi kontraŭ detruo (perdo), prezervi kontraŭ putriĝo, malkomponiĝo.

konservativ-a, [OA] (pol) conservative. ~ismo, ~ulo.

konservatori-o, [OA] conservatoire (mus, etc.).

konsider-i (-n, cu, ke) [UV] (pripensi), Consider, weigh (mentally). 1 deliberate upon, examine, give thought to, keep in view, think over carefully, (nt) cogitate, reflect. ~i aferon, proponon, situacion, sugeston, sekvon de ago. Malpli esperu, pli ~u. 2 Make allowance for, take into -ation (account): ~i la junecon de krimulo, la cirkonstancojn. ~i personojn ĉe juĝado (Se 24/23). ~(ad)o, c-tion, weighing of pros and cons. Longa ~o savas de sufero. Praktikaj ~oj. ~e tion, in -ation of that. ~(ant)e, ke, -ing (taking into account) that. ~eco, -ateness. ~ema, -ate, reflective. ~enda, to be -ed. ~inda (grava), -able, weighty, important, worth -ation. Kun~i, take into account. Ne~inda, insignificant, negligible, not worth -ing, trifling. Sen~a, heedless, thoughtless. ➞ kontempl, medit, opini, rigard. [Ne= rigardi kiel].

konsign-i (-n, al), (com) Consign, deliver, hand over; transfer, transmit, send. ~aĵo, -ment, ~anto, -er, sender, shipper.

konsil-i (al iu -i, ion al iu, ke), [UV] Advis/e, (offer) Counsel (to), recomend. ~o, (piece of) advice, c„ suggestion. Akcepti, doni, peti ~on. Saĝulo aŭskultas ~on. Restas nek ~o, nek konsolo. ~ano (4 FA 101/11, 186/12, 193/29), better koncilano. ~isto, c-lor (Da 3/24). ~isto financa, komerca, kortega. ~antaro, ~istaro, Council, board, committee. Urba ~istaro (magistrato), town counsel. ➞ komision, komitat, koncil. ~ejo, (konsultejo). ~eto, tip. ~iĝi (inter si), take c„ confer, hold a conference (for deliberation, discussn) (2 Kr 10/6). ~iĝo (Jĝ 20/7). -iĝo de milito, c. of war. Popola ~iĝo, public assembly. ~inda, a-able, best, expedient, prudent, wise. Inter~iĝi, confer. Mal~i, a. against, condemn. Mal~(Ne~)inda, ill- advised, injudicious. Mis~i, give bad advice. Nc~cbla, deaf to advice, Sen~a, helpless, perplexed (Jes 19/11). ➞ admon, help, instig, koncil, konsol.

konsist-i (nt), [UV] Consist. 1 el): c. (be composed, formed, made up) of, have various pts as ingredients. Minuto ~as el 60 sekundoj. 2 (~i en): c. (lie) in, be comprised (contained) in. La afero ~as en tio, ke … En kio ~as lia forto (Jĝ 16/5). Muziko ne -as en la sola frapado de klavoj. ~o, composition, constitution, makeup, nature. Regno de miksita ~o (Da 2/41). ~a, component, constituent. La -ajpartoj de io. ~aĵo, element, ingredient. ~igi, compose, compound, constitute; form, make up (El 30/33). Divers-a, miks~a (heterogena), diversely constituted), medley, mixed. ➞ konstitu, konstru, kunmet, struktur.

konsistori-o, [OA] consistory, ecclesiastical court.

konskript-i (a. konskripcii), Conscript. ~o, -ion (deviga militservo). ~ito, -ulo, c. ➞ rekrut, varb.

konsol-i (-n), [UV] Consol/e, cheer, comfort in sorrow or depression, solace, soothe. ~i ploranton, ~a, -atory (Ze 1/13). ~a premio, -ation prize. ~(aĵ)o, -ation, alleviation of sorrow, comfort, solace. ~anto, comforter (Ps 69/20). ➞ paraklet. ~iĝi (Ge 24/67), be comforted. Ne~ebla (in-able) doloro. Sen~a, dis-ate, desolate, hopeless. ➞ kompens [Ne= komfort].

konsonanc-o, Consonan/ce, accord, harmony. (mus) c-t interval or chord. ~a, c-t. ~i, blend. ➞ akord, konkord.

konsonant-o, [UV] Consonant. Opp vokal. Duobla ~o. Duon~o (duonvokalo), = j, ŭ.

konspir-i (fari -on) (kontraŭ), [UV] Conspir/e, form a -acy (against), combine privily, plot, for some (us. evil) purpose, e.g., treason. ~o, -acy, clandestine combination, union (for mischief) (2 Rĝ 15/15). ~o de silento, ~anto, -ator. ~estro, ringleader. ➞ kabal, komplot.

konstant-a, [UV] Constant (wide sense). 1 (daŭra), abiding, enduring, lasting, permanent, stable: ~a armeo, ofico. ~a amiko, faithful friend. 2 Senŝanĝa, senvaria; firm, immutable, inflexible, regular, steadfast, unchanging, undeviating, unswervig, unvarying: ~a kurento, nivelo, rapido, ~a prezo, fixed price. ~a vetero, settled weather. 3 (persista, senĉesa); continual, continuous; incessant, perpetual, persistent, sustained, unremitting: ~a atento, babilado, dubo, penado. ~a gutado (Se 19/13). ~a pluvo, steady rain. ~o (mat), constant, unvarying quantity. ~e, (Ge 8/5). ~eco, constancy, devotion, firmness, stability. Mal~a, Ne~a, (ŝanĝiĝema, ventanima), inconstant, fickle, fluctuating, unstable. ➞ dam, firm, kontinu.

konstat-i (-n, ke), [UV] ascertain (find) to be true by experiment or investigation, establish (prove) to be a fact, declare, state (in this sense). ~i morton. ~o, verification, etc. ~ita fakto, authenticated, established fact. ➞ atest, konfirm, pruv [Ne= asert].

konstelaci-o, (stelfiguro), constellation.

konstern-i (-n), [UV] (fill with) Consternation, dismay, give a shock to. ~a, alarming, prostrating. ~o, c., dismay. ~egi, appal, stagger, terrify. ~ego, panic, stupefaction. ~eti, nonplus, put out, startle, take aback (by surprise). ~iĝi, be thunderstruck, stand aghast. ~iĝis iliaj koroj, their hearts failed them. Ne~ebla, dauntless, inperturbable, un flinching. ➞ konfuz, senaplombig, terur, timig.

konstip-i, constipate, render costive. ~(ad)o, ~eco, ~iĝi. ➞ mallaks.

konstitu-i (-71) (konsistigi), Constitu/te, compose, establish, form. ~o, -tion, make-up. ~a, -tive. ➞ struktur.

konstituci-o, [OA] (pol) Constitution, system of government. (Laŭ)~a, -al. Kontraŭ~a, un-al.

konstrikt-i, (med) Constrict. ~o, -ion. ~a, constringent. ➞ boa.

konstru-i (-n), [UV] Build, Construct. 1 (put together points or material), erect, make, set up: domon, neston, orgenon, urbon, vojon. ~i sur roko, sablo. f ~i fraz-(dram -lingv-)on. 2 establish, organize: ~i mondpacon, sian vivon. 3 (gram) construe: ~i frazon. ~(ad)o, b-ing, c-ion. La ~o de domo, frazo, homkorpo. Nenia ~o povas esti sen bruo. ~aĉi, jerry-b. ~aĵo, b-ing, edifice, structure. ~ejo, b ing yard. ~igi, be built (Se 24/3). ~isto, b-er, c-or. Ŝip~isto, ship b-er, shipwright. ~arto (arkitekturo). Mal~i (detrui, disfaligi), demolish, take to pieces. ~~isto, housebreaker. Pri~i (2 Kr 14/7). Sub~(Super~)aĵo, sub-(super-)stractuie. Voj~isto, road-maker. ➞ fond, konsistig, kunmet, starig.

konsubstanci-o (kunsubstanciĝo), (thl) consubstantiation.

konsul-o, [OA] (hist, pol), Consul. ~ec (~ej)o, -ate. ➞ ambasador.

konsult-i (-n) [OA] (sin turni al), Consult, ask for advice (help, information) from, confer with, make enquiry (of). ~i juriston, kuraciston, speeialiston; kompetentulon, libron, sian koron (poŝori). ~a kuracisto, -ing physician. ~a biblioteko, reference library. ~ado, -ation. ~ejo, (~a kabineto), -ing room. ➞ demand, konsiliĝ.

konsum-i (-n), [UV] Consum/e. 1 burn (drink, eat, use) up, expend. ~i energion, forton, heredon, inkon, oleon, provizon, tempon, tagojn (Pr 5/17). Fajro ~as lignon. 2 Tire, wear out by use. ~i la koron, okulojn. 3 dissipate, fritter away. ~(ad)o, -ption. ~anto, -er. (For)~iĝi, waste away, e.g., of akvo (Ge 21/15), beleeo (Ps 39/11), fortoj (Ps 71/9), homo (Ge 25/17), karno (Ps 73/26), lirnako (Ps 58/8), okuloj (1 Sa 2/33); de malĝojo (Ps 31/10), de malsato (Jes 5/13); pro malĝojo (Ps 119/28), pro malpieeo (Jeĥ 4/17). -ita, ~ed, spent. ~ita de, eaten up with (exhausted by) envi-(labor-malsan -varmeg-)o. ~iteeo, exhaustion. El~ita, dead beat, dog tired, done up, fagged out. For~i, exhaust, use up (all). la fortojn. Ne~ebla, in-destruct(-ex- haust)ible, uneatable. ➞ elĉerp, elspez, eluz), formanĝ, foruz, ftiz, marasm, neniig, perdig, pereig.

kont-o, [OA] (com) Account, reckoning of debit and credit. ~o akordiga, debita, kredita, kapitala, komuna, kuranta. Enskribu tion en mian ~on. Fermi, pagi, posedi, reguligi ~on. ~a pago, settlement of a. ~(ten)isto, book-keeper. ~ulo, depositor. ~eltiro, statement of a. ➞ kalkul, librotenad.

kontaĝ-o, Contagi/on, contamination. communicate (disease, etc.) by contact. ~a, -ious, catching, infectious (us. pernicious). ~a influo. ~aĵo, virus of c. ➞ infekt.

kontakt-o [OA] (intertuŝo), Contact, con- nection, touch. ~o elektra, de du dratoj. f (interrilato), ~o inter du homoj. ~i (-n, kun) (esti en ~o, havi ~on), be in (have) c., be in touch, f come across, meet. ~igi, ~iĝi, bring (enter) into c. ~ilo, -or. ~rompilo, c-breaker. Fuŝ~o, short circuit. Mal~igi, break the circuit. ➞ komunik, konekt, tangent.

kontant-o [UV] (~a mono), Cash down, ready money. ~a pago, prezo, negoco, c-payment (price, transaction). Aĉet-(vend -)(‘ ~e, for c. Pagi ~e, pay (in) c. ~aĵo, coin, specie. ➞ kas, mon. Opp kredit.

kontempl-i (-n), (rigardi longe kaj medite), Contemplat/e, attentvly 1 gaze upon (survey, view); 2 consider, meditate (reflect) on. ~(ad)o, -ion, meditation, reflection. ~(em)a, -ive. ➞ pripens.

kontent-a (pri, pro), [UV] Content/(ed), Satisf/ied, easy in one’s mind, pleased. ~a koro (Se 15/15). ~o, c-ment, s-action. ~igi, s-y, appease (malsaton), quench (soifon). ~i bezonon, postulon, scivolon. Doni, postuli, ricevi ~iĝon (amends, s-action) (Le 26/34). ~iĝi (per), be c-ed (s-ed), s-y one’s. ~iĝema, accommodating in disposition. Mal~a, dis-c.(-s.)ed. ~~ulo, mal-c. Ne~a, uns-ied. Ne~igebla, insatiable. ➞ ĝoj, plaĉ, sat.

kontest-i (-n) [OA-8], Contest. 1 (call in) question, debate, deny (truth of), gainsay, refuse to accept. ~i aserton, pretendon. ~o, contest, bout, controversy, competition, strife, tussle. ~ebla, disputable, questionable. Mal~i, acquiesce, admit, agree. ➞ malkonsent, opon, rifuz.

kontinent-o, [OA] (geog) Continent. ~a, -al.

kontingenc-o, (phi) Conting/ency, chance (uncertainty of) occurrce. ~a, -ent. ➞ eventual.

kontingent-o, contingent (especially of troops).

kontinu-a, [OA] Continu/ous (of time or place), always going on, endless, perpetual, unbroken unceasing, unending, uninterrupted) in duration or extent. ~a bano, kurento, linio, muro, pluvo, sono. ~i (esti ~a), go (keep) on, last, persist (Ne = daŭrigi]. ~aĵo, -ation (El 28/8, 39/5). ~eco, -ity. Rompi ~econ. Ne~a, dis-ous, disconnected, disjointed, scrappy. ➞ daŭr, konstant, senĉesa, senintermita, senintervala, senmanka.

kontor-o, [UV] (com) Counting-house, bureau, office, e.g., of factory. ~ano, ~isto, clerk. ➞ ofic, kancelari.

kontraband-o, [OA] contraband, prohibited traffic, smuggling. ~a, c., illegal, illicit. ~i, smuggle. ~aĵo, c-goods. ~isto, ~ulo, smuggler.

kontrabas-o [OA] (a. baso, basviolono), (m.i.) double-bass.

kontrafagot-o (basfagoto), (m.i.) double bassoon.

kontrakt-o, [UV] Contract, binding promise, covenant (legal agreemt), deal, pact, between parties or states. Rompi ~on. Edziĝ~o, marriage settlement. Lu~o, lease. Pac~o, peace treaty. Ŝiplu~o, charter- party. ~i (fari ~on), engage (enter into) a contract, ~i aliancon, edziĝon. ~antoj, c ing parties. ➞ interkonsent, konkordat, traktat [Ne= malvastiĝ].

kontralt-o, [OA] contralto (voice, part, singer, instrument), low female voice. Vir~o (aldo), male alto. ➞ falset.

kontrapunkt-o, [OA] counterpoint, art of combining melodies. ~o duobla, invertebla, kombinita, libera, ornama, strikta, triaspeca. ~a, contrapuntal.

kontrast-o, [OA] Contrast, Difference (of colours, forms, etc.), antithesis, opposition, set-off. ~o inter lumo kaj ombro. ~i (-n; kontraŭ, kun; abs), exhibit contrast, show d., stand out against background. ~igi, compare, exhibit the differences between, set off by opposition. ➞ disting, kompar.

kontraŭ, [UV] (prep) 1 Against, in oppos/ition to: Du ~ unu, two to one. Batali unu ~ la alia, fight with one another. Atesti, koleri, militi, pafi, protesti, ribeli, voĉi ~. 2 (fronte al), facing, opposite, over against. ~ mia domo, in front of my house. Vizaĝon ~ vizaĝo, face to face. 3 (almovo) against: Flugi (sin frapi) ~ muron. 4 (mallaŭ), in o-ite direction to normal: Naĝi ~ la fluo (upstream). Karesi ~ la haroj (the wrong way). 5 In defiance of, in disobedience to: Agi ~ sia konscienco. 6 (direction of feelings): ŝi havis malamon ~ (a spite against, hatred twrds) la pli juna. Estu sincera ~ mi (with me). Kiel li agis ~ mi, tiel mi agos ~ li (Se 24/29). 7 against, from: Defendi, protekti, ŝirmi ~. Gardi ~ risko. Kuraci ~ febro. Savi ~ leono. 8 (anstataŭ, por) in exchange for: Ŝanĝi ĉekon ~ moneroj, grenon ~ fero. 9 (kompare kun) in comparison with: Dio multigu vin multope ~ via nuna nombro (Rd 1/11). La supereco de bruna pano ~ blanka. ~a, adverse, contrary, o-ite. ~a direkto, flanko, vento. ~e, [UV] 1 on (to) the contrary, in o.: Agi (paroli) ~e. Tute ~e, just the o-ite. ~e al viaj leĝoj (in defiance of) (Ps 119/85). 2 facing. ~i (al), be o-ed (contrary) to. 1 face. 2 object to, oppose. Mi ne ~as, I don’t mind. ~o (malo), the o-ite, reverse. ~aĵo, bar, obstacle, hitch, ~eco, o. ~ema, contrary, perverse. ~igi, antagonize. ~ulo (antagonisto, oponanto), adversary, opponent.

kontraŭ-, [OA] (pfx) 1 against, in opposition to: ~batali, fight against. ~leĝa, illegal. ~starigi, bring face to face. ~veneno, antidote. ~vizito, return visit. 2 anti-: ~-Brita (~glaciilo, ~militismo), anti-British (-icer, -militarism). 3 Counter-. ~marko, ~parto, ~pezo, ~propono, counter-mark (-part, -poise, -proposal). ➞ antagonism, bar, kontrast, mal, malhelp, opozici.

kontribu-i, [OA] Contribut/e. 1 (al) furnish, give, offer, supply. ~i artikolon al gazeto, eron al programo, monon al kaso. 2 (nt) bear (pay) a share, help to bring about, join (take part) in. 3 conduce, tend. ~i al diskuto, al la sukceso de. ~a, -ive. ~o, -ion, participation, share, ~aĵo, thing -ed, article, gift, offering, ~anto, -er. ➞ kontingent, kotiz, kunhelp.

kontribuci-o, [OA] (mil) imposition levied on conquered nation for support of occupying army (2 Kr 36/3). ➞ militimpost, militkompensaĵ.

kontrol-i (-n, ĉu) [F], Control, (but only in the sense) audit, check (up on), (keep a) check (upon), examine, inspect, invigilate, look to, see if correct, supervise, test, verify. [Ne= direkt, reg], ~i bileton, kalkulon, konton, la faktojn, la veron de aserto, la iradon de aferoj (Se 31/27), ĉu (see whether) danĝero minacas. ~(ad)o, control, inspection, supervision. Ne kredu al parolo sen propra ~o. Sub la ~o de (El 38/21). Kont~o, audit. ~ebla, verifiable. ~eblaj faktoj. ~ejo, c-room. ~ilo, checking machine, gauge, recorder, standard of comparison. ~anto, ~isto (Se 6/7), controler, overseer, supervisor. Bilet~isto, ticket inspector. Kont~isto, auditor. ~iro, round of inspection. ➞ ekzamen, esplor, inspekt, konstat.

kontumac-o, Contumac/y, recalcitrance, especially (jur) contempt (disobedience to order) of Court, ~a, -ious, insolently disobedient, insubordinate, refractory, wilfully disrespectful.

kontur-o, [UV] Outline, contour, external boundary. ~o de desegno, marbordo, mondo, vazo (Jes 44/13). Klara ~o. ~i (~e skizi), (sketch in) o., trace, (geog) ~a linio. ~e, in outline. f giving main features. ~iĝi, assume clear outlines. ~iĝi kontraŭ, stand out against. ➞ malnet, profil, siluet, skiz.

kontuz-i, [UV] (med) Bruis/e, contuse, discolour by blow without breaking skin. ~i frukt-(haŭt) on. ~o, b., contusion. Vip~o, wale, weal. ~aĵo, bloodshot mark. ~iĝi, get -ed, battered.

konur-o, (orn) conure (ordinary language), name of many parrots.

konus-o, [UV] 1 Con/e (figure or solid). Hakita ~o, truncated c. 2 c-shaped object. Abia ~o (strobilo), fir-c. (mec) Dorsa ~o, back c. Suker~o, sugar-loaf, ŝtorm-o (ŝtormavertilo), (met) storm-c. ~a, -ic. ~a franco, -ic section. ~(form)a, -ical, tapering. ➞ konik.

konval-o, [UV] lily of the valley (Convallaria).

konveks-a, [OA] Convex. ~a lenso, spegulo. ~aj kruroj, bandy-legs. ~(ec)o, -ity. ~aĵo (ĝibaĵo), bow, camber, hump (l Rĝ 7/20). Du~a, bi-c. ➞ bos, volb. Opp konkav.

konvekt-o, (met) (ph) Convect/ion (heat current, usually upward). ~a hejtilo, -or. ~a fluo.

konven-i (al, por), [UV] be adapted (to character, circumstce, feeling, situation), be conformable, fitting, in keeping (order, place), seemly, suitable; go with, harmonize, match, suit (the case). La vesto ~as al via figuro (domo al bezonoj, ŝtopilo al botelo). Kio ~as al sciuro ne ~as al vulturo. Inter kornikoj ne ~as predikoj. ~a, adapted, etc. (as above). ~a momento por ripozo (okupo por fraŭlino, rekompenco por servo, vesto por funebro). ~a vorto, timely word. ~e, suitably, etc. ~(ec)o, decorum, etiquette, fitness, propriety, Reguloj de ~eco. Mal~a (Ne~a), improper, inappropriate, incongruous, inopportune, out of place, unbecoming, undue, unseemly, unsuitable, unwarranted, untimely. Mal~aĵo, blunder, "brick", gaffe, impropriety, something "simply not done", ~aspekta, decentlooking. ➞ adapt, akomod, dec, konform. kongru, taŭg. [Ne= convenient (oportuna)]. Rim.: Dec and konven somewhat overlap in meaning: dec is stronger, and related more to moral tightness and to generalities; konven to appropriateness for some particular situation.

konvenci-o, [OA] Convention. 1 agreement, arrangement by mutual consent. 2 gen. usage [Ne= kunveno]. ~o pri normoj. ~o socia. ~a, -al, orthodox, stereotyped, traditional, usual. ~a signo, simbolo. ~ulo. ➞ formal, interkonsent.

konverĝ-i, Converg/e, blend, draw together, meet (in a point). ~a, -ent, -ing. ~aj fluoj, linioj, radioj. ~o, -ence. ~iga (concave) lenso, spegulo. Mal~i (diverĝi), diverge. Opp fokus, konus.

konvers(aci)-i (kun, pri) [OA] (interparoli), Convers/e, chat, talk together. ~(ad)o, -ation, interchange of thoughts and words.

konvert-i (-n, al), [UV] Conver/t. 1 Transform (transmute), turn into. 2 change the heart of, regenerate (Rĝ 18/37). 3 (rel) change the faith (opinion) of, proselytize. 4 (el) c., transform. ~ebla, -table, -tible. ~iĝo, -sion, change, transformation, of object. (heart, religion). ~iĝi, become -ted, turn over a new leaf (1 Rĝ 8/47, Jes 6/10). La neĝo ~iĝis en koton. ~ilo, (ŝanĝilo), means of -sion, -tor, transformer. ~ito (~iĝinto), c., proselyte. ➞ aliformig, prozelit, ŝanĝ, transform.

konvikt-i (-n), Convict, prove or find guilty. ~o, -ion, proof of (detection in) guilt. ~aj montraĵoj, exhibits produced in evidence. ~ito, -ed person.

konvink-i (-n, pri, ke), [UV] Convinc/e, firmly persuade. ~i pri eraro. ~o, conviction, assured (settled) belief. ~ebla, -ible. ~iĝi (veni al la ~o), be -ed, see with one’s own eyes. ~iĝo, ~iteco, -ement. ~ilo, means of -ement; argument, proof. ~ita, -ed, sure. ➞ evidentig, kredig, persvad.

konvoj-o, Convoy. 1 escorting force. 2 vessels protected. ~i, c., escort, accompany for protection.

konvolvul-o, [OA] Convolvulus, field or lesser bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). ➞ kalistegi.

konvulsi-o, [UV] Convuls/ion, Fit, muscular spasm, f violent agitation, disturbance, laughter, etc. ~i, be in cc., have fits. ~a, -ive, jerky, spasmodic. ~a movo. ~e tremi. ~eto, jerk, spasm, start, wince. ~iĝi, convulse. ~ulo, sufferer from cc. ➞ epilepsi, paroksism, spasm, tetan, tik.

konzol-o, (arch) console. 1 bracket supported by volutes > korbelo. 2 (org) (orgenistejo), organ-loft.

kooper-i (kunagi), Cooperat/e, especially in industry. ~a, -ive. ~ado, -ation. ~ismo, -ive movement. ~isto, member of this.

kooperativ-o (koopera organizo), -ive society.

koopt-i (-n) (alelekti), co-opt, elect into body by vote of members. ~o, -ion.

koordinat-o, Co-ordinate (geom, etc.), e.g., ~oj geografiaj (latitudo, longitudo). ~oj de koloro, colour cc. (gram) ~aj (samrangaj) klaŭzoj, c. clauses (of compound sentence).

kopaiv-o, copaiba (rezin), from ~arbusto (Copaifera).

kopal-o, copal, name of various resins used in varnish.

kopek-o,, [UV] copeck, Russian coin, 1/100 of a rouble.

kopi-i, [UV] Copy, make a c. of, duplicate, reproduce, reprint, transcribe. 2 follow as a pattern, imitate. ~i dokumenton, ekzemplon, geston, voĉon. ~(aĵ)o, c. 1 facsimile, reprint, reproduction (Rd 17/18). 2 photo, blueprint. ~a, -ing ~a inko, krajono, papero. (com) ~a libro, book with duplicate leaves. ~ilo, -ing machine. ~isto, -ist. Tra~i (paŭsi), trace. Tra~a papero. Trans~i, transfer. ➞ faksimil, imit, kajer, model, net, reprodukt. Opp original [Ne= ekzempler].

kopr-o, copra, dried coconut fibre.

kopren-o, ink-cap fungus (Coprinus).

kops-o, (agr) copse, coppice, with small trees and underwood.

kopul-o, (gram) copula, the verb esti or a variant of this, e.g., iĝi (= ekesti), resti (= estadi).

kopulaci-o (sekskuniĝo), (bio) copulation. ➞ koit.

kor-o, [UV] Heart. 1 (anat) 2 central (inner, vital) part of object., core, essence. ~o de planto (pomo). 3 feeling, innermost being, mind, soul, will. Ĝis la ~o, to the quick. Doni, gajni, pezigi, penetri, premi, rompi, ŝiri la ~on. ~o bona, gaja, plena. ~o el oro. Havi ~on sur (paroli el) la ~o, meti en la ~on. ~o scias sian propran malĝojon (Se 14/10). ~a, of the h., cardiac, (hort) ~a putro, h-rot. f (elkora), cordial, hearty, h-felt, sincere, true, unfeigned, warm. ~a amo (danko). ~eco, cordiality. ~ega (tut~a), ~difekto, h-trouble. ~malsano, h-disease. Sen~a, -less, cruel. Bon~a (afabla), kind(ly), kind-ed. Facil~a, light-minded. Malbon~a, base, wicked. Malic~a (Se 11/20). Mol~a, 1 soft-ed, fond, tender. 2 (senkuraĝa), fainted (2 Kr 13/7). Plen~a, most hearty. Pur~a, pure in h. Tut~a, whole-ed. ➞ centr, emoci, ker, kern, parker.

koraci-o (blukorvo), (orn) roller (Coracias).

korak-o (granda korvo), raven (Corvus corax). ➞ korv.

koral-o, [OA] Coral (Ij 28/18). ~a, c. ~a atolo, insulo, c-island. ~a rifo. ~eto (~a bido), c-bead. ~insekto, ~polipo, ~kolora, c-red, -line. ➞ madrepor.

koralin-o, coralline seaweed (Coralline).

koran-o, [UV] Koran, Islamic sacred book.

korb-o, [UV] Basket, pannier. ~o kun fruktoj (Am 8/1); da macoj (Le 8/2). Bazara ~o, shopping-b. ~o por floroj. Lul~o, b-cot, cradle. Paper~o, w.p.b. (fort) Ter~o (gabio), gabion. ~aĵo, wicker-work. ~ego, crate, hamper. ~eto, punnet. ~boato (koraklo), coracle. ~(far)isto, b-maker.

korbel-o, (arch) corbe(i)l (< konzolo), projection from wall to support weight. ~a fenestro, bow-window.

kord-o, [UV] 1 (mus) string. ~o drata (wire), katguta (gut), premita (stopped), libera (open), silka (silk). ~instrumento, ~kvarteto. ~streĉilo, peg, tuning key. (piano) Kruc~a, overstrung. Tri~a, trichord. Unu~e, with soft pedal. 2 (anat) voĉa ~o (ligamento), vocal chord. ➞ akord, kordon, medol, ŝnur.

kordial-o, cordial (drink, restorative, stimulant).

kordit-o, cordite.

kordon-o, cordon (wide sense). 1 (arch) stringcourse. 2 (mil, police), chain, circle (of posts). 3 braid, ribbon, worn as badge of honour. ➞ kord, laĉ, ruband, ŝnur.

korduroj-o, (tex) corduroy, ridged cotton velvet.

Kore-ujo, Koreio, Korea. Nord-K~ujo, Nord-K~io KP, Sud-K~-ujo, Sud-K~io KR.

koregon-oj, various whitefish (lavoret, pollan, etc.) (Coregonus).

korekt-i, [UV] Correct. 1 (ion), amend, set right, remove errors. ~i eraron, mison, kalkulon, taskon. 2 (iun), admonish, cure of fault. ~(ad)o, -ion, rectification. ~ado de presprovaĵoj. ~isto, -or. Pres~isto, reader for the press. ~ejo, place of -ion. ~endaĵoj, corrigenda, errata. ~ita, -ed. Pun~i krimulon. Rim.: As korekt-i is thus a verbal root, korekt-a should mean corrective, and korekt-e correctively (by way of correction). One may hope that this usage will prevail. In international and Zamenhofan usage, however, korekta is used as a needless synonym of correct (= ĝusta, senerara), korekt being thus treated as an adj. root. In which case, "to correct" should be korektigi (which, however, is not used)! In short, korekt- is a "hybrid" root.

korelativ-a [OA] (interresponda), (gram) Correlative, correlated. ~oj, la 45 ~aj vortoj. ~eco, co-relation. Used especially of words or expressions answering (implying the existence of) each other, e.g., kaŭzo kaj efiko, tiel… kiel, se … tiam.

koreops-o, coreopsis (tickseed, etc.) (Coreopsis).

korespond-i (kun), [UV] Correspond (interchange letters). ~(ad)o, -ence, ~anto, ~isto, -ent. ~aĵo, mail, post. [Ne= analog, konform, komunik, respond, rilat, simetri].

koriandr-o, (bot) coriander (Coriandrum). ~a semo (El 16/31).

koridor-o, [OA] Corridor, galley, (main or outside) passage way. Flanka ~o, aisle. ~a vagonaro, c-train. ➞ galeri, irej, pasej.

korife-o, [OA] (ant) (ĥorestro), coryphaeus, chorus leader, f (eminentulo), leader.

koriks-o, (ent) water-boatman (Corixa). ➞ notonekt.

korimb-o, (bot) corymb.

korint-o (~a sekvinbereto), dried currant [Ne= ribo.]rosin.

koriz-o, (nazkataro), coryza, nasal and sinus catarrh.

kork-o, [UV] Cork. 1 (ligno), bark of ~arbo, c-oak (Quercus suber). Floti kiel ~o. 2 (botelŝtopilo), c., bung, stopper. ~(ec)a, ~ogusta, cork(y). ~a savzono, c-lifebelt. ~i botelon. ~adilo, c ing machine. ~farilo. ~flna, c-tipped. ~tirilo, c-screw. Mal~i, un-c. ➞ bast, stop.

kormoran-o, Cormorant (Phalacrocorax). Granda ~o, common c. (P. carbo). Pigmea ~o, pigmy c. Tufa ~o, shag (P. aristotelia). ➞ sul.

korn-o, [UV] Horn. 1 horn (virbova); antenna (insekta); crest (striga); tentacle (helika). 2 h-shaped object.: Aŭdiga ~o, ear-trumpet. Nebul~o, fog-h. Papera ~o, paper funnel. Polvo~o, powder-h. Ŝu~o, shoe-horn. Tri~a ĉapelo, cocked hat. 3 (substance): horn. 4 f (Bb) pride, power. Ilia ~o altiĝis. Levi, retiri la ~ojn. Rompi la ~ojn (de malamiko). 5 (m.i.) (El 19/16). Alpa ~o, Alpine horn. Baset~o, basset h. Ĉas~o, hunting-h. Flugel~o, Flügel h. Natura (senvalva) ~o, natural horn. Orkestra (kromata) ~o, French h. Saks~o, sax-h. Signal~o (buglo), bugle. ~o aŭtomobila (hupo). ~(ec)a, -y. ~i, 1 sound the h. 2 (mot) (hupi). ~eto, cornet, e.g., of paper, or for ice-cream. ~aro, horns, antlers. ~iĝi, harden (of the skin). ~hava, -ed, antlered. ~obati, ~frapi, ~piki, ~puŝi, butt, gore (El 21/28, Da 8/4). ~opinto, tine. Sen~a, hornless. Unu~ulo, unicorn. ➞ kal.

korne-o, [OA] cornea (membrane of the eye). ~a, -al.

kornet-o, [OA] (m.i.) Cornet. ~isto, c- player.

kornic-o [UV] (elstaraĵo), (arch) cornice, moulded projection at top of building, window, etc. (El 27/5, 1 FA 128/32).

kornk-o, [OA] Crow. ~o griza (mantela), grey (hooded) c. (Corvus cornix). ~o nigra, carrion c. (C. corone). ➞ korv.

kornus-o, dogwood, cornel (Cornus). ~a frukto.

korod-i (-n), Corro/de, destroy gradually, eat away (action of disease, chemical, rust, etc.). f blight, embitter. ~o, -sion, decay. ~(em)a, -sive, acrid, mordant. ~aĵo, -sive. ➞ erod, rod, kaŭstik.

korol-o [OA] (petalaro), (bot) corolla.

korolari-o, corollary, deduction, inference. ➞ dedukt, konklud.

koron-o, corona (suna, luna).

koronari-a, (med) coronary (arterio, artrito, okludo, vejrto).

koronel-o, (bot) crown vetch (Coronilla).

koronop-o, (bot) wart cress (Coronopus).

korp-o, [UV] Body. 1 of animal. ~o fortika, sana. Unu animo en du ~oj. 2 main part, trunk, etc. ~o de violono. Ŝip~o, hull. 3 material substance. ~o organika, simpla. ~a, bodily, corporeal, material, physical. ~e, in person. ~(aĵ)a, carnal, fleshly. ~eto, corpuscle. ~iĝi, take bodily form, materialize, ~ogardisto, b-guard (Ge 37/36). En~iĝi, em-b. En~iĝo, embodiment, incarnation. El~iĝi, disembody. sen~a, [UV] immaterial, incorporeal. Mol~ulo, mollusc (molusko). ➞ kadavr, karn, korpus, materi.

korporaci-o, [UV] (wide sense) Corporat/ion, incorporated body (company) for public service. ~o de kuracistoj, panistoj, ŝipistoj. La Brita Brodkasta ~o. ~e starigita, in-ed. ➞ gild, sindikat.

korpulent-a (dikventra, vastkorpa), corpulent, fat, fleshy, obese, stout.

korpus-o, [UV] (mil) corps, body of troops, division of army.

korpuskl-o (eta materiero), corpusc/le (-ule), minute particle (in body, blood). ➞ atom, infinitezim, molekul.

korsaĵ-o, [OA] bodice, body, corsage (of woman’s dress). ~o dekoltita.

korsar-o, [OA] corsair, privateer, vessel privately owned, with government approval, to raid enemy ships. 1 (ŝipo). 2 (ŝipano). ➞ kaper, pirat.

korset-o, [OA] corset, stays. ~o strikte laĉita (tight-laced), (agr) Arb~o, tree-guard. ~isto, stay-maker.

kort-o, [UV] Court, Yard, enclosed area, quadrangle. 1 La morto staras jam en la ~o (= tre proksime). Antaŭ~o, fore-c. Bird~o, farm-y. Lud~o, playground. ~ego, [UV] c., princely retinue, royal household. ~ega ceremonio. ~egano, c-ier. ~eganino, lady of the c. ~umo, c. of justice, bar. Ĉef~umo, supreme c.

kortaderi-o, pampas grass (Cortaderia).

kortik-o, cortex (anat) (bot). Sen~a, decorticated.

kortizon-o, cortisone.

korund-o, (min) corundum, crystallized ALOj. ➞ safir, smerald, smirg, ruben.

korupt-i (-n) [OA], 1 Bribe, buy over, entice, suborn (by gift or other inducement). ~i juĝiston, oficiston. 2 (aĉigi, difekti), corrupt, taint. ~i karakteron, moralon, spiriton, stilon. ~ebla, b-able. ➞ putr, subaĉet, ŝmir.

korv-o [UV] (Corvus). 1 (wide sense) member of the Crow fam (korvedoj) > frugileg, koraci, kornik, moned, pirokorak, which see Esperanto. 2 raven (C. corax) (technical language korako, korvego St), the largest of the fam (Ge 8/7, Rd 14/14). ~a, corvine. ~e nigra, r-black.

korvet-o, [OA] (mar) corvette, large sloop of war.

kosekant-o, (trig) cosecant (cosec).

kosinus-o, cosine (cos).

kosm-o, Cosm/os, the universe as an ordered whole. ~a, -ic. ~a radiado.

kosmoogoni-o [OA], cosmogony.

kosmograf-io, [OA], ~o, cosmograph-y, -er. ~ologio, -ology.

kosmopolit-o, [OA], ~a, cosmopolitan. ~eco, ~ismo, -opolitanism. ➞ homaran, mondcivitan.

kosmetik-o, [OA] Cosmetic, beauty preparation.

kosmos-o, (hort) cosmos, Mexican aster (Cosmos).

Kosov-o.

kost-i (-n), [UV] Cost, involve expenditure (labour, loss). ~i tri pencojn, nenion; laboron, tempon, vivon; doloron kaj suferon. ~o, c., charge, expense, price. Je mia ~o, at my expense. La ~oj de la vojaĝo. Send~o, carriage. (Multe)~a (altpreza), c-ly, dear, expensive, high-priced. Malpli ~a, cheaper. ~preze, at c. price. Sen~e, without charge, free, gratis, for nothing. ➞ kalkul, kar, pag, prez, valor.

Kostarik-o [OA-8] CR.

kostum-o, [UV] Costume. 1 (style of) dress, garb (of class, epoch, nation., etc.). ~o bala, fantazia, nacia, vojaĝa. 2 (kompleto). ~isto, -ier.

kosus-o, (ent) goat-moth (Cossus).

koŝ-o, (mar) thimble, wooden or metal ring with groove for rope.

koŝer-a, kosher, fulfilling requiremts of Jewish law.

koŝmar-o (inkubsonĝo, premsonĝo), nightmare. ➞ inkub.

kot-o, [UV] Dirt, Mud; filth, mire, muck. Kiu ludas kun ~o malpurigas la manojn. Trempi en ~o (Ij 9/31). ~a, dirty, mudy. ~a tago, vetero. ~i (feki). Ne ~as besto en sia nesto. ~aĵo (K 62/1). ~ejo, quagmire, slough. ~ero, speck of dirt. Sen~igi (la botojn), clean, scrape. ~isto, scavenger. ➞ malpur, marĉ, ŝlim.

koteri-o, coterie, exclusive circle, set. ➞ klik.

kotid-o, (ich) bullhead > miller’s thumb, sea scorpion (Cottus).

kotiledon-o, cotyledon, primary or seed- leaf. Du~a, Unu~a.

kotiz-i, [OA] Contribut/e, Subscri/be (give for common obj) [Ne= subskribi]. ~i al kaso, societo, por donaco. ~(aĵ)o, c-ion, quota, share, s-ption. ➞ abon, kontingent, kontribu.

kotlet-o, [OA] cutlet, chop, small piece of meat. ~o bovida, lumba, porka.

koton-o, [UV] Cotton (Wool) (material). Bril~o (silka ~o), mercerized c. Fulm~o, pulvo~o, gun-c. Sorba ~o, absorbent c-w. ~a drapo, fadeno. ~aĵoj, c-goods. ~arbo, c-plant (Gossypium). ~sema oleo. ➞ eriofor, katun, vat).

Kotoneastr-o, (bot) cotoneaster shrub (Cotoneaster).

koturn-o, [UV] (orn) quail (Coturnix) (El 16/13).

kov-i (-n), [UV] Brood, Hatch, incubate, sit (as hen on eggs), f b. over, dwell on, sullenly meditate (especially with ill intent). ~i projekton, perfidon. Lia koro ~as malamon. ~ado, incubation. ~aĵo, sitting. ~ejo de konspiro, hotbed of conspiracy. ~ema kokino, b-y hen, sitter. ~iĝi, be h-ed out. ~igi kokinon, set. ~ilo (~aparato), incubator. ~itaro, b., covey. Duon~ita, addled. El~i, h. out. f = naski. ➞ elovig.

kovert-o, [UV] envelope. Afranki, disŝiri ~on. En~igi leteron.

kovr-i (-n, per) [UV]. Cover. 1 clothe, over-lay(-spread), put all over: ~i domon per pajlo, infanon per kisoj, plankon per sablo, sin per gloro, tablon per pladoj. 2 be (extend, lie) on, over: Ĉapelo ~as la kapon, floroj - tombon, masko - vizaĝon, neĝo - teron, nuboj - ĉielon, tuko - tablon. 3 Hide, cloak, conceal, screen, shroud, veil: ~i la okulojn, orelojn per la manoj, Amo ~as ĉiujn pekojn. 4 (egali, kompensi), meet: ~i deficiton, elspezon, koston. ~(aĵo), -ing, coating. ~(aĵ)o el pajlo, tegoloj. Sel~aĵo, saddle-cloth, ~igi, be -ed. ~ilo, [UV] envelope, lid, cover of book (umbrella), shutter (ŝutro), etc. Lit~ilo, bed-c, blanket, counterpane, sheet. Stebita ~~ilo, quilt. Tir~ilo, roll-top (of desk). Volve ~ita, enveloped. mal~i, [UV] uncover. 1 bare: ~~i kapon, ŝultron. 2 (malkaŝi): (a) disclose, reveal; (b) detect, discover, find out. ~~i aŭtoron, kaŝejon, penson, sekreton. Ne~ita, bare. Sen~a, exposed, open. Dom~isto, roofer (slater, thatcher). Ĵet~ita per, strewn with. Ŝut~anta hajlo (4 FA 51/33). ➞ kovert, stern, teg, vest, vual.

kozak-o, [OA] cossack.

krab-o, [OA] Crab (Cancer). Aranea ~o, spider c. (Maia). Ermita ~o, hermit c. (eŭpaguro). The edible c. is paguro (C. pagurus). ➞ kancer, kankr, karcen.

krabl-i, crawl, wriggle (as crab, spider, etc.).

krabr-o, [OA] hornet (Vespa crabro). (El 23/28).

kraĉ-i [UV] Spit. 1 expectorate, eject from mouth. 2 make -ing noise (as a cat), ~i sangon, en puton, sur ion. ~aĵo, s., sputum. ~eti, sp(l)utter. ~ujo, cuspidor, spittoon. ➞ bav, saliv, sput, spruc.

krad-o, [OA] crossbars, grating; grate, grid, grille, latticed screen or partition (El 38/4; Se 7/6). Ekrana ~o, screen grid. Klap~o, ventilation grating. Paŝ~o, pavement grating. Plat~o (= plat~a brutbarilo), cattle grid, ~aĵo, lattice (trellis) work. ~ita ŝtofo, tartan. ~rosti, grill. ~~ilo, gridiron. De~i, separate by grating.

krajon-o, [UV] Pencil [Ne= crayon]. Glob~o, ball-point p. ~ingo, p-holder. ~ujo, p-box (-case). ➞ grifel, kret, pastel, penik.

krak-i, [UV] (nt) make a sharp dry noise, e.g., of breaking, bursting, tearing. ~o, bang, clap, crack, detonation, report. ~o de motoro, pordo, tamburo, tondro, survango. Krak". (sonimito) (2 FA 145/27). Krak! la siliko krevis (Z). La flago ~is (flapped), ~ado, clanking, clinking, jingling, rattling (de ŝlosiloj, k.s.). (mot) pinking. ~eto, creak, crepitate, chatter (of dentoj); clatter (fajenco); crackle (brulanta ligno); patter (hajlo, pluvo); sputter (bolanta akvo). ~eti, crackle, pop, snap. ~etado de dornoj (Pr 7/6). ~etigi, crackle (fingroartiko), crunch (between teeth, under foot). La vento ~etigis la branĉojn. La imperio dis~iĝis (dispeciĝis). Ligna ~ilo, clapper. ➞ krepit, klak, knal, knar, krev.

kraken-o, [UV] (1 FA 49/14; 2 FA 66/19), cracknel, light crisp biscuit crackling when bitten. ➞ kring.

kraks-o, (orn) curassow (Crax).

kramb-o, sea kale (Crambe maritima).

kramf-o, (med) cramp.

kramp-o, [UV] 1 (carp, bid) Cramp(-iron); brace, clamp, (sp) climbg-iron, G~o, G-c. ~o kadra, retsegila, stanga, corner (fretsaw, sash) c. ~eto (dunajlo, najl~o), staple (M 212/24). 2 (typ) bracket, ~oj angulaj < > , kunigaj ( }, kvadrataj [ ], rondaj (). ~i, hold (fasten) with a c. ~i vazon al tablo. f sin ~i al, bore, buttonhole. Interne, in parenthesis. ➞ agraf.

kran-o, [UV] Tap, cock, faucet, spigot [Ne= crane (argano, gruo)]. Akvo~o. Gas~o, ~o moderiga, throttle-valve. Flot~o, ball-cock. Turni la ~on, turn the t. (on or off). Fermi (malfermi) la ~on, turn off (on) the tap (gas, water). El~i, draw off. For~i, turn off (akvon).

krani-o, [UV] skull, brain-pan, cranium (Jĝ 9/53). Frakasi, trabori la ~on. f head, pate. En ĉiu ~o aparta opinio. Granda ~o, sed interne nenio. ~o longa, pinta, ronda. ~a, cranial, -ologio, -ometrio, cranio-logy, -metry.

krank-o, crank, starting-handle. ~o mana, sekuriga. ~o plata, disk-c. ~i aŭton.

kraŝ-i, ~o, (falfrakasiĝi), (av) Crash. ~kasko (protekta kasko), c-helmet.

kratag-o, [UV] Hawthorn, may, whitethorn. (Crataegus).

krater-o, [UV] crater. 1 ~o (buŝo) de vulkano. 2 c-shaped bowl or cavity. ~eto, pot-hole. ➞ abism, faŭk.

kraŭl-o, ~i, (rampnaĝi), crawl.

kraŭn-o, crown-glass. ➞ flint, vitr.

kravat-o [UV] (kolbendo), cravat, (neck)- tie. ~o lana, silka.

kraz-o, (phon) crasis (unuvokaligo de du vokaloj).

kre-i (-n), [UV] Creat/e. 1 (estigi): bring into being, call into existence, originate: Dio ~is la ĉielon kaj la teron. 2 (ellabori, fondi): ~i oficon, modon, rolon, teknikon. 3 (fari, naski): okazo ~as ŝteliston. La afero ~is sensacion. ~(ad)o, -ion (act). La ~o de la tero. ~(it)aĵo (Jes 29/16), -ion (obj), -ed thing, production, work. ~iĝi, be -ed. ~into, -or, author. ~ismo, -ionism. ~ito, -ed being, -ture. La tuta ~itaro, the whole -ion.

kred-i (-n, al, je, pri) [UV]. 1 Believ/e (in), be of opinion (that), credit (truth of), give credence (to). 2 (opinii); think. Mi ~as vin; vian diron; al via promeso; je Dio; pri fantomoj; ke jes (ne). ~o, Belief, acceptance as true, faith. ~(it)aĵo, thing -ed, article of faith, tenet, ~anto, ~isto, -er. ~antaro, community of -ers, church. ~ebla, [UV] credible, likely, ~eble, one may suppose that … ~ema, credulous. ~enda, that must be -ed. ~igi, induce (lead) to b., persuade. ~igi iun pri io, ion al iu. ~inda, trustworthy. Mal~i, dis-b. Ne~ebla, incredible. Sen~eco, un-b. Sen~ulo, infidel. ➞ fid, konfesi, konfid, konsent, opini, pens.

kredit-o, [OA] Credit (wide sense) (com) sum at disposal in books of bank or firm. Enskribi en ies ~on. Havi ~on ĉe la banko. f confidence, Havi ĉe iu ~on kaj meriton. ~i, (give) credit, enter on the credit side, place to the credit of. f attribute, ascribe (quality to someone). ~a, credit. ~a flanko, letero, saldo. ~e, on credit. Vendi ~e. ~igi, accredit, ~ulo, person in credit. Sen~igi, discredit. II (pol) socia ~o, social credit. Opp debit.

kreditor-o, [OA] creditor (Rd 15/2; Ps 109/11), one to whom a debt is owing. Ne helpas ploro kontraŭ ~o. Opp debitor.

kreks-o, (corn)crake (Crex). ➞ porzan, ral.

krem-o, [UV] Cream. 1 of milk. Kafo kun ~o. 2 similar substance. Dent~o, toothpaste. Mebla ~o, furniture c. Tualeta ~o. Vizaĝ~o. f best (choice) pt. ~ujo, c-jug. ~kolora, ~riĉa, -y. Sen~igi, c., skim. ~~igilo, -er.

kremat-i (a. kremacii), Cremat/e. ~o, -ion. ~ejo, -orium. ➞ enterig, funeral, sepult.

kren-o, horseradish (Cochlearia armorica).

krenel-o, (arch). 1 crenel, opening in parapet for shooting through. 2 toothlike masonry at top of wall. 3 (zoo) crenelle (Crenella). ~a, 1, 2, crenellated. 3 (bot) crenate, notched, scalloped, toothed. ~a folio. ➞ embrazur.

kreol-o, [OA] Creole, -ino. ➞ mestiz.

kreozot-o, [OA] creosote.

krep-o. 1 Crape (worsted silk or cotton material, with wrinkled surface). ~o Ĉina. ~o sur ĉapelo. 2 crepe (rubber). ~o kaŭĉuka, planduma. ~(ec)a, crinkled, wavy. ~a papero. ~i (~e drapiri), cover (drape) with c. ➞ krisp.

krepid-o, (bot) hawksbeard (Crepis).

krepit-i (kraketadi), crepitate.

krepusk-o, Twilight (us. = vespera ~o, dusk, gloamg) (Ij 24/15). Matena ~o, dawn, f La ~o de la vivo, ~a, t., dim, glimmering, shadowy. ~iĝi. El~iĝi (klariĝi, naskiĝi). ➞ aŭror, ekfiniĝ, ekmalfortiĝ, mateniĝ, vesperiĝ.

kres-o [OA], Watercress (Nasturtium officinale). ~ejo, w-bed. ➞ lepidi, tropeol.

krescent-o, Crescent, (astr) Moon in first or last quarter, f Obj, e.g., row of houses, in form of c. ~a, c., lunate. ➞ kresk, lunark.

kresĉend-o, (mus) crescendo. Mal~o, diminuendo. ➞ pedal.

kresk-i (nt), [UV] Grow. 1 = alt-(fort-mult -vast-)iĝi; Increase (in degree, quantity, size); enlarge, expand, extend, sweil, wax: ~as bezono, dubo, intereso, literaturo, luno. 2 (disvolviĝi) develop (progress) normally: ~as best-(har-plant-)oj. 3 (troviĝi, vivi) lupoloj ~as abunde en Kent. Tie nenio povas ~i. ~(ad)o, -th, increase, progress, etc. Li estas de meza ~o (statur). La ~ado de nia literaturo. ~aĵo [UV] (us = planto), -th. Mar~aĵo, seaweed. ~aĵaro, flora, plant life. ~aĵa regno, vegetable kingdom. ~anta luno, first quarter. ~ejo, habitat. ~igi, (make) g., cultivate, produce, raise, rear (Ge 1/11). La Izraelidoj dis~is kaj multiĝis (El 1/7). Ek~i, start -ing, germinate, spring up, sprout. El~i, 1 g. out. Novaj projektoj el~adas kiel fungoj. 2 g. fully. Ne en unu tago el~is Kartago. El~aĵo, sur~aĵo, excrescence, offshoot, out-th. El~igi (put forth) branĉojn. Mal~i, g. smaller, wane. Mis~i, g. amiss. Sub~aĵo, under-th. Super~ita, over-n, overrun. Tro~i, g. too fast (much). ~~inta, oversize, hypertrophied. Alt~a, tall. Bel~a, shapely. Duon~a, half-n, puny, stunted. Plen~a, -n up, fully -n, adult. ➞ flor, krescent, kultiv, plant, pli-fort(-grand intens)iĝ, veget.

kresp-o (patkuko), Pancake. Turnĵeti ~on. ~a Tago, p. day, Shrove Tuesday.

krest-o, [OA] Comb, crest (on animal’s head). ~o de meleagro. Koka ~o, cock’s c. f long high ridge. ~o de monto, ondo. Kun klinita ~o, crest-fallen. ~ofloro (rinanto), (bot) cock’s c. (1 FA 19/7). Sen~igi, knock off the top (lower the crest, cut down the slope of).

krestomati-o, [OA] chrestomathy, collection of choice passages as models. "La Fundamenta ~o". ➞ antologi.

kret-o, [UV] Chalk. 1 soft limestone (kretŝtono). 2 stick of c. for writing on blackboard. ~blanko, ~pulvoro, whiting. ~a, -y. ~eca, -aceous. ~izi, cretify.

kretace-o, (geol) cretaceous period,

kreten-o, (med) Cretin, deformed idiot, f imbecile. ~eco, -ism, congenital failure of mental or physical development. ➞ idiot.

kreton-o, (tex) cretonne, stout unglazed cloth with painted pattern (varpo kanaba, vefto lina).

krev-i, (nt), [UV] Burst, break up, explode, fly open (by expansion, etc.). f ~as la koro. ~i de furiozo. De tro multa scio ~as la kranio. ~o b., disruption, explosn, out-b. Bomb~(radbend~vezik~)o. Nub~o, cloud-b. ~aĵo, crack, crevasse, split (Alt 2/14). ~eto, crevice. ~etajo (sur la mano), chap. ~igi, (cause to) b., break (crack) open. ~igi absces-(nuks-ŝton-)on. Dis~i, b. asunder. Kor~iga, heart-breaking. Ne~igebla, unpuncturable (bendo). ➞ eksplod, korŝir, krak, fend-(split-)iĝ.

kri-i, [UV] Cry (out), Shout; call, make an outcry, utter a loud sound. ~i de doloro, plengorĝe. ~i "Helpon/". ~i por venĝo. Inter lupoj ~u lupe. ~o, c., loud utterance. ~o batala, koka. ~anta (protestinda) maljustaĵo. ~aĉi, screech (kriĉi). ~ado, acclamation, clamour. ~egi, s., bawl, howl, yell. ~egi ĝisraŭke, s. one’s hoarse. ~ema, noisy, peevish, squalling. ~eti, grouse, squeal, whine. ek~i, [UV] exclaim. Ek~a signo, exclamation mark. El~i, proclaim. Bravo~o, applause, bravo! Dolor~o, scream. Ĝoj~i, s. with joy. Mok~i, boo, hoot. Plor~i, bewail, lament aloud. Post~i, call after. Pri~i, announce, hawk. Pri~i gaze ton. Ve~ado, lamentation. ➞ blek, kriĉ, vok. [Ne= plori].

kribaĝ-o, (gm) cribbage.

kribr-i,, [UV] Siev/e, sift; bolt, screen, winnow, separate by shakg. ~i farun -(gren-sabl-)on. f (senbalastigi), ~i la vortaron, ~(ad)o, -ing. ~a, cribriform. ~aĵo, screen-(sift-)ings. ~iĝi, f La sun- radioj ~iĝis Jrafolie. ~ilo, s., colander, jigger, f Ĉerpi akvon per ~ilo (P) Gren~ilo, riddle. ➞ filtr.

kriĉ-i. 1 screech (as bird of prey). 2 chirr, stridulate (as insect).

krik-o, (mec) Jack, lift. ~o hidraŭlika. Sraŭbo~o, screw-j. ➞ kapstan, vine, vindas.

kriket-o, (gm) cricket [Ne= gril],

krim-o, [UV] Crim/e, felony, offence punishable by law. ~a, -inal, felonious, sinful, wicked. ~a far-(hom-)o. ~i, commit a c. Tajloro ~is, botisto pendfrs. ~eco, -inality, iniquity. ~ego, atrocity, outrage. ~eto (delikto), delinquency, misdemeanour. ~igi (Mi 1/5). ~ulo, -inal, felon, malefactor. Kon~ulo, accomplice. ➞ kriminal, kulp, pek.

kriminal-a, [UV] (prikrima), (jur) criminal. ~a juĝist-(jur-proces-)o. ~isto. ~ologio.

kring-o, [UV] (col) twisted ring-shaped bun or biscuit. ➞ kraken.

krinolin-o, (cl) (4 FA 216/34), crinoline, hooped petticoat,

krip-o (staltrogo), crib, manger.

kripl-a,, [UV] Cripple/d, havg lost power to use member or organ, deformed, disabled, lame, maimed, stunted. ~a de al-(malsan-)o. ~a seĝo (M 55/22). ~aĵo, ~eco, (difekto, manko), defect, infirmity, damaged member or part. ~igi (iun, ion), c., disable, lame, maim, mutilate. ~~i soldaton. f ~~i ("murder") la lingvon. ~ulo, c. Ĉiu familio havas sian ~ulon. ➞ invalid, lez, stumpig.

kript-o, [OA] (arch) crypt, underground cell, vault, usually for burial,

kript-a, Crypt/ic, obscure, secret.

kriptogram-o, parsley fern (Cryptogramme).

kripton-o, (chem) crypton.

kriptomeri-o, Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica).

krisol-o, crucible, melting-pot. ➞ fanduj.

krisp-o, [UV] Frill. 1 (anat) wattle. 2 (cl) -ed collar, collarette. Kol~o, f„ ruffle. Tol~o, Tul~o, ruche. ~a, -ed, curly, crimped, crinkled, wavy, crisp (this sense only). ~aj folioj, plumoj (Jes 3/24). ~a ŝtofo. Creased, puckered (papero), frizzy, fuzzy, woolly (haroj). ~aĵo, f., pucker. ~eco, curliness, rippling. ~igi, crimp, curl, wave. ~igi harojn, falbalon. Venteto ~igas la akvon. (Har)~igilo, crimping-iron, crisp-iron, curling-tongs, hair-curler. ~igita falbalo. ~iĝi, become crinkled, f. (as a phot, plate). La grenkampoj, ondoj ~iĝis. ~ozo (hort) crinkle, plant disease. ➞ bukl, /aid, falbal, friz, ĵabot, mezenter, ondetiĝ. [Ne= facile rompebla].

kristal-o [UV]. 1 (chem) Crystal. ~o kuba, sukera. 2 pure colour-less glass. Kaliko el facetita ~o. Rok~o, rock-c. (~iĝinta kvarco). ~(aĵ)o, something clear, transparent. ~(ec)a, -line, clear, f pellucid, sparkling. ~a akvo, vazo. ~e pura, klara, limpid, translucent. ~igi, ~iĝi, -ize. f = koncentriĝi, rigidiĝi. ~ografio, -lography. ~ojda, -loid.

kriteri-o [OA] (prijuĝilo), criterion, measure, rule, standard, touchstone.

kritik-i [UV] (prijuĝi), Critic/ize. h 1 appraise, discuss, examine and estimate, judge. ~i estas facile, fari malfacile. 2 censure, find fault with. ~(em)a, censorious, discriminating, exacting [Ne = kriza]. ~a esploro. ~(ad)o, ~(aĵ)o, -ism. 1 -al remarks, critique, evaluation, review. ~o filologia, justa, kompetenta, senpartia, severa. 2 expression of disapproval, Eĉ kontraŭ pastra prediko troviĝas ~o. ~aĉi, carp, cavil, quibble, split hairs. ~anto, ~isto, c., judge (of merit). ~ebla, open to -ism. Sen~a, un-al. Tro~ema, captious, hyper-al. ➞ ĉikan, mallaŭd, recenz.

kritm-o, (bot) rock samphire (Crithmum). ➞ inul, salikorni.

kriz-o, [UV] Crisis, critical situation, decisive moment, emergency, period of danger or suspense, turning-point. ~o financa, komerca, morala, politika. ~o de malsano. ~a, of c., critical, dangerous, decisive. [Ne= kritika]. ~a ago, epoko, situacio. ~i, be in a critical condition.

krizalid-o, (ent) chrysalis (pupa). ➞ kokon, imagin, larv, pup, raŭp.

krizantem-o,, [OA] Chrysanthemum, ox-eye daisy fam. > corn marigold (C. segetum); feverfew (C. parthenium); lekanto which see ➞ tanacet.

krizokal-o, (min) pinchbeck.

krizolit-o, chrysolite = olivine (El 28/20).

krizomel-o (orskarabo), leaf-eater beetle (Chryso- mela) > Colorado beetle.

krizopraz-o, chrysoprase, apple-green vrty of chalcedony.

krizospleni-o, (bot) golden saxifrage.

krizop-o, (ent) golden-eye, green lace-wing (Chrysopa).

Kroat-ujo, Kroatio HR.

kroĉ-i (-n), [UV] Hook; fasten, hitch, grapple, seize (on to). ~i bildon, ĉapelon, medalon. ~i vagonon al lokomotivo. ~ilo, h., (coat-hat-)peg, crook. Buton~ilo, button-h. Haltiga ~ilo, catch, pawl. (Al)~iĝi, catch in, cling (attach one’s; clutch, hang on) to, lay hold of. ~iĝi al iu, al io. Hedero ~iĝas al muro. De~i, Mal~i, detach, un-h.(-fasten). De~i veston. De~ita de la patrina jupo. Krur~i, trip up. ➞ kramp, kvaron, trik.

kroĉet-i (kroĉtriki), crochet. ~aĵo, c-work. ~ilo, c-hook.

kroket-o, (sp) croquet,

kroketi-o, (ich) sanderling (Crocethia).

krokiz-i, ~o, sketch, rough pen-drawing. ➞ skiz.

krokodil-o, [UV] Crocodile. ~a ledo. f ~aj (hipokritaj) larmoj.

krokus-o, Crocus. ➞ safran.

krom [UV] (prep) treats what follows as separate (apart, distinct) from, independent (without speaking) of, other things. It may mean: 1 (us. after a negative or a universal word) EXCLUSION (not including) (= kun escepto de, esceptinte, ekster); but, except, not counting, save. Mi vidis neniun, ~ li. Mi akceptos nenion, ~ oro (nothing but gold). Via eseo estas perfekta, ~ unu frazo. Mi estos sola, krom se (unless) vi venos (=se vi ne venos). Ĉiu ~ li (all but he) forkuris. Li faris nenion ~ kanti (nothing but sing, except singg). 2 INCLUSION (including) (= aldone al, inkluzive de, ne nur … sed ankaŭ)’. in addn to, besides, moreover, to boot. Ŝi estas bela, kaj ~ tio tre riĉa. ~ Esperante, mi parolas (ankaŭ) France kaj Angle. ~diri, add. ~edzino, ~virino, concubine (Ge 22/24). ~informo, additional information. ~pago, bonus. ~linio (mus) leger line. ~seĝo, additional chair. ~signo (mus) accidental (see Ge 31/50; 2 Rĝ 5/17; Ne 2/12; Ps 18/31; Pr 2/24, 3/12).

krom-o, (chem) Chrom/ium (Cr). ~a, -e. ~flava, -e yellow. ~ato, -ate. ~atacido, -ic acid. ~ata pigmento, ~e. ~ika, chromic (salt). ~ito, -ite (salt). ~oza, -ous (salt). Bi~ato.

kromat-a, chromatic (colour or sound), (mus) not in the diatonic scale. ~a akordo, intervalo, skalo. ➞ diaton, laŭgam.

kromleĥ-o, (arch) cromlech.

Kromo-fotografio, -litografio, -sfero, -somo, -tipio, chromo-photography, etc.

kron-o, [UV] Crown. 1 of monarch. ~o de reĝ(in)o. 2 regal power (Se 27/24): Aspiri al la ~o. Posedaĵo de la ~o. 3 similar obj: chaplet, diadem, wreath. ~o dorna, ora. (astr) C. f distinction. Brava virino estas ~o por sia edzo. 4 coin. ~i, c. ~i per floroj. ~i laŭreaton, reĝon. Sukceso ~is lian penadon. f montoj ~itaj de neĝo. (drs) ~i pecon. ~ado, coronation, ~aĵo, c-work, -ing point. ~eto, coronet. Ne~ita, Sen~a, un-ed. Glor~o (de sanktulo), aureole, halo, nimbus. ➞ girland, korol, nimb, rekompenc, tiar.

kronik-a (longedaŭra, malakuta), (med) chronic, inveterate, lingering. ~a kataro.

kronik-o, [UV] Chronicl/e, annals, continuous narrative (record, register) of events. (Bb) Chronicles. ~i, c., record. ~isto, -er.

krono-grafio (-LOGIO [OA], -METRO [OA], -metrio), Chrono-graphy(-logy-meter-metry).

krop-o, [UV] (birds), craw, crop, pouch, gullet (Le 1/16). Post~o (maĉstomako).

krotal-o (sonserpento), rattlesnake (Crotalus).

kroton-o, (bot) (Crotori). ~a, -ic. ~oleo, c-oil. ➞ kaskaril.

kroz-i, [UV] Cruis/e, rove over the sea, sail to and fro (for observation, pleasure, etc.). ~o, c., ~jaĥto, -ing yacht. ~ŝipo, -er, ship adapted for -ing. ➞ kruc.

kruc-o,, [UV] Cross. 1 instrument of crucifixation. Morti sur la ~o. 2 C. of Jesus, f savita per la ~o (= la morto de J). 3 symbol of this, ~o sur preĝeja turo. Signo de la ~o. Porti ~on sur la vesto. 4 (figure or obj), desegni ~on. La Ruĝa ~o. (astr) La Suda ~o. Turn~o, turn-pike (-stile). 5 affliction, trial, trouble (to be borne, endured). Oni akceptu kaj portu sian ~on. La ortografio prezentas ~on por la lernanto. ~i (trastreki), write a c., draw a line across. ~i ĉekon. ~(ir)i (transiri, transkuri), c., intersect, traverse. ~~i riveron. ~a, crucial. ~(form)a, crossform, cruciform. (Laŭ)~e, -wise. ~e nuligi, c. out. ~aĵo, intersection, -ing. ~igi, c. fold, place c-wise. ~igi la brakojn, krurojn. (Inter)~iĝi, c., interlace (intersect). Leteroj, linioj, rasoj, stratoj ~iĝas. (mus) ~iĝo de voĉoj, -ing of parts. Voj~ejo, ~iĝo, c-roads, road-ing. ~iĝo ponta, fly-over. ~iĝo rondira, roundabout. Inter~iĝa punkto, point of intersection. ~umi, [UV] crucify, (mus) Ludi ~mane, with hands -ed. ~milito, crusade. ~osigni, make the sign of the c. ➞ interŝanĝ, loksi, pretersalt, trans(ir).

kruci-feroj, (bot) cruciferae.

krucifiks-o, [OA] crucifix.

kruĉ-o, [UV] Jug, cruse, ewer, pitcher, pot, vessel (Ge 24/46; 1 Rĝ 17/12). ~eto, small j. Kaf~o, te~o, [UV] coffee-pot, tea-pot. Trink~o, mug, tankard.

krud-a, [UV] crude. 1 in natural (primitive, raw) state: Nugget (oro); rough-hewn (ligno); unbleached, beige (lano), uncooked (frukto, viando); uncut (diamanto); undressed, unwrought (ledo, fero, silko), unrefined (sukero); virgin (tero). 2 blunt, boorish, coarse, rough, gross, harsh, primitive, rough, rude, uncouth, vulgar: ~a ago, karaktero, kontrasto, parolo, respond, stilo, vetero, vorto, garish (lumo); gaudy (koloro). ~a edzo (If 6/11). ~a forto, brute strength. ~e, roughly. Ne tro multe, ne tro ~e! ~aĵo, raw material. ~eco, crudity. ~ulo, boor, churl, clodhopper, lout. ➞ maldelikat, malelegant, malĝentil, senkultur, nekuirit, nepolurit, neprilaborit.

kruel-a, [UV] cruel. 1 indifferent to another’s pain, brutal, inhuman, relentless, ruthless, sadistic, unfeeling. ~a ago, besto, eksperimento, knabo, koro. ~a glavo (Ge 49/5). 2 painful, bitter, cold, distressing, fell, hard, severe, sharp. ~a doloro, laboro, morto, perdo, sorto, sperto, vetero. ~aĵo, ~eco, cruelty. ~ega, atrocious, barbarious, ferocious, savage. ~ulo, brute. ➞ brut, sovaĝ, suferig, turment.

krumpet-o, (cul) crumpet.

krup-o [UV] (diftera laringito), croup. ~a, -ous, -y.

krupier-o, croupier.

krur-o, [UV] 1 Leg (of man or animal). Homo havas du ~ojn, hundo kvar. Fidi al la propraj ~oj. Kun ~oj dismetitaj (spread). 2 1eg of table, chair, etc. (us. piedo), 1eg; 1. of compasses. ~a, crural, 1. ~ingo, leggings. ~umo, 1eg of trousers or boot. Inter~igi, bestride, straddle. Kurb~a, bandy-legged, bow-legged, knock-kneed, wobbly. Unu~a, one-legged. ➞ femur, pied, tibi. Rim.: The "leg" of a table is piedo.

krust-o, [UV] Crust, hard outer covering, casing, coating, deposit (on surface of something), scale, rind (larda), scab (vunda), Kalka ~o, fur (bolilo). Pan~o, c. of bread. -y, crisp. ~eca, -aceous. ~aĵo, (pie)-c. En~aĵo (Alt 1/11). ~eto, scurf (haŭta). (cul) crisp. Terpoma ~eto. ~iĝi, cake. ~ecoj, ~uloj, -aceans. ➞ inkrust, karapac, kiras, ŝel.

krut-a, [UV] steep, abrupt, sheer. ~a bordo, insulo, klifo, monto, ŝtuparo, vojo. ~a valo (ravino). ~e dekliva. ~i (stari ~e). La roko subite ~is. ~aĵo, bluff, cliff, escarpment, steep (Mi 1/4). ~ega, precipitous. ~egaĵo, precipice, towering peak. Inter~aĵo, gorge. Inter~ejo, defile. Mal~a, gentle (in slope). ➞ abrupt, dekliv, klif, perpendikl, ravin.

ksifi-o (glava fiŝo), sword-fish (Xiphias).

ksilofon-o, [OA] (m.i.) xylophone (moderna ligna marimbo).

ksilografi-o, wood engraving.

ku-o [OA 9], name of letter Q.

kub-o, [UV] Cub/e. 1 (geom) solid contained by six squares. ~o de sukero. 2 (sp) Lud~o, ĵet~o, ~eto, die. La ~oj jam falis. 3 (mat) 3rd power. La ~o de 2 = 8. La ~radiko de 8 estas 2. ~a, -ic(al). ~a futo, mezuro. ~a ekvacio. ~ismo, ~isto, ~forma.

Kub-o [OA-8] CU.

kubeb-o, Cubeb, berry of ~arbusto, c-shrub (Piper eubeba).

kubut-o, [UV] (anat) Elbow. Sin apogi sur la ~oj. Apogi la ~ojn sur la tablo. Proksima ~o, sed ne por la buŝo (P). ~a, cubital. ~(um)i, e. (unu la alian). ➞ uln.

kudr-i (-n, abs), [UV] Sew, stitch, tack, work with needle and thread. ~i butontruon, katunon, tolon. ~ado, ~aĵo, -ing, needlework. ~ejo, -ing room. ~ero, stitch. ~ilo, needle. ~ilego, bodkin, ~ilujo, needle-case. En~iligi (tredi) fadenon, thread a needle. Drat~ilo, wire stapler. ~~ita, wire-sewn. ~istino, sempstress. ~omaŝino, -ing machine. ĉirkaŭ~i, border, hem. Duon~i, tack. Kruc~i, cross-stitch. Kun~o, seam, (surg) suture. Mal~i, unsew, rip up. Sur~i (butonon), sew on. ➞ brod, flik, orl, steb, tred. KUDREROJ: Ĉena, chain. Faska, faggot. Fiŝosta, herring-bone. Galopa (kura), running. Muŝpaŝa, cockspur. Petala, petal. Pleniga, basket, filling. Ronda, binda, blanket, button-hole. Retro(ir)a, back.

kuf-o, [UV] coif, simple head-dress (bonnet, wimple) for woman. Papera ~o, paper cap. (obsolete) Feta ~o, caul.

kugl-o, [UV] Bullet, Shot. ~o fajrostreka (spura), tracer b. Rul~o, ball-bearing. ~aĵo, s., projectile. (Hajl)~aĵo, grape-s. ~ego, cannonball. ~eto, small s., pellet. ~etaĵo, buck-s. Sen~a, blank. ➞ kegl, paf.

kuir-o (-n), [UV] Cook, dress food (El 16/23). ~i terpomojn, ~(ej)a, culinary. ~a forno (fornelo), -ing stove. ~ado, ~arto, -ing, cuisine. Vapora ~ado. ~aĵo, -ed food (Ge 25/29). ~ejo, [UV] kitchen. ~eja recepto. ~ilo, -ing utensil, -er, -pot, etc. ~ist(in)o, c. Ĉef~isto, chef. ~ita, done. Ne~ita, raw. (Mal)mole ~ita (ovo), soft (hard)-boiled. ➞ bak, bolig, frit, stuf.

kuk-o, [UV] Cake (Ge 18/6). Tablon ornamas ne tuko, sed kuko. ~o figa, sponga, tavola. Pat~o (krespo), pan-c. Plat~o, girdle-c (Ho 7/8). Riz~o, rice-c. Miel~o, spic~o, gingerbread. ~aĵo, fancy-c., pastry. ~isto, pastry-cook. ~ejo, c-shop. ~eto sekvinbera (1 Sa 30/12).

kukol-o, [UV] Cuckoo (Cuculus).

kuku-i, call cuckoo.

kukum-o, [UV] cucumber (Cucumis). ~eto, gherkin. ~a kampo (Jes 1/8).

kukurb-o, [UV] Gourd, Pumpkin, (Am) Squash (Cucurbita). C. maxima is the garden-plant red and yellow gourd (American "summer s."). Medol~o, vegetable marrow (C. pepo). ~acoj, cucurbitaceae. ➞ citrol, kolocint, kukum, melon.

kul-o, [UV] gnat (Culex pipiens). Morti kiel ~oj (Jes 51/6). ~piko, ~vualo. ~eto, midge. ➞ kironom, moskit.

kulas-o, Breech (of gun, rifle). ~bloko, b-block. ~riglilo, b-bolt.

kuler-o, [UV] Spoon. ~o arĝenta, ligna. Kaf~o, ov~o, sal~o, sup~o, te~o. ~o (da), spoonful. ~ego, ladle, scoop. ➞ platale.

kuli-o, coolie, native Chinese or Indian hired labourer.

kulis-o, [OA] (th) slip, wing. Post la ~oj, behind the scenes, secretly. ~a timo, funk, stage-fright. ~(ŝov)isto, scene-shifter.

kulm-o, (bot) culm, stem (of grass or sedge). Sen~igi, clear of stubble. ➞ ŝalm.

kulmin-i (nt) (atingi sian ~on, esti ĉe la ~o), Culmin/ate, reach its highest point, (astr) be on the meridian. ~o, -ation. 1 topmost point of standing object. ~o de arbo, domo, monto. 2 highest degree, acme, climax. ~o de ekscito, emocio, entuziasmo, gloro. ~a, -ating, -ant. ~a punkto, momento. ➞ apoge, klimaks, krest, supr, vert, zenit.

kulomb-o, (el) coulomb.

kulot-o (genua pantalono), (cl) (pair of) knee-breeches, knickerbockers. Meti infanon en ~on, breech, (fem) knickers. Fel~o, buckskins. Kamizol~o, kombin~o, camiknickers. Sport~o, shorts. ➞ pantalon.

kulp-a (je, pri, pro), [UV] Guilt/y, culpable, remiss; reprehensible, to blame, wrong. ~a aspekto, konduto, konscienco. ~o, guilt, blame, fault, offence (Jes 44/22). La ~o estas via, it is your fault. Ne metu (ĵetu) la ~on sur min. Don’t blame me. ~i, be -y. ~i pri ŝtelo. ~eco, blameworthiness, remissness. ~okonscia, conscious of guilt. ~igi, accuse of, blame for, charge with, impeach (➞ akuz). Sin ~igi, blame one’s. ~iĝi (Ho 4/15). ~ulo, culprit, delinquent, offender. Kun~ulo (komplico), accomplice. Sen~a, -less, innocent. Verŝi sen~an sangon. Sen~igi, acquit, excuplate, excuse, exonerate. ➞ absolv, ekskuz. Sen~igo, excuse, apology. ➞ delikt, krim, pek, riproĉ.

kult-o, [OA] Cult. 1 system or mode of worship. Ministro pri ~oj, Minister for Public Worship. 2 devotion, homage, to thing or person. ~o al la belo. ~i (al), make a c. of, idolize, venerate. ➞ ador, konfesi, omaĝ, religi, rit.

kultiv-i, Cultiv/ate. 1 till, prepare for crops (➞ plug). ~i grundon, ĝardenon, kampon, teron. ~o de la tero. ~o alterna (ŝanĝ~ado), rotation of crops. Arbo~o, frukto~o, pom~o, arboriculture, etc. Ter~o, agriculture, husbandry, tillage (1 Kr 27/26). Ter~a laboro (Ge 9/20). ~ado, -ation. ~ejo, ~ilo, -ator. (Ter) ~isto, husbandman (Ze 13/5, Jn 15/1). Vinber~isto, (J1 1/11), vinedresser, ~otaĵo (1 Ko 3/9). Ne~ita, un-ated, fallow, untilled. Sen~ejo, fallow ground. 2 Grow, raise, rear, improve, by husbandry. ~i florojn, legomojn; abelojn, fiŝojn, ostrojn; sikomorojn (Am 7/14). ➞ bred, kreskig, kultur, prilabor.

kultur-o [OA] Cultur/e, (level of) civilization, education, refinement, training. ~o antikva, Eŭropa, fizika, Kristana. ~i, develop, discipline, elevate, improve, raise the level of (by education, traing). ~i arton, cerbon, memoron, menson, moralon. ~i filozofan sintenon, la muskolojn. ~a, of c., -al, intellectual, ~a popolo. ~aĵo (Se 21/4). ~eco, refinement. Sen~a, un-ed (➞ krud, malkler, sovaĝ). ➞ civiliz, eduk, klerig, kult, nutr. Rim.: Kultur- is mental, moral, personal, artistic; civiliz- is also material, economic, social. Rim.: Before Z introduced kultiv- (frequent throughout Bb) kultur- took both meanings of kultiv-.

kulvert-o, (eng) culvert, covered drain, water-channel under road, etc.

kumin-o, [OA] cum(m)in (Jes 28/25, 27) (Cummin).

kumis-o, koumiss, fermented liquor from mare’s milk.

kumulus-o (met) Cumulus, woolpack, rounded cloud-masses, thick cloud with well-defined protuberances. Ciro~o, cirro-c., mackerel sky. Alto~o. Strato~o.

kun, [UV] (prep) along (in company, together) With [Ne~~per, by means of]. 1 (Place): Esti, manĝi, vivi kun iu. 2 (Time): Together with. Li mortis ~ sia viktimo. 3 in conjunction (common) with: Diskuti, edziĝi, ludi, paroli ~ iu. Kompari, kontrasti, rilati ~ io. 4 (possession): Viro ~ ruĝa nazo. Agi ~ saĝo. Fermi pordon ~ bruo. Homo ~ gusto, man of taste. 5 (relation) (us. better al, el, pri, kontraŭ): Faru ~ mi kion vi volas. ~ (ĉe) (in the case of) arbo estas alia afero (4 FA 5/6). ~a, combined, concerted, joint. ~a laboro. ~e, [UV] in concert jointly, together, unitedly. Ni kantu ~e! Ataki, iri, labori, paroli, vojaĝi ~e. Ĉiuj ~e! All together! Venu ~e kun (along with, together with) mi. ~igi, couple, connect, join, unite. ~igi (knit) la brovojn. ➞ cement, kunlig, unuig. ~iga, connective. ~iĝi, coalesce, combine, come together, join, unite. ~iĝemo, affinity, mutual attraction. ~ulo, associate, companion, mate. ~ularo, circle company. Lit~ulo, bedfellow. ➞ kamarad, koleg. Mal~e, separately. Ne~igema (~igebla), incompatible, incongruous. PREFIKSE (with above meanings). 1 ~ligi, ~meti, ~porti, ~preni, ~sidi, ~veni. 2 ~ekzisti, -co-exist. 3 ~batali, ~labori, ~militi, ~verki. ~agado, united action. ~regado, condominium. ~lernanto, ~vojaĝanto, fellow-student, fellow-traveller. ➞ ĉe, per, sam.

kunikl-o, [UV] Rabbit (Cuniculus). ~ejo, r-warren. ~eto, kunĉjo, bunny. ~ido, young rabbit. ~ino, doe-r. Vir~o, buck r. ➞ hirak, kavi, lepor.

kup-o, [UV] (surg) cupping-glass. ~i, cup, bleed. [Ne = taso].

kupe-o, [OA] (ry) Compartment, separate part of car or carriage. ~o por fumantoj, sinjorinoj, smoking-c, ladies’ c. Dorm~o, sleeper.

kupl-i (iri) (tech, el), Coupl/e, unite parts of machinery or elements for common function, connect, fasten (link) together, join up, e.g., ry carriages. ~(ad)o, -ing. ~o galvana, indukta, kapacita, rigida, variigebla. ~ilo, coupler, (org) -er (connecting manuals, pedals), e.g., ~ilo okta, ŝvelokta, ŝvel-al-ĉefa. Mal~i, un-c. Ne~ita (rado), free. Ĉen~ado, chain-ing. ➞ kluĉ, komut, konekt, kontakt, kunig, kunig.

kupol-o, [UV] (arch) cupola, dome (2 FA 90/3), e.g., over roof. ➞ kloŝ.

kupon-o, [OA] Coupon, ticket, warrant, etc. entitling holder to payment, seat, service, etc. Dividend~o, pan~o. Respond~o, reply-c.

kupr-o, [UV] Copper (Cu) [Ne= kuvo]. flava ~o [UV] (latuno), brass alloy of c. and zinc. ➞ bronz. ~a mon(er)o, c-coin. ~(iz)i, c. ~isto, c-smith. ~ika, cupric. ~(ik)a sulfato, blue vitriol. ~oza, cuprous.

kur-i (nt), [UV] Run (from place to place), hasten, hurry, race, scamper, scurry. 1 (iu) ~i al la domo, el la ĉambro. f en danĝeron. 2 (io) move quickly. Nuboj ~as sur la ĉielo. f ~as flamoj, larmoj. 3 go (flow, move, roll) on without a break. Ruĝa fadeno ~as tra la ŝtofo. ~as fervojo, rivero, vojo. ~(ad)o, run(ning), course, race. La ~o de la tempo. Ĉeval~ado, horse-racing. ~a, running. Akvo kura, akvo pura (P). ~e, at a run. ~anta, current. ~anta jaro, konto, monato, prezo. ~egi, career (rush, scud, tear) along. ~egado (stampedo), stampede, wild rush. ~ege, at full speed, headlong, with a rush. ~igi, make r., chase. Dis~i, run in all directions. Dis~igi, rout. ~isto, -ner, courier (Ij 9/25). Ek~i, dash, start. For~i de, el (Ge 39/13), run away, decamp, elope, flee, make off. For~i de kreditoro, el malliberejo. ➞ dizert. For~igi, drive away, put to flight. For~into, fugitive, runaway. Laŭ~i, run along, border. Post~i, chase, follow, pursue, run after. Preter~i, out-run, out-strip. Tra~i animon, koron, urbon. Trans~i, pass over. Rideto trans~is lian vizaĝon. Rond~o (hejmpilko), (sp) rounders. Sak~o, sack-race. Vel~ado, sailing regatta. Vet~i, r. for wager, race. ➞ flu, flug, ir, konkur, kurz, rulad.

kurac-i (-n), [UV] (med) Treat (medically), apply remedies, attend (patient), doctor (Pr 3/3). f Ŝuldon tempo ne ~as [Ne= sanigi]. ~a, curative, medical, remedial. ~(ad)o, (course of) treatment. Akvo~ado (hidroterapio). Ripoz~o, rest cure. ~ato, case, patient. ~ejo, ~loko, health resort, nursing home, sanatorium. ~ilo, [UV] means of treatment, remedy, ~isto, doctor, physician. Best~isto (veterinario), veterinary surgeon. ~istaro, medical profession. ~arto, medicinal art, therapeutics. Ne~ebla, not amenable to treatment, incurable. ➞ diet, doktor, medicin, medikament, (re)sanig.

kuraĝ-a, [UV] Courage/ous, bold, brave, dauntless, fearless, intrepid, plucky, lion- hearted. ~a ago, entrepreno, homo, parolo. ~(ec)o, c., audacity, boldness, bravery, fortitude, mettle, pluck, spirit, valour. Doni, havi, montri, perdi ~on. ~e! ~on! Have c! ~e batali. ~i (nt) (havi ~on), be bold enough (to), dare, venture. Kiu ~as tion fari? ~ega, audacious, daring, heroic, intrepid. ~igi, en-c, cheer on, hearten, inspire (Jes 41/7). ~iĝi, pluck up c. (Da 10/19). ~ulo, brave man. ~oplena, high-spirited, mettlesome, undismayed. Mal~a, cowardly, craven, fearful, pusillanimous, white-livered. Ne~a, nervous, timid, timorous. Sen~a, despondent, faint-hearted, spiritless. Sen~igi, dis-c. Nesen~igebla, indomitable. ➞ aŭdac, brav, hero, sentim.

kurar-o, (chem) curare.

kurator-o, [UV] 1 (jur) Guardian, trustee, person in charge of (appointed to look after) person or property of another. 2 Curator, custodian, keeper, superintendent. ~o de biblioteko, muzeo. ~eco, g-ship, tutelage. ~ino, curatrix.

kurb-o, [UV] Curv/e, -ature, arc, bend, camber, turn. ~o hufoforma, horseshoe bend. ~o returna, reversing or terminal loop. ~a, -ed, bandy, bow, tortuous, winding. ~a bastono, crook(ed stick). ~a linio, -ed line, ~eco (-ature) de arko, sfero, volbo. ~igi, ~iĝi, c., arch, bend, turn, warp. ~igi kanon. ~iĝo, turning. ~iĝo de rivero, vojo, detour, meandering. ~iĝema, sinuous. Sen~igi, flatten out, straighten, true. Probablo~o, probability c.

kurent-o (elektra fluo), Current. ~o alterna, elektrona, jona, kirla, kondukta, kontinua, konvekta, magnetiga, polariga, unudirekta. alternating (electronic, ionic, eddy, conductor, continuous, convection, magnetizing, polarization, unidirectional) current. Rompi la ~on.

kuri-o, curia. 1 (hist) family group. 2 division of tribe. 3, 4 senate, senate house. 5 papal court. ➞ kare.

kurier-o, [UV] courier, messenger, runner (Ob/1, Es 3/13). (On the continent, person making travel arrangements). ~o de morto. Reĝa ~o, King’s messenger, (chs) bishop. ➞ ekspres, herold, leterportist.

kurioz-a, [OA] Curio/us, interesting, odd, out of the way, queer, singular, strange [Ne= scivolema]. ~a insekto, horloĝo, rakonto, spektaklo. ~aĵo, -sity, curio, singularity. ~aĵejo, -sity shop. ➞ Strang.

kurium-o, (chem) curium (Cm).

kurkuli-o, (bekskarabo), weevil (Cureulio).

kurkum-o (Curcuma). 1 turmeric. 2 condiment or dye from its root.

kurling-o, (sp) curling, Scottish game on ice.

kurs-o [OA], 1 Course (of instruction), series of lessons. Poŝta ~o, ~o pri Esp. Sam~ano, class-mate, fellow-student. 2 course (vojiro, vojdirekto). ➞ kurz [Ne konfuzu kun klaso],

kursiv-a [OA] (klinita), (cal) cursive, slanting. ~a skribo, running hand, (typ) Italic. ~e presita, in italics. ~igi, -ize.

kurta = mallonga. ~ondoj.

kurtaĝ-o (maklera pago), brokerage. ➞ diskont, makler, procent.

kurten-o,, [UV] Curtain, screen, veil. ~oj de la fenestro. La ~o en la tabernaklo (Le 24/3). Fermtiri, levi la ~on. f ~o el fumo. (pol) Fera K~o. flank~o, [UV] side c. Lat~o, Venetian blind (wooden slats or webbing which can be turned to admit or exclude light). Lit~o, bed-c. Pord~o, door-c. rul~o, [UV] roller-blind. Sun~o, s-blind. ~a prediko (litadmono) [ark], c-lecture, wife’s bed-time lecture to husband. ~a vergo, c-rod.

kuruk-o, lesser whitethroat (Silvia eurruca). ➞ silvi.

kurz-o, (fin) rate (of exchange). Borsa ~o, rate on ‘change. ~altiĝo, rise. ~falo, fall. En~a, (phlt) current. El~igi, withdraw from circulation.

kusen-o, [UV] Cushion. ~o hara, lanuga, pluma. ~o bilarda. Konscienco senmakula estas ~o plej mola. Aer~o, air-c. Genu~o, pied~o, hassock. Ink~o (stamp~o), ink pad. Kap~o, pillow. Sub~o, bolster. ~a tego, ~ujo, pillow-case(-slip). ~ego, [UV] large or eider-down c.

kusinet-o, (mec) bearing.

kuskut-o, (bot) dodder (Cuseuta).

kusp-o, (arch, geom) cusp, horn, peak, tooth, sharp pointed end or prominence. ~o de folio, krescento. ~a, cusp(id)ate, acute, pointed, sharp.

kustard-o (laktovaĵo, ovkremaĵo), (cul) custard. ~a pulvoro.

kuŝ-i (nt),, [UV] lie [Ne= mensogi], 1 (iu) be in horizontal (prostrate, recumbent) position: ~i en (sur) lito, sur la tero. 2 (io) be (laid, placed) on a surface: e.g., botelo sur tablo, mato sur planko. 3 (situi) be located (situated), rest, remain: e.g., nebulo sur valo; rideto sur vizaĝo. Kio min ne tuŝas, ~u kiel ~as! (P). Lia merito ~as (konsistas) en tio, ke … ~ado (Se 24/33). ~(ant)a, couchant, prone, ~ejo, bed, berth, couch, lair, resting-place, (geol) bed. ~ema, lolling, lounging. ~emulo, lie-abed, sluggard, ~igi, lay. ~igi infanon sur lito. ~igi, lie down, go to bed (Ru 3/4), set (suno). ~ujo, bed (of river, sea) (Ps 18/15). Duon~i, recline, sprawl. sub~i, [UV] underlie. ➞ apog, lit, stern.

kutikl-o, (anat) (bot) cuticle.

kutim-o, [UV] Custom, Habit, Practice, wont. Esti sklavo de ~o. ~o estas dua naturo. ~i (al, je, -i), be accustomed, used, wont (to), in the h. (of), make it one’s p. (to). Mi ne ~as mensogi. ~e, usually, ~aĉo, stupid c., fad, mania, ~aĵo, everyday affair, usage, ~igi, accustom, h-ituate. (Al)~iĝi, get acc-ed, inured (used) (to). ~inta, acc-ed. De~igi, break off h., wean from. De~iĝinta, out of p. Eks~a, antiquated, out of date. Ekster~a, ne~a, unaccustomed, unusual. Fi~o, bad h., malpractice. Laŭ~e, as usual. Mal~i, not have the h. of. ➞ mor, ordinar, praktik, rutin, tradici. Rim.: Kutimo is personal; moro traditional, communal.

kutr-o, (mar) cutter. 1 small one-masted sailing boat, with gaff and boom. 2 12-oared rowing-boat.

kuv-o, [UV] Tub, big uncovered bucket, (phot) bath. Ban~o, bath. Bapto~o, font. Lav~o, wash-t., copper. Plen~o (da), t-ful. ~ego, vat. ~eto, basin, bowl. ➞ tin.

Kuvajt-o KW.

kuz-o [UV] (~ino), (First) Cousin, child of uncle or aunt. Ge~oj, cc (m. and f). Pra~o, distant c. Rim.: "First c. once removed" = (a) kuzido, (b) kuzo de patr(in)o. "2nd c." = ido de kuzo de patr(in)o.

kvadrant-o, quadrant. 1 quarter of circle. 2 instrument with 90° angle.

kvadrat-o, [OA] Square, f Vort~o, word-s. 1 (geom). 2 (mat) number multiplied by itself. [Ne= placo], ~a, s., quadratic. ~a folio, mejlo; ~a radiko. ~a du futojn, 2 foot square. Du~aj futoj, 2 square foot. ~(iz)i, cover with ss. ~ita ŝtofo, check, ~aĵo, grid, ~igi, make s.

kvadratur-o, [OA] (as) (geom), quadrature.

kvadril-o, [OA] (dance) Quadrill/e.

kvarilion-o, (mat) -ion, (British) unit of 24 cyphers; (USA) 5th power of a thousand.

kvak-i, ~o, croak, quack (of duck or frog) (4 FA 25/15).

kvaker-o, Quaker, Friend, member of The Religious Society of Friends, ~ino, -ess. ~ismo, -ism.

kvalif-i, Qualif/y. 1 entitle (to), make fit (competent). 2 modify statement by limitation or reservation; moderate, narrow, restrict. ~o, -ication, condition to be met, modification. ~enda, needing -ication. ~ita, -ied, competent. 3 attribute a quality to. (gram) adverbo ~as verbon. ~a, -icatory, ~iĝi, fulfil necessary conditions.

kvalit-o [OA] (eco, stato), Qualit/y (of thing or person). 1 distinctive property, attribute, characteristic, nature, peculiarity, timbre, trait. 2 grade of excellence, brand, calibre, class, condition, kind, rank, stamp, standing, station. Ne kvanto, sed ~o, decidas pri merito. ~a, -ative. Alt~a, exquisite, A/1. Mez~a, of medium grade, middling.

kvankam [UV] (malgraŭ tio, ke), (conj). (al)though, even if, granting (notwithstanding the fact) that. Mi ne povas kanti, ~ mi volus tion fari. Mi ja venis, ~ (mi estis) malfrua. Rim.: The correlative is tamen. ~ mi falis, (tamen) mi releviĝos (Mi 7/8).

kvant-o [UV] (kiomo), Quantit/y (measure or number), amount, extent, share, size, volume, weight. En la ~o de, to the amount (number) of. ~a, -ative. Naskiĝa ~o, birth rate. ~umo, (ph) quantum. ~uma analizo, teorio. ➞ kiom, porci.

kvar, [UV] four. Po (at the rate of) four at a time. ~o, a four, quartet. Vers~o, quatrain. ~a, fourth (in order). ~foje, 4 times (repetition). ~obla, 4-fold, quadruple. ~obligi, multiply by 4. ~olo, (mus), quadruplet. ~ono, quarter, (mus) ~ona noto (~ono), crotchet. ~ona silento, c. rest. ~onigi, divide by 4. ~onjara, ~e, quarterly. ~ope, 4 together, in 4s. ~opo, foursome. ~dek, 40 (➞ dek kvar, 14). ~latera, ~silaba, quadri-lateral (-syllabic). ~voĉa (4-pt) harmonio. Ĉiu~jare, every 4 years. Rim.: Kvar- = quadri-, tetra-.

kvaranten-o, [UV] Quarantine, period of isolation. ~i, q.

kvarc-o, [UV] Quartz, rock crystal; various crystalline silicas > jaspo, kalcedonio, topaz. ~oza, -ose. ~ito, -ite.

kvart-o [UV]. 1 (intvl) fourth. ~oj sinsekvaj, consecutive 4ths. 2 quart (2 pints) (K 116/7). 3 quarto (4-mo), size of paper.

kvartal-o, [UV] quarter (of town), district, division, locality, ward (Ce 1/10). ~o artista, ĉina, juda, komerca, orienta, studenta. ~estro, district superintendent, warden.

kvartet-o, (mus) quartet(te). 1 composite for 4 performers. 2 the 4 performers.

kvas-o, kvass, Russian rye-beer.

kvasi-o, quassia, drug from root or wood of various trees (Quassia).

kvast-o, [OA] tassel, hanging knot or tuft. ~o de fezo. Bul~o, pom-pom. Pudro~o, powder-puff.

kvarternar-o (~a periodo), (geol) quarternary period. ➞ primar, sekundar, terciar.

kvazaŭ [UV] (same kiel, kiel se). 1 (conj) as, as if (though), like. ~ diri, as if to say. Li kuŝis ~ mortinta; Li batalis ~ leono; Mi edukis lin ~ propran filon (as if/he were). 2 (adv) (= kvazaŭe\ apparently, as it were, so to speak. Ŝiaj okuloj ~ parolis (seemed to speak). Letero ~ (apparently, purporting to be) skribita de mi. Mi sentis ~ (something like) envion. Li ~ (it seems that he) volas ion komuniki (H/29). ~a, (proksimuma, preskaŭa), almost, as it were, a sort of, quasi-, semi-. ~homo, dummy. ~scienca, quasi-scientific. ~vira, mannish. ~virina, effeminate. ➞ ke, kiel, pseŭdo, ŝajn. Rim.: The mood after kvazaŭ is a disputed question. Some use an invariable -us. Z. sometimes used -us, sometimes -as, -is. If the idea is clearly past, (present, or future), it seems better to use -as (-is, or -os). (The idea of useco is in the word kvazaŭ itself). Li ŝvitas, ~ li laboras (= kvazaŭ laboranta), as though he is working; Vi aspektas, ~ vi ĵus vidis (= vidinta) fantomon, as though you had just seen a ghost. La ĉambro aspektas, ~ artisto ĝin aranĝis (had arranged it). Li aspektas, (a) ~ li ploros (as though he is going to cry), (b) ~ li plorus (as though he would cry if …).

kver-i, Coo (as dove, pigeon), f speak lovingly. ~ado, -ing.

kverel-i (kontraŭ, kun) [OA] (kolere kaj brue interdisputi). Quarrel, contend violently, fall out, have words, jangle, squabble, wrangle (El 21/18, Jĝ 8/1). ~o q., altercate, brawl, clash, dissention, row, strife. ~eto, bickering, jar, tiff. ~ema, -some, cantankerous, combative, contentious, disputatious, irritable. ➞ disput, malpac.

kverk-o,, [UV] Oak (tree) (Quercus) (Ge 12/6). Forta, kiel ~ (Am 2/9). Ileksa ~o, holm (holly, evergreen) oak (Q. ilex). Ruĝa ~o, red oak. ~aro, o-grove (Jĝ 4/11). ➞ glan, ileks.

kvestor-o, [OA] (hist) quaestor.

kviet-a, [UV] Quiet. 1 free from annoyance, disturbance, or noise; calm, peaceful, motionless, silent, still: ~a domo, menso, nokto, strato, vivo. 2 modest, retiring, unobtrusive: ~a homo, koloro, lumo, tono. (Ge 25/27). ~(ec)o, q., freedom from alarm, disturbance; ease of mind, peace (Ij 3/26). ~e, -ly, gently, softly (Jes 8/6). ~igi, -en, allay, appease, dispel (fears), lull, pacify, silence, still. ~igi koleron (Se 15/1). ~igilo (sedativo), sedative. ~iĝi, grow calm, abate, subside. ~ismo, ism. ~ulo (Ps 35/20). Mal~a, boisterous, excited, noisy, restless, turbulent. ~~a maro, vento (Jona 1/13). ~~eco, agitata, turbulence. ➞ dolt, kalm, mallaŭt, mild, seren, silent, trankvil.

kvilaj-o, (saparbo), Soap-bark (Quillaja saponaria). ➞ saponari.

kvin, [UV] Five. Po ~ (at the rate of) 5 at a time. ~o, a five (cgm). ~a, 5th (in order). ~e, 5thly. ~foje, 5 times (repetition). ~obla, 5-fold, quintuple. ~obligi, multiply by 5. ~olo, (mus) quintuplet. ~ono, a 5th (fraction). ~ope, 5 together. ~dek, 50. (➞ dek kvin, 15). Ĉiu~jara, quintennial. Rim.: Kvin- = quint-, penta-.

kvint-o [OA] (intvl), Fifth. ~o ĝusta (just); neplena (bare); perfekta; pliigita (augmented); minimuma (dimished). ~oj kaŝitaj (hidden); sinsekvaj (consecutive). (ac) ~aĉo, wolf.

kvintesenc-o, [OA] quintessence, essential part, refined extract.

kvintet-o, (mus) quintet(te). 1 composition for 5 performers. 2 the 5 performers.

kvintilion-o, (mat) quintillion. (Brit) unit with 30 cyphers; (USA, France), with 18 cyphers.

kvit-a [UV]. Quit; clear, free, acquitted, dischargeed, released (from debt, duty, etc.). Bieno ~a de hipotekoj. ~a pri devoj kaj respondeco. ~igi, clear, discharge, (set) free, liberate, release, relieve (from). ~igi iun de (pri) ŝuldo, vizito. ~iĝi, get even. ~iĝas servo per reservo.

kvitanc-o [UV] (kvitatesto), Receipt, written acknowledgment (of payment, letter, etc.). ~i (give a) receipt, acknowledge the receipt of. ~i kalkulon, leteron. ~ilo, form of r. ~kajero, r-book. ~marko, r-stamp. ➞ recept.

kvocient-o, [OA] (mat) quotient, result of dividing one quantity by another.

kvodlibet-o (miksaĵo), (mus) quodlibet, medley, musical switch, pot-pourri.

kvorum-o (agnombro), quorum, number present required to make proceedings valid.

kvot-o, quota, portion (amount, share, sum) due to be contributed to or recovered from a total. ~i, quotation (price, etc.) (on exchange). ~igi, allocate, allot (shares, etc.). [Ne= cit].


L

L-o [F], letter L.

la, [UV] the. Possible abbreviation after a preposition ending with a vowel: l’.

laberdan-o, salt cod.

labi-o, (bot) Labi/um, lip. ~a, -iate. ~acoj, -ates.

labial-o (lipa konsonanto), labial.

labirint-o, [OA] Labyrinth, maze. ~o da kanaloj, stratoj. f intricacy. ~o de proceduro. ~(ec)a, -ine, complicated, entangled, involved, mazy, tortuous.

labor-i, [UV] Labour, Work; drudge, toil. ~i en fabrikejo, por la homaro, super tasko. ~o, 1., w., exertion, industry, toil. ~o Herkulesa. Man~o, manual 1. ~o preterdeva, overtime. Peza ~o, hard w. Pun~o, hard 1., penal servitude. ~~ejo, convict prison. ~~isto, convict. ~aĵo (El 28/8), piece of work. ~egi, slave. ~ejo, w-room, studio, etc. ~ema, assiduous, hard working, industrious, sedulous. ~estro, foreman, overseer (➞ vokt). ~iga, arduous, onerous, toilsome. ~igi, employ (El 1/13). ~ilo, tool. ~isto, 1-er, artisan, toiler, w-man. Cerb~isto, brain w-er. Kamp~isto, ter~isto, agricultural 1-er. Ligno~isto, wood worker. Tag~isto, day 1-er. ~ista klaso, w ing class, ~iteco, w-manship. El~i, work out in detail, develop, ellaborate, treat at length. ~~i metodon, projekton. (mus) Tema el~o, thematic development. Kun~i, collaborate. Mal~i (esti mal~ema), be idle, indolent, lazy, slack, sluggish. ~~(em)ulo, drone, lazybones. per~i [UV] (~akiri, ~enspezi), gain by working, earn. ~~i vivrimedon (K 112/10). pri~i (-n), [UV] (labori super), bring to perfection, cultivate, treat, work at. ~~i kampon, poemon, talenton, temon, verkon. f ~~i (belabour) iun per bastono. Sen~a, out of work, unemployed. Tro~i, over-do it. ~~igi, over-w. ~evitulo, shirker. ~kapabla, able-bodied. ~perejo, employment bureau, 1-exchange. ~tago, w ing day. ➞ okup, peneg, verk.

laboratori-o, laboratory.

labr-o, (ich) wrasse (Labrus).

labrak-o, (ich) bass (Morone labrax).

laburn-o (ora pluvo), (bot) laburnum, golden chain (Laburnum).

lac-a, [UV] Tir/ed, Wear/y. 1 fatigued. ~a de laboro, pro sendormo. 2 (tedita): wearied, fed up, jaded. ~(ad)o, w-iness, fatigue, languor, lassitude. ~ega, dead beat, exhausted, spent, tired (worn) out. ~igi, tire, fatigue, knock up. ~iga (Pr 1/8), t-ing, irksome, tiresome, wearisome. Ne~igebla, indefatigable. ~iĝi, t., grow t-ed, have had enough, be sick of. El~igo, exhaustion. Mal~a, fresh. ~~iĝi, refresh. ~~iĝo, relaxation, relief. Sen~a, t-less, unw-ied. Sen~a homo, laborado. Tro~igi, exhaust. Pied~a, foot-sore. ➞ enu, malfreŝ, ted.

lacert-o, [UV] Lizard (Lacerta). Verda ~o, green 1. ➞ heloderm.

laĉ-o, [UV] Lace, cord, latchet, string, thong (to bind or tighten garment). ~o bota, korseta, ŝua; kotona, leda, silka. ~o de bidoj, perloj, string of beads (Alt 1/10). ~o el ŝtofo (El 28/37). ~i, 1. ~i korseton, ŝuojn. f ~i sian volon, trammel one’s will (Rj 17/2). ~fero, ~metalo, tag. ~tirilo (tredilo), bodkin. ~truo, eyelet. Mal~i, undo, unlace. Inter~i, interlace. ➞ kordon, plekt, punt, ŝnur.

lad-o, [UV] sheet metal. Fer~o, sheet-iron. Stan(iz)ita fer~o, tin, tinplate. Ond~o, corrugated iron. Plumb~o, sheet lead. ~a skatolo, tin. ~aĵoj, tin-ware. ~isto, tinsmith, tinker. ~bendo, hoop-iron. En~igita, tinned (food). ➞ latun, stan.

laf-o, [UV] lava.

lag-o, [UV] Lake, loch, lough. Monta ~o, tarn. ~eto, [UV] pool, pond, mere. Ros~eto, dew-pond. ~ujo, 1-bed. ➞ fjord.

lagenari-o, bottle (or trumpet) gourd (Lagenaria).

lagop-o, willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus). ~o monta (muta), ptarmigan (L. mutus). ~o Skota, red grouse (L. scoticus).

lagotrik-o, woolly monkey (Lagothrix).

lagr-o, Bearing (friction-bearing part of machine). ~o de akso, axle-b. Ĉef~o, main b. Eĝ~o, blade-b. Glob~o, ball-b. Rul~o (~o el rulblokoj), roller-b. ➞ kran, krank.

lagun-o, [OA] lagoon. 1 enclosed water in atoll. 2 stretch of salt water separated from sea by strip of land or sand-bank. Pomeria, Stetina L~o.

laik-a, [OA] Lay. 1 secular, non-clerical. Eduko, instruisto, lernejo. ~a frato, -brother. 2 non-professional (-specialist). ~o, layman, outsider (Le 22/10, 12). ~o pri medicino. ~aro, laity. ➞ nefak, profan.

lak-o, [UV] lacquer, protective varnish, usually from shellac. Nigra (Japana) ~o, japan. Ŝpruc~ado, spray varnishing.

lake-o, [UV] lackey, footman, manservant (us. liveried), (pej) flunkey, f toady. ~i, behave servilely, dance attendance on. ~eto, page-boy. ➞ paĝi.

lakmus-o, litmus (from the lichen Roccella tinctoria). ~a papero.

lakon-a, laconic, brief, concise, sententious, succinct, terse. ~e, in few words. ~aĵo, short pithy saying. ~eco, brevity of speech, concise style. ➞ konciz, mal- multvort.

lakros-o, (gm) lacrosse.

laks-o, [UV] looseness of bowels (> diareo). ~i, suffer from this. ~iga, laxative. ~igilo, (~iga medikamento), aperient, laxative, purgative. Mal~o, (konstipo), constipation.

lakt-o, [UV] Milk. 1 of mammal. ~o kaprina, patrina. ~o densigita, kondensita, pulvorigita. Buter~o, butter-m. 2 m-like fluid. ~o kokosa. ~(ec)a, -y, of m. lactic. ~a dieto, pudingo. f ~a vojo, -y way, galaxy. ~i, be in m. ~anta bovino. ~aĵo, m-food. ~ato, (chem) lactate. ~atacido, lactic acid. ~ejo, dairy. ~isto, m-man, dairyman. ~ozo (~osukero), lactose. ~umo, [UV] soft roe, milt. ~oblanko, -white. ~oporkido, sucking-pig. ➞ dent, fraj, kaviar, melk.

laktari-o (Lactarius) > milk cap fungus.

laktuk-o, [OA] Lettuce (Lactuca). ~o longfolia, cos lettuce.

lam-a, [UV] Lame; halt, hobbling, limping. f imperfect, unsatisfactory. ~a benko, seĝo; ~a argumento, ekskuzo, metriko, verso. ~a, with a limp. ~e pensi. ~i (nt), (iri ~e), be or walk lame, limp (Ge 32/31). f la afero, frazo, ritmo ~as. ~etadi, hobble along. ~igi, lame, cripple, disable, "hobble". ~ulo, lame-man. ➞ kripl.

lam-o, (zoo) llama (Lama). ➞ alpak, guanak, vikun.

lama-o, [OA] lama, Tibetan Buddhist monk. Ĉef~o, ~ismo.

lamen-o, [OA] Lamin/a, thin plate, film, flake, layer, scale. ~o ardeza, barta, ligna, membrane, metala, osta, roka. ~a, -ated, lamellate. ~igi, -ate, beat (roll, split) into layers. Sur~aĵo, veneer, (zoo) ~korna, lamelli-corn. ➞ tavol, skvam.

lament-i, [OA] Lament, express grief, grieve, mourn, weep. ~i pri iu, ies morto (Jer 22/18), (-n), bemoan, bewail, deplore, sorrow for (over). ~(ad)o, lament, 1-ation, dirge, plaint (Jeĥ 2/10). (mus) 1. ~oj (Am 8/3). ~a voĉo. ~ado (Jer 51/54). ~inda, l-able, regrettable. ➞ elegi, ĝem, priplor, vekri, Plorkanto de Jeremia.

lami-o, dead-nettle, henbit (Lamium). ~o blanka, purpura. ~o flava, yellow archangel.

laminari-oj, brown seaweeds (kelps, oar- weeds, tangles) (Laminaria).

lamn-o, (ich) porbeagle (shark) (Lamna).

lamp-o, [UV] Lamp. ~o elektra, filamenta, fluora, neona, olea, penda, petrola, vakua. Ark~o, arc lamp. Averta ~o, indicator 1. Blov~o, blow-1. Dorm~o (nokta ~eto), night light. Fulmo~o, flash-1. Leg~o, reading-1. Min~o, safety-lamp. Pend~o (lustro). Mur~o, bracket-1. Signal~o, pilot-lamp. ~a kloŝo. ŝirmilo, 1-shade. Plank~aro, footlights. ~eto, dim (fairy, tiny) 1. (el) ~ingo, bulb-holder, socket. ~oŝirmilo. ➞ ampol, lampion, lantern, lucern.

lampetr-o, (ich) lampern (Lampetra). ➞ petromiz.

lampion-o, Chinese-lantern (for ornamental illumination). ~eto, fairy-light.

lampir-o [UV] (lumraŭpo), glow-worm (Lampyris).

lan-o, [UV] Wool, hair of various animals. Ŝaf~o, fleece, lambs-wool. ~o alpaca, kapra. Vitra ~o, glass-w. ~a, wool-len(-ly). ~aĵo, -lens (Ho 2/5). ~eca, fleecy. ~ero, flock, tuft of wool. Sen~igi, fleece, shear. Tut~a, all-w.

lanari-o, lanner (Falco lanarius).

lanc-o, [OA] lanc/e, spear (1 Sa 21/8). ĵet~o, assegai, javelin. ~eto, -et. ➞ bisturi. ~isto, -er, spearman, ~forma, -eolate.

lancen-i, (nt) shoot (pain), throb (finger).

lanĉ-i, launch (ship), f bring out (aktorinon) deliver (atakon); float (kompanion); set (modon), release (bombon); send up (balonon). ➞ flotig.

land-o, [UV] Land. 1 (tero): country. ~o Azia, dezerta, fremda, promesita. Duk~o, duchy. Hejm~o, home-1. Mez~o, midlands. Mir~o, wonder-1. Nenies ~o, no man’s 1. Patro~o (patrujo), father-1. Princ~o, principality. Reĝ~o, kingdom, monarchy. Rev~o, dream-1. Skot~o, Scotland. 2 (patrujo): Nia ~o venkos. La ~o prapatra. 3 (bieno, regiono): district, estate, region. La ĉirkaŭa ~o. ~ano, -ido, inhabitant, native. ~anaro, people, population. Ali~a, ekster~a, exotic, foreign. ~~e, abroad. ~~ulo, alien, foreigner. En~a, home, inland, native. Ministro por En~aj Aferoj. En~o, interior. En- kaj ekster~e, at home and abroad. Sam~ano, compatriot.

lang-o, [UV] (anat) Tongu/e: Bov~o, ox-t. Montru la ~on! f organ or faculty of speech; Perdi, trovi la ~on. ~o akra, falsa, mensogema. Gardi sian ~on. Lia nomo estas sur dies ~o. 2 t-shaped obj: clapper (sonorilo); pin (buko); neck, point, spit (terkapo). Ŝu~o el ledo. f ~o de fajro, flamo (Jes 5/24). (mus) ~(et)o, t. of reed or pipe. ~a, lingual. ~i (blovinstrumento), t. Duobla ~ado, double -ing. ~peco, tab, tag. ➞ lek.

langust-o, (ordinary language) = palinuro.

langvor-o, Langu/or, drooping state, inertia, want of alertness; dullness, heaviness, listlessness, slackness. ~a, -id. ~i, -ish, flag, mope, pine.

lani-o (buĉbirdo), Shrike (Lanius). ~o griza, grey s. ~o maskita, masked s. ~o ruĝdorsa, redbacked s. ~o ruĝkapa, woodchat s.

lanolin-o, lanolin.

lant-a = malrapida.

lantan-o, (chem) lanthanum (La).

lantern-o, [UV] Lantern, encased lamp (Jn 18/3). Bicikla, lumtura ~o, cycle (lighthouse) lamp. Gas~(strat~)o, gas (street) lamp. Magia (projekcia) ~o, magic 1. Papera (ĉina) ~o (lampiono), Chinese 1. Stel~o, bull’s eye (dark) 1. ~a fosto, kolono, lamp-post. ~ego, beacon (head) light. ~isto, lamp-lighter.

lanug-o, [UV] Down. 1 fluff, nap, soft hair: e.g., on young bird, cloth, youth’s chin. Molanasa ~o, eider-d. 2 similar obj: bloom (persika), d. (karda). ~a, -y, fluffy, velvety. ~a kuseno. ~aj folioj. Sen~a, clean-shaven, glabrous. ➞ lan.

Laos-o LA.

lap-o, great burdock (Arctium lappa) (2 FA 35/35, 151/28).

lapis-o [OA] (infera ŝtono), lunar caustic (arĝenta nitrato).

lapsan-o, (bot) nipplewort (Lapsana).

lar-oj (Laridae), gulls, terns. ➞ mev, ŝtern.

lard-o, [UV] Bacon. Scias la kato, kies ~on ĝi manĝis (P). ~i, lard, stuff with b. ~a tranĉo, rasher of b. ~haŭto, b-rind (3 FA 126/20). ➞ porka graso, seb, sink.

larg-o, (mus) largo.

larĝ-a, [UV] Broad, Wide. ~a boato, brusto, marĝeno, pordo, rivero, rubando. 2 (ampleksa): ~a vesto. 3 (komprenema, tolerema): ~a animo, rigardo. ~o, breadth, width. ~o de tapiŝo (El 36/9), trotuaro (M 234/129). Plena ~o, full extent. Man~o, hand-breadth. Z usually wrote larĝo, but often larĝeco (e.g., Rd 3/11). ~e malfermita, wide open. Oscedi ~e. laŭ~e, [UV] across, athwart, b-side(-ways), in width, transversely (Ge 13/17). Mal~a, narrow, strait. ~~a pordo (Mt 7/14). (Pli)~igi (Ĥb 2/5), b-en, w-en, distend, extend. ➞ dik, grand, latitud, vast. [Ne = large].

larici-o, Corsican (larch) pine (Pinus laricio) > Austrian pine (Pinus austriaca).

larik-o, [OA] larch (Larix).

laring-o, [UV] Laryn/x. ~a, -geal. ~ito, -itis. ~ologio. ~oskopio.

larm-o, [UV] Tear (drop). Forviŝi ~ojn (Jes 25/8). Semi kun ~oj (Ps 126/5). ~oj de ĝojo. ~i (verŝi ~ojn), cry, shed tears, weep (Ij 16/20). ~i kaŭze de fumo (senŝeligo de cepoj). ~antaj (streaming) okuloj. ~a, lachrymal. ~e malseka (vango), t-bedewed, t-dimned, t-stained. ~ema, lachrymal. ~eto, whimper. ~iga gaso, t-gas. ~oplena, t-ful. Ridi ĝis~e, till one cries. Sen~a, dry, tearless. ➞ plor.

larv-o, [UV] Larv/a, maggot < raŭpo. ~o lignobora, woodworm. ~a, -al. ➞ kokon, krizalid, pup.

las-i [UV] (wide sense), Leave; allow, let. 1 (foriri) Leave, depart, go away from: ~i la oficon, vojon. La febro lin ~is. 2 leave behind, let remain: ~u vian bastonon tie. ~u tiun taskon al mi. 3 Allow to be: ~u min libera, en paco, sola. 4 (ĉesi -i): 1. off -ing, cease to. Li ~is sian paroladon (= ĉesis paroli) (K 25/15). ~u! Hands off! Stop it! 5 Allow to act (active sense of inf.), let, permit, suffer: ~u la infanojn veni al mi (Mk 10/14). ~u min veni (= ~u, ke mi venu), Let me (allow me to) come. Min ~u (iri) for: Mi ~is lin (iri) en la domon. Further examples (from K): ~u min (lin) esti sincera, fini, forveturi, paroli, pensi, ricevi, venki la baron. Ne ~u min fali! ~u la ringon brili, la tablon stari. From 4 FA: ~u lin iri (168/18). ~i ilin pentri (59/13). ~i ilin veni, ~i la aliajn vojaĝi (132/19). 6 (Passive sense of inf.): By 5 (above) min voki = let me call (active). But sometimes in international and Z-an usage it = Allow me to be called (= ~u min vokiĝi, ke oni min voku). This usage is illogical and ambiguous and should be avoided. ➞ ili ~as siajn brutojn paŝtiĝi (4 FA/174).] Al~i, accept, admit. ~~i la veron de aserto. La regulo ne ~~as escepton. ~~ebla (pri tensio, ŝarĝo), allowable. De~i, 1., deposit. ~~i palton ĉe la pordo. El~i, allow to (let) escape, let out, emit, release. ~~i akvon, krion, spiron, birdon el kaĝo. ~~ilo, (hor) escapement. Sang~~i, bleed, cup. ~~o, bloodletting. Ekster~i, 1. out, omit. En~i, admit, let in. ~~u min! Let me in. For~i, abandon, desert, forsake, give up, intencon, postenon. ~~ita, abandoned, deserted, derelict, forlorn, forsaken. Ne~~ebla, indispensable. Post~i, leave behind (Rut 2/16), bequeath. ~~i infanon, impreson, posedaĵon. Preter~i, let go (pass, slip) by, lose, miss, omit. ~i klopodon, okazon, ŝancon, pass over, overlook (kulpon) (Mi 7/18). ~~o, oversight. Tra~i, let through. Vitro tra~as lumon, ~~iva, permeable. ➞ permes, restig.

lasciv-a, lascivious, lecherous, lewd lustful, prurient, sensual.

lasiokamp-o, (ent) Eggar moth (Lasiocampa). Kverka ~o, oak eggar.

last-a, [UV] Last, after all others. 1 (time) latest up to the present: La ~a fojo, kiam li venis, the 1. time he came. En la ~aj jaroj, recently, of late years. La ~an mardon, semajnon, last Tuesday (week). En la ~a monato, nokto, tempo (H/3, 25). Plej ~a, latest. 2 last in order (rank, series), hind(er)most: La ~aj du. La ~a ĉe la konkurso. ~a, sed ne malplej grava. 3 last of all, only remaing, no more to come, ultimate: La ~a Tago (Juĝa Tago). La ~a limo de mia pacienco. Por la ~a fojo mi vin avertas. Lia ~a horo, krusto, monero, spiro, ŝanco. La ~a (decida) vorto. ➞ fina (final, decisive). ~e, 1-ly (often = ~foje), after all others (the rest), finally, in the 1. place. Plej bone ridas, kiu ~e ridas. ~atempe, in recent years, lately, Mi vidis lin ~foje ĉe … the last time I saw him was at … ~vice, 1. in turn. Antaŭ~a, 1. but one, penultimate. Pra~~lasta, antepenultimate.

lasting-o, (tex) lasting.

lastre-o, buckler fern > male fern (Lastrea).

lat-o, [OA] Lath, strip (of wood, etc.). Ardeza ~o, roof slate. Fera ~o, iron strip. Fortiga ~o, batten. ~i, 1. ~aĵo, lattice-work, ~kurteno (➞ ĵaluzio), Venetian blind. ~ŝutro (persieno). ➞ lamen, lign, tabulet.

Latv-ujo, Latvio [OA-8] LV.

lateks-o, latex.

latent-a, latent, dormant, hidden (existent but not developed or manifest). ~a deziro, forto, talent, varmo. ~a (sensimptoma) malsano. Kuŝi ~e.

later-o, [OA] Side (of geom. figure). Sur unu ~o … sur la dua ~o (El 27/14, 15). ~a, lateral, s-, at (from, of, to) the s. Egal~a, tri~a, unu~a, equilateral, trilateral, unilateral. ➞ flank.

latin-o (la latina lingvo), Latin. ~aj literoj, Roman (plain upright) type. Lingvo ~ida. ~isto. Nov~o, neo-1. II (mar) ~a velo, lateen sail.

latir-o, vetchling, everlasting (meadow) pea, etc. (Lathyrus). ~o aroma, odora. sweet pea.

latis-o, Lattice, Trellis, wooden or metal net-like structure, (map) grid. ~o drata, wire netting. ~masto, t-mast. ~pordo, 1-door. Skrap~o, scraper mat.

latitud-o, latitude, angular distance (geog) from equator, (astr) from ecliptic. ~o meza (vera), middle (true) declination. f climate, reg;on.

latre-o, (bot) toothwort (Lathraea).

latrin-o, (necesejo publika), latrine.

latun-o [OA] (flava kupro), Brass, alloy of copper and zinc, (mus) (= ~instrumentoj), b. -a kandelingo. ~aĵoj, b-ware.

laŭ [UV] (prep). Accord/ing to, in -ance (conformity) with. 1 (wish, sentiment): ~ mia opinio, in my opinion. Agi ~ ies deziro, ~ sia bontrovo, gusto, plaĉo, konscienco. 2 (circumstance): kantas birdo ~ sia beko. Trakti iun ~ lia merito. Labori ~ modelo, manĝi ~ la menuo. ~ ordo alfabeta, in alphabetical order. ~ tio, kiel, -ing to how. ~ tio, (se) (ke), -ing to whether. 3 by means of: Koni arbon ~ la fruktoj, iun ~ la nomo (by name). Ne juĝu pri afero ~ ĝia ekstero. 4 Along (side of), following: Promeni ~ la rivero, strato, vojo. ~a, ~e, in conformity with. Estas ~e! It’s all -ing! ~igi (konformigi), adapt, bring into line, match. ~igi agon al (kun) promeso. ➞ konform.

laŭb-o, [UV] arbour, booth, bower, shady retreat, shelter, summer-house (Mt 17/4, Jona 4/5). Festo de ~oj (Le 23/34). Sidi en ~oj (Ne 8/14).

laŭd-i, [UV] Praise, acclaim, applaud, eulogise, honour. ~o, p., approbation, approval; commendation, econium, tribute. ~a, of p., adulatory, laŭdatory. ~ego, gloriflcation, panegyric. ~egi, p. to the skies, exalt, extol, magnify. Mal~i, blame, censure, condemn, decry, find fault with, reprove, reproach, run down (➞ kritik). ~~a, depreciatory, pejorative. ~~ema, captious, censorious. ~~inda, blameworthy. ~~indaĵo, blemish (2 Sa 14/25). Sin~o, self-p, boast, brag, vaunt. ➞ flat, panegir.

laŭdan-o, laudanum, tincture of opium.

laŭr-o, [UV] Laurel, bay-tree (Laurus). f symbol of victory or success. Rikolti ~ojn de gloro. Ĉeriz~o, cherry-laurel (Lauro cerasus). ~e kroni, crown with. ~ofolio, bayleaf (➞ aŭkub).

laŭracoj.

laŭreat-o, [OA] laureate, crowned victor, winner in competition.

laŭs-o, louse (in gen). ~o folia, planta (iafido). ~o puba (crab-l.) (ftiro). ~o sangosuĉa (pediko). Ŝild~o, scale insect.

laŭt-a, [UV] Loud, clamorous, noisy, resounding, sonorous, vociferous. ~a bruo, krio, rido, sono, voĉo. f ~aj frazoj, blatant talk. ~e legi, ridi, read (laugh) aloud. ~ega, deafening, stentorian, stunning. ~igi, blazon forth, ~igi (raise) la voĉon. ~voĉe, in a 1. voice. Mal~a, gentle, low, quiet, soft. ~~el Hush! ~~igi (lower) la voĉon. ~~iĝi, be hushed. Ne~a, dull. ➞ bru, flustr, emfaz, silent.

lav-i (-n), [UV] Wash, lave, cleanse by -ing. ~i teleron, tolaĵon, vizaĝon. Sin ~i, w. one’s. f Ondoj ~is la rokojn. ~i al si la manojn (= rifuzi respondecon) pri io. ~ado, -ing, ablution. f Cerb~ado, brainwashing. ~aĵo, -ing. ~ejo, w-house, laundry, lavatory. Vaz~ejo, scullery. ~eti, rinse. ~igi, have -ed, send to the w. ~ilo, ~maŝino, -ing machine, ~istino, laundress, -erwoman. ~ujo (~kuvo), laver, w-basin or tub. Ŝton~ujo (~trogo), sink. Ŝaf~ujo, sheep-dip. (des) ~umi (akvotinti, tuĉi), wash (brush with faint colour). Tra~i, rinse out, flush. El~i, For~i, w. out, remove (makulon). ➞ ban, gargar, lesiv, purig.

lavang-o, [UV] avalanche.

lavater-o, (bot) tree-mallow (Lavatera).

lavend-o, [OA] Lavender (Lavandula). ~akvo, 1-water. ~oleo, oil of l.

laz-o (kaptoŝnuro), lasso, lariat. ~(kapt)i.

lazur-o [OA] (ĉielbluo), azure, sky blue. ~a ĉielo, okulo.

lecion-o [UV] (instruo, lernendaĵo), Lesson. Doni, fari, forgesi, lerni, preni ~on. f Tio servu al vi kiel ~o. ~aro, course (series) of lessons. ➞ lekci, preleg.

led-o, [UV] Leather, prepared hide, ~o bovida (calf); bovina (cowhide); kapra (kid); porka (pigskin); Rusa (Russian); ŝafa (sheep- or buck-skin); ŝama (suede). Lak~o, patent 1. Lav~o, wash 1. Maroka ~o (marokeno), Moroccan 1. Suĉ~o, sucker (of pump, etc.). ~a, leather(n). ~a boto, rimeno, ŝuo. ~aĵoj, 1-goods. ~eca, -y, tough. ~(pret)igisto, currier. ➞ fel, haŭt, pelt.

leg-i (-n, nt), [UV] Read. 1 con, peruse, study: ~i leteron, libron, poemon. Multe ~i lacigas la koron (Pr 12/12). Mi ~as, ke … ~i el libro, profunde. 2 decipher, interpret, make out, understand: ~i enigmon, koron, lingvon, muzikon, penson, sonĝon. ~i en ies vizaĝo. ~i perfingre (blindule). ~i ies manon, la signojn de la ĉielo. ~(ad)o, -ing, interpretation, perusal, rendering. ~(at)aĵo, -ing matter (Ne 8/8). ~ejo, -ing room, ~eti, skim. ~igi al si, have read to one. ~inda, worth -ing. Dis~i, r. here and there, dip into. Ek~i, start -ing. Fuŝ~i, drone (mumble, stumble) through, hum and haw. Mis~i, misread. Laŭt~i, Voĉ~i (3 FA 105/14), r. aloud.

legaci-o, legation, body of diplomats, ~ejo, 1.

legat-o, [OA] papal legate.

legat-e (glate), (mus) legato, smoothly.

legend-o, [UV] Legend, myth. Popola ~o, folklore. ~a, -ary, fabulous, fictitious, ~oriĉa, romantic. ➞ fabel, folklor, mit.

legal-a, (jur) legal.

legi-o, [UV] (hist, mil), Legion. Fremdula (honora) ~o, Foreign 1., L. of Honour, f multitude. ~ano, -ary. Rim.: "Legiono" (Rj) estas "eraro" (Z).

legitim-i (-n) [OA], legitim/ize, prove authenticity or identity of, formally recognize, legalize. Sin ~i, ~iĝi, establish one’s identity (No 2/18; K 19/21). ~a, -ate, recognized, regular. ~ado, official recognition. ~ilo, passport, card of identity, etc. ➞ leĝig, pasport, rajtig.

legom-o, [UV] vegetable (Da 1/12). ~ejo (~a ĝardeno), v. or kitchen garden. ~isto, market gardener. ~vendisto, greengrocer. ➞ kreskaĵ, plant, vegetaĵ, vegetal.

legumen-oj, pulses (faboj, lentoj, pizoj).

leĝ-o, [UV] Law. 1 cannon, decree, edict, enactment, order, regulation, statute. Nescio de ~o neniun pravigas. Fari, obei, nuligi ~on. 2 controlling or universal principle, role. ~o de fiziko, fonetiko, gravito, naturo, ~oj de arto, ludo, muziko. 3 body of rules. La ~o de la lando, de Moseo. ~a, 1 of law, legal. ~a decido, forto. 2 (laŭ~a), lawful, allowed, appointed, legitimate, recognized, rightful, valid. ~a edzo, infano (Mai 2/14). ~aro, laws, code, statutes. ~igi, legalize. ~igi la situacion. ~isto, man of law, -yer. ~doni, legislate, make laws. ~forta, legal, by force of law. ~obea, law-abiding. ~oscienco (juro). Ekster~ulo, out-law. Kontraŭ~a, illicit, illegal. Ne~a, illegitimate. Sen~a, lawless.

leĝera = malpeza, light; flimsy, slight; airy, volatile. ➞ kromlini.

lejk-o, lake (pigment).

lek-i (-n) [UV], Lick, pass the tongue over: ~i katidon, poŝtmarkon, vundon. f ~i polvon (Ps 72/9). (karesi): oni ~as la manon, sed celas la panon. (tuŝi pasante): flamoj ~as la domon, ondoj la rokon. ~(ad)o, -(ing). For~i, lick up. if Teler~isto, parasite, sponger.

lekant-o, [UV] ox-eye-(dog-moon-)daisy, marguerite (Leucanthemum). ~eto, daisy, gowan (Bellis perennis).

lekci-o, [OA] lecture, paper (K 77/7, 258/12). ~i (fari ~on). ➞ legaĵ, lektor, preleg.

leksik/on-o, [UV] lexic/on, dictionary of classical languages.

leksikograf-io, -o, -ograpĥ-y, -er.

lektor-o, (university) reader, lecturer. ➞ preleg, profesor.

leming-o, (zoo) lemming (Lemmus).

lemn-o (akvolento 3 FA 47/21; 4 FA 68/24), duckweed, lentil-dew (Lemna).

lemur-o, (zoo) Lemur (Lemur). ~o krispa, ruffed 1. ~o ringvosta, ring-tailed 1. ➞ tarsi.

lens-o, [OA] (opt) Lens. ~o konkava, konveksa. ~o diverĝiga, zona, diverging (zone) lens. Kontakt~o, contact 1. (anat) Okul~o, crystalline lens. ~a, lenticular.

lent-o, [UV] lentil (Ge 25/34) (Lens).

lentisk-o (mastik-arbo), mastic-tree (Lentiscus).

lentug-o, [UV] freckl/e, spotted pigmentation. ~a, -ed.

leon-o, [UV] Lion (Panthera led). ~a, -ine. ~ido, 1-cub. ~ino, -ess. ~kora, -hearted, intrepid. Mar~o, sea-1 > otari. ➞ dent.

leontod-o, [UV] (ordinary language) dandelion (technical language taraksako), which see

leontodon-o, (bot) hawk-bit (Leontodon). Both plants, having toothed leaves, are called leondentoj.

leonur-o, Mother-wort (Leonurus).

leopard-o, [UV] leopard (Panthera pardus). Ĉas~o, cheetah (Acinomyx jubatus). ➞ jaguar, ocelot, panter.

lepad-o, stalked (or goose-) barnacle (Lepas). ➞ balan.

lepadogastr-o, (ich) sucker-fish, cling-fish (Lepadogaster).

lepidi-o, pepper wort (Lepidium). L. sativum (ĝardenkreso, kreseto), = garden cress, the cress of "mustard and cress". ➞ kres.

lepidopter-oj (Lepidoptera) (Butterflies and Moths). Of the 2050 British 11, some 35 are called Butterflies (Rhopalocera), (e.g., antiop, apatur, argen, atalant, hesperi, koliad, licen, limeni’t, makaon, polionat, pierid, vanes). The rest are called Moths (Heterocera), (e.g., atropos, arkti, hepial, kosus, lasiokamp, saturni, sfing, zigen). Bb are diurnal, with knobbed antennae. Most moths (not all) are nocturnal, and do not have knobbed antennae. The distinction between bb and mm is not made in all langs. A "butterfly" is papilio. For "moth" faleno and nokta papilio are used (though strictly faleno = gothic m.) Tineo = clothes m. A proposed word moteo (G Motte) merely = tineid moth.

lepism-o, silverfish (of the kitchen) (Lepisma).

lepismod-o, firebrat (of baker’s oven) (Lepismodes).

lepor-o, [UV] Hare (Lepus). Kiu ĉasas du ~ojn kaptas neniun. ~o monta, mountain h. (L. timidus). f ~a koro (Rj 26/15). ~ejo, form. ~ido, leveret. ~ino, doe h.

lepr-o, [UV] leprosy. ~a, leprous. ~ulo, leper. ~ulejo, lazaret,

lept-o, (ent) harvest-bug(-mite-tick), harvester, whealworm (Lepta).

lern-i (-n, -i) [UV], Learn, acquire knowledge of (skill in), make one’s master of. ~i arton, lecionon, muzikon. ~i bicikli, kalkuli, legi, obei. ~i diligente, parkere. ~i el la sperto. Por sperto kaj ~o ne sufiĉas eterno. ~ado, learning, study. ~anto, learner, pupil. ~antaro, class. Ek~anto, beginner, tyro. Kun~anto, fellow-student. Meti~anto, apprentice. Facile ~ebla, easy to learn. ~ejo, [UV] school [Ne= skolo], ~ejo elementa, mezgrada, supera. Popol~ejo, primary school, f La ~ejo de la vivo. ~eja ferio, school holidays, vacation. ~ejano, scholar, schoolboy. ~ejestro, headmaster, principal. ~ema, assiduous, studious. ~igi (teach) ion al iu; iun pri io (Jer 9/20). El~i, Fin~i (~i funde), learn thoroughly, master. Mal~i, unlearn. Mem~into (aŭtodidakto), self-taught person. ➞ gimnazi, lice, instru.

lert-a (je, pri) [UV], Clever. 1 able, adroit, deft, dexterous, good (at), handy, skilful, talented. ~a mano, metiisto, oratoro, ŝtelisto. 2 (~e farita): c., ~a evito, imito, laboro, reklamo, respondo. ~(ec)o, dexterity, knack, skill. ~aĵo, act of skill, dodge. ~ego, consummate skill. ~igi, train. ~iĝi, gain skill. ~ulo, c. person, adept, dab (at). ~ulino (Jer 9/17). Paf~ulo, good shot, marksman. Mal~a, awkward, clumsy, maladroit, unskilful. ➞ fuŝ. ~~aĵo, blunder, bungle. ~~ulo, bungler, fumbler. Mov~a (facilmova), agile. ➞ kapabl, kompetent, spert.

lesiv-o, [UV] Lye, alkaline detergent solution. Purigi la manojn per ~o (Ij 9/30). ~a tago, washing day. ~i, boil (steep, wash) in 1. ~i (la plankon), scrub, swill. ~aĵo, washing. Pendigi la ~aĵon. ~ejo, laundry. ~istino, washerwoman, ~maŝino, washing machine. ➞ lav, purig.

Lesot-o LS.

letargi-o, [OA] Letharg/y, morbid apathy, drowsiness, inertia, torpidity. ~a, -ic. ➞ dormem, inert.

leter-o, [UV] Letter, epistle, missive. Ricevi, sendi ~on. Ĉen~o. Ordon~o, warrant, writ. Nefermita ~o, open 1. ~o registrita. ~a, epistolatory. Korespondi ~e, by letter. ~aro, correspondence. ~isto, postman. ~ujo, (~kesto), l-box. ➞ epistol, korespond.

leŭcisk-o, dace (Leuciscus). > chub (L. cephalus). ➞ plot.

leŭkocit-o, leucocyte, white blood- corpuscule.

leŭkore-o, leucorrhoea, whites.

leŭkoj-o, (bot) snowflake (Leucojum).

leŭtenant-o, [UV] lieutenant. Sub~o.

lev-i (-n), [UV] Lift, Raise. 1 elevate, hoist: ~i ankron, brakon, ĉapelon, standardon; la manon (kontraŭ). ~i falinton, sin el lito. f ~i la glason (toste). ~i nacion kontraŭ nacion, iun el la morto. 2 r., produce, set up: La vento ~as ondojn, polvon. ~i demandon, projekton. 3 (pliigi): ~i la voĉon (emfaze, kolere, proteste), la prezon. 4 (suprenigi): ~i la kapon, hold up one’s head, look up: ~i la koron (manojn); pull up (fenestron, kurtenori). ~i la okulojn al la ĉielo. ~(ad)o, 1., elevation, heave. ~eti (la ŝultrojn), shrug. ~iĝi, ascend, rise: (a) Fumo ~iĝas al la ĉielo. La suno ~iĝas en la oriento. (b) (a)rise, get (stand) up: ~iĝi de seĝo, el dor mo. (c) (naskiĝi): ~iĝas kolero, krio, nacio, urbo, vento. ~iĝo, ascension. Fru~iĝemo, early rising. Popol~iĝo (revolto), revolt, rising. Sun~iĝo, sunrise. (Mal)~iĝejo (Ps 113/3). ~ilo [UV] (~aparato, ~maŝino), 1 ing apparatus. Plad~ilo, service-1. Rul~ilo (vindaso), windlass, winch. Sxarĝ~ilo, goods-1., crane, hoist. ➞ argan, lift. ~umi, lever. ~umilo, lever, crow-bar, jack. ➞ krik. Brems~(um)ilo, brake lever. Ŝraŭb~umilo, screw-jack. El~i, 1. out. Mal~i, drop, let down, lower. ~~iĝi, decrease, descend, go down, set, sink. Re~i, rouse, revive. Re~iĝo, resurrection. ➞ his.

levid-o, (Bb) Levite. ~oj, Leviticus,

levitad-o, (occ) levitation.

levjatan-o, (Bb) leviathan; probably = crocodile (Ij/41).

levkoj-o, [UV] gilliflower, stock (Matthiola). ➞ keirant, malkolmi.

lez-o, (med) lesion, damage, injury, especially morbid change in organ. ~i, hurt, injure. Sen~a, scatheless, scot-free.

li, [UV] he. ~a, [UV] his. Mi amas ~n, I love him. Mi iras al I go to him. kiu = Tiu, kiu (4 FA 45/18; 212/19).

lian-o, [UV] liana, tropical climber (creeper).

lias-o, (geol) Lias, blue limestone. ~a, -sic.

libel-o, [UV] < dragon-fly (Libellula). ~eto, damsel (demoiselle) fly. [Ne= kalumni].

Liban-o [OA-8] LB.

liber-a (de) [UV], Free; at Liber/ty (large), exempt (from), independent (of), loose, not bound, uncontrolled, unfettered, unforced, unrestricted, untrammelled, as regards 1 another’s will; spontaneous, willing: ~a akcepto, decido, rifuzo. ~a volo, freewill. 2 duty, oblign, restraint, ties (material or moral): ~a de ĉagreno, doloro, ĵuro, peko, ŝuldo, zorgo. ~a rado, f-wheel. ~a amo, fluo, mano, parolo. ~a de katenoj, kiel aero. Lasu lin ~a. Mi estos ~a je la tria. 3 pol. or social dependence: ~a civitano, eklezio, popolo, regno, vivo. 4 special conditions: ~a eniro, eksporto, importo, trafiko. ~a komerco, free trade. 5 (space or time) (vaka), unoccupied, vacant: ~a ĉielo, horo, seĝo, tempo, vespero, vojo. ~a tago, holiday. ~a loko, vacancy. 6 (mus) ~a kordo, open string. ~e, f-ly, frankly, openly, without let or hindrance. ~e decidi, juĝi, paroli, spiri. Ŝiaj haroj falis ~e. ~(ec)o, f-dom, 1., immunity, independce, licence (poetic, etc.), right. Britujo, lando de ~o. Doni, gajni ~on. Batali por ~o. ~o politika, presa, religia. Plena ~o, carte blanche, (mec) play. ~igi, free, liberate, clear, deliver, disengage, emancipate, exempt, let go, release, relieve (from). ~igi de dubo, ŝuldo. ~igi kaptiton, sklavon. Sin ~igi de, free one’s from, get rid of. ~iginto, liberator, saviour. ~iga pago, ransom. ~iĝi, get free. ~iĝo, liberation, deliverance. ➞ emancip. ~ulo, f-man. ~vivulo, libertine. Dis~igi, disband (troops), let down, loose (hair, etc.). ~~iĝi (4 FA 81/14). Mal~a (Ne~a), bound, captive, chained, dependent, not free. ➞ brid, buŝum, ten, jug, katen. ~~eco, confinement, constraint, detention, duress, imprisonment. ~~ejo, jail, prison. ➞ kaĝ, karcer, prizon. ~~igi, confine, deprive of liberty, imprison. Ag~a, with a free hand. Dev~a, exempt from obligations. Pek~igo, absolution from guilt, atonement, remission. Pens~eco, freedom of thought. Tro~a, excessive. ➞ senbar, senceremoni, sendevig, senembaras, senĝen, senmalhelp, senpag.

liberal-a, [OA] (pol, rel), Liberal (in opinion), broad-minded, enlightened, tolerant. ~a doktrino, opinio, partio, spirito. ~eco, ~ismo, -ism. ~ulo, 1. ~igi, -ize. Tro~a, latitudinarian, lax, loose. [Ne ~~ donacema, malavara].

Liberi-o [OA-8] LR.

Libi-o [OA-8] LY.

libid-o, (psy) libido, sex impulse, vital instinct.

libr-o, [UV] Book, work. 1 (written, printed). 2 for writing in. Memor~o, not~o. ➞ kajer, registr. Ĉef~o, ledger. Jar~o, annual, year-b. Kas~o, cash-book. Lego~o, reader. Lerno~o, manual, text-b. Poŝ~o. Ring~o, ring-b (loose-leaf). Sorĉ~o, b. of spells. Tag~o, day-b, diary, journal. Vort~o (vortaro), dictionary. ~aĉo, rubbishy book of no value. ➞ fi~o, pornographic b. ~aro, collection (set) of books. library. ~eto, booklet, brochure, (th, mus) libretto (tekstaro). ~ujo, b-case. ~amanto (bibliofilo), b-lover, bibliophile. ~otenanto, [UV] b-keeper. ➞ bibliotek, volum.

lic-i (impersonal) (ke, -i) (~~esti permesate, permesiĝi), be allowed (permitted) to, have the right to. Ĉu ~as fumi ĉi tie? May (can) one (is one allowed to) smoke here? Ne ~as, it is not allowed, one may not. ~a, licit. Ne~a, illicit.

lice-o, [OA] lycee (French) grammar (high) school, state secondary school. ~ano, h-s boy. ~estro, head, principal. Rim.: The distinction between liceo and gimnazio is not clear: usage differs in various countries.

licen-o, small copper butterfly (Lycaena). ~edoj = hairstreaks, blues.

licenc-i, License, authorize, give permit (privilege, right, warrant). ~o, Licence, authorization, patent, permit. ~ito, 1-holder, -ee. Ne~ita, clandestine.

licenci-o, academic rank, degree. Gajni ~on, graduate. ~ito, ~ulo, -ate, holder of degree.

lici-o, box-thorn (Lyciurri).

lidit-o, lyddite.

lien-o, [UV] (anat) spleen, milt. ~a, lienal. splenic. [Ne= splen].

lift-o, [OA] Lift, elevator (for men or goods). ~isto, 1-attendant. ➞ elevator.

lig-i (-n), [UV] Bind, fasten, tie. 1 restrain: ~i hundon, frenezulon. f sin ~i (b. one’s, link up) amike, edziĝe, samcele kun. (mus) tie, e.g, du notojn. 2 tie (do, wrap) up: ~i pakajon. 3 b. up, lash, tie together: ~i la harojn, faskon. har~o, [UV] tress. 4 combine (in order): ~i frazojn, ideojn. 5 put into communication: ~i du landojn per fervojo, poŝto. ~o, league, alliance, coalition, confederation, union (for common aim). ~o de Nacioj. ~o kontraŭmilita. ~aĵo, bale, bundle, packet (Ge 42/35). ~ano, ally, member of league. ~iĝi, band together, join up. ~ilo, bond, cord, link. Prem~ilo, garrot, tourniquet, f bond of union, tie. ~o de edzeco. Lange ~ita, tongue-tied. Al~i, ally, attach, moor (boaton), tether (ĉevalon), tie on (up) to. ~~iteco, attachment, constancy, ĉirkaŭ~i, cord (strap, tie) round (brako, pakaĵo). Inter~o, covenant, connection, liaison. ~~iteco, interconnection, interdependence. ~~iĝi, league together. Kun~i, connect, join (tie) together. (mus) ~~aĵo, bridge passage. Mal~i, free, unloose, untie. Ne~ita, free, loose, flowing (haroj). Firm~i, lash. ĵur~i, adjure, bind by oath. Prem~i (4 FA 93/36). ➞ bandaĝ, Sen, interplekt, junt, katen, ligatur, zon.

ligament-o, (anat) ligament, fibrous tissues joing bones, etc.

ligatur-o, (surg, typ) ligature, (mus) (kunliga signo) slur, tie (seven meanings: see Muzika Terminaro 35).

lign-o, [UV] Wood, Timber. ~o blanka, dolĉa, (mal-) mola, rezinoza. Flotanta ~o, drift-wood. ~a, el ~o, of w., t-ed, w-en. ~a benko, ŝuo. ~aj blovinstrumentoj, w-wind. Branĉ~o, deadwood. Brul~o, fire-w. Folia (tavola) ~o, ply-w. Roz~o, rose-w, tulip-w. Seg~o, lumber, saw-w. Suk~o (alburno), sap-w. Ŝtip~o, fire- logs. ~aĵo, w-work, wooden article. ~aĵisto, cabinet-maker, joiner. ~aro, stack of t. ~eca, w-y. ~ejo, t-yard, w-shed. ~ero, chip. ~isto, t-merchant, w-man. ~ito, lignite, brown coal, fossil w. ~izi, prop, t. (mine). ~okarbo, charcoal. ➞ arbaret, ken, onisk. Rim.: "Konstruteknika Terminaro" (1958) gives I RONDLIGNO: > 15 cm, ĉarpenttrunko. 10-15 cm, sparo. 5-10 cm, slano. 4 cm, paliso. II KVARFACA LIGNO: 10x17-5 cm, trabo. 10-17 • 5 x 10-17 • 5 cm, ĉevro. 10-30x5-7-5 cm, dilo. 4-10 X 4-7-5 cm, hafto. 10-25x5 cm, tabulo. 1-8x3-7 cm, lato.

liguri-o, (Bb) precious stone, probably opal (El 28/19, 39/12).

ligustik-o (bot) lovage (Ligusticum).

ligustr-o, Privet (Ligustrum). ~a heĝo, p-hedge. ➞ sfinks.

Liĥtenŝtejn-o LI.

lik-i, Leak. La boato, vazo ~as. ~o, leak, hole, crack. ~a, -y. ~aĵo, -age. (Tra)~iĝi, leak through, filter (ooze, percolate, seep, sweat) through. f sekreta informo ~iĝas (estas transdonita). ~imuna, air-tight, water-tight.

liken-o, [UV] 1 (bot) Lichen. 2 denotes various skin eruptions [Ne= dartro] (Le 13/6). ~a, -ous. ➞ ekzem.

liknid-o, (bot) ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi), (hort, m. sp).

likop-o, gipsy-wort (Lycopus).

likoperd-o (polvofungo), puff-ball (Lycoperdon).

likopodi-o, clubmoss (Lycopodium). ~a pulvoro, vegetable brimstone (Rj 15/22). ~acoj.

likops-o, (bot) bugloss (Lycopsis). ➞ eki.

Mkv-a (flueca), (ph) Liqui/d. ~aĵo, 1. ~igi, -fy. ~iĝo, -faction. ~iĝema, deliquescent. ➞ fluid.

likvid-i (-n) [UV], Liquid/ate [Ne= likvigi]. 1 clear off, discharge, pay. ~i konton, ŝuldon. 2 put an end to, wind up. ~i entreprenon, firmon, problemon, situacion. ~o, -ation. ~ejo, clearing-house. ~iĝi, go into -ation. ~isto, receiver.

likvid-o, (phon) liquid consonant (I, r).

likvor-o, [UV] (alcoholic) liqueur. Aniza ~o.

lil-a, lilac (colour). ➞ siring.

lili-o, [UV] Lily (Lilium). Akvo~o (nufaro). Tag~o (hemerokalo). ~blanka, 1-white. ~floro, fleur-de-lis. ~acoj.

liliput-a, lilliputian, diminutive, dwarf, tiny. Saĝo ~a, kapo mamuta (P).

lim-o, [UV] Bound, Limit; border, boundary, bounding line, confines. 1 (space): ~o de arbaro, kampo, vojaĝo. Forŝovi ~on (Ho 5/10). 2 (time): ~o de ferio, forpermeso. 3 (amount): end. ~o de forto, monujo, pacienco, povo. Temp~o, term, date of maturity, falling due. Streĉ~o, point of rupture. ~i (-n, al) (esti ~o), b., be the b-ary of. Skotlando ~as Anglujon (al Anglujo). ~igi [UV] (en, per) (fari ~on). 1 define (fix, show) the limits of, circumscribe: ~i kampon per heĝo, terenon per flagoj. 2 confine (curb) within limits, restrict, put (set) bb. (11.) to: ~igi sin al, confine one’s to. ~igi ambicion, esperon, imagon, povon, vidon. ~igi la daŭron de parolado. ~igita scio. ~iga, restrictive. ~igo, check, 1-ation, restriction. ~igo de armado. Porcia ~igo, rationing, Preter la ~igoj de, beyond the bb. of. ~iĝi, be b-ed (1-ed) by, restricted (to). Mia devo ~igas al tio, ke. Apud~a, frontier. ~~a tereno, borderland. Ekster~a, Post~a, Preter~a, out-lying, out of bb. Ĝis~i, extend (reach) to. Sam~a, adjacent, bordering, contiguous. Sen~a, borderless, limitless, infinite, unconfined, unlimited. Sen~a fido, povo, spaco, tempo. Trans~iĝi, break bb., cross the boundaries, transgress, trespass. ➞ border, fin, infinit, malvast, senfin.

lima-o, (mol) file-shell (Lima).

limak-o, [UV] Slug (Limax). Konusaj ~oj (eonidae). ~o nigra, black/s. ~a irado, snail’s pace. ➞ helik. Rim.: Ĉe 4 FA 94/17 limako should be kolibro.

limand-o, (ich) dab (Pleuroneetes limanda). ➞ sole.

limb-o, limb. 1 graduated edge of quadrant. 2 edge of sun, moon, etc. 3 expanded part of leaf, petal, sepal. 4 (rc) limbo, f place of oblivion,

limed-o, Lime (fruit) (Citrus aurantifolia Christm). ~o acida, acid 1. ~a suko, 1-juice. ➞ tili.

limenit-o, white admiral butterfly (Limenitis).

limerik-o (versformo), limerick. E.g., "Step by Step" 728, 776.

limf-o, (bio) lymph. ~a, -atic.

limne-o, pond-snail (Limnaea).

limol-o, king-crab (Limulus).

limon-o, Lemon (Citrus limon) (ordinary language citrono). ~a suko, 1-juice. ~arbo, 1-tree.

limonad-o, [UV] lemonade, (a) 1-juice and water, (b) ~o gasa, bottled (fizzy) 1. ~ada pulvoro, -ade pwdr.

limoni-o, sea-lavender (Limonium).

limonit-o, (min) limonite, brown iron ore.

limoz-o (Ŝlimbirdo), Godwit (Limosa). ~o nigravosta, black-tailed g. ~o ruĝa, bartailed g.

limuzin-o, limousine.

lin-o, [UV] flax (Linum) (El 9/31, Se 31/13). ~aĵo, ~tolo, linen(s) (Ho 2/5). ~hara, ~kolora, flaxen. ~oleo, linseed oil, ~oleumo, linoleum. ~semoj, linseed. ~sema kataplasmo, linseed poultice. ➞ ĉarpi, tol.

linari-o, Toad-flax (Linaria). ~o hedera (cimbalario), ivy-leaved t.

linĉ-i (-n), lynch. ~ado, -ing.

lingv-o, [UV] Language, tongue. 1 speech, vernacular: ~o fremda, nacia, Rusa, vivanta. 2 (~aĵo, parolmaniero), dialect, form of speech: ~o antikva, faka, loka, sekreta; Biblia, ĉiutaga, teknika, aktora, armea, infana, komerca, ŝtelista. 3 Other means of expression: ~o de bestoj, floroj, gestoj, poŝtmarkoj, signoj, surdmutuloj. ~a, of 1., lingu/istic. ~aĉo, gibberish, jabber, jargon, lingo. ~isto, linguist. ~istiko, -istics. Inter~istiko. Du~a, bi-lingual. Mond~o. Mult~ulo (poligloto), polyglot. ➞ dialekt, idiom, ĵargon, slang.

lini-o, [UV] Line. 1 (geom): ~o kurba, rekta. Mez~o, median 1ine. 2 long narrow mark, fold, furrow, seam, etc.: Desegni, streki ~on. ~o sur la mano, vizaĝo. Viv~o, 1ine of life. ~o de beleco. (mar) ~o egalalta, position line. 3 direction, demarcate: ~o de divido, rezisto, vico. Akvo~o, water-1ine. (mar) Dat~o, date-line, ĉ. 180°. Fort~o, l. of force. Nivel~o, contour-l. Tuŝ~o, (sp) touch-l. Ŝarĝ~o, load-1, plimsoll mark. 4 connected series, succession: (a) ~o fervoja, omnibusa, ŝipa. Aer~o, flug~o, air-1. (b) department of activity: ~o komerca. (c) lineage: ~o familia, genealogia. 5 rank, row. ~o de arboj, soldatoj. Vic~o, queue. 6 (typ) l. of print. 7 ruling: Ond~o, wavy rule. Ornam~o, ornamental ruing. Punkt~o, dotted l. Transversal~oj, cross rules. ~a, lineal, linear. Inter~a, kurb~a, rekt~a, inter-(curvi -recti-)linear. (laŭ)~e, in line. ~i (fari ~ojn). ~ita papero, ruled paper. ~aro, (el) installation. (mus) (kvin~o), stave. Granda ~aro, great stave. ~ara notacio, staff notation. ~eto (Krom~o), (mus) leger-line. (Al)~igi, allign, form in line, line up. ~ilo (rektilo), ruler. Super~e, above the line. Flu~a, streamlined. Ond~a, undulating, waving. (mot) Trak~o, white line. ➞ kontur, lim, siluet, strek, sulk, ŝnur, verd, vic.

liniment-o, liniment, embrocation.

link-o, [UV] (zoo) Lynx (Lynx), ~okula, 1-eyed, sharp-sighted. [Ne= ĉener, ligil (interneto)].

linoleum-o (vakstapiŝo), linoleum.

linotip-o, (typ) linotype.

lintel-o, (arch) lintel, beam, head (over door or window). ➞ supra sojlo (El 12/22).

lip-o, [UV] Lip. ~o (mal)supra. ~oj fermitaj, kunpremitaj. Mordi la ~ojn. Ŝmaci per la ~oj. Fari dikan ~on (paŭti). Lepora (fendita) ~o, hare-1. ~o de kruĉo. f ~oj veramaj. Kiu retenas siajn ~ojn estas saĝa. ~a sono (labialo), labial. ~i (ĉe blovinstrumento): lip. ~ado, lip-ping. ~ego, chop (of animal). ~legado, l-reading. ~servo, l-service. Dik~a, thick-lipped.

liparid-o, (ich) sea snail (Liparis).

lir-o, [UV] 1 (as; obsolete m.i.) Lyr/e. ~isto, -ist. ~birdo (menuro), l-bird. 2 lira (former Italian coin).

liriodendr-o (tuliparbo), tulip-tree (Liliodendron).

lirik-o, [OA] Lyric(al poem). ~a, -al. ~aj versoj.

lirl-i, babble, purl (rivereto).

lisimaki-o, (bot) loosestrife (Lysimachia) > creeping Jenny, pennywort, yellow pimpernel.

lisol-o, Lysol (trade name).

lisp-i, ~o, lisp, say "th" instead of "s".

list-o, [OA] List, catalogue, register, roll (of persons, things). Mank~o, want-1. ~o de kandidatoj, membroj, varoj. Prez~o, price-1. ~i (en~igi), 1. ➞ indeks, katalog, matrikul, registr.

listel-o, (arch), listel, fillet, band between mouldings or flutes, raised rim or edge, rib (El 25/25; 1 Rĝ 7/28). Angul~o, corner fillet.

lister-o, t way blade (orchid) (List era).

lit-o, [UV] Bed, couch, resting-place. [Ne= bedo]. Ordigi (pretigi) ~on. Kiu amas la ~on, ne akiros profiton. ~o duloka, klapa, rula, tabula, double (folding, truckle, plank) b. Pend~o (hamako), hammock. Ŝip~o, berth, bunk. ~aĉo, pallet, litter. ~aĵ(ar)o, b-clothes, -ding. ~eto, cot. En~igi (~iĝi), put (get) into b. El~igi (~iĝi), turn (get) out of bed.

litani-o, [UV] (rel) litany.

litargir-o, (chem) litharge (PbO).

liter-o, [UV] Letter. [Ne= letero]. 1 character (of alphabet). ~o supersignita. Klin~o (kursiva ~o), cursive letter. Komenc~o, initial. Pres~oj, type. Relief~oj, embossed letters. f malviva ~o, dead letter. 2 Precise terms, text. La ~o de la leĝo. Ne laŭ ~o, sed laŭ spirito (2 Ko 3/6). (Laŭ)~e, letter by letter, literally, literatim. Traduko laŭ~a. ~i, spell. ~ado, spelling. ~aĵo, 1-ing. ~aro, fount, (set) of type. ~fandisto, type founder. ~kesto, type case. Mis~i, misspell. Trans~i, transcribe into another alphabet.

literatur-o [F], Litera/ture, (realm of) letters, writings. ~o de epoko, lingvo, nacio, temo. ~a, -ry. ~aĵo, piece of l. ~isto, -ry man.

liti-o, (chem) lithium (Li).

litograf-i, [OA] ~o, Lithograph, ~ado, ~io, -y. ~isto, -er.

litoren-o, (zoo) periwinkle, winkle (Littorina).

litorn-o (sorpa turdo), fieldfare (Tordus pilaris).

litot-o, (rh) litotes, understatement for emphasis, (a) positive: (Ag 5/36), e.g., Rather! He is some lad! (b) negative: e.g., Not bad (Ag 21/38, 2 Rĝ 6/10, 1 Ko 11/17).

litr-o, [OA] litre.

liturgi-o, [OA] Liturg/y, form(ulary) of public worship. ~o anglikana, Grek-Roma. ~a, -ical. ~a kanto, muziko. ➞ kantik.

liut-o, [UV] lut/e, stringed instrument. ~eto (mandoro). Bas~o (teorbo).

Litov-ujo, Litovio LT.

liver-i (-n), [UV] Deliver. 1 distribute: ~i lakton, varojn. 2 furnish, give, present, supply: ~i informojn, pruvon, opinion. Ĉe ~o, on d-y. Malnova afero en nova ~o (P). ~aĵo, d-y. ~anto, furnisher, purveyer, supplier. ~portisto, roundsman. Leteroj ne~eblaj, dead letters. ➞ prezent, proviz, (trans)don.

livi-o (rokkolombo), rock dove (Columba livia).

livre-o, [UV] Liver/y, servant’s uniform. ~e vestita, in 1. ~ulo, -ed servant, flunkey.

lob-o, [OA] (anat, arch, bot) Lob/e. ~o de hepato, nazo, orelo. ~a, -ular. ~eto, -ule. ~hava, -ed. Tri~uloj, (zoo) trilobites.

lobari-o, tree lungwort (lichen) (Lobaria).

lobeli-o, (bot) lobelia (Lobelia). ~o kardinala, cardinal flower.

lobulari-o, (bot) sweet alison (Lobularia).

lod-o, [UV] (obsolete) half-an-ounce (G. Lot).

lodikl-o, (bot) lodicule, small scale in grass flower. ➞ glum, pale.

lof-i, (sailing) Luff, alter course nearer the wind’s direction. Lofu! (Venten!). Mal~i, turn off the wind; alter course to leeward. Mallofu! (Malventen!).

lofi-o (mardiablo), angler, frog-fish (Lophius).

lofofor-o, 1 (orn) Impeyan pheasant (Lophophorus). 2 lophophora cactus.

log-i (as, de, el; -i, -n) [UV]: draw, entice, excite, desire (induce, lure, persuade, tempt) (to). Feliĉo ~as, virto apogas. Seks~o, sex appeal. Al~i, allure, attract, invite. La lumo, muziko, odoro, reklamo, sono min ~~is. ~~o, attraction. ~~a, alluring, attractive, engaging, inviting, taking, ~~a rideto. ~~aĵo, attraction. La ĉefa ~~aĵo de la programo. ~ilo, bait, inducement, lure, wile. de~i [UV] (For~i), beguile, decoy, lead (lure) away, seduce. De~i virinon. For~i iun de devo, tasko. Nede~ebla, incorruptible. El~i, draw out, elicit. Mal~i, be repugnant, deter, repel. ~~o, deterrant, repellant, repulsive. Flat~i, blandish, cajole, coax, get round, persuade by flattery, wheedle. Tromp~i (Ge 3/13), bamboozle into, cheat, cozen, delude, lead up the garden path. ~~ilo, bait. ➞ insid, invit, magnet, tent, sore.

log-o, (av, mar, mot) Log. ~libro, l-book. ~ŝnuro, 1-line.

logan-o, loganberry (hibrido inter frambo kaj rubuso).

logaritm-o, [OA] logarithm. ~a tabelo.

logatom-o, logatom, artificial word without meaning, for articulation tests.

logik-o, [OA] Logic, art of reasoning, correct use of argument. ~a, -al, sound, valid (of reasoning). ~a konkludo. ~aĵo, ~eco, -ality. ~isto, -ian. Kontraŭ~a, mal~a, ne~a, illogical, unsound, invalid.

logogrif-o, [OA] logogriph, anagrammatic word-puzzle.

loĝ-i, [UV] 1 Dwell, Inhabit, live, reside. ~i en Parizo. 2 Lodg/e, put up, stay. ~i ĉe amiko, en hotelo. ~(ad)o, abode, sojourn, stay. ~o kaj nutro, board and l-ing. ~adejo (domicilo), domicile, ~anto, dweller, inhabiant, occupier, resident. ~antaro (populacio), population. ~ata, i-ed, occupied, peopled, populated. Dense ~ata, populous. Ne~ata, uni-ed. Tro~ata, overcrowded. Dens~ateco, high population density. ~atigi, people. ~ebla, habitable (Le 25/29). ~ejo (~domo, ~loko), abode, dwelling, habitation, house, l-ings, place of residence, quarters. ~igi, accomodate, give a home to, put up. ~igi amikon ĉe si. ~iĝi, settle (in), take up one’s abode (at). Ek~i, settle in, take up residence. Kun~i, live together. Pas~anto, sojourner, temporary d-er (Ge 23/4). Pas~ejo, lodgings. Pra~anto, aboriginal. Trans~iĝi, change one’s d-ing, move. ➞ ej, gast, pension, rest, viv.

loĝi-o, [UV] 1 box (theatre). 2 lodge (masonic).

lojal-a, [OA] Loyal; devoted, faithful (in allegiance to duty, love, or obligation); leal, staunch, true, trusty. ~a amiko, Esperantisto, konduto. ~eco, loyalty, allegiance, devction, good faith. ~ulo, l-ist. Mal~a, disloyal, dishonourable, unfaithful. ➞ fidel, honest, perfid.

lojt-o, [UV] (ich) burbot, eel pout (Lota).

lok-o, [UV] Plac/e. 1 position, situation. Okupi ~on. La ĝusta homo en la ĝusta ~o. Jen ~o por sidi (vidi). ~o (pozicio) de ŝipo, ship’s position. ~o kalkulita, observita, taksita. f Kion vi farus sur mia ~o (in my shoes)? Havi ~on (okazi); occur, take p. Alia ~o ĉe ekzameno, en ofico, en la koro. 2 district, locality, location, region, territory. ~o bela, marborda, trankvila. Kuŝ~o, den, lair, resting-p. Mank~o, gap. Sid~o, p. to sit, room, seat. Ŝut~o, dump, rubbish-heap. ~a, local, regional, indigenous. ~a gazeto, kutimo, komitato, movado. ~i (-n) (ineti), put (in p.) set. ~i gaston ĉe tablo, libron sur breton, iun sur la tronon. ~ado, -ing. ~aĵo, localism. ~eto, small spot, corner, nook. ~iĝi, be -ed, situated. Ali~e, elsewhere. ~~en (Ru 2/22). De~i, displace, dislocate. Dis~i, p. here and there, disperse, distribute. En~iĝi, settle down. Ĝusta~e, in (proper, right) place. Iu~e, somewhere. Mis~i, misplace. Neĝusta~e, out of p. Trans~i, p. elsewhere, displace, shift, transfer, transport. ~~iĝo, displacement. ~~iĝi, change p., move. Unu~a (single) lito. ➞ ej, invest, met, pozici, region, situaci.

lokal-o, premises, quarters.

lokaliz-i (-n), Localize. 1 confine, restrict (in extent or place). ~i epidemion, incendion, militon. 2 Locate. ~i tumoron.

lokaŭt-o (mastrostriko), lock-out.

lokomobil-o, [OA] traction engine.

lokomotiv-o, [UV] (ry) engine, locomotive.

loksi-o (krucbekulo), (orn) cross-bill (Loxia).

lokust-o, Grasshopper (Locusta), fam. of green or meadow gg with long antennae. Granda verda ~o, gt. green g. > katididoj. [Ne = akrido (locust)],

lokustel-o (grilbirdo), grasshopper Warbler (Locustella) > moustached and river ww. ➞ silvi.

lol-o [UV] (Lolium), rye-grass, way-bent (L. perenne). Darnel, tares, (L. temulentum) (Mt 13/25). [Ne= sekal].

lolig-o, squid (Loligo). ➞ sepi.

lom-o, loam, soil of clay, sand, and humus.

lombard-i (-n), Pawn. ~o, loan against security. ~itaĵo, pledge. ~ejo, p-shop. ~isto, p-broker.

long-a, [UV] Long, extended. 1 (space = longforma): ~a frazo, letero, strato. ~a dek futojn (je dek futoj), 10 ft long. 2 (time, duration = ~edaŭra): lengthy, protracted. ~a kunveno, laboro, tago, vivo, vizito, vojaĝo; lingering (malsano); 1-winded, spun out (prelego). 3 (phon): ~a silabo, vokalo. ~e, at length, for a 1ong time. ~e atendi, vivi. Antaŭ ~e, a long time ago. Antaŭ ne~e, not long ago, recently. (Jam) de ~e, for a 1. time now (past). Post ne ~e, in a short time. ~(ec)o, length, duration, extent. Z. usually wrote longo (Jeĥ 48/13), less often longeco (Rd 3/11). Laŭ sia tuta ~eco, at full length (1 Sa 28/20). Ond~o, wave-length. De~a loĝanto, old-time inhabitant. De~e (Jes 30/33). (laŭ)~e, [UV] along(side), endways, lengthways, fore-and-aft, longitudinally. Pli~igi, elongate, lengthen, prolong, protract, stretch. ~eta, (iom ~a), -ish. Mal~a, (a. kurta) short, brief. ~~a frazo, jupo, kolero, kunsido, vivo. Paroli ~~e, briefly, in a few words. (Pli)~~igi, abbreviate, shorten. Tro~a, over-long, prolix. ➞ etern, kurt.

longeron-o, (av) longeron.

longi-, (ppfx) longi-. (ent) ~korna, -corn, (orn) ~pena, ~rostra, -pennate, -rostral.

longitud-o, (as, geog) longitude. Astra ~o, root ascension.

lonicer-o, [UV] honeysuckle, woodbine (Lonicera).

lop-i, ~o, (av) loop.

lord-o, [OA] Lord, peer, nobleman. ~a Ĉambro, House of Lords. Lia ~a moŝto, his lordship. ~ino, Lady.

lori-o, (orn) lory (Lorius, Eos, Domicella, etc.).

loris-o, (zoo) loris (Loris). ~oj malrapida, svelta. ➞ perodikt.

lorn-o, [UV] field-glass, spy-glass. ~eto, opera glasses. Du~eto, binoculars. ➞ binokl, teleskop.

lot-i [UV] (decide by) Lot, cast (draw) lots. ~i inter (Sa 14/42), pri (Ps 22/18). ~o, lot. (act, result): change, decision, hazard. ~o de (por) (Jos 16/1, 18/11). ~o ĉesigas disputojn (Se 18/18). ~o agrabla (Ps 16/6). La ~o donis, eliris (falis) por, trafis (fell on) (Jos 19/1, Ag 1/26, Jona 1/7). Gajni la grandan ~on (4 FA 149/6). La dua ~o (Jos 19/1). Doni per ~o (Jos 21/4). Fari ~ojn (Le 16/8). Jeti ~on (Se 16/33). 2 destiny, fate: Tia estis la ~o de (Jes 17/14). Dividi, elekti, mezuri ~e (Jeĥ 48/29, 24/6, Mi 2/5). ~aĵo, allotment, assignment, portion, share (Jos 17/14). ~ilo, object. used for casting lots. ~umi (pri~i) (-n) [UV] (Jes 34/17), allot, disposed of by lot, raffle.

loteri-o, [OA] lottery, f Edziĝo estas ~o (defies calculation). ~a bileto, ➞ tombol.

lotus-o, Lotus. 1 (bot) birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus). 2 (myth) lotus-tree, whose fruits cause forget feelings of homeland. 3 Egyptian (Asian) lotus. (4 FA 50/23). ➞ nelumb, nimfe. 4 (arch) floral ornament. ➞ ornitop.

loz-a = malkompakta, malstreĉata, malstrikta. Loose.

lozang-o, [OA] 1 diamond, rhomboid figure. 2 object. of that shape, heraldic figure, cut jewel, lozenge, etc. ➞ pastel.

lu-i (-n) [UV] (~preni de iu), (take on) Hire, book, rent. ~i ĉambron, domon, frakon, veturilon. ~ado, h., tenancy. ~anto, -er, tenant. ~ebla, on h., to (be) let. ~ebla domo, house to let. ~igi (-n) (~doni al iu), let on h., let out. ~igant(in)o, land-lord (-lady). ~pago, ~prezo, cost of h., rent. Sub~igi, sublet. ➞ dung, farm.

lubrik-i (-n), Lubric/ate, grease, oil, ~(ad)o, -ation. ~ado aŭtomat-(eentr -kontinu-man-meĉ-)a. ~aĵo, -ant. ~aĵo likva (oleo), oil. ~aĵo solida (graso), grease. ~ilo, ~isto. ➞ ŝmir.

lucern-o, [OA] hanging lamp (as in church or house) (El 25/37, 1 Sa 3/3). f (2 Sa 21/17). ~eto (Ij 12/5). ➞ luzern, medikag.

lucid-a, Lucid, clear in style or expression. ~eco, -ity.

lud-i (nt, -n) [UV], Play. 1 amuse one’s, frolic, sport: ~i kun kato, laŭ la reguloj, per pilko, sur la korto. ~i kartojn. f La vento ~is kun ŝiaj haroj. ~i okule (okulumi). 2 (mus): ~i fluton, harpon, per harpo, sur harpo (Ap 14/2). ~i fugon, melodion. 3 (th) (prezenti), act, perform on stage (H/61): ~i Hamleton, rolon. 4 (imiti, ŝajnigi): ~i militon, p. at soldiers. ~o, 1 p., sport, etc. ~o danĝera. ~o aparte, kaj aferoj aparte. Floraj ~oj, literary competitions in Catalonia. 2 (mus, th), p., performance. ~o de harpo. 3 (mec) (movlibero), freedom of movement, play (of joint, etc.). 4 (gm) bar~o, prisoner’s base. kart~i, p. cards. kaŝ~o, hide and seek. prov~o, rehearsal. lasta prov~o, dress rehearsal. ring~o, hoop-la. ŝak~o, game of chess. tuŝ~o, blind man’s buff, touch. vet~i, gamble. vort~o, play on words, pun. diri (fari) ion ~e, in p., not seriously. ~anto, ~isto, -er, performer. ~ejo, p-ground. ~ema, p-ful, frolicsm, sportive. ~ilo, toy. flug~ilo (kajto), kite. antaŭ~o, inter~o, post~o, (mus) prelude, interlude, postlude. for~i (game away) sian havon. kun~anto, p-fellow, partner.

luf-o, (bot) luffa (Luffa). ~a spongo, loofah.

lugr-o, (mar) lugger, small ship, with 4-cornered sails set fore-and-aft.

luk-o, skylight, small opening in ceiling, roof, or wall, to admit light, (mar) port-hole. Kav~o, kel~o, air-trap, vent (ilator). Mansarda ~o, attic (dormer) window. ~eto, Judas-hole, spyhole in door.

lukan-o, (cervskarabo), stag-beetle (Lucanus cervus).

luks-o, [UV] Luxur/y, costly comfort or display, ease. ~a, -iant, -ious, expensively got up, profuse, sumptuous, sybaritic. ~a bindo, loĝejo, manĝo, vivo. ~a vesto, sed malplena poŝo. ~e, in clover (1.) on a bed of roses. Vivi larĝe kaj ~e. ~(ad)i, -iate, be -ious, enjoy one’s, revel, take keen delight. ~aĵo, l. ~aĵeto, curio, knick-knack, trinket. ~ego, splendour. ~ema, -ious. ~emulo, sybarite. Mal~a, frugal. Ne~a, Sen~a, (modesta, simpla), homely, plain, simple. ➞ komfort, kost, pomp, riĉ, volupt.

Luksemburg-o LU.

lukt-i (kun) [OA], (nt) 1 contend, grapple, strive, struggle, tussle (Ge 30/8, 32/24). ~i por ekzisto; kontraŭ fajro, morto, mizero, sorto, timo, malfacilaĵoj. Ŝnurega ~o, tug of war. 2 (sp) Wrestle. ~(ad)o, -ing. ~isto, -er. ~ejo, arena, ring. ➞ barakt, batal.

lul-i (-n), [UV] Lull, cradle, hush, soothe, rock (send) to sleep. ~i infaneton per kantado. f quieten. (For)~i ĉagrenon, suspekton, timon. ~e dormigi, 1. to sleep. ~ilo, [UV] cradle, rocker, f (kovejo), Arabujo, la ~ilo de astronomio. Brak~i, dandle, nurse in the arms. ➞ balanc, dormig, kvietig.

lum-o, [UV] Light. 1 visible rays, radiance. Estu ~o (Ge 1/3). Ark~o, gas~o, lamp~o, lun~o, sun~o, tag~o. ~o elektra, inkandeska. Eklipsa ~o, intermittent light. Flank~o ruĝa, port light; verda, starboard light. Norda ~o, aurora borealis. Plafona ~o, ceiling (roof) l. Plank~o, foot-l. Rotacia ~o (turn~o), revolving light. Signal~o, harbour (navigation) 1. Trafik~o, traffic light. Vag~o, Will o’ the wisp. Vost~o, rear l. f Prezenti ion en favora ~o. Preĝi por ~o (gvido). Sekvi la ~on de la evangelio. 2 luminary, person of eminence, light, and leading: Esti ~o al, be a light to. ~i, be radiant, emit (give) l., shine, f Lia vizaĝo ~is de ĝojo. ~radii (El 34/30). ~a (~hela, ~plena), giving or reflecting light, bright, effulgent, luminous, radiant, shining. ~a ĉambro, tago. Estas ~e! ~aĵo, luminous body (Ge 1/14). ~eco, luminosity. ~egi, glare, be brilliant (resplendent), emit a blinding light. ~eto, gleam, glimmer. ~igi (doni ~on al) (Ps 18/28). (a) Give l. to, illuminate, lighten, make (provide a) 1.: ~igi ĉambron, groton, straton. (b) brighten: La tapeto ~igas la ĉambron, rideto la vizaĝon. f shed 1. upon, help to explain. ~igi (ĵeti ~on sur) misteron, problemon. ~igado (No 4/16), illumination, 1-ing. Difuza ~igo, diffused l-ing. Verŝ~igo, flood 1-ing. ~(ig)ilo, object. producing l., e.g., lampo, torĉo (Ce 1/12, Ps 18/28, Se 13/9). Gvid~ilo, beacon. Serĉ~ilo, search-light. Ek~i, 1 dawn, 2 burst into 1ight, flash out. (Ek)~igi, set alight. Ek~igi elektron, gason, kandelon, lampon. mal~a, [UV] Dark, obscure, sombre. ➞ nebul, nub, ombr. ~~a arbaro, mistero, nokto. ~~aj tagoj. ~~o, darkness. ~~e verda, d. green. ~~igi, ~~iĝi, darken. ~~igo, black-out. Mem~a, luminous. Pri~i (= lumigi). Sen~a, dim, unlighted. Sen~igi, turn out the 1. ~trairebla (diafana), translucent. ➞ bril, hel, radi. Rim.: At first Z. used lum-i, ~ita (not lumigi): later prilumi, e.g., Ne 9/12; Ij 33/30, and often in 1 FA and 2 FA.

lumb-o, [UV] Loin(s). haunch, small of back. Zonu vian ~on, gird up your 11. (Ps 45/3). f (Na 2/10). ~a regiono, lumbar region. ~aĵo, fillet, haunch, sirloin. ~doloro, lumbago. ➞ femur, koks, tali.

lumbrik-o, [OA] earthworm (Lumbricus).

lund-o, [UV] Monday.

lumen-o, lumen, unit of light energy.

luminesk-a, luminesc/ent, luminiferous. ➞ fosforesk.

lump-o, (ich) lumpsucker, sea-hen (Cyclopterus lumpus).

lun-o, [UV] Moon. La ~oj de Marso. f Miel~o, honey-m. ~a, lunar. ~a fazo, periodo. ~o ĝiba, nova, plena. ~eto, (anat) white of nail, (arch) lunette. ~forma, lunate. ~hela, m-lit. ~kvarono, quarter (lasta, unua). ➞ adulari, krescent.

lunari-o, (bot) honesty (Lunaria).

lunatik-a [UV] (lunfrapita), ~a, moonstruck; In various countries means 1 kapriculo, 2 somnambulo, or 3 frenezulo Rim.: "Having no definite meaning, and being in any case unneeded, this root may be ignored without loss (B. E. Long)."

lunĉ-o, Lunch, light meal, tiffin. If vague, so better avoided. For those who have their main meal (dinner, tagmanĝo), at midday, ~o = mid-morning light refreshment, "elevenses". For evening diners, ~o = mid-day meal.

lund-o, [UV] Monday.

lup-o, [UV] Wolf (Canis lupus). Ne por ~o estas supo, It’s too good for the like of you (P). (ac) (kvintaĉo), "wolf", 5th out of tune in "just temperament". ~a, lupine. ~e (ege) malsata. ~ido, w-cub, whelp. ~ino, she-w. ➞ anarik.

lupe-o, (opt) lens, magnifying, reading glass.

lupen-o, (bot) lupin (Lupinus).

lupol-o, [UV] Hop (Humulus lupulus). ~ejo, h-garden. ~isto, h-grower. ~amento, h-catkin. ~plukisto, h-picker.

lupus-o, (med) lupus, tuberculous infection of membrane.

luscini-o (blugorĝulo), (orn) bluethroat (Luscinia) > thrush nightingale,

lusk-o, (ich) whiting pout (Gadus luscus).

lustr-o, [UV] (plurbranĉa pendlumigilo), chandelier (1 FA 34/36). ~o elektra, kandela. ~ero, lustre, prismatic glass pendant.

lut-i, [UV] Solder, join metals with ~o (~alojo, ~metalo), solder, fused metal alloy. ~ado, -ing. ~ado malmola, hard ing (brazado). ~ado mola, soft (or tin) -ing. ~ilo, -ing iron. ~acido, ~lampo, ~tenajlo, -ing acid (lamp, tongs). Al~i, join by -ing. Kun~i, s. together. Mal~i, un-s. ➞ braz, cement, kunforĝ, veld.

luteci-o, (chem) Lutecium (Lu).

lutr-o, [UV] (zoo) otter (Lutra). ➞ fur, mustel, putor, vizon.

lutreol-o, European mink (Mustela lutreola). ➞ mustel, visor.

luzern-o, lucerne (Medikago sativa) < medikag. ➞ lucern.

luzol-o, woodrush (Luzula).


M

M-o [F], letter M.

maat-o (suboficiro), (mar) mate.

mac-o, [UV] matza, unleavened cake or bread (El 12/8). Festo de la ~oj (El 23/15, 34/18). ➞ oblat.

macer-i (-n), Macer/ate, soak, soften by soaking, steep. ~ado, -ation. ~iĝi. ➞ infuz, satur, tremp.

maĉ-i (-n), [UV] Mastic/ate, Chew. ~i tabakon. f turn over in one’s mind. ~aĵo, quid (tobacco). ~ado, -ation. Re~i, c. the cud. ~~ulo, ruminant, Engluti, vori sen~e, bolt. Krak~i, crush noisily with the teeth. Paper~aĵo, paste-board, papier-mache.

maĉ-o, (sp) match, contest of skill, meeting.

Madagaskar-o MG, Madagascar.

madi-o, (bot) madia, tarweed (Madia).

madon-o, [OA] madonna, the Virgin Mary,

madrepor-o (stelkoralo), madrepore, perforate coral (Madrepora).

madrigal-o, madrigal, contrapuntal unaccompanied secular pt-song.

mag-o, magus, ancient Persian priest or astrologer. La tri ~oj, saĝuloĵ el la oriento (Mi 2/1).

magazen-o, [UV] emporium, large shop, departmental stores [Ne = gazeto], ~isto, shop-assistant. Ĉen~o, chain stores. ➞ butik, vendej.

magazin-o, illustrated magazine.

magi-o, [UV] Magic, mysterious power, witchcraft, f enchantment. ~o blanka, nigra. ~a, magic(al), with extraordinary powers, occult, f charming, enchanting. ~a ĉarmo, kvadrato, lanterno, rondo, vergo, vorto. ~aĵo, magic trick, wizardry. ~isto, -ian, sorcerer, wizard. ➞ fe, rav, sort.

magistr-o, (university title), Master (of arts, etc.). ➞ juĝist.

magistrat-o, town or city council. ~ano, town councillor. ~ejo, council offices. ➞ konsil. [Ne= juĝist].

magnat-o, magnate, powerful man in finance, state, etc.

magnet-o, [UV] Magnet. ~(ec)a, -ic. ~a ekvatoro, devio, fenomeno, forto, montrilo, poluso. f (mistere alloga), very attractive. ~a rideto. ~igi, ~izi, -ize. ~ismo, [OA] -ism. Elektro~ismo. f personal charm. Mal~izi, de-ize.

magnetofon-o, tape recorder. ➞ sonbend.

magnetit-o, manetite, lodestone.

magnez-o, Magnes/ia (ordinary language), -ium oxide (MgO).

magnezi-o (ch, phot), magnesium (Mg). ~a sulfato, epsom salts. ~ito, magnesite, magnesium cabonate (MgCO3).

magnoli-o, (bot) magnolia. ~o tripetala, umbrella tree.

magr-a = malabunda, malgrasa, meagre, spare, scanty.

maĝang-o, mahjong, Chinese game.

mahagon-o, [OA] mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). ~a ligno, tablo (2 FA 32/26). ~(kolor)a (ruĝbruna), m.

mahatm-o, (Bud) person with supernatural powers.

mahoni-o, Oregon grape, holly-leaved barberry (Mahonia). ➞ berberis.

maiz-o, [UV] maize, (Indian) Corn, mealies. (Zed). ~a faruno, c-flour.

Maj-o, [UV] May (month), ~a floro (kratago), may, hawthorn. ~fosto (~stango), m-pole. ~reĝino, M-queen. ~skarabo (melolonto), cockchafer, ~tago, May-day.

majest-a, [UV] Majest/ic, august, grand, imposing, stately. ~a fasado, paŝo, pejzaĝo, rivero. Kapo ~a, sed cerbo modesta. ~(ec)o, -y, grandeur, elevation, loftiness, stateliness. Via ~o (a. via reĝa Moŝto), your M. ➞ grandioz, import, pomp.

majolik-o, [OA] Majolica, Italian earthenware covered with white enamel ornamented with metallic colours. ~aĵoĵ, m-ware.

majonez-o, (cul) mayonnaise, creamy sauce with egg-yolk, etc.

major-o, [OA] (mil. title) Major.

majstr-o, [UV] 1 Master (of his art or trade), great artist or teacher. ~o artista, muzika, maestro. Koniĝas ~o laŭi sia verko. 2 title applied to Z. in Mirinda Liro (Nauman, 1891), but deprecated by him (OV 409/1, 28). ~(ec)a, m-ly. ~a pafisto, crack shot. Ludi ~e. ~i, be a master of. ~aĵo, m-stroke, capital performance. ~eco, pre-eminence in ability (proficiency, skill). ~eca laboro, m-ly work. ~o bakisto, kantisto, m-baker (-singer). ~omasonisto (1 Ko 3/10). ~overko, m-piece. Pri~i la fortojn de la naturo (4 FA 82/6). sub~o, [UV] foreman. ➞ ĉampion, instruist, magistr, mastr.

majuskl-o, capital (upper case) letter,

major-a, Major. 1 (mus) ~a intervalo (greater by a semitone than minor). ~a duto, sesto, septo, trito. ~a akordo (with a m. third at bottom). ~a modalo, skalo. Opp minor. 2 (log) ~a premiso.

makabr-a, macabre, grim, gruesome.

makadam-o, [OA] Macadam. ~i, -ize. ➞ asfalt, bitum.

makak-o, (zoo) macaque > Barbary ape, Rhesus monkey (Macaca).

makaon-o (papilio hirundvosta), swallowtail butterfly (P. machaori).

makaron-o, [OA] macaroon, almond- flavoured biscuit.

makaroni-o, [OA] macaroni, wheaten paste in tube form. ~eto, spaghetti,

Makedon-ujo, Makedoni-o MK.

makiavel-a, (pol) machiavellian, cunning, crafty, scheming, tricky, unscrupulous. ~eco, -ism, duplicity, pol. double-dealing. ➞ ĉikan.

makintoŝ-o, macintosh. 1 water-proof mrtl of cloth and rubber. 2 cloak of this. ➞ pluvmantel.

makler-i (pri) [UV], act (do business) as a Broker (between buyer and seller). ~aĵo, (~a pago), b’s fee, b-age, commission. ~isto, dealer, middleman. Akci~isto, stock-b. Kambi~isto, bill-b.

makrop-o, (technical language) macropus, g. > kangaroo, wallaby. ➞ kanguru.

maksim-o, [OA] maxim, principle (rule) of conduct, drawn from experience or science. ➞ aforism, mot.

maksimum-o, [OA] maximum, highest magnitude (degree, quantity, limit). ~a grado, prezo, temperaturo. ~e, at most, not more than. Tio kostas ~e ŝilingon. (mus) (a. pliigita), augmented. ~a kvinto, sesto, septo, triado. (= a semitone more than major or perfect). Opp minimum.

makul-o, [UV] 1 Spot, blot, blur, dirty mark, stain. ~o en juvelo, sur la haŭto, suno. Gras~o. ink~o, ink-stain. Rust~o, iron mould. 2 blemish, defect. Nenia sanktulo estas sen ~o. Nigra ~o. ~eto, blotch, speck(le). ~i (-n) (fari ~on), blot, smirch, soil, stain, sully, taint, tarnish. ~i honoron, pagon, veston. ~ita, speckled, spotted, stained. ~oza, -ty, covered with ss. Folia ~ozo, (hort) leaf-s. Sen~a, immaculate, s-less, unsullied, without blemish. Sen~a honoro, konduto, tuko. Brul~o, brand (Jes 3/24). Pek~ita. Ŝpruc~i, bespatter, besmirch, splosh, marble (pages of book),

makulatur-o, printer’s waste, spoils, waste-sheets.

makzel-o, [UV] jaw (bone), maxilla (Jĝ 15/15). f jaws (of tongs, vice, etc.).

mal-, [UV] (pfx), denotes exact opposite of the idea expressed by the word it modifies. Rim.: Ne = malbon-, but usually (though not always) denotes the less desirable of the two ideas. Ami, love, ~ami, hate. Bela, beautiful. ~bela, ugly. ~o, the opposite, reverse. Diri la ~on. ~a, o. ~a direkto. ~e, on the contrary. ~en (mar) Astern! ~ebla, impossible. ~igi (movon), reverse. Rim.: ➞ mal- (opposite); mis- (amiss); ne- (negative); sen- (privative). Malordo, disorder; misordo, wrong order. Malutila, injurious; neutila, useless. Malsimila, dissimilar; sensimila, unique. ➞ kontraŭ.

Malajzi-o MY.

malakit-o [OA] (min) Malachite, hydrated copper carbonate. ~a verdo, m-green.

malari-o [OA] (marĉfebro), Malari/a, various kinds of fever. ~a, -al.

malat-a, (chem) malic. ~a acido (C4H605). ~o, malate. ➞ pom.

Malavi-o MW.

Maldiv-oj MV.

male-o, 1 Mallet (croquet, etc.). ~i, strike with m. ~ego (a. martelego), maul, beetle. 2 (anat) malleus (of ear).

maleol-o, [UV] Ankle. Alia ĝis la ~oj, a-deep (Jeĥ 47/3).

malgraŭ, [UV] (prep) Notwithstanding, in Spite of. ~ do, after all. ~ tio, in s. of that, nevertheless. ~ (tio) ke, n. the fact that. Rim.: ➞ spite (stronger) = in s. (defiance) of. ~ la pluvo, mi spitis la kuraciston, (in s. of (n.) the rain I defied the doctor) kaj eliris.

Mali-o ML.

malic-o, [UV] Malic/e, active ill-will, desire to harm, rancour, spite. ~a, -ious, malevolent, spiteful, ~a homo, karaktero. ~a ago, celo, intenco, parolo. ~i, bear m. ~aĵo, -ious action. ~eta, ill-natured, ~eta infano, okulo, rido, ŝerco. ~ega (maligna), ~ulo (Se 24/8).

malign-a, malignant. 1 (med) threatening fatal issue, virulent. ~a malsano. f feeling or showing intense ill-will. ~a satiro. 2 cancerous. ~a ulcero.

malkolmi-o, (hort) Virginian stock (Malcolmia). Named after Wm. Malcolm; no relation to Virginia. ➞ levkoj.

malt-o, [OA] Malt. ~a, of m. ~a likvoro. ~ejo, m-house. ~igi, m. ~isto, -ster. (chem) ~azo, ~ozo, -ase, -ose.

Malt-o MT.

malv-o, [OA] (bot) Mallow (Malva). Moska ~o, musk m. ~acoj, ~(kolor)a, mauve. ➞ alte, lavater.

mam-o, [UV] breast, udder, ~a, mammary. ~ito, mastitis. ~ulo (~besto), mammal. ~ularo, mammalia. ~pinto, nipple, pap, teat. De~igi, wean (Ps 131/2). ➞ brust, sin.

mamon-o, (Bb) Mammon, pelf, riches, wealth (regarded as idol, or evil influence of covetousness) (Lk 16(9-13). ~servisto, m-worshipper.

mamut-o, [OA] Mammoth, large extinct elephant. ~a, m. f huge, gigantic. Kresko ~a, sed saĝo liliputa (P).

man-o, [UV] Hand. Konduki, teni per la ~o. Etendi, premi, teni la ~on. ~o en ~o, h. in h. f En bonaj ~oj. En la ~o (power) de. Lasi fali la ~ojn, lose courage, give up. Ligi la ~ojn. Meti la ~on al, set one’s h. to. Peti la ~on de, propose to. Sub la ~o, ready to h. ~a, manual. ~e, by h. ~e farita. ~ego, [UV] paw. Kvar~uloj, quadrumana. ~umo, [UV] cuff, ruffle. ~dorso, ~supro, back of h. ~kavo, ~plato (polmo), palm, ~radiko, wrist. ĉirkaŭ~o [UV] (braceleto). En~igi (ion al iu), h. to, deliver into the hands of. Ambaŭ~e, with both hands. Liber~a, free-h. Plen~o (da), h-ful (of). Propra~e (aŭtografe) skribita, with one’s own handwriting.

mana-o, [UV] Manna. 1 (Bb) food from heaven (El 16/31), also figuratively. 2 (pharm) laxative juice from various trees.

manat-o, manatee, see-cow (Manatus).

mancinel-o, manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella). ~a frukto.

mandaren-o, [OA] mandarin, Chinese official. ~a lingvo.

mandarin-o, (bot) mandarin, tangerine (orange). (Citrus reeticulata, Blanco).

mandat-o, [OA] Mandat/e. 1 official order, charge, commision, instruction. ~o de reprezentanto. Kolonia ~o. 2 (dokumento) written authty, brief, power of attorney, warrant. 3 order (to pay), draft. Poŝt~o, postal (money) order. ~a teritorio, -ed territory. ~ulo, -ary, trustee. ➞ ĉek.

mandibl-o, mandible. 1 lower part of jaw. 2 either part of beak, or of insect’s jaw.

mandol-o, (m.i.) mandola. ~a familio (Vd Muzika Terminaro 23).

mandolin-o, [OA] mandoline.

mandor-o (liuteto), mandora.

mandragor-o, mandrake (Mandragora) (Ge 30/14).

mandrel-o, (tech) mandrel, mandril, chuck; lathe axis, cylidrical rod.

mandril-o, mandrill, drill (Mandrillus).

maneĝ-o, manege. 1 riding school. 2 horse-training exercise. ➞ dres.

maneken-o, mannequin. 1 person. 2 tailor’s wax lay figure.

mang-o, Mango, fruit of ~arbo, m-tree (Mangifera indica).

mangan-o, [UV] (chem) Mangan/ese (Mn).

manganato, manganate. ~ika salo. ~oza. Per~ato.

mangl-o, Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). ~arbo, m-tree.

mangostan-o, (bot) mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana).

manĝ-i (-n, nt), [UV] Eat, swallow; feed, take food (a meal), f consume. Rusto ~as la feron, kaj zorgo la homon. ~o, meal, repast. ~o el verdaĵo (Se 15/17). maten~o, [UV] breakfast. tag~o, [UV] (= ĉefa ~o), dinner. vesper~o, [UV] supper, evening meal. ~aĵo, food, dish, eatables, fodder. ~aĵisto, grocer, provision merchant. ~ebla, edible. ~eblaĵoj, provisions, victuals. ~egi, fall on, devour, gormandize, stuff one’s, wolf. ~egema, voracious. ~egulo, glutton. ~ejo, dining-room, -ing house, refectory. ~ema, hungry. ~emega, famishing, ravenous. ~eto, slight repast, snack, ~eti, nibble, peck at, taste, toy with. ~ilaro, -ing utensils, table-service. Forpreni la ~ilaron, clear away. ~ujo (Jes 1/3), crib, manger, trough. ~restaĵoj, leavings, scraps. Al~aĵo, appetizer, hors-d’oeuvre, side-dish. Ĉirkaŭ~itaj ostoj (4 FA 27/30). Ek~i, set to. For~i, e. up, finish, f For~i monon, tempon, teron. Kun~anto, mess-mate. Ĉef~aĵo, main dish. Ĉio~a, omnivorous. Karno~a, carnivorous. ➞ glut, nutr, past.

mani-o, [OA] mania, craze, abnormal enthusiasm, passion. ~(em)a, cranky, deranged, eccentric. ~eto, fad. ~ulo, crank, faddist. Mono~o, obsession by a single idea. Ŝtel~o (kleptomanio), kleptomania. ➞ frenezet, kapric.

manier-o, [UV] 1 Manner, Way; mode of action. 2 outward bearing, peculiarity, style. Ag~o, w. of acting. Dir~o, esprim~o, parol~o, diction, m. (turn) of speech, parlance. Ir~o, gait, walk. Pens~o, mentality. Sid~o, seat (horseman). Uz~o, method of use. Vid~o, Viv~o, way of looking at things, of life. ~ismo, affectation. Ali~e, in another way, otherwise. Sam~e, likewise. Tia~e, ke, so that. ➞ -iel, mod, mor.

manifest-i (-n) [OA], (make) Manifest, display, exhibit, evidence, evince, show. ~i dankon, estimon, ĝojon, indignon, respekton. Sin~i, show one’s. ~o, 1 m-ation, display. 2 m., public declaration of opinion in writing. 3 (mar) Ŝarĝ~o, cargo m. ➞ esprim, ekspozici, evidentig, montr, vidig.

manifestaci-o [OA] = manifest-ado, ~aĵo, public demonstration (OV 377, 436, 562).

manihot-o, (bot) cassava plant (Manihot). ➞ kasav, maniok, tapiok.

manik-o, [UV] Sleeve. Vent~o. ~a truo. Sen~a, s-less. La Maniko, the British Channel.

manikur-i = manflegi.

maniok-o, manioc, sweet cassava.

manipul-i (-n) (manuzi) [OA]. Manipulat/e, handle, manage, operate, treat (use) with skill, f ~i lingvon. ~ado, -ion, handling, technique (M 91/27). ➞ manovr.

manis-o, (zoo) pangolin (Manis).

mank-i, [UV] (nt) be lacking, missing, wanting. ~as butono, helpanto, mono. ~as al li kuraĝo, he lacks (is wanting in) courage, heart fails him. ~as al mi tempo, I have no time (Ij 32/15; Ps 107/38). Ne multe ~is, ke li falu, he was not far from falling. ~o, dearth, deficiency, insufficiency, lack, scarcity, shortage, shortcoming. Pro ~o de, from want (in default, through lack) of. ~o de laboro, pano, penso. Forigi, ŝtopi ~on, fill a gap. Malgraŭ liaj ~oj, in spite of his shortcomings. ~anta, missing. ~ego, destitute. ~igi (preterlasi), leave out, omit (Jos 11/15). ~hava, defective, imperfect. Mal~i, abound. ➞ abund, riĉ, sufiĉ. Sen~a, complete perfect. ~~a proviso, respondo. Seninter~a, continuous, steady. Mon~a, hard up. Pluv~o, drought. Sango~a, anaemic. Spiro~a, out of breath. ➞ bezon, forest, nesufiĉ, sen-.

manometr-o, [OA] manometer, (gas) pressure gauge.

manovr-o, [UV] (mar, mil) Manoeuvre, strategical or tactical movement, skilful plan, scheme, stratagem. ~o armea, politika. ~i (-n, nt), m., work for desired position. f employ artifice, manage, pull the strings (wires), (ry) shunt, f lerte ~i, adroitly contrive, skilfully arrange. ~i kartojn. ~ebla. ➞ intrig, manipul.

mansard-o, [OA] attic, garret. ~a ĉambreto. ➞ subtegment.

mant-o, mantis, praying insect (Mantis).

manta-o (diablo-fiŝo), devil fish (Manta).

mantel-o, [UV] mantle, cape, cloak, long garment with or without sleeves, wrap. ~o kortega, vojaĝa. f cloak, cover. Sub la ~o de afableco kaŝi malamon. (mec) casing, jacket (of cylinder, drum, etc.). Pluv~o, mackintosh, peajacket, raincoat, waterproof. Pot~o, pot cover. Pudro~o, peignoir, lady’s dressing-gown. ~eto, mantlet, tippet. ➞ kitel, makintoŝ, palt, pelerin, surtut.

mantil-o, mantilla, Spanish lace veil for woman’s head and shoulders.

mantis-o, (mat) mantissa, decimal part of logarithm.

[manufaktur-o [OA] = fabrikejo].

manuskript-o [OA] (manskribaĵo), Manuscript, MS, book (document) written by hand. ~a, ~e, in m.

map-o, Map. ~o landa, stela, strata, urba, vetera, voja; gnomona, merkatora. Mara ~o, chart. Mond~o. mur~o. Rul~o, roller-m. ~i, f map out, arrange (plan) in detail. ~ado, mapping. ~aro, atlas. ~isto, m-maker, cartographer. ~ujo, m-file. ➞ kartografi, kartograf.

mar-o, [UV] Sea, ocean, the deep. 1 opposite tero. (Mal)alta ~o, (low) high water. 2 individual sea. La Kaspia M~o. f great quantity. ~o da mizeroj (sango, vizaĝoj). ~a, sea-, maritime. ~eroj, spray. ~isto, [UV] mariner, sailor, s-man, ~istaro, marine, sailors. Komerca ~istaro, maritime marine, merchant service. Milita ~istaro, navy, marine forces. ~taŭga, s-worthy. Sub~a, submarine. Trans~a, beyond seas. ➞ flus, ocean, tajd.

marabu-o, marabou stork, adjutant (Leptopilos) (4 FA 53/30).

marant-o, arrowroot plant (Maranta). Vd arorut.

marasm-o, [OA] marasmus, decline, wasting away, progressive emaciation, (f) inactivity. ➞ inert, kaduk, stagn.

marasmi-o (fe-ronda fungo), fairy-ring fungus (Marasmius oreades).

marcipan-o, [UV] marzipan, almond paste.

marĉ-o, [UV] Marsh, low watery land, bog, mire, morass, swamp. [Ne = march], (Ps 69/2). f ~o de malespero, mizero, superstiĉo. Sal~o, salt m. ~a, -y, fenny, swampy, squashy. ~aĵo (~ejo, ~lando) (ŝlimejo), fen, m-land, (quag) mire, slough, swamp. En~iĝi, sink into mire. ➞ metan, ŝlim.

marĉand-i, [UV] Bargain, beat down, haggle (over), try to cheapen, ~aĵo, b., something got cheaply. Sen~e, without shillyshallying (beating about the bush).

mard-o, [UV] Tuesday. Antaŭfasta ~o, Shrove T.

marel-o (hopludo), hopscotch.

margarin-o, [OA] margarine, butter substitute. ~o besta, vegetara.

marĝen-o, [OA] Margin (of page). ~a, -al. (sur)~aĵoj, marginalia, -al notes, references (as in a Bible). ~tranĉi, trim the edges.

marimb-o (perkutharmoniko), (m.i.) Marimba. ~o krania, kukurba, ligna, nuksoŝela, ŝtona. 2 (modern instruments) ~a familio > celesto, glasaro, gongaro, kampaneto, ksilofono, tipofono, tubsonoriloj.

marin-i (-n) [OA], marinade, brine, cure, pickle, souse (with wine, vinegar, and spices). ~i betojn, haringojn. ~aĵo, food thus spiced. ➞ pekl.

marionet-o, [OA] marionette, jumping-jack, puppet worked by strings. ~a teatro, puppet show, f person without a will of his own.

mark-o, [UV] Mark. I (any distinguishing) Sign, impress(ion), line, stamp, trace; indication of character, quality, etc. ~o en libro, sur tolo. Akvo~o (filigrano), water-m. Fabrika ~o, brand, seal, stamp. Komerca ~o, trade m. 2 object: label, etc. Bonfara ~o, charity stamp. Glu~o, sticker, "poster-stamp". Lud~o, counter. Poŝt~o, postage stamp. Sigel~o, seal-sticker. 3 (former) coin in various lands (Germana ~o, Finna ~o). ~i, (make, put, a) m. or s., distinguish or indicate by a m. ~i per krajono, kreto. ~i arbon, paĝon, tolaĵon. ~ilo, (av) marker. ~isto, scorer. ŝut~i vojon, (lay a trail) per poligona grio (1 FA 5/36). ➞ poent, sign, stamp.

marketr-i, inlay or overlay pieces of wood, ivory, or metal. ~aĵo, marquetry. ➞ parget.

markez-o, marquee, large tent; awning, outside shop-blind, overhanging shutter, etc.

markiz-o, [OA] marquis. ~ino, marchioness (by right); ~edzino (by marriage).

markot-i (-n), [UV] Layer, propagate by layers. ~o, 1. (Jes 11/1, 16/8, 60/21). ➞ draĵ, greft, stolon, ŝos.

marmelad-o, [OA] preserve (jam, jelly, of fruit stewed into a shapeless pulp). Oranĝa ~o, orange marmalade. Poma ~o, apple sauce. ➞ kompot, konfitaj.

marmor-o, [UV] Marble, crystalline limestone CaCO3. ~a minejo, m-quarry. ~isto, mason. ~(um)i, marble, mottle, vein. ➞ ŝprucmakul.

marmot-o, [UV] (zoo) marmot, wood- chuck (Marmota). ➞ tamias.

marn-o, Marl, soil or dressing of clay and lime. ~i, apply m. to soil,

marod-i, maraud, make a raid on, plunder (American rustle). ~anto, freebooter, marauder, pillager, plunderer. ~eti, go filching, pilfering. ~etanto, petty thief.

Marok-o [OA-8] MA.

maroken-o, [UV] morocco (leather), grained colored goatskin.

marks-ismo, -isto, marks-ism, -ist.

marsupial-o (poŝbesto), marsupial.

marŝ-i (nt), [UV] March. 1 (~i takte), as soldiers. Marŝ(u)! (4 FA 210/10). 2 Walk (step deliberately, to an end). ~(ad)i, march(ing), steady walk. En ~o, on the m. Parada ~o, m. past. Returna ~o, retreat, f advance, progressive development. ~o de eventoj, de intelekto, menso, tempo. (mus) composition to accompany a m. ~o edziĝa, funebra, rapida. ~eti, toddle ➞ paŝ, piedir, promen.

marŝal-o, [UV] (mil) Marshal (wide sense). ĉef~o, field-m.

Marŝal-oj MH, M~aj Insuloj.

Mart-o, [UV] March (month).

martel-o, [UV] Hammer. Ligna ~o, mallet (maleo). ~o ĉarpentista, masonista. ~o forka, clew hammer; ~o glatiga, smoothing h; ~o mana, hand-h; ~o pinta, pointed h.; ~o plata, flat h; ~o ronda, roundset h. ~i, hammer, drive, pound, strike, hit. f stamp in (brain, memory), by repetition: ~i en la memoron. (Elmarteli): excogitate, work out. ~ebla, malleable, mechanically deformable. ~ego, beetle. ~fiŝo, h-fish, h-headed shark (Sphyrna zigaena). ➞ zigen. ~maŝino, mechanical hammer.

martes-o, (pine) Marten (Martes). Amerika ~o, N.-American m. Flavgorĝa ~o, yellow-throated m. ➞ foin, zibel.

martingal-o, (mar) martingale, stay for jib-boom.

martir-o, [OA] Martyr, one who suffers death or torture for his faith. Kristana ~o. f ~o al devo, de scienco. ~eco, ~igo, -dom. ~igi, m., -ize, make a m. of. ➞ persekut, suferig, tortur, turment.

marubi-o, (bot) white horehound (Marrublurri). ➞ balote.

mas-o, [OA] mass. 1 (ph) quantity of matter contained in a body. 2 coherent body of matter, of indefinite shape; bulk, lump. 3 dense aggregate, sum total of objs. ~o da akvo. La malluma ~o de la maro. ➞ amas, blok.

masaĝ-o, [OA] massage. (-n), m. ~ist(in)o, masseur, masseuse.

masakr-i (amasbuĉi), Massacre, butcher. ~o, m., carnage, gen. slaughter, mass murder, pogrom (pogromo).

masiv-a, [UV] massive, massed, bulky, heavy, large, ponderous, weighty, f solid, substantial. ~a masonaĵo, solid masonry. ➞ blok, mas.

mask-o, [UV] Mask. 1 artificial face. 2 (for concealment): cloak, disguise. 3 (for protection): vizor. Gas~o. f disguise, plea, pretence, veil. Sub la ~o de amikeco. ~i, (put a) m. (on), conceal. ~i la sentojn. ~iĝinto, ~ito, ~ulo, -ed person. ~iĝado, false show, masquerade, pretence. ~balo, -ed ball. Sen~e, openly, without disguise. Sen~igi, unmask. f show the true character of. ➞ mantel, pretend, pretekst, vual.

maskl-o (liulo, virseksulo), Male. ~a, m., masculine. ➞ vir.

masoĥ-ismo, -isto, masoch-ism, -ist.

mason-i, [UV] bid with brick or stone. ~i domon, muron. f ~i la pacon. ~ado, stonework. ~ado per brikoj, bricklaying. ~aĵo, masonry, ~isto, mason, bricklayer, brickbuilder, worker in stone. Al~i, wall up. ➞ framason, konstru, ŝtonhak.

mast-o, [UV] Mast. 1 (mar) Antaŭ~o, fore-m. Bram~o, top(gallant) m. Ĉef~o, Mez~o, main m. Malsupra ~o, lower m. Post~o, mizzen-m. Reĝ~o, royal m. Top~o, top m. 2 long pole for various uses. Grimp~o. Latisa ~o, lattice-mast, pylon tower. ~izi Upon. Tri~ulo, three-er (ship). (4 FA 163/16). ~meze, at half-m.

mastik-o, [UV] mastic. 1 putty. 2 bituminous preparation for building, pointing, to stop holes or join objs. ~i (ŝtopi) fill in (cracks), point (wall), putty (window), stop (hole). ➞ lentisk.

mastodont-o, mastodon (fossil species of large elephant).

mastr-o, [UV] master, person having control. 1 of servant: boss, employer. 2 of dog, horse, etc. Owner. Hundo fidela al sia ~o. 3 of establishment: owner, proprietor. Dom~o, householder. ~ino, housewife. Hotel~o, hotel-keeper. Loĝeja ~ino, landlady. 4 (estro) head, leader, ruler. 5 (bot) host (plant). ~i, (be) master of (over), dominate, rule. ~eco, headship, mastery, supremacy, sway. ~ema, -ful, domineering, imperious. ~ino, mistress, hostess, etc. ~umi (-n) [UV], keep house, manage (farm, house, etc.). ~uma, domestic. ~umado, domestic economy, household affairs. ge~oj [UV]. ➞ estr, instruist, magistr, majstr.

masturb-i, to masturbate.

maŝ-o [UV]. 1 Loop, bright (El 26/4), (sten) loop. 2 Stitch (knitting). Lasi fali ~on, drop a s. 3 lasso, noose, running knot. Pendiga ~o (ŝnuro), hangman’s rope. 4 (mec) mesh, hole (of netting); link, ring (of chain or mail). Hok~a ĉeno. ~aĵo, ~aro, netting, network. ~eto, ~ego, (elips- -eto, -ego), small (large) loop. En~igi, enmesh. Mal~i (malfermi la ~ojn), unravel. ➞ bant, laĉ, laz, nod, ret, steb.

maŝin-o, [UV] Machine, Engine, instrument for applying power. Blov~o, bellows (of forge, organ, etc.). Draŝ~o, threshing m. Il~o, m-tool. Seg~o, Skrib~o, (tajpilo), typewriter. Ŝpin~o, jenny. te~o [UV] (samovaro). Teks~o, loom. Tond~o, (grass)cutter, shearing-m. Vapor~o, steam-e. ~a, mechanical. ~e (per ~o), by m-ry. f (aŭtomate, meĥanike). Mensogi ~e (P). ~aĵo, mechanism. ~aro, m-ry. ~ejo, engine-house. ~estro, chief e-er. ~isto, mechanic, person in charge of m-ry, e-er. ➞ aparat, meĥanik, meĥanism, motor, lokomotiv.

mat-o, [UV] 1 (tapiŝeto), Mat, covering. Kan~o, reed (rush) m. Pord~o, Skrap~o, door-m. ➞ latis, tapis. 2 (chs) ~o, ~igi, (check)mate.

matador-o [OA] (bovmortigisto), matador.

mate-o, mate (Ilex paraguayensis). 1 drink. 2 ~arbo. ~aj folioj.

matematik-o, [OA] Mathematic/s. ~a, -al. ~isto, -ian.

maten-o, [UV] Morn(ing), forenoon. Bonan ~on! ~a, m., matin, matutinal. ~a Diservo, matins. ~a robo, dressing-gown. Fru~a, early morning. ~e, in the morning. Hodiaŭ ~e, this m. ~as, it is m. ~iĝo (~krepusko, ~ruĝo), aurora.

materi-o, [OA] Matter, substance perceptible by the senses. ~o fluida, solida. ~a, of m., material, corporeal. La ~a mondo. ~aj bezonoj, zorgoj. ~e helpi. Medicina ~aro, materia medica. ~iĝo, materialization. ~(al)ismo, ~(al)isto, materialism, materialist. Ne~a, immaterial, unsubstantial. ➞ material. Opp ide, mens, spirit.

material-o [F], Material, matter, stuff. 1 of which something is made or consists. Konstru~o. Kruda) ~oj. 2 subject of action: Brul~o. Leg~o, reading-matter. Manĝ~o, foodstuffs. 3 for necessity, work, etc. ~o por pripenso, studo. Ĉerpi ~on el siaj spertoj. ~a, m. 1 physical, palpable, visible. 2 essential, financial, matter-of- fact, positive, practical. ~a dependo, eblo, helpo, malfacilo, profito, pruvo, rimedo, subteno. ~e, in substance, not merely in form. ➞ afer, aĵ, materi, substanc, ŝtof.

matrac-o, [UV] Mattrass. ~o pajla, risorta. Drata ~o, wire m.

matriark-o, Matriarch. ~a, -al. ~eco, -y.

matric-o, matrix, mould in which objs are shaped or cast, (min) gangue. Opp patric.

matrikari-o, Mayweed (Matricaria). ~o senodora, corn or scentless m. ➞ antemid, kamomil.

matrikul-o, list (register, roll) of members of organization. ~i (-n), enroll, register, admit to privileges of university. ~iĝi, be admitted, matriculate.

matron-o, matron. 1 elderly married woman, dame (M 206/12; 1 FA 19/11). 2 woman managing domestic affairs of institution.

matur-a, [UV] Matur/e, Ripe; adult, fullgrown, fully developed, perfected by time. ~a aĝo, forto, frukto, inteligento, semo, vino. (com) due (bill), f completed, ready, well considered. ~a decido, demando, diskuto, projekto. ~eco, m-ity, puberty. ~igi, m., r-en, (com) fall due. ~igi, m., bring to perfection. ~ulo, adult. Fal~a, ready to fall. Fru~a, early, precocious. Mol~a, squashy, dead ripe. Ne~a, immature, green. Tro~a, overripe, sleepy. ➞ plenaĝ, viriĝ.

Maŭrici-o MU.

Maŭritani-o MR.

maŭzole-o, [OA] mausoleum, magnificent tomb, sepulchral monument.

mazurk-o, [OA] mazurka, Polish dance.

meandr-i, meander, Wind about (rivero), wander at random. ~ado, ~oj, sinuous w-ings, w ing paths, (arch) ~o, fret pattern (of intertwining lines). ~a, sinuous. ➞ serpentum.

mazut-o, fuel oil, mazut.

mebl-o, [UV] (piece of) Furniture. ~oj, f., household goods. ~i, furnish, provide with f., stock. ~ita ĉambro, loĝejo, furnished apartment. ~ita (well stocked) memoro. Teler~o, buffet, sideboard. ~aro, suit of f. ~isto, f-dealer, upholsterer. ~otenejo, f-warehouse. Ne~ita, Sen~a, unfurnished. Sen~igi (clear out) ĉambron.

mecen(at)-o, generous patron, wealthy supporter (of art, literature, etc.). ~eco, munificence, patronage, protection.

meĉ-o, [UV] Wick (of candle, lamp). ~a debrulaĵo, character. ~aĵo [UV] (tindro), fuse, slow match, touchwood (for explosive or mine). ~ingo, w-holder.

med-o (mielvino), mead.

medal-o, [UV] Medal. ~gajninto, ~ulo, -list. ➞ orden.

medalion-o, [UV] Medallion. 1 locket. 2 m-shaped panel or tablet. 3 (medalego).

medi-o, [OA] 1 sphere (of action, life, circle, environment, habitat, social circumstances (surroundings). ~o familia, politika, religia. Sin adapti al sia ~o. ~a, ambient, surrounding. Ekster~a, out of one’s element. ➞ atmosfer, etos, kamp, rilat, sfer. 2 (chem) medium, vehicle. [Ne= medium, mez, peril, rimed].

median-o, (geom) median, middle (line).

mediant-o, (mus) Mediant, 3rd of scale. Sub~o, sub-m, 6th of scale.

medicin-o [OA] (kuracarto), science of Medic/ine, healing art. [Ne= medikamento], ~o jura, sanitara. ~a, -al, -inal. ~a doktoro. ~isto, -al man. ➞ doktor, kurac.

medikag-o, (bot) Medick. Nigra ~o, black-m., nonsuch > luzern.

medikament-o, [OA] Medicine, curative drug, Physic, f preni sian ~on. ~a formulo. ~a kofro, m-chest. ~i, to p. Sen~a kuraco, drugless treatment. ➞ drog, farmaciaĵ, kuracil.

medit-i, [UV] (nt) (pri, -n), Meditat/e, collect one’s thoughts, muse, ponder, reflect, ruminate, turn over in the mind (Ps 4/4). (Pri)~i ion, brood over. ~(ad)o, ~aĵo, -ion, deep thought, musing. ~ema, -ive, thoughtful. ➞ cerbum, kontempl, pripens.

medium-o, [OA] (spiritualist) medium. ➞ medi, mez, perul.

medol-o, [OA] 1 marrow (of bones) (Ij 21/24), medulla. Spina ~o, spinal cord. 2 pith (of plants). Junka ~o. f (esenco, plejgravaĵo). ~a, medullary. ~a kanalo. ➞ kukurb, suk.

meduz-o, [OA] Medusa. 1 (myth) Gorgon with snakes for hair. 2 (zoo) jelly-fish, sea-nettle. (Medusa).

mefit-o, skunk (Mephitis). ~a felo. f ~a, mephitic, noisome.

mega- (ppfx=great, million), mega-., ~ciklo, -cycle. ~dino, -dyne. ~fono, -phone.

megalito, megalith. ➞ dolmen, kromleh, menhir, tumul.

megalo-, megalo-.

megalomani(ul)o, megalomania(c).

megasaŭr-o, megasaur.

meger-o, 1 (myth) one of the three Furies. 2 furious hag, scold, shrew, termagant, vixen.

megom-o, (el) megohm, one million ohms.

meĥanik-o, [UV] (a. mek- [OA]), mechanic/s, science of motion or of machinery. ~a, -al. 1 of m. ~a leĝo, problemo. 2 made by machine. ~a desegnado, fabrikado. 2 automatic, lacking originality. ~a ago, movo, gesto. ~isto (a. mekanisto), mechanic(ian), skilled specialist or workman as regards machinery. ➞ maŝinar, movilar, radar.

meĥanism-o (a. mek-), mechanism, structure (of machine). ~o dentrada, ĝustiga, konekta, kranka, toothed (adjusting, engaging, crank) gear. Blova ~o, blowing m. Klika ~o, lock m. f technique, works (of action, function). ~o de digesto, penso, verkado. Orgena ~o (Muzika Terminaro 30).

meioz-o (malgrandigo), (rh) meiosis, understatement (1 Sa 24/14). ➞ litot.

mejl-o, [UV] mile. ~o Angla, Franca, Germana, Sveda. Mara ~o, nautical m. ~a kiomo, -age. Sep~aj botoj.

mek-i (kaprobleki), bleat (as a goat).

Meksik-o [OA-8] MX.

mel-o, [UV] badger, brock (Meles).

melampir-o, (bot) cow-wheat (Melampyrum).

melandri-o (bot) Campion (Melandrium). ~o blanka, white c. ~o ruĝa, red c. ➞ liknid, silert.

melanit-o (nigranaso), scoter-duck (Melanitta).

melankoli-o, [OA] Melanchol/y, -ia, habitual tendency to dejection, depression, low spirits, mental gloom, pensive sadness, the blues. ~(em)a, 1 -ic, -y, dejected, depressed, dismal, doleful, downcast, gloomy, glum. 2 depressing, sad, sombre. ~ulo, -ic. ➞ deprim, hipoĥondri, nigr, splen.

melas-o, [OA] molasses. Rafinita ~o, golden syrup, treacle. ➞ sir op.

meldu-o (blanka ŝimkovraĵo), (bot) (powdery) Mildew. ➞ folia ŝimo (falsa ~o), downy m.

meleagr-o, [UV] Turkey (Meleagris). ~ejo, t-run. ~ino, t-hen. Vir~o, t-cock.

melik-o, (bot) melick grass (Melica).

melilot-o, (common yellow) Melilot. (Melilotus). Blanka ~o, white m.

melinit-o, melinite (explosive).

melis-o, [OA] Balm (Melissa).

melit-o, bastard-balm (Melittis).

melivor-o, honey badger, ratel (Melli- vora).

melk-i (-n) [UV], (draw) Milk (from), ~i bovinon, kaprinon. f (ekspluati) exploit, draw money from. ~i la registaron. ~i virkapron (provi neeblaĵon). ~ado, -ing. ~ejo, -ing shed. ~ist(in)o, -er, -maid. ~maŝino. ➞ lakt.

melo-o, oil beetle (Meloe).

melodi-o, [OA] Melod/y. 1 pleasing succession of sounds. 2 air, tune, principal part in harmony. 3 sweet music. ~a, -ic, -ious, of (producing) m., sweet-sounding. ~a kanto de la turdo. ~a minora skalo, -ic minor scale. Sen~a, tuneless. ➞ ari, harmoni.

melodram-o, [OA] Melodram/a, sensational dramatic piece. ~a, -atic. ~a konduto, parolo. ~isto.

melofago, sheep-tick, ked (Melophagus).

melolont-o (Maja skarabo), (ent) cockchafer (Melolontha).

melon-o, [UV] Melon (No 11/5). akvo~o, [UV] water-m (Citrullus vulgaris).

melongen-o, aubergine, egg-plant (Solanum melongena).

melopsitak-o (Australia papageto), budgerigar (Melopsittacus).

melurs-o (mielurso), honey-bear, sloth-bear (Melursus).

mem [UV] (propra-age, -persone, -vole), Self, selves (throws emphasis on "self"): personally, spontaneously, without help. ➞ Mi vestis min, I dressed myself; Mi vestis min I dressed myself. Mi ~ faris ĝin, I did it myself. Si vidis la pupon she saw the doll itself. Mi ~ faris ĝin, I did it myself. Legu ~ (read it yourself). Tio estas komprenebla per si it goes without saying, is a matter of course, stands to reason. ~o, self, identity. PFX: ~evidenta, s-evident. ~stara, [UV] independent, (org) ~sonigo, cypher. Rim.: If the idea is reflexive, prefer sin-. Sindefendo = oni defendas sin.

membr-o, [UV] Member. 1 organ of body (especially limb), (Mal)supra ~o, arm, leg. Dik~a, big-limbed. 2 (ano) m. (of family, party, society). 3 (ero), constituent pt or portion. ~o de ekvacio, frazo. Dis~igi beston, frazon, ideon, vorton, dismember.

membran-o, [UV] Membran/e. 1 (anat) sheet-like tissue or lining. Muka ~o. ~o de la stomako. 2 (tech) thin flexible film (leaf, skin). ~o celulojda. ~o de tamburo, drumhead. ~(ec)a, -eous. ~eto, pellicle, skin (of milk, etc.). ➞ skvam.

memor-i, [UV] (-n, ke,pri, -i), Rememb/er, retain in Memor/y; bear in mind, not forget. ~i amikon, eventon, lecionon, kanton, sperton. ~u iri, r. to go. ~o (pri), m. 1 (faculty); recollection, r-rance: Havi bonan ~on. Desegni el ~o. Enskribi en la ~on. Noti en la ~o, make a mental note. 2 preservation (representation) of past perception or idea, commemorative record, memorial: Gardi, havi, teni la ~on pri. Pro ~o al, in m. of. ~anta, mindful, ~e (parkere), by heart. ~aĵoj, memoirs, reminiscences. Facile ~ebla, easy to r. ~enda, to be r-ed. ~endaĵoj, memorabilia. ~igi (pri), remind, put in mind of. ~iga, commemorative, m-ial. ~iga Diservo (poŝtmarko). ~igaĵo, something to keep the m. green, keepsake, memento, souvenir. ~igilo, reminder, r-rancer. ~igisto (sufloro), prompter. ~inda, m-able, notable, noteworth, worth r-ing. Mal~i (forgesi), forget. Mis~i, r. wrongly. Ne~ebla, 1 that cannot be r-ed. 2 (antaŭ~a), no longer r-ed. De tempo ne~ebla, from time immemorial. Pri~a, reminiscent. Re~i, recall, recollect. Re~o (re~a), reminiscence, reminiscent. Re~igi (ion al iu) (iun pri io) call back, recall; remind. Re~igi eventon, pri devo, rendevuo. Kar~a, of precious m., lamented. ➞ parker.

memorand-o, memo(randum), minute, note, record (for referee, to aid memory).

memuar-o, memoir, paper (communication, report, statement) by expert before learned society.

menaĝeri-o, collection of animals in captivity, zoo.

menci-i, [OA] (make) Mention (of), allude (refer) to (remark upon, speak of, state, incidentally) (1 Sa 4/18, 2 Kr 28/15). ~o, m., cursory allusion, naming, or referee. Honora ~o, honourable m. ~inde, especially, in particular, notably. ➞ alud, cit.

mend-i (-n) [OA], (give an) Order (for), book, commission, requisition. ~i varojn; ĉambron, karbon, libron, servon, sidejon. [Ne= ordon, plibonig, ripar]. ~u, atendu! (= vi senfine atendos) (P). ~(aĵ)o, o., indent. Farim plenumi ~on. Bilet~ejo. ~ilo, o-form. Antaŭ~i, order in advance. Kontraŭ~i, Mal~i, cancel (countermand) an o. Laŭ~e, to o.

menhir-o, (ant) menhir, tall upright monumental stone.

meniant-o, bog (buck) bean, marsh-trefoil (Menyanthus).

mening-o, meninx, membrane round brain or spinal cord. ~ito, meningitis.

menisk-o, meniscus, lens concave one side, convex the other.

menopaŭz-o (menstrua ĉesiĝo), (med) menopause, change of life.

mens-o, [OA] Mind (opp korpo), intellect (ual powers), reason, seat of consciousness (feeling, thought, volition), understanding. Sana ~o en sana korpo. ~a, mental. ~a konfuzo, stato. ~e, in m. ~e malsana. Fid~ulo (Jes 26/3). ➞ anim, cerb, imag, pens, prudent.

mensog-i, [UV] (nt) Lie, speak falsely, tell intentional untruth. ~i kiel funebra parolado; maŝine, senhonte. ~o, lie, falsehood, untruth. ~o blanka, ~eto, white lie, fib, polite fiction. ~a, false, lying, untrue. ~a atest(ant)o. ~ego, whopping lie. ~ema, mendacious. ~ulo, liar, storyteller.

menstru-i, (nt) menstru/ate. ~(ad)o, -ation. ~aĵo (monataĵo), menses. ~a ĉesiĝo (menopaŭzo), menopause.

ment-o, [UV] Mint (Mentha). Akva ~o, water-m; Kampa ~o, corn m; Pipra ~o, pepper-m; Spika ~o, spear-m. ➞ nepet.

mentol-o, menthol.

menton-o, [UV] chin, lower jaw.

mentor-o, [OA] mentor, experienced trusted adviser to youth, counsellor.

menu-o, [OA] menu, bill of fare.

menuet-o, (mus) minuet, slow stately dance in triple time.

menur-o (lirobirdo, lirvostulo), lyre-bird (Menura).

mercer(aĵ)o, haberdashery, accessories of dressmaking: buttons, needles, pins, threads, etc. ~isto, haberdasher. ➞ galanteri.

merceriz-i (tex) mercerize, treat with caustic potash for dyeing.

merg-i (-n), Immers/e, submerge in liquid, plunge, f bury, involve, merge. ~i la animon en malesperon. ~ado, -ion. ~iĝi (malfloti, subakviĝi), sink. ~profundo, draught. Mal~i, take out of liquid. (Sub)~ebla, submersible. ~~ebla ŝipo, submarine. ➞ sink.

merĝ-o (merganaso), Merganser (Mergus). Blanka ~o (~eto), smew; Granda ~o, American m., goosander; Hupa ~o, hooded m; Ruĝbrusta (longbeka) ~o, redbreasted m.

meridian-o, [OA] meridian, great circle from pole to pole. ~o magneta. f highest altitude, period of greatest splendour (vigour). ➞ longitud.

merin-o, Merino (sheep). ~a lano, m-wool. ~aĵo, m.

meringel-o, (cul) meringue, light cake of egg-white and sugar.

merit-i (-n) [UV], Deserve, Merit; be entitled (have a right) to be worthy of, earn, ought to have. ~i atenton, estimon, laŭdon, punon, rekompencon. ~a (mult~a, ~oplena), commendable, deserving, meritorious, (praise)worthy. ~o, m., excellence, quality of d ing well, worth. ~e, d-edly, rightly, with good cause. Prave punite, laŭ-e! Ne~ita, un-ed. Sen~a, undeserving. Mort~a (mortal) peko, (4 FA 107/30). ➞ ind.

meriz-o, [UV] gean, mazard, wild cherry (Prunus avium). Vd prun.

merkat-o, [OA] market, demand (for goods), opening, field, sphere of commercial activity. La grena (kotona) ~o. Serĉi novajn ~ojn. Nigra ~o, ~a prezo (valoro). [Ne= foir].

merkred-o, [UV] Wednesday. Cindra ~o, Ash Wednesday.

merkurial-o, (bot) dog’s mercury (Mercurialis).

merl-o, [UV] blackbird, merle (Turdus merula). Akva ~o (cinklo), dipper. Blankbrusta ~o, ring ouzel.

merlang-o, [OA] (ich) whiting (Gadus merlangus).

merluĉ-o, (ich) hake (Merluccius).

merop-o, (abelmanĝanto), (orn) bee-eater (Merops).

mes-o, [UV] (rc) Mass. Fari ~on, ~libro, mass-book, missal.

mesaĝ-o, Message, communication sent from one person to another, dispatch, ~isto, bearer of message, envoy.

mesi-o, [UV] Messia/h. 1 The promised deliverer of Israel. 2 Jesus Christ, f liberator, saviour, ~a, -nic. ~ismo, -nism.

mespil-o, [OA] Medlar, fruit of ~arbo, m-tree (Mespilus).

mestiz-o, mestizo, (Sp or Port, half-caste), especially offspring of Spaniard and American Indian, ~ino, f ~i, cross. ~a, mongrel, cross-bred. ~a planto, hibrid.

met-i (-n), [UV] Put, lay, place, set, station (in situation). 1 in place: ~i libron en la poŝon, sur la tablon. ~i subskribon al letero. ~i flanken. f ~i aferojn en ies manojn, finon al diskuto, limon al ambicio, manon al laboro, vortojn en ies buŝon. 2 in state: ~i iun en danĝeron, embarason, mizeron. Al~i, apply. Apud~o, juxtaposition. Antaŭ~i, propose, set forth. Ĉe~i (cementon), set closely. Ĉirkaŭ~i, surround with. De~i (Ij 30/18), p. (take) off, lay down, remove. ~i ovon, lay an egg. Dis~i, put all over the place. Akva ~~o, displacement. el~i, [UV] put out. 1 display, exhibit: ~~i en montra fenestro. 2 expose: ~~i sin al mokado, la sunradioj. El~o, output. En~i, enclose, insert. For~i, put away. Sin inter~i, interfere, meddle. Kontraŭ~i, oppose. Kun~i, assemble, combine; fold (hands). ~~ita vorto, compound word. Pri~i (lay) la tablon. Mis~i, mislay. Re~i, replace, restore. Sub~i (al, je), subject, subordinate. Sin ~~i (~~iĝi), give way, submit, succomb, yield (al disciplino, la plimulto). Sur~i, put on, don (veston). ➞ lok.

meta- (Gk pfx wide sense, us = change), meta-. ~bolo, (bio) -bolism.

metacentr-o, metacentre.

metaeben-o.

~karpo, (anat) -carpus.

~morfa, (geol) -morphous.

~tarso, -tarsus. ~tarsa subportilo, arch support (shoe).

~tezo, (phon) -thesis, transposition of sounds in a word, e.g., salkono instead of kalsono; wopse instead of wasp, > "Spoonerisms", e.g., Please hush ny brat: it’s roaring with pain outside.

metafizik-o, [OA] (phi) Metaphysic/s > ontologio. ~a, -al. ~isto, -ian.

metafor-o, [OA] Metaphor, figurative representation, application of term to something to which it is not literally applicable. E.g., Ps 13/1, 84/11; Mt 26/26. ~oj miksitaj. Sen~e, literally, plainly. ~a, -ical, figurative. ➞ parolfigur. Rim.: Compare: He is like a fox (simile); He is a fox (metaphor); Tell that fox (Lk 13/32), implied metaphor (hypocatastasis).

metal-o [F], Metal. Blanka ~o, white m., tin-base alloy. Lut~o, solder. Min~o (erco), ore. ~a, -lie. ~izi, plate (e.g. arĝentizi, silverplate). ~ojdo, -oid. Du~ismo, bimetalism. ➞ drat.

metalurgi-o, metalurgy.

metamorfoz-o, [OA] Metamorphos/is, change of form, transfiguration, transformation, transmutation, change of one being to another. ~o de raŭpo en papilion. f ~o de karaktero, stato. ~i (-n), ~e, transfigure, transform mute).

metan-o, methane, marsh gas, fire-damp (CH4).

metempsikoz-o, [OA] metempsychosis, transmigration of souls.

meteor-o [OA]. 1 (falstelo), Meteor, shooting star. ~a pluvo, -ic shower. ➞ bolid. [2 any atmospheric phenomenon; from which].

meteorologi-o, [OA] meteorology. (a. meteologio, Lewin).

meteolog-o, -ist.

meteorit-o, meteorite. Of these 90 % are aerolitoj (ŝton~oj), 10% are sideritoj (.fer~oj), of nickel and iron.

meti-o, [UV] handicraft, line, occupation. ~ejo, workshop, ~isto, artisan, craftsman, mechanic, workman, ~lernanto, apprentice. Bon~ista, workmanlike. Ne~a (amatora). Ne~a fotografisto. ➞ fak, ofic, okup, profesi, special.

metil-o, ~a, Methyl. ~a alkoholo, m- alcohol.

metilen-o, methylene (CH2).

metod-o, [OA] Method; form of procedure, mode, way (of doing something). ~o ĝusta, logika, praktika, scienca. ~o (sen)pere instrui lingvojn. (laŭ)~a, -ical, orderly, regular, systematic. ~a aranĝo, gramatiko, laboro. ~~igi, -ize, put in order, systematize. ~ulo, man of m. ~ologio, -ology, orderly arrangement of ideas (habits). Sen~a, slapdash, slipshod.

metodism-o, ~isto, (rel) methodism, -ist.

metonimi-o (nomŝanĝo), (rh) metonymy, substitution of name of attribute for that of the thing meant, or of cause for effect; or vice versa.

metr-o [F], Metr/e, unit of length. ~a sistemo, -ic system. Centi~(deci~hekto ~kilo~mili~)o.

-metro, (psfx) -meter (mezurilo).

metrik-o, [OA] metric/s, metre, measure of verse, poetic rhythm, prosody. ~a, -al.

metronom-o, [OA] (mus) metronome, instrument marking time by pendulum.

metropol-o, [OA] Metropol/is, (central) (chief, mother) city, f centre of activity. ~a, -itan.

metropolit-o, (Gk church) metropolitan.

mev-o, [UV] (sea)-Gull, -mew (Le 11/16). ~o arĝenta, herring g; ~o malgranda, little g; ~o mantela, blackbacked g; ~o rida, blacknecked g; ~o trifingra, kittiwake. ➞ lar, sterkorari.

mez-o, [UV] Middl/e. 1 central point, centre, intermediate position, midst. La ~o de la strato (rivero); jaro (vivo); kanto (vojaĝo). 2 mean, medium, compromise between extremes. La vera kuŝas en la ~o. Serĉi oran ~on. ~a, (in the) m., average, medium, mid. ~a parto, pezo, ~a lernejo, intermediate or secondary school, (log) ~a termino, m. term. Somer~a (midsummer) nokto. ~e (en la ~o) de, amid(st), among(st), in the m. (midst) of. ~e de la nokto. ~e! so-so! ~e bona, of -ing quality. ~e klera, of fair education. ~aĵo, mean. ~aga, middle-aged. ~bona, ~kvalita, ~nombra, ~valora, average, medium. ~grada, m-ing, moderately good, second-rate. ~granda, ~kreska, of medium size, ~varma, temperate, ~voje, half-way. Mar~e, out at (on the high) sea. Nokto~o, tag~o, [UV] mid-night, mid-day. Antaŭtag~o. ➞ averaĝ, centr, inter(n), kern.

mezalianc-o (misedziĝo), misalliance.

mezembri(antem)-o, (hort) mesembrianthemum, fig marigold. ~o kristala, ice plant.

mezenter-o, (anat) mesentery.

mezon-o (el) meson.

mezotint-o, mezzotint.

mezozoik-o, (geol) mesozoic.

mezur-i (-n) [UV], Measur/e. 1 find the degree (quantity, size) of, mete. ~i alton, distancon, pezon. f appraise, estimate, gauge, judge. ~i la efekton, rezulton. ~o, measure. 1 gauge, standard, rule: ~i ĉion laŭ sia ~o (arbitrarily, by one’s own judgment). 2 degree, extent, intensity, measurement, reading, size. 3 amount -ed: Tri ~oj da hordeo. 4 (mus) measure, bar: Tripulsa ~o, 3-pulse m., 3 beats in a bar, triple time. ~ado, mensuration. Ter~ado, land survey. ~ateco, moderation. ~ilo (instrument), m., gauge, meter, scale, standard, rule. Fald~ilo, folding-rule. Pluv~ilo, rain-gauge. Takt~ilo (metronomo). Temp~ilo (kronometro), timepiece. al~i, [UV] take the m. for, adjust, fit (on), suit. ~ado, trying-on (of suit). Ĉirkaŭ~o (girth, size) brusta, kapa, talia. Duon~o, half-size. Laŭ~a, well-fitting. Ne esti laŭ~a, be a misfit (2 FA 99/6). Laŭ~e, to measure. Sen~a, super~a, boundless, limitless, excessive, exhorbitant, extreme, outrageous, unbounded, unlimited, vast. Esti bon~a, fit. Egal~a, sam~a, -ed, equable, equal, even, steady, uniform. Ne~ebla, immeasurable, m-less. Nekun~ebla, incommensurable. Okul~e, at a glance (rough estimate), to the eye. Plen~e, in full measure.

mi, [UV] I, me. ~ venas, I come. Venu al come to me. Helpu ~n, help me. ~a, [UV] my, (of) mine. Pronomoj ~a, ~n, kaj en mondo regas ĉiam tri (P). ~aĵo, what is mine.

miasm-o, [OA] miasma, noxious exhalation (from marches, etc.). ➞ haladz.

miaŭ-i, [OA] ~o, mew, miaou, cry as of cat. Miaŭ! Miaŭ! ➞ katbleki.

miceli-o (funga fadenaro), mycelium.

midŝipman-o (mara kadeto), midshipman (juna suboficiro en militŝipo).

miel-o, [UV] Honey. Trink~o (4 FA 77/30). ~a, of h. ~a gusto, bland, dulcet, honied, mellifluous, sweet. Lango ~a, sed koro kruela. ~a tavolo, h-comb. ~a tempo, monato, h-moon (2 A 149/14). ~a voĉo. ~aj vortoj. ~e elokventa, melliloquent. ➞ allog, glat, med, nektar.

mien-o, [UV] 1 Look, air, expression of face. ~o gaja, nigra, ruza, severa, sinfida. Fari ~on, look (as though), put on a look. 2 aspect, bearing, carriage, manner, outward appearance. Havi la ~on de (look like) fripono. Ne ŝanĝante la ~on, without turning a hair. ~i (aspekti) (kiel), appear as, look. like. ~i frenezule. Grav~a, grave, serious, 1 ing solemn. Lip~i, purse one’s lips. Rigid~a, stiff. ➞ aspekt, fizionomi, ŝajn, trajt.

migal-o, purse (trapdoor) spider (Mygale). ~o birdomanĝa, bird-eating spider.

migdal-o, [UV] Almond, nut of ~arbo (Amygdalus) (Pr 12/5). ~o amara, dolĉa, sukerita. ~a sukeraĵo, nougat. ~oleo, a-oil.

migr-i, [UV] Migr/ate. 1 move from place to place, roam, rove, wander. 2 (zoo) come and go with the seasons. 3 travel to far distance. ~i tra la mondo. ~(ant)a, -ant, -atory, nomadic, roving, unsettled. ~anta aktoro, strolling player. ~a birdo, bird of passage. ~a predikisto, itinerant (peripatetic) preacher. ~a raŭpo, processionary caterpillar. ~(ad)o, -ation, journeying, wandering, perigrination. ~ado de birdoj, fiŝoj, popoloj. ~anto, ~ulo, globetrotter, traveller, wayfarer. ~anto mi estas sur la tero. ~ema, fond of roaming. ~emo, wanderlust, f ~emulo, rolling stone. El~i, emigrate, leave the country. En~i, immigrate. Trans~ado, transmigration. Reen~intoj, returned exiles (Ez 10/8). ➞ ekskurs, turist, vag, vojaĝ.

migren-o (a. hemikranio), migraine, recurrent fits of headache.

mikad-o, mikado.

mikologi-o (fungologio), mycology.

mikro- (Gk pfx = small), micro-.

~analizo;

~filmo;

~fon-o [OA];

~foto;

~kanelo (gramofona);

mikrokok-o, micrococcus;

~kosmo; ~organismo.

mikroskop-o [OA]: ~a, -ic = 1 tiny, ~a estaĵo. 2 by means of a -scope, visible with a m. ~a esploro.

~strukturo;

~tomo. Unit-names: ~ampero, ~farado, ~gramo, ~kulombo, ~litro.

mikrometr-o, [OA] -volto.

Mikronezi-o FM.

mikrob-o, [OA] microbe (mikroorganismo).

mikron-o, micron.

mikrot-o, grass (field) vole (Microtus). ➞ arvikol.

miks-i, [UV] (-n). Mix (objs), amalgamate, blend, combine, compound, mingle, put together. ~i akvon kun vino, sablon kun sukero. ~i kolorojn, rasojn. ~i (shuffle) kartojn. f Ĝojo ~ita kun ploro. ~ita, -ed, associated, blended, mingled, varied. ~aĵo, -ture, blend, jumble, miscellany. ~aĵo de ruzo kaj naivo. ~ebla, miscible. ~iĝi (sin ~i) (en), be -ed up with, associated, blended, joined with, concerned, involved in. Rido ~iĝis kun larmoj. ~devena, ~rasa, of -ed origin, cross-bred, hybrid, mongrel. Al~i, admix, m. in with. ~~aĵo, added matter. Dis~i, (cul) thin out. En~i, m. in, intermix. ~~iĝi (sin ~i), interfere with, meddle in. ~~iĝema, meddlesome, officious, (typ) Fuŝ~o, pie. Inter~i, confuse, m. together, interlard, tangle up. la signifojn de du vortoj. ~~iĝi, intermingle. ~~ita, heterogenous, of various kinds. ~~ite, in confusion, indiscriminately, pell-mell, promiscuously. Kun~i, m. together, blend (e.g., teojn), triturate. Mal~i, separate, sort out. Sen~a (ne~ita, pura), neat, pure, without alloy, un-ed, unadulterated. Sen~a raso. Bat~i, scramble (ovojn). Ras~i, cross, interbreed. ➞ heterogen, interplekt, kirl, konfuz, kunfand, maldisting.

miksen-o, (ich) hag(fish) (Myxine).

mil(o), [UV] Thousand, ~ejoj (Mi 5/2). ~obla, t-fold. ~ono, t-th. ~ope, by (in) tt, a t. at a time. ~folio (akileo), milfoil. Jar~o (early writings ~jaro), millenium (Rj 26/28). Rim.: Write Ducent dudek du (222): i.e., one word for each figure. But not so with mil. Write 25,000 as Dudek kvin mil (or, miloj), not dudek kvinmil (ambiguous). ➞ No 1/21 and the following verses.

mild-a [OA]. Mild, Gentle. 1 affable, bland, kind, meek. ~a karakter-(okul-rigard -vort-)o. 2 calm, placid, pleasant, soft, tranquil. ~a klimato, lumo, tono, tuŝo, voĉo, vento, vetero. ~a respondo (Se 15/1). 3 (malsevera, neforta): ~a luno, regulo; biero, medikamento. ~e, g-ly, m-ly, lightly. ~e paroli, riproĉi. ~eco, g- ness. ~igi, mitigate, soften, temper, tone down. ~igi disputon, doloron, esprimon, krizon, malamon, mizeron. ~igaj cirkonstancoj. Mal~a, cruel, hard, harsh, severe, stringent. ➞ afabl, dole, induling, kviet, seren.

mili- (ppfx) = 1000th pt, mili-. ~ampero, ~baro.

miligram-o, [OA] ~litro.

milimetro [OA].

mili-o, [UV] (ordinary language) Millet in gen. (Jeĥ 4/9). 2 strictly = wood (spreading) m. grass (Milius), used only as birdseed. Rim.: The Millet cereals are Eleusine, Panicum, Pennisetum, Setaria, Sorghum… . The Biblical m. is probably Panicum miliaceum or Sorghum vulgare. ➞ panik, setari, soring.

miliard-o, [OA] milliard, thousand millions. ➞ bilion.

milic-o, Militia, military force. ~ano, m- man.

milion-o, [UV] Million (mil miloj). ~ulo, -aire.

milit-o, [UV] War, hostilities, armed conflict. Deklari, fari, gajni, perdi, proklami ~on. ~o atoma, fulma, monda. Enlanda ~o, civil w. Kruc~o, crusade. ~i (nt) (kontraŭ), (make) w. (on), fight. Du ~as, tria profitas. f combat, battle (contend, crusade) against. ~(ad)o, w-fare. ~a, of w., martial, military. ~a kanto, preparo. ~anto, belligerant, combatant, warrior. ~ema, bellicose. ~estro, captain, commander, w-chief. ~isto, soldier. ~ista, soldierly. ~istaro (armeo), army, troops. ~istejo, barracks, quarters. ~iro, campaign. al~i [UV] (Per~i) (konkeri), acquire by w. Kontraŭ~isto. ➞ arme, batal, soldat.

militarism-o, militarist-o, militar-ism, -ist.

milv-o, [OA] Kite (Milvus) (Jes 34/15). ~o nigra, black k. ~a, milvine.

mim-o, 1 mocking-bird (Mimus). 2 (gestlingvo), mime, expression by gesture, dumb show, ~i (paroli per ~o), m.

mimik-i, [OA] ape, imitate, mimic, take off. ~o, mimicry. ➞ mokimit, pantomim.

mimeograf-i, reproduce by stencil.

mimol-o, monkey-flower (Mimulus). ~o moska, musk plant (M. moschatus).

mimoz-o, [OA] mimosa. ~o sentema (sensitivo), sensitive plant.

min-o, [UV] Min/e. 1 (ercejo), excavation, pit, shaft, f well-stocked source (of information, etc.). 2 (mil) explosive m. (H/110). 3 (eksplodkesto), (mar) m. to destroy ship by collision. ~o flotanta. ~i, m. 1 burrow, dig for ore, obtain from m. 2 (~bori), lay m., under-m. ~i ponton. ~a,  ing. ~aĵo (erco), minerals, ore from m. Fer~aĵo, iron ore. ~ejo, m ing field. Fer~ejo, karb~ejo, or~ejo, sal~ejo, coal-m., etc. Sxton ~ejo, quarry. ~isto, -er, pitman. Ŝipo ~foriga (~sema), m-sweeper, -layer. Kontraŭ~i, Sub~i, counter-(under-)m. Sen~igi, clear of mines.

minac-i (-n, al, je, per) [UV] (uzi ~ojn), Menace, Threaten, announce intention to damage or hurt, intimidate. ~i per pugno. ~i je batado, morto, proceso, puno, venĝo. f (-n), announce approaching misfortune, forebode, portend, presage. (nt) be imminent, impend, lour, overhang. ~o, m., threat, f cloud, portent. ~a, menacing, baneful, ill-boding, imminent, minatory, ominous, sinister, threatening.

minaret-o, [OA] minaret, turret of mosque.

mineral-o [OA] (~aĵo), Mineral. ~a, m. ~a akvo, oleo, regno.

mineralog-o, mineralogist.

mineralogi-o, mineralogy.

mini-o, minium, red (oxide of) lead.

miniatur-o, [OA] Miniature. 1 small picture or portrait, reduced image. 2 small delicate art object. ~a, m., diminutive, tiny. ~e, in m., on a small scale. ~i, represent in m.

minimum-o, [OA] Minimum, least amount obtainable, smallest quantity. Porti la ~on da pakaĵoj. ~a elspezo, prezo. ~e, at least. ~igi, -ize. (mus intvl) ~a (malpliigita), diminished. ~a kvinto, septo, triado.

ministr-o, [OA] (pol) Minister (of state). [Ne = pastro]. ~o pri Eksteraj (Internaj) Aferoj, M. of Foreign (Home) Affairs, (Home Sec). ~o pri milito, publika instruado. ~o senpostena, m. without portfolio. ~aro (kabineto), cabinet, government, Ministry. ~ara krizo, -ial crisis. ~ejo (a. ministerio). 1 -ial offices. 2 ministry. government, department. Milita ~ejo, War Office. ĉef~o, prime m. Sub~o, undersecretary of state. ➞ ambasador.

minor-a, Minor, (log) ~a premise i. (mus) ~a intervalo, trito, m. interval, (third). ~a akordo, modalo, skalo, m. chord (mode, scale) (= with m. third at base). ➞ major.

minoritat-o, minority. 1 (jur) under age of maturity. 2 (pol) = malplimulto.

minstrel-o, (a. menestralo), Minstrel. ~aro, ~arto, -sy.

minus, (prep), Minus, less, with the deduction of. 10 ~~ 2 = 8. ~a signo "-". ~o, deficit. ~komplekso, inferiority complex. ~valoro, depreciation, drop in value. ➞ plus.

minuskl-o, (typ) small (lower case) letter. Opp majuskl.

minut-o, [UV] Minute (60th of hour or degree). ~a montrilo, m-hand. [Ne= protokoler].

miocen-o (~a periodo), miocene period.

miogal-o, [UV] (zoo) desman (Myogale moschata). ➞ fiber.

miop-a, [UV] (opt) nearsighted, shortsighted, myopic. ~(ec)o, myopia, s.s-edness. ~ulo, s.s-ed person. Mal~a, long-sighted.

miozot-o [UV] (ne-min-forgesu), forget-me-not, scorpion grass (Myosotis).

mir-i (pri, ke) [UV], Marvel, be Astonish/ed, filled with Surprise (Wonder), taken aback. [Ne= scivoli, or sin demandi ĉu]. ~i, ke oni ne respondis. ~i, vidante (be s-ed to see), ke. ~o, s., w., mingled with admiration or bewilderment. Je mia ~o, to my s. Rigardi kun ~o. ~e, w-ingly. ~ego, stupefaction. ~egi, be amazed, astonished, astounded. Muta de ~ego, dumbfounded. ~eginda, stupendous. ~igi (kaŭzi ~on), s., amaze. ~iga, a-ing, s-ing, startling, wondrous. ~inda, m-lous, wonderful, exceeding expectation, remarkable. ~inda infano, infant prodigy. Ne ~e!, no wonder, it is not surprising! ~indaĵo, m. w., sight, spectacle, something remarkable. ~frapite (grand~e), w-struck. ➞ gap, surpriz.

mirabel-o, [OA] mirabelle, sweet yellow plum.

miraĝ-o, mirage, optical illusion (especially of water in desert) (also figuratively).

mirakl-o, [OA] Mirac/le, marvellous work due to supernatural agency. Fari ~ojn, work mm. (Ps 118/23). ~a, -ulous, supernatural, f extraordinary (event or obj), remarkable, wonderful. Signo~o, sign.

mirh-o, [UV] myrrh, gum-resin used for incense, medicine, perfume. (Mt 2/11). ➞ balzam, incens.

miriad-o, [OA] myriad, 10,000. f any great number (Ps 3/6).

miriametr-o, [OA] myriameter.

miriapod-o, myriapod.

mirid-o, (bot) sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata).

mirik-o, (bot) bog myrtle, sweet gale (Myrica).

miriofil-o, water-milfoil (Myriophilum).

mirliton-o, kazoo (toy m.i.).

mirmekofag-o (formikmanĝulo), ant bear, great anteater (Myrmecophaga).

mirmeleon-o, (ent) ant lion (Myrmeleon).

mirobalan-o, cherry plum (Prumis cerasifera).

mirt-o, [UV] Myrtle (Myrtus). ~acoj. ~kolora (grizverda), m.

mirtel-o, [UV] bil-(blae-blue-whortle-) berry (Vaccinium myrtillus). ➞ mirt, oksikok, uliginos, vakcini.

mis- [OA] (erare, malĝuste, maltrafe), (pfx) mis-, amiss, incorrectly, in error, wide of the mark, wrongly. ~citi, ~loki, ~meti, ~presi, ~prezenti, misquote, misplace, mislay, misprint, misrepresent. ~paŝo, false step. ~proporcia, disproportionate. ~a konkludo, wrong conclusion. ~o (sp) fault, foul, miss. Mis! butterfingers! Cell (Ludi) sen~e, faultlessly. ➞ fuŝ.

misal-o, (rc) missal.

misi-o, [UV] Mission. 1 body of persons sent to conduct negociations, or (rel). 2 vocation, charge, errand, trust, work. ~ano, member of m. ~isto, -ary, -er, evangelist.

mister-o, [UV] Myst/ery, Secret. 1 rel. truth, s-doctrine, divinely revealed or beyond human reason. 2 something hidden, not easily explainable or understood. ~(aĵ)o, m., obscurity, secrecy. ~oj de la oriento. Fari ~on (be very reticent) pri. ~a, [UV] full of (wrapped in) m., -erious, s., dark, hidden, inscrutable, obscure, uncanny. ~aj signoj, sonoj, vortoj. ~a krimo, lando, ordono, rideto. ~ejo (Jeĥ 7/22). ~umi, make a m. of, treat as a s. ➞ enigm, mistik, sekret.

mistif(ik)-i (ŝerctrompi) (-n), Mystif/y, bewilder, hoax, make a fool (play on credulity) of, wrap up in mystery. ~o, -ication.

mistik-a, [OA] Mystic(al), dark, emblematic (al), esoteric, occult, spiritually allegorical, symbolical, with hidden meaning. ~a doktrino, instruo, signifo. ~(ec)o, ~(ism)o, -ism, quietism. ~ulo, m., one who aims to learn truth by contemplation (self-surrender, spiritual apprehension), etc.

mistral-o, (met) mistral, cold NW wind of S France.

mit-o, [OA] Myth, traditional tale of antiquity, usually involving the supernatural. ~a, -ical, fabulous, fictitious, imaginary.

mitologio, [UV] mythology. ➞ fabel, fantazi, rev.

mitologo, mythologist.

mitr-o, [OA] mitr/e, head-dress of high-priest (bishop, prelate) (El 28/40). ~ita, -ed. ➞ cidar.

mitrajl-o, grape-shot. ~i, pepper, rake.

mitral-o, machine-gun.

mitul-o, [OA] (mol) Mussel (Mytilus). ~ejo, m-bed.

mizantrop-o (homevitulo), Misanthrop/e. ~a, -ic. ~eco, -y.

mizer-o, [UV] Miser/y, Wretched/ness (of mind or circumstance). 1 affliction, distress, suffering, trouble. 2 adversity, destitution, misfortune, need, want. Fremda ~o ne estas sufero. Maro da ~oj. ~a, m-able, w., hapless, pitiable, unfortunate, unhappy. 2 abject, contemptible, despicable, mean, poor in quality. ~a aspekto, nutraĵo. ~i (esti en ~o). Kiam sako ~as (malplenas), amo malaperas. ~eco, ~iĝo, destitution, indigence. ~ego, deep distress, extremity. ~ulo, poor wretch, unfortunate wight. ➞ kompatind, malbonstat.

mizogin-o, misogynist, woman-hater.

mjel-o, (anat) spinal chord. ~ito, myelitis. Osto~ito, polio~ito.

mnemonik-o, Mnemon/ics, art of aiding memory. ~a, -ic, of (for) the memory. ~a sistemo.

mobiliz-i (-n) [OA], Mobiliz/e, bring into (collect and train for) active service. ~i la armeon, policon, publikan opinion, siajn fortojn. ~o, -ation, Ordoni ~on. Mal~i, de-m.

mod-o, [UV] 1 (the) Fashion (Mode), prevailing custom (style, vogue). En ~o, in f., a la mode. La Pariza ~o. ~a, f-able, stylish. ~a fasono, gazeto, vesto. Estas ~e tion fari. ~aĵoj, articles of f. ~istino, dressmaker, modiste, milliner. ~ulo, man of f. Eks~a, ekster~a, malnov~a, antiquated, obsolete, old-time, out of date. El~iĝi. Nov~a, new fangled, up-to-date. Last~a, in the latest f. Laŭ~a, chic, posh, smart, swell. 2 (gram) mood. ~o kondiĉa, indikativa. ➞ fason, kapric, manier, modal, model, mor.

modal-o, (log) (mus) Mod/e. ~o aŭtenta, maĵora, minora. ~a, -al. ~eco, -ality. Sub~o (~o plagala), plagal m.

model-o, [UV] Model. 1 figure, three- dimensional representation. 2 design, example (person, thing) for (worthy of) imitation, original. ~o de bona gusto (simpleco, stilo). Kontur~o, pattern. Norm~o, standard. 3 (pozist(in)o), artist’s m. ~a, m., exemplary, ideally perfect, ~a konduto. ~i, m., mould shape. ~ilo, block, mould, model. ~ino, artist’s m. Servi kiel ~ino. ~isto, -ler, pattern-cutter, etc. ➞ ekzempl, kopi, modi, stencil, ŝablon.

moder-a, [UV] Moderat/e, judicious, limited, mild, not extreme, reasonable, temperate. ~a ambicio, partio, postulo, prezo. Manĝi ~e, in -ion. ~(ec)o, -ion, sobriety. Vivo sen ~o kondukas al mizero. ~igi, m., render less intense; abate, assuage, check, curb, lessen, mitigate, reduce, restrain, soften, temper, ~i ardon, koleron, prezon, senpaciencon. ~igilo, (phot) restrainer. ~iĝi, become less violent, calm down. (wind) die down, subside. ➞ kontent, limig, mez, modest, sobr. Mal~a, im-m, excessive, extravagant. ➞ eksces, ekstrem, senbrid, tro.

modern-a, [OA] Modern, present-day, up-to-date. ~a domo, historio, ideo, invento, modo, scienco. ~eco, -ity. ~ismo, -ism. ~ulo, m. ~igi, -ize. Mal~a, ancient, antiquated, old, out-of-date. ➞ hodiaŭ, nun(temp). Opp antikv, mezepok.

modest-a, [UV] Modest. 1 (person) bashful, decorous, retiring, unassuming. ~a homo, virino. 2 (thing) discreet, moderate, simple, unobtrusive, unostentatious, unpretentious), quiet. ~a domo, elspezo, postulo, aranĝo, salajro, vivo. ~e, in a small way, imply, without conceit. ~eco, -y, diffidence, implicity. Mal~a, im-m, bumptious, onceited, egotistic(al), forward, vain, ➞ humil, moder, nepretendem, senbril, senluks, senpomp, simpl.

modif-i (-n) [OA], Modif/y, alter in detail, nend, change, give new form to, make changes in, vary. ~i aranĝon, formon, opinion, projekton, regulon, signifon. ~i (qualify) rbon. ~(aĵ)o, -ication, alteration, change, riation. ~ebla, -iable. ~iĝi, be -ed, ered.

modl-i (-n), (sculpture) Mould, fashion, form, shape (by kneading clay, wax, etc.). ~ado, -ing (in clay). ~ebla, plastic. ~ilo, boaster, paring, roughing chisel.

modiur-o, (arch) Moulding (ornamental), ribbon-like shaping in building, furniture, etc. > astragal, cimati, kornic, listel. ~i, cut am.

modul-i, [OA] Modulat/e, 1 (-n), adjust, inflect, regulate, vary (tone of voice, etc.). 2 (mus) (ŝanĝi modalon aŭ tonalon), change mode or key. ~(ad)o, ~aĵo, inflection, m-ion. (mus) change of mode or key, transition. ~o abrupta, enharmona, grada. (rad) ~o amplituda, faza, frekvenca. La muziko ofte ~iĝas.

mohajr-o, (tex) mohair (from hair of Angora goat, or imitation).

mok-i (-n) [UV], Mock, deride, jeer (scoff) at, make a butt (sport) of, poke fun at, (hold up to) ridicule, taunt. ~i maljunulon. f Ne ~u riveron, ne atinginte la teron. ~(em)a, bantering, derisive, scornful, sneering. ~e, tauntingly. imiti, caricature, mimic. ~e krii, boo, hoot. ~e ridi, laugh to scorn, scoff at, ~ado, -ery, contemptuous mimicry, derision, raillery, ridicule. ~(at)aĵo, byword, laughing-stock. ~ema, caustic. ~eti, banter, chaff, ~anto, ~ulo, -er. ➞ rid, rikan, sarkasm, satir.

mokasen-o (fela piedvesto), mocassin.

mol-a, [UV] Soft. 1 yielding to pressure, easily cut, plastic, tender: ~a kiel butero, vakso. ~a argilo, fero, karbo, muskolo, viando. 2 downy, spongy, velvety: ~a kuseno, lano, lito, tapiŝo. 3 compliant, irresolute, pliable, submissive, weak: ~a kapo, karaktero. 4 (kompatema) gentle, kind, mild, tender: ~a koro. 5 effeminate, luxurious: ~a vivo. 6 delicate: ~a koloro, lumo. 7 without mineral salts: ~a akvo. 8 ~e kuirita ovo. ~aĉa, flabby, flaccid, floppy, limp, spineless. ~aĵo, [UV] crumb (pano), pulp (frukto). Ter~aĵo, mould. ~igi, -en, mollify. ~igi la koron; ~igi vakson per varmigo. ~iga, emollient. ~iĝi, -en, grow tender, ~ulo, mollycoddle, softy, (novice) tenderfoot, ➞ cedent, facil-ced, mild, nefirm. Mal~a, Hard. 1 firm, resistant, rigid, tough, unyielding. ~~a kiel fero. ~~a lito, ŝtono. 2 callous, inflexible, unfeeling. ~~a koro. ➞ bronz, fer,gard, kruel, nuk, rigid, sever, ŝton.

mola-o (mara felsako), sunfish (Mold).

molar-o, = mueldento.

Moldav-ujo, Moldavi-o MD.

mole-o, (mar) breakwater, mole.

molekul-o, [OA] molecul/e. f small particle. ~a, molecular. ~a modelo, pezo, strukturo. ➞ atom.

molest-i, molest, subject to annoyance, interfere (meddle) with hostilely or injuriously; badger, harass, pester, plague. ➞ ĝeneg, incit, plag.

molibden-o, (chem) molybdenum (Mo).

molini-o, moor-grass (Molinid).

molok-o, moloch lizard, thorn-devil (Moloch horridus).

molusk-o, [OA] mollusc. ~oj, -a.

molv-o, (ich) ling (Molva).

momant-o, (mec) moment. 1 A measure of the rotational effect of a force. 2 the product of any quantity, and a function of a distance. ~o de forto (de inerteco). ~o dupolusa, m. of a dipole. ~o magneta magnetic m.

moment-o, [UV] Moment (tempero). 1 point of time: flash, instant, jiffy, second, trice, wink. ~o da silento. (Unu) ~on! half a m., wait a bit. Antaŭ ~o, a m. ago. De la m. kiam, ever since the m. when. Post ~o (preskaŭ tuj). 2 deciding persont (circumstance). ~o grava, epokfaranta. En la ĝusta ~o. Elekti sian ~on, choose one’s time. ~a, -ary, instananeous, lasting only a m., ephemeral, short-lived, temporary. ~a krizo, paŭzo, sono. ~a foto, snap(shot). Edziĝo ~a (tro rapida) estas longapenta. ~e (dum ~o), at (for) a m., temporarily. Ĉiu~e, at any m. Last~e. Sam~e. Sam~igi, synchronize. ➞ daŭr, tuj.

momentum-o (impulso), (mec) momentum, way: force of a moving body; product of mass multiplied by velocity; impetus gained by movement.

momordik-o, balsam apple (pear) (Momordica). ➞ ekbali.

mon-o, [UV] Money, currency. ~o metala, papera. Poŝ~o. Pun~o, fine. Trink~o, gratuity, tip. ~a, financial, monetary, pecuniary. ~aj aferoj, interesoj. ~aĉo, filthy lucre, pelf. ➞ (Mt 6/24). ~ero, coin. ~ero falsa, ora. ~eroj, petty cash, small change. ~~igi, cash (ĉekon), change. ~ujo, purse. Sen~a, m-less, impecunious. ~~igi, impoverish.

monad-o, (phi) monad.

monaĥ-o, [UV] Monk, friar. ~(ej)a, -ish, monastic. ~eco, ~ismo, monasticism. ~ejo, monastery. ~estro, prior, superior. ~ino, nun. ~~ejo, convent, nunnery. ~~iĝi, take the veil. Eks~o, ex-m. ➞ abat, prior.

monarĥ-o [UV] (monarko [OA]), Monarch. Absoluta, konstitucia. ~a, -ic. ~isto, -ist. ~eco, ~ejo, ~io, ~lando, -y. ➞ regnestr, suveren.

Monak-o MC.

monat-o, [UV] Month, ~o kalendara, luna. ~o(n) post hodiaŭ, a m. from today. ~aĵoj, menses. ➞ menstru. Ĉiu~e, m-thly, ~~a gazeto. Duon~a, ~e fortnightly. Po~e, by m-ly instalments. Tri~a, quarterly. Rim.: En F (kaj en tiu ĉi vortaro) la nomoj de monatoj havas majusklon (Januaro, Februaro k.t.p). La ĝenerala uzo en 2014 kutime preferas minusklan skribon (januaro, februaro k.t.p.). Ambaŭ uzoj ŝajnas allaseblaj.

mond-o, [UV] World. 1 scene of existence: Veni en la ~on (ekaperi, naskiĝi). La spirita, venonta ~o. 2 mundane interests, (opp ĉiel, spirit): La ~o estas ĉiam kun ni. Tentoj de la ~o, la karno, kaj la diablo. Esti en la ~o, sed ne de la ~o. 3 (la universo, ĉio): La fino de la ~o. 4 (la terglobo): Mapo de la ~o. Gajni la tutan ~on. Aliaj ~oj ol nia. 5 its inhabitants, people: La nova ~o. Federacio de la ~o. La Romana ~o. La tuta ~o scias. Sin retiri de la ~o. 6 domain, sphere: ~o de sporto (de revoj). La Esperanta, literatura ~o. ~(ec)a, w-ly, earthly, mundane. ~aĵoj, things of this w. ~umo, fashionable life, society circles, the upper ten. ~~ul(in)o, (wo)man of fashion, society lady, socialite. El trans~e, from beyond the tomb. Tut~a, w-wide, universal. Tut~a historio, lingvo, religio. ➞ ter.

moned-o [UV] (korveto), jackdaw (Corvus monedula).

Mongol-ujo, Mongolio MN.

monism-o, monist-o (phi) monism, monist.

monitor-o, monitor. 1 of school. 2 (zoo) species of tropical lizard (Varanus niloticus) (Le 11/30). ➞ varan. 3 ironclad.

mono- (ppfx = umi), mono-. ~gamio, -gamy. ~grafio, -graph, specialist treatise.

monogramo, [OA] -gram, design for initials.

monokl-o, monocle, single eye-glass.

monolit-o, monolith (➞ obelisk).

monolog-o, [OA] -logut soliloquy, scene or speech by one pr -/, m. ~ist(in)o, diseur, diseuse.

monomani-o [OA] (unuideeco), monomania.

monoplan-o, (av) monoplane. ~o altala, malaltala, mezala, ombrela high-(low-mid-)wing, parasol. ➞ biplan.

monopol-o, [OA] monopoly, sole right. ~o regna, ŝtata. f exclusive possession. Vi ne havas ~on de saĝo. ~igi, -ize (havi ~on ~i). ~isto.

monorel-o, monorail.

monoteism-o, [OA] monoteisto, monotheism, monotheist.

~tipo, -type.

monoton-a [OA] (unutona), monotonous, dull, humdrum. ~eco, monotony, sameness.

monstr-o, [UV] Monst/er, person or thing. 1 abnormal in form or structure. 2 abnormally cruel or wicked, f ~o de krueleco. ~a, -rous, abnormal, huge, outrageous, misshapen, unnatural. ~a formo, supozo, vorto. ~e granda. ~aĵo, ~eco, monstrosity. Mar~o (Ps 148/7). ➞ teratologi.

mont-o, [UV] Mountain. Iri trans ~oj kaj maro. f (amasego, multego). ~o da mizero. Promesi orajn ~ojn. ~(ec)a, ~riĉa, -ous, hilly. ~a dorso, m-ridge. ~ano, -eer, highlander, hillsman. ~aro, m-chain (range). ~egaro, high m-chain, lofty range of peaks. ~eto, hill, knoll, mound ~eto herba, paŝta, down. ~etaro, range of hills. ~iĝi, tower (as a m.). ~supro, summit. Al~e(n), upstream. Glaci~o, icebering. Inter~o, ~pasejo, defile, glen, gorge. ➞ alp, altaĵ, krutaĵ.

Montenegr-o ME.

montr-i (-n) [OA], Display, Show: 1 expose to view, exhibit. ~i gajan mienon. ~u al mi vian langon. Sin ~i (s. one’s) ĉe la fenestro. 2 (al iu, al io), Point (direct the sight) at (to): ~i en la direkto al. Fingre ~i. 3 Manifest: ~i amon, ĝojon, kuraĝon, lerton, senton, surprizon. Sin ~i (s. one’s to be) afabla. La estonteco ~os min prava. 4 indicate, point out. Horloĝo ~as la horon, kompaso la nordon. Mi volas ~i, ke. "Da" post vorto ~as, ke… . ~(ad)o, d., s., indication, proof. ~a, indicative. ~a bastono, pointer. ~a fenestro, s-window. ~a fingro, index finger. ~a pronomo, demonstrative pronoun. ~aĵo, d., exhibition. ~anto, ~isto, s-man. Seĝ~istino, usherette. ~iĝi, appear, be apparent (evident), prove (turn out) to be. ~iĝis, ke… . It become clear that. ~ilo, indicator, etc., needle (of compass). Glit~ilo, slide index. Hor~ilo, hand (of clock). Nivel~ilo, water-gauge. Voj~ilo, signpost. ~ema, [OA] display, show forth (fully), exhibit, reveal. Sin (el)~ema, exhibitionist, pretentious. Faden~a, shiny, threadbare. ➞ demonstr, evidentig, malkaŝ, pruv, vidig.

monument-o, [UV] Monument. 1 memorial building: Tomba ~o. 2 (memorigaĵo): memorial. Interesa ~o de la pratempo. 3 (notindaĵo): ~o de industrio. 4 (grava verko): ~o literatura, scienca. 5 (atestilo), Esperanto estas ~o al la genio de Z. ~a, monumental.

mops-o, [UV] pug (dog) (Mopsus) (1 FA 144/37; 3 FA 43/7).

moped-o, moped, cycle moved by motor and pedals.

mor-o, [UV] Manner (of living), gen. (traditional, usual) custom, habitual conduct (practice, usage). Estas la ~o, It is the c. La ~o de kisado. Fariĝis ~o en Izraelo, ke (Jĝ 11/39). ~oj, mm., conduct. La ~oj de la tablo, table mm. Aliaj tempoj, aliaj ~oj, other times, other ways. Bon~a, of good character, having high principle, well-behaved. Fi~a, dissolute, profligate. Rigid~a, sever~a, austere, rigid, straight-laced, strict. ~pentrado, genre painting. ~atesto, certificate of good character. ~konforma, decent, decorous, proper, seemly. ➞ kutim, manier, moral, praktik.

moral-o, [OA] Moral/s, principles of character, right, and duty. ~a, m. 1 (pri~a): ~a devo, instruo. 2 (virta): ~a ago, homo. 3 (etika)\ ~a apogo, kuraĝo, profito. ~e, -ly. ~e defendebla. ~aĵo (~a instruo, konkludo). m. La ~aĵo de la fablo. ~eco, -ity. ~igo (Se 5/12). Ne~a (Pen~a), im-m. Sen~igi, deprave, pervert. ➞ forlog, korupt. ~instruo, ~ordono, precept, rule (Se 108/8; Ps 50/17). ➞ etik, mor.

moratori-o, (jur) moratorium.

morbil-o, [UV] measl/es. ~a, -y.

mord-i (-n) [UV], Bite. ~i pomon, la lipojn. ~ita de hundo, insekto, serpento. f attack, corrode, pain. Acido, rusto ~as feron, zorgo la koron. ~(ant)a, biting, caustic, mordant, pungent. ~a sarkasmo. ~aĵo, b., morsel. ~ema, cantankerous, crusty, snarling (dog), snappy, vicious (horse). ~eti [OA] (rodi), gnaw, nibble, (pick) at, toy with. ~eti krajonon. Ĉirkaŭ~i, b. round, gnaw. De~i, For~i, b. off, snap up. ~vundo, b. ➞ kaŭstik, korod, mat, manĝ.

mordent-o, (mus) mordent. ~o duobla, malsupra, supra.

morel-o = fajrohundo (andiron).

moren-o, (geol) moraine, debris deposited by glacier.

morfem-o, (lin) morpheme.

morfin-o, [OA] morphia, morphine. ~ismo. ~omaniulo.

morfologi-o, (lin) morphology, study of forms.

morganat-a, (jur) morganatic.

morgaŭ, [UV] (adv) To-morrow. ~ mi donos (Se 3/28). Venu ~o, the morrow. ~a, (Se 27/1), t’s, following, next. Ĉe la ~a festo. ~ post semajno, t-week. ~aĵo, coming event. Post~, the day after t. Vivo sen~a, with no future.

morĥel-o (a. -kelo), morel, edible fungus (Morchella).

mormon-o, mormon. ~ismo.

morn-a (preme malgaja, malhela), mournful, cheerless, dismal, dreary, dull, gloomy, sombre; dejected (person). ~a aspekto, silento. Sidi ~e.

moroz-a (malgajhumora), morose, sour-tempered, sullen, unsocial.

mors-o, ~a, Morse. ~i, transmit in m.

mort-i (nt), [UV] Die, cease to live, lose one’s life. ~i de akcidento, febro. ~inta folio, f be extinct, cease to function, come to an end, no longer exist, pass away. ~o, Death. 1 decease, demise, loss of life: ~o frua, paca. Kondamni al ~o. 2 (personification): la ~o ne distingas, ĉiujn egale atingas. Pala kiel ~o. ~o de arto, civilize, juneco, kulturo, urbo. ~a (~rilata, ~simila), of d., d-like, mortal. ~a dormo, paleco. ~a kanto, swan song. ~a ombro, shadow of d. (Jes 9/2). ~a silento, dead silence. ~e, fatally, to d. ~e malsana, vundita. ~inta, dead. ~inta lingvo. La ~intoj, the d. ~ado (~kvanto), mortality, d-rate. ~(mt)aĵo, dead matter, carrion (➞ kadavr). ~ema, ~ideva, ~onta, mortal, subject to d. ~emulo, mortal. ~inda (~omerita), worthy of d. ~~a krimo, peko, capital offence. ~igi, [UV] butcher, deprive of life, kill, put to d., slaughter, slay, f ~igi entuziasmon, movadon. Hom~iginto, homicide, manslayer, murderer. Paf~igi, shoot. Pik~igi, run (spit, stab) through. Reĝ~igo, regicide. Sin~igo, suicide. Ŝton~igi, stone to d. ~iga, deadly, lethal, mortal. ~iga malsano, veneno, vundo. ~igito, victim. ~iĝi, come to one’s d., be killed (E/39). ~iĝanta, moribund. ~intejo, cemetery. For~i, d. away (down, out), expire, subside. Ĝis~a, life(long), till d. Batali ĝis~e, to the d. Ne~ema (Sen~a), d-less, immortal. La sen~eco de la animo. Post~a, posthumous. ~~a esploro, autopsy, postmortem. Trans~a, from beyond the grave. ➞ agoni, detruiĝ, estingiĝ, ruiniĝ, malaper, senviv; pere, velk.

morter-o, [UV] mortar. ~isto, bricklayer. ~portisto, hodman. ➞ beton, cement, mastik, stuk.

mortez-o, Mortise, hole, gap, to receive a corresponding projection. ~a junto, m. and tenon joint. ~a bolto, seruro. ~i (fari ~on), m., slot. ~ilo, m-chisel. ➞ tenon.

moru-o, [OA] Cod (fish) (Gadus morrhua). ~ido, -ling. ~frajo, c-roe. ~(hepat)oleo, c-liver-oil. ➞ gad, laberdan.

morus-o, [UV] Mulberry, fruit of ~arbo, m-tree (Morus) (2 Sa 5/23). ~o blanka, nigra, ruĝa, white (black red) m.

morv-o, (vet) glanders, horse disease.

mosk-o, [OA] musk, odiferous substance from various animals. ➞ cerv, musk.

moske-o, [OA] mosque, Islamic place of worship.

moskit-o, mosquito (various species of Culex and Anopheles). ➞ kul.

most-o, [UV] must, new wine, unfermented grape-juice (2 Kr 31/5; Se 3/10).

moŝt-o, [UV] gen. title of politeness and respect for people of rank. Ŝia ~o, Her Ladyship, etc. Via ~o, Your Honour (Worship, etc.). Lia Duka ~o, His Grace. Via Episkopa ~o, My Lord Bishop. Lia Pastra ~o, The Reverend, His Reverence. Via Princa ~o, Your Highness. Lia (Ŝia) Reĝ(in)a ~o, His (Her) (Royal) Majesty. ~a sinteno. Plej ~a ~o! (Gm 59/5). ~uloj, people of importance, big Potts. ~naskita (4 FA 122/1).

mot-o, motto, maxim adopted as rule of conduct, quotation at begining of book or chapter. ➞ deviz.

motacel-o, Wagtail. ~o blanka, white (pied) w. ~o flava, yellow, blue-headed and grey-headed wagtails. ~o griza (cindra), grey w.

mote-o = tineedo (ordinary language). ➞ tine.

motet-o, (praantemo kontrapunkteca), motet.

motif-o, (art) (mus) motif, distinctive feature, dominant idea, thematic figure.

motiv-o, [OA] Motiv/e, Reason, cause, grounds, incentive (for action). Plend~o, grievance, ground for complaint. ~i (-n), -ate, justify, be the r. for. Tio ~as mian proponon. ~aĵo, consideration. Sen~a, groundless, unfounded. ➞ kaŭz, kial.

motor-o, [OA] Engine, Motor, driving-force, machine to produce motion. Elektra ~o, electric m. Gas~o. ~o benzina, petrol m. ~o petrola, oil m. ~o per kontinua kurento, D.C. motor. ~eroj, e-parts. ~isto, m-ist, m-man, driver. ~izi, -ize, fit with m. ~boato, ~ciklo, ~fiakro, ~veturilo. ➞ aŭtist, maŝin, ŝofor.

mov-i (-n) [UV], Move. 1 (alilokigi) alter place of, displace, shift: ~i tablon, ŝtonon. 2 put in motion: ~i la brakojn, okulojn, piedojn. La vento ~is la branĉojn. 3 (funkciigi), actuate, drive, make go, propel, work: Akvo … muelilon, vaporo … ŝipon. f (influi): facile ~ata de larmoj. ~o, -ment, motion. ~o de la mano. ~o intermita, kurba, rekta, sfera. ~o libera, unudirekta. (mus) ~o kontraŭa, oblikva, paralela, simila. (drs, chs) m. ~a, actuating, propulsive. ~a forto, motive force. ~ado, -ment, bustle, motion. f activity. ~ado Esperanta, politika, religia. ~ebla, -able, mobile. ~aĵoj, -ables, chattels. Ne~aĵoj, fixtures. ~eto, slight -ment. ~eti (shrug) la ŝultrojn. ~iĝi, m. (nt), make a -ment, budge, stir. La folioj ~iĝadas, are in constant motion. ~iĝema, fidgety, restless, shifting. ~ilo (~ilaro), -ment, mechanism, works. ~oplena (multe~a), animated, busy, full of traffic, etc. ~ipova, ~ebla, mobile. Ek~i, set in motion. Ek~iĝi, start off. For~i, m. away, remove. Sen~a, at rest, becalmed, immobile, motionless, stagnant. ~eco, inaction. ~~igi, immobilize. ➞ haltig, paraliz. Facil~a (Rapid~a), agile, brisk, nimble, tripping. Propra~e, of one’s own accord, off one’s own bat, on one’s own iniciative, spontaneously. Rapid~a, brief, lively, quick, smart, (chs) Tri~a problemo.

moviment-o, (mus) movement, principal division (of sonata, etc.).

mozaik-o, [OA] mosaic, tesselation, inlaid work of colored stones, etc. f patchwork ~o el diversaj tradukoj. Ligna ~o (marketro).

Mozambik-o MZ.

muar-i (-n), (tex) Water, give appearance of wavy reflections. ~(it)a, -ed. ~ita papero, rubando, silko. ~ita metalo, crystal tinplate. ~(aĵ)o, -ed fabric.

mucid-a, Mucid, fuggy, fusty, mildewy, mouldy, musty, stale (to smell or taste). ~eco, -ity, foulness (of air, etc.). ➞ ranc, ŝim.

mucilag-o, mucilage. 1 gum. 2 viscous substance in plants.

muel-i (-n) [UV], Mill, bray, grind. grenon, kafon, pipron. f repeat ceaselessly (gurdi). Babili ~e. ~ado, -ing. ~(it)aĵo, flour, meal. ➞ farun, gri. ~ejo, m. (building). ~endaĵo, corn to be ground, grist. ~isto, m-er. ~ilo, m. (machine). Akva (venta) ~ilo, water (wind) m. Kaf-~ilo, coffee-m. Tret~ilo, tread-m. (3 FA 135/29). ~ileto, vegetable cutter, mincing-machine, nut-m. ~ilisto, m-wright. Dis~i, crush, pound, pulverize. ➞ pecetig, pist.

muf-o, [UV] muff. 1 covering to warm hands. 2 (tech) Gas~o, gas mantle. Tub~o, cas-(laging-lin-)ing, pipe-socket, sheathing, sleeve. ~eto, muffetee, worsted cuff worn on wrist.

mufl-o (bakujo), (cer) (chem) muffle (of furnance, kiln). ➞ muf.

muflon-o, moufflon, wild sheep, especially Ovis musinon of Corsica.

mugel-o, (ich) grey mullet (Mugil). ➞ mulus.

muĝ-i (nt) [UV]. 1 Howl, roar; moan, sough; make a long drawn-out sound (as hooter, waves, wind). 2 (bovbleki): bellow, low, moo (as cow), snarl (as lion), f La ~anta popolamaso. ~ado, din, h-ing. ➞ blek, sibl.

mujik-o, moujik.

muk-o, [UV] Muc/us. ~(ec)a, -ous, snuffling, ~a membrano. ~aj glandoi. ~aĵo, phlegm.

mul-o [UV] (ido de azeno kaj ĉevalino), Mule (Equus mulus). Obstina kiel ~o. ~eca, -ish, stubborn. ~ino, she-m. ~(konduk)isto, m-teer, m-driver.

mulat(in)o (duonnegro), mulatto, cross between black and white. ➞ mestiz.

mulĉ-o, (agr) Mulch, half-rotten leaves or straw, loose earth, etc., spread on the ground to protect roots of newly- planted trees, etc. ~i, (cover with) m. ~i teron. ➞ kompoŝt.

muld-i (-n), Mould, cast (pour molten material into a m). ~i kanonon. ~ita ŝtalo, cast steel. ~ilo, m. ~ilo butera (ĵelea). Bak~ilo, cake tin. L;7er ~isto, typefounder.

mult-a [UV] (us. multe da), Much, a lot (large amount) of. ~a parolado, m. speaking. ~a laboro, pacienco. ~aj, Many, a large number of. ~aj domoj, libroj, vortoj. Multaj (homoj) diras, ke, many say that. ~e, 1 Much, a lot, great deal: Kiu ~e parolas, ne ~e faras. ~e vojaĝi. 2 (altgrade, forte, tre): ~e labori, pensi. 3 ~e da (= multa, multo da): ~e da vino, m. wine. ~e da vinoj, many wines. ~o, m., a mass, large quantity. ~o mankas, a great deal is lacking. Malpli~o, minority. ~egaj (~enombraj), multitudinous, numerous. ~ege (~ego) da, a great amount (host, multitude) of. ~igi (hort) propagate. (Pli)~igi, multiply, increase the number or quantity of, redouble. ~iĝi, multiply, swarm. ~obligi, multiply, e.g., by stencil. ~ope, in crowds. Mal~a (mal~e da) tempo, little time. Per ~~aj vortoj (few words) diri ĉion. ~~o sufiĉas, a little is enough. ~~igi, reduce number (quantity) of. f ~~ulo (Jes 41/14). Malpli~o, minority. Kontentiĝi per ne~o. Plej~e, above all, mostly, for the most part, principally. Pli~o, majority. ~angula, ~edra, ~silaba, poly-gonal, (-edral-sylla- bic). ~forma, ~latera, multi-form (-lateral). ~(e)speca, multifarious, ~ekosta, expensive. ➞ abund, svarm.

multiplik-i (obligi), (mat) Multipl/y. ~o, -ication. ~anto, -er. ~ato, -icand.

mulus-o, (ich) red mullet (Mullus). ➞ mugel.

mumi-o, [OA] Mummy. ~igi, -ify. ➞ balzam.

mumps-o, (med) mumps < parotidit.

munici-o, [OA] (mil) ammunition, munitions, stock of war material. ~ejo, magazine.

municip-o, Municipality, borough (Rn 5/16). ~a, -al.

munt-i, [OA] Mount. 1 build, erect, fit together (put into position) parts of apparatus, assemble (maŝinon), hang (pordon), stage (framon). 2 set (foton, juvelaĵon). ~ado, ~aĵo, -ing, setting. ~ejo, erection shop. ~isto, -er, fitter. Mal~i, dis-m., break up, take down (to pieces). Sub~aĵo, foundation, support. ➞ kunmet, starig.

muntjak-o, muntjac (deer) (Muntiacus muntjak).

mur-o, [UV] 1 Wall. ~o de domo (ĉirkaŭ kampo). Disigi per ~o, w. off. f Premi al la ~o, pin down to the point. 2 w-like mass, ➞ dig. 3 (baro, kontraŭstaro, malhelpo): barrier. ~oj de antaŭjuĝoj, miljaroj. Brika ~o. Fak~o (mar), bulkhead. Rand~o (parapeto). Son~o, sound barrier. (Sur)~a, mural. ~ego, rampart. Ĉina ~ego. Gt Wall, ĉirkaŭ~igi (en~igi), immure. Ekster~a, extramural. Inter~a vando, inner (partition) w. Sen~a (open) urbo. ➞ vand.

murd-i, [OA] Murder, assasinate, kill unlawfully. ~o, m. ~ema, -ous. ~into, -er. ~ito, victim.

murek-o, (mollusc) murex, Venus’ comb (Mur ex).

muren-o, (ich) murry (Muraena). ➞ angil.

murmur-i, [UV] (nt) Murmur. 1 make a gentle noise, bubble, chatter, gurgle, plash (akvo en bolilo, homoj babilantaj, vento trafolie). Sur la ventro veluro, en la ventro ~o. ~(ad)o, m-ing. Mur! Mur! Mur! tiel la kolomboj murmuris (Z). 2 grouse, grumble, mutter (Ps 106/25). ~i tra la dentoj. La Izraelidoj ~is kontraŭ Moseo. ➞ grumbl, grunt. ~egi, growl. ➞ graŭl, muĝ. ~eti, m. softly, babble, chatter, prattle, purl, rustle, sigh, twitter. Ek~i (El 16/2). ➞ bobel, bruetad, flustr, glugl, lirl, susur, suspir, zum.

mus-o, [UV] Mouse (Mus). Dorm~o, dormouse. ➞ glir. Kampa ~o, field m. Salt~o, jumping m. (Zapus …). ~edoj, muridae. ~ido, baby m. ➞ dipod.

mikromus-o, harvest mouse. (Micromys).

musk-o, [UV] Moss (Muscus). ~okovrita, -y. [Ne= mosko],

muskat-o, [UV] Nutmeg, ~arbo (miristiko), n-tree (Myristica fragrans). ~a pulvoro (ŝelo), mace. ~a vino, muscat(el) wine (from m., or musk-flavoured grapes).

musket-o, Musket. ~isto, -eer.

muskol-o, [UV] (anat) Musc/le. Dik~a, fort~a, -ular. ~aĵo, brawn. ~aro, -ular system, thews. Sen~a, flabby, soft.

muslin-o, [UV] ~a, muslin, delicate light fabric of cotton or silk. ➞ gaz.

muson-o, (met) monsoon, seasonal wind of S. Asia.

mustard-o, [UV] Mustard (condiment), powder from crushed seeds of sinapo blanka. Ĝi estas ~o post la manĝo, it comes too late. ~ujo, m-pot. ➞ iperit, sinap.

Mustel-oj, the Weasel fam. (polecats and minks). Siberia ~o, Siberian w. ~eto, the common w. (Mustela nivalis). ➞ ermen, fur, lutreol, putor, vizon.

muŝ-o, [UV] Fly (Musca). Doma ~o, house f. ➞ kaliforo (Calliphora), blue-bottle, f Havi ~on en la cerbo (a bee in one’s bonnet). Kalkuli ~ojn, waste time on trifles. Trafi du ~ojn per unu bato. Pik~o (moskito). ~eto, midge.

muŝkapt(ul)o, (orn) fly-catcher (Muscicapa) Blankkola ~o, collared f-c; Blanknigra ~o, pied f-c; Griza ~o, spotted f-c; Ruĝbrusta (malgranda) ~o, redbreasted f-c.

mut-a, [UV] 1 Dumb, mute. 2 momentarily unable or unwilling to speak, speechless. ~a de emocio, honto, teruro. 3 without speech. ~a respondo, rolo, sceno. ~igi, scotch, silence. ~igi la voĉon de kalumnio, konscienco. ~igilo, (piano) damper, ~iĝi de surprizo, be struck d. ~ulo, mute. Surd~ulo, deaf-mute. ➞ damp, senvort, silent.

mutaci-o, (bio) Mut/ation, sport, variation, ~i, -ate.

mutil-i (kripligi, senmembrigi, stumpigi), mutilate, maim.

muz-o, [OA] muse, Gk goddess.

muze-o, [OA] museum.

muzel-o, muzzle, snout (of animal, fish). ~ingo = buŝumo.

muzik-o [F], Music. 1 art. 2 sounds. ~a, -al. 1 of (relating to) music. 2 pleasing (of sound). ~i, make (perform, play) m. ~aĉo, rubbishy m. ~ado, performance, playing, of m., mistrelsy. ~aĵo, composite, piece of m. ➞ komponaĵ, verk. ~ema, -al. ~igi tekston, compose m. for, set to m. ~ilo, -al instrument. ~isto, -ian. ~istaro, orchestra, etc.


N

N-o [F], letter N.

-n, [UV] ending. 1 den, direct object. of transitive vb. 2 replaces al, je, or other preposition.

nab-o (aksingo), Hub, centre. 1 of wheel. 2 of interest. ~a ĉapo, h. cap.

nacel-o, basket, cradle, car, gondola (of balloon, etc.).

naci-o, [OA] Nation, ~a, -al. ~a lingvo, standardo. ~e, as a nation. ~aĵo, -al idiom (peculiarity, trait). ~ano, -al, citizen, native, subject. (Bb) Gentile. ~~igi, -alize. ~eco, -ality. ~ismo (~isto), nationalism (nationalist). (al)~igi, -alize (obj). Inter~a, international. ~~a amikeco, juĝo, kongreso, lingvo. ~~ismo, ~~isto. Sen~(ec)a, without -ality. Super~a, supra-al. ➞ komunum, land, popol, ras, ŝtat.

nadir-o, (astr) nadir, point of heavens beneath observer. Opp zenit.

nadl-o, (small metal) hand, indicator, needle, pointer. ~o gramofona, kompasa, magneta. ➞ indikil, kudril, montril.

naft-o [OA] (kruda petrolo). Naphth/a. This root is international, but obsolescent and ambiguous, with difft meanings in various countries; so better avoided. ➞ parafin, petrol. II

naftalin-o [OA] (a. ~eno), naphthalene.

naftalol-o, naphthalol.

naĝ-i, [UV] 1 Swim: ~i en (sub) la akvo, al la bordo, kiel fiŝo, kontraŭ (kun) la fluo. Mi povas Jioti, sed ne -/. (fac) ~i kiel ŝtono. f Ŝi ~is en la ĉambron. 2 (ŝvebi) move, pass, s. by (in the air): La luno ~is tra la nuboj; birdoj, nuboj tra~is la ĉielon. 3 float (resti surface, malsinki): ~anta folio (Better floti). 4 (iri) (of feelings, ideas): For~is liaj pensoij, revoj. 5 Bathe in abundance of: en feliĉo, sango, revoj. ~a, natatory. ~e, by swimming. ~ado, swimming. ~ado brusta, dorsa, flanka. ~anto, ~isto, swimmer. ~ejo, swimming bath (pool). ~ilo, fin. (av) Vost~ilo, tail fin. Ramp~i, crawl. ➞ bu, flot, flu, flug, kur, ŝveb.

naiv-a [F], Naiv/e, artless, ingenuous, innocent, natural, simple, unaffected, unsophisticated. ~a desegno, entuziasmo, espero, knabino, provincano, rakonto. ~aĵo, something naive, naivety. ~eco, -ety, artlessness, native candour. ~ega, green, silly. ~ulo, booby, greenhorn, innocent, ninny, simpleton. Mal~a, cute, all there, sharp, knowing, wideawake, "up to snuff". ➞ infanec, simpl.

naj-o (Naja) > kobro.

najad-o, (myth) naiad, water-nymph.

najbar-o [UV] (proksimulo), Neighbour, near dweller. Niaj ~oj transmaraj. f (apudulo). ~o ĉe la tablo, en la teatro. ~a, -ing, -ly; adjacent, adjoining. ~a domo, insulo, lando, reĝo. Fajro kaj pajlo ne povas ~e vivi. ~aĵo, ~eco, -hood. ➞ apud, ĉirkaŭ (➞ Lk 10/36).

najl-o, [UV] Nail. Egkapa ~o, traffic stud (button). Ligna ~o (kejlo), peg; Pezkapa ~o, hob-nail; Senkapa ~o, brad; Stump~o, club-nail. (ry) Ŝraŭb~o, screw-nail, coach-screw; Tend~o, tent-peg; Trak~o, Rel~o, dog-spike, rail-spike. ~i (-n), nail, spike. ~i kovrilon sur keston. f (vulg) = fiki. (Al)~i flagon al la masto. f Surprizo (al)~is min al la tero. ~ego, clout. ~eto, tack. ~izi, stud. Mal~i, unnail. Boto ligno~a (pegged). ➞ kramp.

najtingal-o, [UV] nightingale (Luscinia).

Namibio NA, Namibia.

nan-o, Dwarf, abnormally small being. ~a, d. ➞ malgrandegul.

nandu-o, (orn) nandu, rhea (S. American ostrich) (Rhea).

nanken-o, [UV] (tex) nankeen, buff-yellow cotton cloth (from Nankin).

nap-o, [UV] Rape (Brassica napus). Sveda ~o, swede, rutabaga (B. n. napobrassica). ➞ kolzo (colza, winter-rape), rapo.

nap(oleon)o, (gm) nap.

napalm-o, (mil) napalm. ~bombo.

narcis-o, [UV] Narciss/us, daffodil. Many cultivated species > dafodiljonkvil.

narcism-o, narcissism.

nard-o, 1 (spike)nard, Indian plant (Nardostachys), from which 2 nard, aromatic ointment (Alt 4/13, 14; Mk 14/3). 3 mat-grass (Nardus).

nargile-o, hookah, narghile, Turkish pipe.

narkot-i (-n) [OA] (droge dormigi), Narcot/ize. ~a, -ic. ~o, narcosis. ~aĵo, -ic., drug inducing abnormal sleep or insensibility, dope, opiate.

narkotik-o [OA] = narkotaĵo.

narval-o, narwhal, sea unicorn (Monodon).

nas-o, [OA] cray-fish net, eel pot, hoop-net (for birds), trap (for rats).

nasa-o, (zoo) dog-whelk (Nassa).

nask-i (-n), [UV] give Birth to, bear, bring forth (into the world). ~i filon. f create, develop, give rise to, produce, provoke. ~i amuzon, esperon, scivolon, suspekton, varmon. Konfido ~as konfidon. ~antino, ~ontino woman in travail. ~ita, born, by b. ~ita Anglo. ~ita (nee) Jones. Malvive ~ita, stillborn. ~itaro (idaro), offspring. ~onta, pregnant. ~oto, child unborn. ~(ad)o, (child)birth, parturition. ~o antaŭtempa, spont(ane)a. ~a, natal, puerpural. ~ema, prolific. ~igi, beget, procreate (be the father of) (Rd 28/41; Se 23/23). ~~a, generative. ~iĝi, [UV] be born, come into the world. Mi ~iĝis en Bath, f arise, blossom out, come into being, crop (turn) up, originate, set in. ~~is en mi deziro. ~~a lando, land of birth. ~~a loko, tago, birthplace, birthday. ~~o, begining, rise. ~~o, b., nativity. De~a, kun~ita, from b., congenital, lifelong. surdeco. ~~a Esperantisto. Fi~ita, misbegotten. Mis~o, miscarriage. Post~aĵo, after-b. Re~iĝo, new b., renaissance, revival. Sen~a, barren. du~ito [UV] (ĝemelo), twin. Tri~oj. Ĵus~ita, Nov~ita, new-born. krist~o, [UV] Christmas. Unue~ito, firstborn. ~~iteco, b-right, primogeniture. Viv~a, viviparous. ➞ akuŝ, gener, kaŭz, kre, okazig, vek.

natr-o, caustic soda, lye (Jer 2/22). ➞ sod.

natri-o, [OA] (chem) Sodium (Na). ~a klorido, common salt. ~a sulfato, Glauber’s salt. ~a tiosulfato, hypo.

natrik-o, grass snake (Natrix).

natur-o, [UV] Natur/e. 1 creation, universe, world (as a whole): La fortoj (tri regnoj) de la ~o. Leĝo de N. (= de ĝia Kreinto). 2 accordance (conformity) with truth or reality: ~a stato, regular course of things. Desegni laŭ ~o. Lerta kuracisto helpas la ~on. 3 innate character(istics): Havi afablan ~on. Studi la homan ~on. ~a, -al. 1 of n: ~a lingvo, scienco. 2 normal, regular, in conformity with n: ~a dieto, fenomeno, historio, morto, vivo. 3 (memkomprenebla not surprising, to be expected: ~a ideo, reakcio, sugesto, timo. 4 (not acquired, artificial, or taught): artless, genuine, innate, lifelike, unaffected: ~a ĉarmo, elokvento, inklino, saĝo, stato, stilo. 5 born out of wedlock: ~a ftlo. 6 (mus) natural, neither flat nor sharp, without accidental: white (piano key). A ~a = A natural (All). ~e, -ally. 1 (laŭ~e). parolu ~e, 2 (kompreneble): ~e, mi ne respondis. ~igi, -alize, introduce (animal, plant, word, etc.) from another country. ~igilo, (mus) the sign t\. ~(esplor)isto, -alist, lover (student) of n. De~igi, denature. Kontraŭ~a, Ne~a, un-n. ~~aĵo, perversity. Super~a, super-n. ➞ instinkt, karakter, naiv, simpl, temperament.

natural-ismo, [OA] -isto, [OA] (phi) Natural -ism, -ist. II ~izi (jur), -ize, admit alien to citizenship.

Nauro NR.

naŭ, [UV] Nine. ~a, 9th. ~e, -thly. -oble, 9 times (multiplcation). ~ono, 1/9. II (mus) ~to, (a. naŭno), 9th (intvl). ~teto, nonet (music or performers). ~takordo, chord of the 9th.

naŭkor-o, (ent) ship-bug (Naueoris).

naŭkrat-o (pilotfiŝo), pilot fish (Naucrates).

naŭz-i (-n), [UV] Nauseat/e, disgust, sicken, turn one’s stomach. Tio ~as min (al mi), makes me sick. Liaj kapricoj ~as ĉiujn. ~as! It is -ing! (Rz 26/18). ~o, nausea, feeling of heaving (loathing, sickness), qualm; repugnance, Senti ~on al (pri) io, recoil (shrink) from, reject with disgust. ~a, -ing, disgusting, nasty, offensive, revolting. ~a kutimo, odoro, plendado. ➞ abomenet, malplaĉ, vomemig.

nav-o, [OA] (arch) nave. Flanka ~o, aisle. Trans~o (transepto), transept.

naved-o (a. ~eto) (fadengvidilo), shuttle, quill (loom), spool (sewing-machine).

navig-i (nt) Navig/ate, cruise, sail, vojage. (-n), direct. ~i aviadilon, ŝipon. ~ado, ~arto, -ation, seamanship. ~ebla, -able. ➞ marvetur, ŝipvetur [navigaci-o [OA] = navigado].

naz-o, [UV] 1 (anat) Nose, proboscis. ~o kurb-(rekt-)a. Purigi la. ~on, blow one’s n. f ĝi estas antaŭ (sub) via ~o. Havi bonan ~on = guste konjekti, suspekti. Konduki iun ĉe (je) la ~o, lead by the n. Ne ŝovu ~on en fremdan vazon, mind your own business. Sekvi sian ~on, keep straight on. Teni la ~on supren, turn up one’s n. (at). Vidi nur gis la pinto de sia ~o. 2 (of obj), projecting pt, nozzle (of tube), spout (of kettle). ~o de plugilo, ŝipo. Ter~o, naze, ness. ~a, nazal, (phon) ~a sono (nazalo) (m, n, ng). Paroli ~e (tra la ~o), speak through one’s n., with nazal twang. ~ego, snout. ~umo, [UV] pince-nez. Plat~a, stump~a, pug-(snub-)-ed. ➞ flar, pru, rostr.

nazu-o, (zoo) coati (Nasua).

ne, [UV] 1 (adv) Not. ~ tie, n. there. Mi iros, sed li ~ respondu, don’t answer. Mi ~ pov-(vol-)as iri, I can’t (won’t) go. Ĉu ~ ? Is it not so? Mi timas, ke I’m afraid not. TT Strictly, ne negatives the word it precedes. Mi ne devas iri, I am not bound to (neet not) go. Mi devas ne iri, I must not go (though this distinction is not always observed). Ne tute, not quite (entirely). Tute ne, by no means, not at all. Mi ne povis ne iri, I couldn’t help going. Povus ne rakonti, could omit (3 FA 43/24). 2 (PFX) not, in-, ir-, non-, un-. -deviga, optional. ~klara, indistinct. ~metala, non-metallic. ~muzika, unmusical. ~regula, irregular. ➞ mal-, sen-. 3 (interj) No. Ne, mi ne povas, No, I can’t. Respondu jes aŭ Pagu, kaj mi vin helpos: se ne, ne! ~a, negative. ~a respondo. ~e, in the negative. ~i (a. negi), deny, say no. ~i kulp -(respondec-)on. ~(ad)o, denial. For~i (be false to) Dion (Ij 31/28). ➞ neg. Rim.: A proposal to use no for 3 has met with little success.

nebul-o, [UV] 1 Fog, Mist, vapour: Griza ~o kovras la valon. 2 object. resembling f: Polva ~o. 3 obscure, unprecise: Perdita en la ~o de la pasinteco. ~a, f-gy, m-y. ~a ĉielo, nokto, tago. ~aĵo, ~eco, cloudiness, nebulosity. ~eca, m-y, cloudy, confused, formless, hazy, indistinct, nebulous, vague. ~ego, dense fog. ~ego fumoza, "peasoup", smog. ~eto, haze, light m. ~etas, It is m-y. ~igi, f., cloud, make f-y. La fumo ~igas la vidon. ~iĝas! It is getting f-gy. Mia memoro jam ~iĝis pri tio. Sen~a, clear. Spir~ita vitro (4 FA 190/25). ➞ nub, vapor, vual.

nebuloz-o, (astr) Nebul/a. ~o planeda, spirala. ~a hipotezo, -ar hypothesis.

neces-a, [UV] Necess/ary. 1 (havenda, nepre bezonata), essential, indispensable, needful, requisite, that cannot be spared. Faru tion ~an. ~a formalaj-(kompetent -mon-reform-)o. 2 (nepre okazonta, neevitebla), inevitably produced by (resulting from). Necesa sekvo, n. conseqce. ~(ec)o, -ity, exigency, inevitability, indispensability, pressing want, urgency. ~o logika, morala, natura. Fari virton el ~o. Ĉe ~o, at a pinch. ~o estas la patrino de invento. Rim.: Z. (early writings) used ~eco, but sometimes ~o (Rd 8/9). ~e sekvas, (ke), it -arily follows. ~as (Estas ~e), ke vi venu, It is n. for you to come. Ne ~as diri, It goes without saying. Ne ~as iri, there is no need to go. ~aĵo, -ity, essential, imperative need, requisite, requirement, sine qua non. La ~aĵoj de la vivo. Butiko de ~aĵoj, general shop. ~ega, absolutely essential. ~ejo, [UV] closet, privy, w.c. ~igi, -itate, involve, render n. or unavoidable. Tiu decido ~igas multan pripenson. ~ujo, [UV] kit; box, case, with n. implements: tool-(work-)box (de kudristino, kuracisto, etc.). Kudra, ripar)a ~ujo, sewing (repair) outfit. ~ujo tualeta, dressing-case. Ne~e, needlessly. ➞ bezon, dev, end, nepr.

Nederlando [OA-8] NL, Netherlands.

nefrit-o (reninflamo), nephritis. ➞ jad.

neg-i (a. nei), Negat/ive, contradict, deny, reject, refuse to accept or countenance, say no. ~(ad)o, -ion, n. statement, denial. ~a, n. ~a pronomo, respondo, sinteno. ~e, in the n. Ne~ebla, undeniable. Rim.: Negi tends to replace nei.

Neebla could mean (a) deniable, (b) impossible. But (a) negebla or neadebla, (b) malebla or ne ebla, are clear.

negativ-a, [OA] Negative. 1 (nula), ~a rezulto. 2 (el, tech), ~a elektr-(rezist-)o. 3 (alg) minus. 4 (nega), ~o (phot, typ), n., print of plate with reversed image. ➞ kliŝ. Opp pozitiv. neglekt-i (malzorgi), Neglect, disregard, leave uncared for, pay no attention (heed, regard) to. ~o, n., inadvertce, want of attention, negligence, omis sion of duty. ~a, -ful, care-(heed-)less, negligent, remiss. ~ebla, negligible.

neglic-o, [UV] dishabille, negligee, boudoir wrap, free and easy (unceremonious) attire.

negoc-o, [UV] Business affair, deal, negotiation, money-making concern, transaction. Pro ~o, on b. Fari bonajn ~ojn, do good b. ~(ad)i, carry on b, trade. ~a, b. ~a lerteco. ~ema, keen on b. ~isto, b-man, dealer, trader. ➞ afer, aranĝ, intertrakt, komerc.

negr-o [OA] (nigrulo), Negr/o. ~ideto, pickanny. ~ino, -ess. ~ojda, -oid. Duon~o, mulatto.

neĝ-o, [UV] Snow. Blanka kiel ~o. ~o drivinta. ~o pasinterjectionara (of yesteryear). Hajl~o, soft s. ~as (~o falas), It is -ing. ~(kovrit)a, -y, -covered. ~ado, fall of s. ~ero, s-flake. ~ulino, Snow-white. Pluv ~o, sleet. ➞ flok, galant, opol.

nek … nek [UV] (conj) Neither . „.. nor, Not ... or (both things denied). Gi estas ~ viando ~ fiŝo. Trinku ~ teon ~ kafon. ~ konsilo, ~ konsolo. ~ eniro, ~ eliro. ~ mi ankaŭ, nor I either. Rim.: Stms nek follows other negative words. Faru nenian laboron: ~vi, ~ via filo. Nenia kulpo ~ krimo estas en li. Ne deziru lian domon, ~ lian kampon. Popolo, kiun vi ne konis hieraŭ ~ antaŭhieraŭ (Rut 2/11).

nekro- (Gk pfx = corpse), necro-.

nekrofor-o, burying beetle (Necrophorus).

nekrolog-o, [OA] obituary (notice). ~aro, necrology, register of deaths. ~isto.

nekropol-o, necropolis, cemetery, city of the dead.

nekropsi-o, autopsy, postmortem examination.

nekroz-o, necrosis. Fosfora ~zo, phossy jaw.

nekromanci-o, necromancy.

nekst-a, next (G. nächst). 1 (pri loko) (plej apuda, plej proksima); nearest, closest. En la ~a domo. Mia ~a najbaro. 2 (pri ordo, tempo) (tuj posta, tuj venonta); immediately foilowing, n. in order, soonest come to. Turnu vin dekstren ĉe la ~a angulo (Venecia Komercisto 22). La ~a fojo, jaro, kunveno, leciono, lernanto, litero, paĝo, poŝto, vorto. Mi venos ~an (tujvenontan) lundon. La ~a (morgaŭa, tujposta) tago. Kiu ~e? ~e plejbona, n. best. Post~a semajno, week after n. (interjection) Nekst!

nektar-o, [OA] nectar. 1 (myth) drink of the gods, f any delicious drink. 2 sweet juice exuded by plants. ~ujo, nectary.

nektarin-o, nectarine (Persica nectarina).

nelumb-o (sankta lotuso), Egyptian lotus, Nile lily, the sacred lotus of Asia (Nelumbium speciosum). ➞ lotus.

nematod-o, (zoo) nematode, thread-worn, roundworm.

nenia [UV] (adj) no, of no kind, no kind(sort) of (a), not any. Mi bezonas ~n helpon, I need no help of any kind. ~ rezulto, no result whatever. ~ ago sen pcgo. ~ beno sen peno. ~okaze, in no case, under no crcum- stances.

nenial [F] (adv), for no reason, not for any reason, on no account, without (not for) any reason (cause, motive) whatever. 1 Tion mi ne konsilus e’c al malamiko, sekve ~ al vi. Li rigardis la geamantojn, sed ~ sentis jaluzon. 2 Kial vi ploras? Vere, mi ploras ~ ajn, for no reason whatever. Ŝajne li subite koleriĝis. ➞ senkaŭz, senmotiv. Rim.: Some argue that Li neniam (or nenie) kantas means that he is not singing; and that therefore Li ~ kantas should also mean 1 He is not singing (no matter why not); and not 2 He is singing (with no reason for doing so). But (as above) both uses are found.

neniam [UV] (adv), Never, at no time, not ever. ~ mensogu I Elefanto ~ forgesas. La tempo pasinta ~ revenos. Kiu ~ eraras, nenion faras. Ankoraŭ n. yet. Preskaŭ hardly (scarcely) ever. ~ plu, n-more, n. again. Nu, mi Well, I n,! La ~a lando, that land that n. was. En la tago de la Sankta ~o!

nenie [UV] (adv), Nowhere, in no case, not anywhere. ~ mi povis ĝin trovi, I could find it n. Mi iras ~en, I am going nowhither (to n.).

neniel [UV] (tute ne), Nohow, by no means, in no way, not in any way, nowise. Mi ~ povas kompreni. I can’t understand at all. Tre strange, kaj ~ kompreneble ! (H 39/19).

nenies [UV] (pron), de neniuQ). Nobody’s, no-one’s, belonging to no one, not anyone’s. Dependi de ~ kaprico. ~ lando (tero), no man’s land. ~ okulo (Jeĥ 16/5). ~ propraĵo (servanto).

neni-o (pron), Nothing, naught, none, not any thing. ~ ajn, nothing at all. Li manĝis ~n. Per ~ oni faras ~n. Kiu havas ~n, estas ~aĵo, 1 blank, vacuum. 2 (senvalorajo): Li flustris al ŝi dolĉajn ~aĵojn. Vi estas ~aĵo, kaj via agado estas ~aĵo. ~eco, vanity, emptiness, unsubstantiality, vacuity. La ~eco de homa gloro. ~igi (Jes 44/25), 1 annihilate, bring to naught, destroy: ~igi vilaĝon. ➞ detru, pereig. 2 annul, cancel, nullify: ~igi decidon. ➞ forig, nulig, senvalorig. ~iĝi (Ps 146/4), come to n., fall to the ground. Miaj klopodoj ~iĝis. ~iĝa (Ps 39/4), ephemeral, fleeting, impermanent. Dis~iĝi (Jes 51/6), vanish. ~o(n)farado, doing nothing, idleness.

neniom [F] (adv), none (of it), none (at all), no amount (questionty) no whit, not a bit. ~ plu, dankon. No more, thank you. ~ ajn, absolutely none. ~ da filoj, ~ da filinoj, no sons, no daughters (Rj 50/9). Multe da peno, ~ da pano. Mi ~ komprenis el via parolo.

neniu [UV] (pron), Nobody, no one, not (any) one. Ankoraŭ ~ venis, n. has come yet. Mi konas ~n en la urbo. Tempo kaj tajdo atendas por ~ ajn, no one at all. Kiu ĉasas du leporojn, kaptas ~n. 2 (adj) Not a single. ~ horo sen laboro. Li havas ~n amikon.

neo- (Gk pfx = new), neo-.

neofit-o, neophyte. 1 new convert. 2 beginner, tyro.

neolitik-o, neolithic period, later stone age.

neologism-o, [OA] neolog/ism, newly coined word; neologist-o, -ist.

neon-o (chem) neon (Ne), ~a lampo.

neoti-o, bird’s nest orchid (Neottia).

nep-o, [UV] grandson. La ~oj vin benos. ~ino, grand-daughter. Ge~oj, grandchildren. Pra~o, great-grandson (Ps 103/17).

nepa-o (akvoskorpio), (ent) water scorpion (Nepa). ➞ ranatr,

Nepal-o NP.

nepent-o, (bot) pitcher-plant (Nepenthes).

nepotism-o, [OA] nepotism, undue family patronage.

nepr-e, [UV] without fail, absolute-(assured -certain-infallib-positiv-sure-)ly, come what may, in any case. Mi ~e venos, I shan’t fail to come. La kunveno ~ okazos. ~ venu! Come without fail! Vi ~ devas iri, you absolutely must go. ~ atingota, certain to be attained. ~a, absolute, positive. ~a bezon-(dev-kondiĉ-postul-)o. ~a helpo, unfailg help. ~igi, make inevitable. ➞ cert, dev, neces, neevitebl, sendub.

nereid-o, rag-worm (Nereis).

nerv-o, [OA] (anat) Nerv/e. Tio agacas miajn ~ojn. f Havi ~ojn el ŝtalo. f (sinew) boldness, self-command, spirit. Perdi sian ~on. ~a, -ous, of n. (noun). ~a malsano (neŭrozo), ~a ĉelo, tiko. ~aj centroj. ~aro (~a sistemo). ~izi, innervate. ~oza, easily excited, highly strung, timid. ~~e, -ously. ~~eco, state of noun (fidgets), irritability. ~~igi, fray (get on) noun, give the fidgets, set noun on edge. ~doloro, (neŭralgio). ~ekscito, tonic. Sen~a, n-less, flabby, weak, wanting in spirit or vigour. ➞ timem.

nervur-o, rib, vein(ing), of leaf, insect’s wing.

nest-o, [UV] Nest (especially of birds, fishes, insects): ~o birda, musa, termita. Al ĉiu birdo plaĉas ĝia ~o. f snug or secluded retreat: La familia ~o. Fari sian ~on. Haunt (de rabistoj); fostering-place (de malvirto). 2 (mar) crow’s n. ~i, have (make) an La birdoj ~as printempe. ~ado, nidification. ~iĝi, -le, lie close, settle, shelter. Floroj ~iĝas en la fendoj (K 195/19). f settle one’s comfortably, lie half-hidden or embedded, smuggle down. ~ego, lair. ~ulo (birdido), fledgling. ➞ loĝejo, restadejo, rifuĝejo.

net-a, [UV] 1 Fair, neat; (des, typ), clean, clear (cut), distinct, sharp: ~a desegn -(klisaĵ-kontur-skribaĵ-)o. ~o, f. copy. Skribi ~e (~igi), make a f.c. mal~o, [UV] (rough) draft. Mal~a, (typ) blurry, smudgy. 2 = sendeprena, senrabat, sentara, net, clear, final: ~a gajno, kosto, pezo, prezo, profito. Mal~a, gross. ➞ fin, ver. Opp nominal.

netbal-o, (gm) net ball. ➞ pilk.

neŭr- (ppfx = nerve). ~algio (nervdoloro), -algia. ~astenio, -asthenia. ~ozo, -osis. ~olog-io, -o; ~opat-io, -o.

neŭtr-a, [OA] (gram) Neuter, neither masc. nor fem., sexless or sexually undeveloped. (chem) neutral, neither acid nor alkaline. ~a solvaĵo. (el) neither positive nor negative. ~igi, -alize. II (chem) ~ino, -ine. (ph) ~ono, -on.

neŭtral-a, [OA] Neutral, impartial, of neither party, taking no side. ~a lando, lingvo, sinteno, zono. Resti ~a. ~eco, -ity. ~igi, -ize, counterpoise. ~ulo, n. ➞ senparti, superparti.

nev-o, [UV] Nephew, ~ino, niece. Pra~o, grand-n.

nevropter-oj, (ent) lace-wings (Neuroptera).

nevus-o, (med) naevus, birth-mark.

ni [UV] (pron) we. ~n, usually Al to us. ~a, [UV] our. ~atempa, of our time.

niĉ-o, [UV] (arch) niche, nook, shallow recess in wall to contain statue, etc. Sanktula ~o (Rn 24/10). En~igi, esconce.

niel-o, (tech) Niello, black metallic amalgam on metal. ~i (-n), ornament in n. ~isto, n-worker. ➞ damasken.

nigel-o, (bot) 1 love-in-a-mist, fennel-flower (Nigella damascena). 2 fitch (N. sativa) (Jes 28/27).

nigr-a, [UV] Black, Dark. 1 (colour) swarthy: ~a kiel fulgo, inko. ~a haŭto, tabulo, vesto. ~aj haroj, okuloj. Ebone, gagate, karbe ~a. 2 (malluma), d, gloomy, sombre, sullen: ~a flanko, humoro, maro, nokto. 3 (abomeninda), hateful, nefarious, wicked: ~a faro, koro, krimo. f dirty, grimy. ~a mano, tolaĵo, ungo. 4 (showing disapproval): ~a arto, b-magic, (➞ nekromanci). ~a laboro, listo, merkato. ~a marko, b-mark. ~o, b. ~o sur blanko (= skribo) pruvas sen manko. (chs, drs) La ~oj, bb. ~e vestita. Vidi ~e, see the gloomy side. ~aĵo, b-spot, smut, etc. Porti ~aĵojn, wear b. Fum~aĵo, lamp-b. ~eta, b-ish, d-ish. ~igi, b-en, d-en, nigrify. Malsano ~igis lian vivon. i besmirch, sully. ~igi ies karakteron per kalumnio. ~iĝi, get (grow) b., d. ~iĝanta (ĉielo), lowering, overcast. Blu~iĝa (inko), blue-b. ~ulo, (negro), ~um-o, ~i, b-out (kamuflaĵo). ~umi domon, urbon. ~umilo, b-out curtain, etc. ➞ blindum. Opp blank.

Niĝer-o NE.

Niĝeri-o NG.

nihil-ismo, [OA] -isto, [OA] Nihil-ism, -ist.

Nikaragv-o [OA-8] NI.

nikel-o, [OA] nickel (Ni) ~i, nickel-plate. ~(it)aĵo, nickel ware. ~ero, nickel-coin. ~a triklorido, (NiCl3) nickelic chloride. ~a diklorido, (NiCl2) nickelous chloride.

nikot/ian-o, (bot) tobacco-plant (Nicotiana).

nikotin-o, [OA] nicotine. ~ismo. ➞ fum, tabak.

niks-o, nix, water-elf(-sprite). (4 FA/67). ~ino, nixie, ondine, undine.

nikte-o (neĝa strigo), snowy owl (Nyctea).

niktereŭt-o, (zoo) racoon-dog (Nyctereutes).

nilon-o, nylon. ~a ŝtrumpo. ~hara broso.

nimb-o, [OA] nimbus. 1 (aŭreolo, haloo). 2 (met) glory, halo (difraktitaj lumringoj en nebulo). 3 ideal glory surrounding person.

nimbus-o, (met) nimbus, rain-cloud. Kumulo~o, cumulo-n. ➞ kumulus.

nimf-o, [OA] Nymph. 1 (myth) goddess (spirit) of waters and mountains. ➞ niks. f (lit) young and beautiful woman, damsel, maiden (H 76/5; If 60/23; M 51/18). 2 (ent) nympha, immature state of insect. 3 (anat) vulva lipeto. ~omanio.

nimfe-o (blanka akvolilio), white water- lily (Nymphaea alba).

niob-o, (chem) Niob/ium (Nb). ~ato, -ate.

nipl-o, (mec) nipple.

nirok-o, (orn) ferruginous duck, white- eyed pochard (Aytha nyroca).

nirvan-o, (Bud) nirvana, extinction. 1 of personal existence. 2 of all passion and desire.

nit-o, Rivet (joining metal plate by hammering). ~i, r., clinch (pieces of metal lengths). ~isto, -ter. ~maŝino, -ting machine. ➞ bolt, vinkt.

nitr-, Nitr-, abbreviation of nitrogen in compounds. ~ato, -ate. ~atacido, -ic acid, aqua fortis. Klorida ~ato, aqua regis. ~ido, -ide.

~igi, -ify, ~ito, -ite. ~itacido, -ous acid. ~oza, -ous.

nitro-, Nitro-. ~benzeno. ~celulozo. ~glicerino. ~geno, -gen (N).

nivel-o, [UV] Level (sea, etc.). 1 horizontal line (plane). 2 elevation, height. Akvo~o, water-1. Mar~o, sea-level. ~o supermara. La inundo atingis la ~on de la plafono. f trovi sian ~on. 3 degree, standard. La morala ~o de la lando. Levi la ~on de la ekzameno. ~o de instruo, komforto, intelekto, vivo. (-n), test the 1. (of). ~ado, -ling. ~igi (make) 1. (even, uniform), bring to correct 1. ~igi klasojn, salajrojn. Al~igi (PI 2/2). ~ilo, level gauge. Aer~ilo, bobel~ilo, air level, spirit l. Akvo~ilo, water-g. Vid~ilo, viewfinder. Sam~a transirejo, 1-crossing. Sam~e kun, on a level (par) with, flush. ➞ eben, plat, ŝtup.

niz-o, [OA] sparrow-hawk (Accipiter nisus) < akcipitr, falk.

-nj, [UV] sfx of endearment for fem. names. Kanjo, Kittie. Sonjo, Sophie. By extension: avinjo, grannie; enjo, wif(ey); franjo, Sis; panjo, mamma; mum; and even kanjo, puss; kunjo, bunnie.

nobel-o, [UV] Nob/le(man), grandee, lord, peer. ~a, (of)n. birth(rank), high lineage. ~a bieno, lordly domain. ~aro, -ility, peerage. ~eco, -ity, eminence by birth or rank. Dokumento de ~eco, patent of -ility. ~ido, lordling. ~igi, raise to the peerage. ~ino, lady of rank. Mal~o, commoner. ➞ aristokrat, lord, magnat, patrici, nobl.

nobl-a, [UV] Nob/le. 1 generous, great, high-minded, honourable, lofty-souled, warm-hearted. ~a ago, karaktero, konduto, viro. 2 grand, elevating, imposing, splendid. ~a konstruaĵo. ~eco, -ness, moral excellence. ~igi, en-n, dignify, elevate. ~ulo, man of high ideals. Mal~a, base, coarse, ignoble, low, mean, vile. ~~aĵo, infamy. ~~igi, debase, degrade, lower. ~~ulo, dirty dog, scoundrel. ➞ ideal, model, nobel.

noc-i, (malutili, esti ~a), be detrimental (hurtful, injurious, prejudicial) (to), detract from, do harm to, go against. ~i al ies interesoj (sano). ~a, noxious. Ne~a, harmless, innoxious,

noci-o, (phi, log) notion. ➞ koncept.

noĉ-o, notch, gash, jag, groove, nick, slot, V-shaped indentation or incision. ~o de sago, segilo. ~i (-n), indent, nick. ~ado, nicking. ~bastono, tally (stick). ~peco (of umbrella), n. ~stango, rack. ➞ breĉet.

nod-o, [OA] 1 (kruciĝejo), (as, ph), Node, intersecting point of circles (orbits, vibrating string). Voj~o, road junction. 2 (bot) point at which leaves spring, knob, knot on root or branch in wood): ~a, -al. ~eco, -osity. ~eto, -ule. 3 (ligtubero). 4 (mar), Knot, vd knot. Rim.: Some langs. use knot; others, nod, for all four meanings. It word be well to use nod for 1,2; and knot for 3,4, as in English. So in Marista Terminaro (1908).

nokaŭt-o, -i, (sp) knock-out, decisv blow.

nokt-o, [UV] Night. ~o somera, stelplena. Resti du ~ojn en Romo. f darkness, obscurity. Foriri en la ~on. La ~o de blindeco, nescio, de la tombo. ~a (of) n., nocturnal. ~e, at (by, in the) n. ~a laboro. ~as, it is n. ~iĝas, la ~o falas, n. is falling (drawing nigh). ~iĝo, n-fall, sundown, (orn) ~uloj, n-birds. Ĉiu~e, -ly. Tag~o (diurno), day, 24 hours. Tra~i, pass the n. Tut~a, n-long. Opp tag.

noktiluk-o (mara fosforesko), noctiluca (protozoon) (Noctiluca).

noktol-o, noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula).

noktu-o, [OA] little owl (Athene noctua) (Le 11/17; Ps 102/6).

noktued-oj, noctuid moths.

nokturn-o, nocturne, (art) night scene, (mus) night music.

nom-o, [UV] Name, appelate, denomination, designate, title. Diru al mi vian ~on. En (per) la ~o de, in the name of. Al~o, Krom~o, cogmomen. Antaŭ~o, Bapto~o, persona ~o, Christian n. Duopa ~o, double-barreled n. Familia ~o, sur-n. Kaŝ~o, pseŭdo~o, plum~o, [UV] pseudonym, pen-n. Land~o, n. of country. Mok~o, ŝerc~o, nick-n. Propra ~o, (gram) proper n. ~a, appelative, nominal. ~e, [UV] 1 by n. Voku ilin ~e. 2 -ly, that is to say, to particularize, to wit, viz. Atentu la kondiĉojn, ~e… . ~i, [UV] n. 1 Call, give n. to, entitle (Ge 2/19): ~i katon, infanon Petro. 2 use n. for, describe by n.: Kiel vi nomas tion? Oni kutime ~is lin "avo". Ne sufiĉas ~i lingvon internacia, por ke ĝi estu tia. 3 (mencii), mention, speak of. 4 (a. nomumi), choose (for office, etc.), designate, indicate, nominate, specify. ~ado, nominate. ~aro, panel, list of names. ~ata, c-d, n-d, whose n. is. ~iĝi, be c-d, have the n. ~ito, nominee. Ali~e, alias. Laŭ~e, nominally. Lando nur ~e Kristana. Ne~ebla, unmentionable. Propra~e, in one’s own name. Sam~ulo, n-sake. Sen~a, n-less, anonymous, obscure. ➞ esprim, menci, termin, titol, vok.

nomad-o, [OA] Nomad, Wander/er. ~a, n-ic. ~i (vivi ~e), live a w ing life. ~ismo. ➞ migr, vag.

nombr-o, [UV] Number. 1 amount, aggregate, sum total. Havi la ~on de, amount to. mez~o, [UV] average, mean. 2 quantity. Granda ~o da libroj, a large n. (multitude) of books. ~o (ne)para even (odd) n. ~oj, (Bb) Numbers. ~a, 1 (pri~a), numerical. ~a demando, rilato, signo. 2 (prikvanta), Kiom ~aj ili estas? ~i ( n), number. 1 ascertain (count) how many (n. of), compute, enumerate, reckon. Oni ne povis ~i nek kalkuli (1 Rĝ 8/5). ~i la loĝantaron (stelojn). 2 amount to, consist of, have (reach) the number of. La grupo ~as 30 membrojn. ~ado, count. Popol~ado, census. ~ono (frakcio), fraction. Grand~a, multe~a, comprising many units, numerous. ~~a klaso, legantaro. Veni mult~e, in large numbers. Plen~e, complete, in full force. Ne~ebla, innumerable. Sen~a, n-less, countless, (gram) unu~o [UV] (singularo), singular. ➞ cifer, kvant, numer, plur(al).

nomenklatur-o, nomenclature, scientific terminology. ➞ terminar.

nominal-a [OA] (laŭnoma), Nominal, existing in name only, not actual or real. ~a estro, kosto, prezo, valoro. (phi) ~ismo, ~isto. Opp efektiv.

nominativ-o, [UV] (gram) nominative (case).

nopal-o, nopal, cochineal cactus (Nopalea). ➞ opunti.

nord-o, [UV] North. La magneta ~o. ~a, -erly, -ern, of (from) the n. ~a hemisfero, vento. ~e, in (to) the n. Skotlando kuŝas ~e de Anglujo. ~en, to the n., -wards. Rigardu ~en! ~ano, ~ulo (jl 2/20), -erner. De~e, from the n.

nori-o (trogĉeno), noria, chain-pump, bucket-(chain-conveyor-)hoist.

norm-o, [OA] Norm, Standard, par (of exchange), pattern, type, authtive model or rule. Konformiĝi al la ~o. (mus) Piĉ~o, standard pitch (/4 = 440 vibroj sekunde). (Laŭ)~a, conforming (up) to s., correct to pattern. ~a solvaĵo, norm solution. ~igi, s-ize. Al~igi (Sam~igi) fabrikaĵojn. ilojn. varojn. Sub~a, below s. ➞ model, ŝablon, tip.

normal-a, [OA] Normal; ordinary, regular, typical, usual, (psy) well-adjusted. ~a kvanto, nivelo, sano, temperaturo. ~eco, -ity. ~igi, adjust, regulate, set. Ne~a, abnormal. Preter~a, uncanny. ➞ kutim, ordinar.

Norvegujo, Norvegio [OA-8] NO.

nostalgi-o [OA] (hejmensopiro), Nostalg/ia, sorrowful longing for conditions of a past age, wistful memory of earlier times. ~a, -ic.

nostok-o, nostoc, star-holly, witch’s butter (bluegreen alga) (Nostoc).

not-o, [UV] No/te. 1 brief record or writing, memorandum: Fari ~on pri adreso, dato, fakto. Ekspeda ~o, despatch n. 2 written remark or comment, annotion. Libro kun klarigaj ~oj. Pied~o, foot-n. 3 (mus) ~o, written sign (letter, number) representing a mus. sound; also, by extensn, the sound itself: ~o plena, duona, semibreve (minim). Krom~o, pas~o, ond~o, ŝanĝ~o. Pend~o, hanging note. Vd Muz. Terminaro (p. 17). f (eco, nuanco), characteristic feature. Liaj vortoj portis funebran ~on en la feston. ~i, fari ~on, make (take) a n. (of), jot down. ~u la daton en via taglibro. f (atenti, memori), notice, observe. ~i (al si) en la cerbo (memoro), make a mental note of. ~u, ke mi venos marde. ~aro, documents, file, records. ~inda, n-worthy. ~libro, n-book. Kvin~a (pentatonic) skalo (d,r,m,s,l). Pri~i, annotate.

notaci-o, notation. ~o algebra, muzika, ŝaka.

notari-o, [UV] Notary. ~a, -ial. ~ejo, n’s office.

notonekt-o, (ent) backswimmer, water-bug (Notonecta). ➞ koriks.

noumen-o, (phi) noumenon, object. of intellectual intuition. Opp fenomen. ➞ numen.

nov-a, [UV] New. 1 now first appearing (experienced, introduced), novel, unfamiliar. ~a libro, modo, N~a Testamento. 2 changed, difft, fresh, renewed, replacing previous one. ~a luno, regulo, sekretario. ~jara tago, New Year’s Day. 3 just made, of recent date. ~a amiko, domo, vesto, vino. -ly, just recently, ~e bakita, demetita, naskita, trovita, falinta, veninta. ~aĵo, 1 novelty, innovation, something new or unusual. 2 (piece of) news, tidings, report of recent events. ~eco, newness, novelty. ~igi, innovate. ~ulo, newhand, freshman, novice, tyro. De~e (refoje, duan fojon), afresh, again, anew, once more. Re~igi, renew, renovate. ~i amikecon, meblon, moron. PFX neo-, new, ~jaro, ~platonismo. ~edzino, Mrs newly-wed, Nov-Zelando NZ. ➞ freŝ, jun, ĵus.

Mal~a (a. olda), Old. 1 long-established, long-existing. ~a amiko, kutimo, ŝuldo. 2 former, previous. ~a metodo, modo. 3 discarded, spoiled by use. ~a domo, vesto. ~aĵo, [UV] lumber, o-clothes, etc. ~ega, ancient. ~iĝinta, obsolete.

Nova-o ("nova stelo"), (astr) nova.

noval-o (tero nekultivata, ripozanta), fallow ground.

novel-o [OA]. novelette, short story of fiction. ➞ fabel, rakont, roman.

Novembr-o, [UV] November.

novic-o [UV] (novulo), Novic/e, neophyte. 1 of religious order. 2 (nespertulo), beginner, tyro. ~o ĉe aviado. ~eco (~a periodo), -iate.

nu [UV] (interj), Well! Well now! Come now! and yet it must be admitted, you must know, etc. ~ do, well, then! Gives various tones to the sentence, as suggested by context or tone of voice. (Acquiescence, concession): ~ do, venu, se vi vere insistas. (Argument): ~, li diris, ke vi eraras. vi konsentos, ke. vi estas homo; do vi povas erari. (Astonishment, surprise): ~, Kiu supozus tion? mi neniam! (Calling attention): aŭskultu! (Doubt, hesitation): ~, kio pri la hundo? (Explanation): Barabas estis rabisto. (Ending conversation): Bonan nokton! (Expostulation): Kiu povus tion kredi! (Impatience): finfine vi alvenis! (Resignation): ~, tia estas la vivo! (Soothing): ~! Ne ploru!

nuanc-o, [UV] Nuance, Shade; delicate diffce in colour (feeling, meaning, etc.), gradation, hue, tinge, tint, touch, suggestion. ~o da ĉagreno, signifo, verdo. ~i (havi ~on). ~igi (aldoni ~on), s., blend, modulate, ~igi sian voĉon. ~iĝi, s. off, change imperceptibly. La ĉielo ~iĝis per mil koloroj. Sen~e, abruptly, without grad(u)ation. ➞ ombr, ton.

nub-o, [UV] Cloud. 1 (vapour), haze, mist. ~oj kovris la ĉielon. 2 (dense mass): ~o el fumo, incenso, polvo. 3 multitude, swarm. ~o da akridoj, sagoj, vortoj. f gloom, obscurity, shadow. ~o aperis sur lia vizaĝo. ~a, 1 (~kovrita, ~oplena, ~oza), c-y, dark, gloomy: ~a ĉielo, tago, vetero. 2 confused, hazy, obscure: ~a stilo. 3 depressed, gloomy, sullen: ~a vizaĝo. ~ero, speck (wisp) of c. ~igi, c., befog, darken, obscure. ~iĝi, c. over, become gloomy (overcast). Sen~a, c-less, bright, clear. ➞ cirus, kumulus, nebul, nimbus, stratus, vual.

nud-a, [UV] Bare, Nude. 1 naked, unclothed: ~a kapo, piedo, b-headed, b-footed. Pentri laŭ ~a modelo, from the n. 2 exposed, un-cover(-drap-furnish-protect -sheath)ed: ~a arbo (senfolia); ĉambro (,senmebla); glavo (seninga); okulo (senokulvitra); tero (senkreskaja). 3 direct, simple, sincere, un-adorn (-disguis)ed: ~a logik-(stil-ver-)o, (sendetala): ~a projekto. ~e tondita hundo. ~aĵo, b-place. ~eco, nudity. ~igi, b., denude, expose, lay b., strip, uncover, ~igi brakon, glavon. ~ismo, -isto. ~ulo, n.

nudel-o (rubanda vermiĉelo) (cul) noodle.

nufar-o (flava akvolilio), Yellow water- lily (Nuphar).

nugat-o, (cul) nougat.

nuk-o, [UV] (kolposto), nape, scruff (of neck), Klini la ~on (bow the neck) antaŭ tirano. ~doloro, (c)rick in the neck, stiff neck. Malmol~a, (Bb) fiere obstina, mulish, stiff-necked, stubborn, Malmoligi sian ~on (Ne 9/17). ➞ kol. nukle-o, Nucle/us, central point. Atoma ~o. ~a ĥemio, -ar chemistry, f centre, core, kernel. ~o de kometa kapo, de rezisto.

nuks-o, [UV] Nut. Krevigi ~ojn. ~oj venis, kiam dentoj elfalis (tro malfrue). Brazila ~o, Ter~o (arakido). ~a (~ogusta), nutty. ~a butero, n-butter. ~rompilo, (pair of) n-crackers. (orn) -rompulo, n-cracker (Nucifraga).

nul-o, [UV] Nought, the figure 0, blank, cipher, nil, nothing, zero. 20 gradoj sub ~o. f Rigardata kiel ~o (Jes 40/17). Iu altranga ~o, a highly placed nobody, (gm) ~oj kaj krueoj. ~a, null, entirely negligible. La rezulto (rikolto) estis ~a. ~aĵo, ~eco, nullity. ~igi, nullify, cancel, declare void, invalidate, quash, rescind. ~~ baloton, decid-juĝ-kontrakt-verdikt-)on. (phlt) obliterate. Ne~igebla, irrevocable. ➞ cifer, neni-.

numen-o, (rel) numen, divine force, religious feeling of attraction and awe characteristic of man’s sense of communion with God.

numeni-o, (orn) curlew, whaup (Numenius) (4 FA 53/9). ~o malgranda, whimbrel.

numer-o, [UV] 1 (consecutive) Number given to (written on) something to indicate its order among others: ~o de bileto, (domo, kajero, paĝo. Skribu la straton kaj ~on. Atoma ~o, atomic n. Telefona ~o. 2 thing indicated by this: ~o de gazeto. Mi loĝas en ~o 36. ~i (-n), assign a n. to, put a n. on, page, ~i dokumenton, libron, seĝon. ~ado, n-ing, numeration, paging, etc. ~ilo, -ing machine, stitch counter, etc.

numeral-o, [OA] (gram) numeral, word or figure(s) denoting a number. ~o baza (fundamenta), cardinal. ~o orda, ordinal. ➞ obi, on, op, po. IT ➞ cifero (written sign); numero (consecutive number); numeralo (part of speech).

numerator-o, (mat) numerator (upper number of fraction). ➞ indie.

numid-o (perlokoko), guinea-fowl (Numida).

numismat-a, Numismat/ic. ~isto, -ist. ~ko, [OA] -ies.

nun [UV] (adv) Now. 1 (~tempe), at present, at this (very) moment: ~ li dormas. De from n. onwards, for the future, henceforth. Ĝis as yet, till n. 2 (tuj), immediately, without waiting any longer: Venu Ni devas iri Jam even n. ~ aŭ neniam! 3 (and) now, following what has happened, after this, things being so, under the present circumstances. ~ ni transiru al la dua punkto. Kaj ~ ni ĉion forgesu. ~ vidu, kio sekvis. ~ kiam ni vidis lin, ĉio ŝanĝiĝis. ~(temp)o, the present time. ~a, current, present. Mia ~a deziro, letero. La ~a aranĝo, sistemo. La 23-a de la ~a, the 23rd inst. ➞ aktual, as, estant, nu, temp.

nunci-o, nuncio, papal ambassador.

nur [UV] (adv), Only, but (in this sense). ~ malmulte, o. a little, b. little. 1 Not more than, and no more, and nothing besides (else). Gi kostis ~ unu pencon. Venis ~ tri gastoj. Bano ~ varmeta. Knabo ~ sesjara. ~ auskultu! Just listen! ~ li ne iris, all but he went. 2 merely, simply, not otherwise than. Mi povas paroli ~ Angle. Mi parolas ~ por via bono. Mi atendos ~ ĝis lundo. Ne ~ A, sed ankaŭ B: not o. A, but also B. 3 not before, not till: Li venos ~ morgaŭ. ~ tiam vi komprenos. ~a, mere, (pure and) simple. ~a hazardo. ➞ sole. Rim.: Nur modifies the idea it precedes, ~ li (neniu alia) parolis. Li ~ parolis (sed ne laboris). Li parolis ~ al ŝi (ne al alia). ~ se vi iros, o. if (provided that) you go. Se ~ vi iras, if only you go. Rim.: ➞ sola, only, solitary ( = nur unu, sen alia). Rim.: Li estas ~ mia edzo (o. my). Li estas mia sola edzo (my only). Rim.: ➞ nura vorto, a mere word, with unu sola vorto, one single (solitary) word. [It is a common error to use nura when sola is meant]. Rim.: Sometimes Z uses nur in a way I do not understand. M.C.B. (e.g., 4 FA 157/20; 230/21; 239/25).

nutaci-o, (as, bot, etc.), nutation.

nutr-i (-n), [UV] Nourish. 1 feed, sustain with food: ~i bebon, katon, planton, menson. Sin ~i (feed one’s) per mielo. f La lando ~as la loĝantaron. 2 encourage, foster: ~i ambicion, deziron, senton. ~a, nourishing, nutritious, nutritive. Lakto estas pli ~a, ol vino. ~(aĵ)o, aliment, food, n-ment, provender, etc. Rezervaj ~aĵoj, emergency rations. ~ado, nutrition. Mam~i, nurse, suckle, feed at the breast. ~~istino, wet-nurse. Sub~i, under-n. Super~i, overfeed. ➞ manĝ, past, vart.


O

O [F], letter O.

-o, [UV] noun ending; denotes entity (object., person, action, quality) corresponding to the root. (e.g., domo, homo, bato, belo).

oaz-o, [OA] oasis. ~o en la dezerto. f ~o de paco meze de tumulto. ➞ rifuĝej, ripozej, ŝirmej.

obe-i (-n, al) [UV], be obedient to, obey. 1 do what one is told to by, perform bidding of: ~i la patron. 2 comply with, heed, execute, mind, ~i leĝon, ordonon, regulon. ~(ad)o, obedience. ~opasiva. ~(em)a, obedient, compliant, dutiful, submissive. ~emo, deference, docility. ~emaĉa, fawning, obsequious. ~igi, bring into allegiance (to heel), subdue, train (➞ juĝ, ordon, reg). ~igema, dictatorial, imperious. Mal~i, disobey, break (rule), defy, transgress, ~~ema, defiant, insubordinate, refractory, unruly. ~~emo, contumacy. Ne~ebla, impossible (order, rule). Ne~igebla, indomitable, uncontrollable, untameable.

obelisk-o, [OA] (arch) obelisk. ~o de Kleopatro, C’s needle, (typ) the sign (t) Du~o, ©.

objekt-o, [UV] Object. 1 (aĵo), article, thing. ~oj sur la tablo. Leciono pri ~o, o-lesson. Dom~o (Ne 13/8). 2 (early writings) = temo. ~o de admiro, disputo, intereso, studo. 3 (gram) Object (of a sentence) (the complement of a transitive verb). The rekta ~o (direct o.) has the accusative ending "n". The nerekta ~o (indirect o.) = prepozitivo (which see). ➞ afer, artikol, cel; subjekt.

objektiv-a [OA] (opp subjektiva), Objectiv/e. 1 (phi) external to thought; with actual or real existce. 2 independent of one’s own personal feelings or opinions; as seen by another; factual, impartial. ~a pritrakto de temo. Rigardi ~e, -ely. ~eco, -ity.

objektiv-o, (opt) (phot) object-glass.

-obl, [UV] sfx denotes multiplication. ~o, multiple. 6,9, estas ~oj de 3. du~a, [UV] duple, twofold. ~~a porcio, double portion. Tri~a, triple. Mult~a, manifold. Unu~a (fadeno), simple, single. Kelk~e, several times. ~igi (multipliki), multiply. Du~igi, multiply by 2. Mult~igi, duplicate (make many copies). Mult~iĝema, prolific. ➞ foj, mult, op.

oblat-o, [UV] wafer. 1 for sealing, seal. 2 (rc) for the host. ➞ vafl.

obligaci-o, [OA] (com) Bond, debenture. ~o fervoja, hipoteka. ~ulo, ~havanto, b-holder.

oblikv-a, [OA] Obliqu/e. 1 aslant, diagonal, inclined, slanting, sloping. ~a linio. ~a skribo, running hand. ➞ kursiv. 2 indirect, not going straight to the point, roundabout, side-ways. ~a cito, parolo, rigardo. ~e, askance, askew. ~e staranta (leaning) turo. ~(ir)i, go sideways. La plafono ~is. ~aĵo, ramp. ~eco, -ity. Opp horizontal, vertikal.

oblong-a (pli longa ol larĝa), Oblong. ~o, o., rectangle with adjacent sides unequal.

obol-o, [OA] obol (ancient Gk coin).

obscen-a, obscene; coarse, filthy, indecent, lewd.

obsed-i (-n), (used of delusion, idea, evil spirit), Obsess: fill the mind, haunt, preoccupy. La ideo lin ~is (seized hold of him). Kio vin ~as? what possesses you? ~o (Prem~o, Trud~o), -ion, delusion, fixed idea. ~a memoro, penso. ~ata, fixated, possessed.

observ-i, [UV] Observ/e, watch. 1 Look at with fixed attention, mark, take notice of. la historion, la stelojn. 2 Keep, adhere to, follow, obey. ~i feston, instruon, leĝon, principon, sabaton, silenton. ~(ad)o, -ance, -ation. ~o de regulo (rito). Bazi teorion sur ~o. ~aĵo, -ation, note. ~anto, -er. ~ejo, -ation post, watch-house, (mar) crow’s nest. ~ema, -ant, watchful, vigilant. ~isto, look-out, overseer, watcher, watchman. Mal~i, disregard.

observatori-o, [OA] (astr) observatory.

obsidian-o, (geol) obsidian,

obskur-a, Obscur/e. 1 (malluma): dark, dim, gloomy, shadowy, sombre. ~a angulo, ĉambro. 2 (neklara): dingy, dull, indefinite, indistinct, vague. ~a koloro, demando, fenomeno. 3 (nekonata, senfama): hidden, humble, remote from observation, secluded, undistinguished, unknown to fame. ~a sciencisto, vivo. ~(ec)o, -ation, -ity; dimness, humbleness, vagueness, seclusion. ~igi, cloud, darken, dim, eclipse, shade.

obskurantism-o.

obstakl-o, Obstacle, bar, hindrance, impediment. ~a kuro, obstacle-race, hurdle-race, steeple-chase, etc.

obstetrik-o (akuŝa scienco), Obstetric/s. ~a, -al. ~isto, -ian.

obstin-a, [UV] Obstin/ate, dogged, persisting in one’s own way, pertinacious, unyielding (Jes 48/4). ~a infano, mulo, rezisto. ~e silenti, sulk. ~e antaŭen! ~(ec)o, -acy, determination. Vespero, I’-o, kaj la pacienco. ~i, persist, stick to. ~i en siaj pekoj. ~aĉa, ~ega, pig-headed, refractory, self-willed, stiff-necked, stubborn. ~igi (harden) la koron (El 14/4). ~ulo. ➞ malcedem, nekonvinkebl, persist.

obstrukc-o, [UV] obstruction, congestion, hindrance to progress or circulate, stoppage. ~o intesta; ~o ĉe (de, en) kloako, tubo, vejno; sur strato. ~i, obstruct, block (the way) (up), choke, clog, fill with impedimenta, jam, make impassable, stand in the way of. f prevent (retard) progress. ~i la agadon de la polico. (pol) filibuster. Mal~i, clear. ➞ bar, embaras, Stop.

obten-i = havigi al si, obtain; achieve, acquire, gain, get, procure, secure. ➞ akir.

obtur-i, obturate, close (off), cover, seal (breech of gun, cavity, orifice), stop up. kamentubon. ~o, obturation. ~ilo, closing device, stop-cock, etc. (phot) shutter. Diafragma (fokusa, gilotina) ~ilo, diaphragm, focal plane, (drop) shutter.

obtuz-a, [OA] obtuse. 1 (geom) ~a angulo, blunt (point), rounded (leaf). 2 dull, muffled: ~a bruo, muĝo, sono, voĉo. f dull- witted, thick-headed. 3 not clearly felt, unprecise: ~a kolero, malĝojo. ~a (gnawing) doloro. ~igi (sonori), deaden, dull, muffle < damp. ➞ neakr, neakut, neklar). Sens~o, stupor, dazed (dumbfounded, stunned) condition.

obus-o, (mil) shell. ~e ŝokita, suffering from shell-shock. ➞ grenad.

ocean-o, [OA] Ocean. 1 The high sea. 2 each of the five main seas. Atlanta ~o. f vast expanse. ~a, -ic. Trans~a, trans-ic. ~ografio.

ocel-o, (ent) (zoo) ocellus, simple (single) eye, eye-like spot.

ocelot-o (panterkato), leopard-(tiger-)cat, ocelot (Fells partialis).

ocim-o = bazilio.

od-o, [OA] Ode, lyrical poem of exalted tone.

odor-o, [UV] Odour (pleasant or unpleasant): Scent; smell. ~o dolĉa, mucida. Enspiri, flari ~on de rozo. Brul~o, smell of burning. ~i (-n, je), emit (give forth, have) an o., s. je ajlo, mosko, sterko. f ~i je nepotismo. ~(ant)a, balmy, fragrant, odoriferous, s-ed. ~aĉo, malbon~o, offensive smell, reek, stench, stink. Fi~a, unsavoury. Ek~o, whiff. Sen~a, o-less, s-less. Sen~igi, deodorize. Bon~o, aroma, fragrance, perfume. ~~a, sweets-ed. Malbon~a, f(o)etid, malodorous, smelly, stinking. f (mal)bon ~i, be in good (bad) o. or repute. Kiu sin gloras, malbone ~as. ➞ atom, balzam, flar, haladz, parfum.

ofend-i, [UV] Offend. 1 give offence to, affront, anger (vex) someone by hurting his dignity, cause resentment; insult (wound the feelings of): Vi ~is lin per via rido. Muso la katon ĉiam ~is. (grate on, shock): ~i mian lingvan senton 2 (malobei): ~i kontraŭ leĝo (regulo). ~o, affront, insult; illegal act, misdemeanour, transgression. Kaŝi, pardoni, senti, venĝi ~on. ~a, insulting, abusive, cutting, offensive, opprobrious. ~a gusto (parolo). ~iĝi, be -ed (hurt, piqued, upset), get in a huff, take o. (exception, umbrage) (Mt 15/12). Espereble vi ne ~iĝos, ke mi tion faris, I hope you won’t mind (be hurt by) my doing that. ~iĝema, touchy, apt to take o. Sen~a, harmless. ➞ ĉagren, indigniĝ, insult, pik, ŝok, vund.

ofensiv-o, (mil) offensive (aggressive) activity, attack. opposite defensiv.

ofer-i, [UV] Offer up, Sacrifice. 1 (rel) ~i bovon sur altaro. 2 dedicate (devote) to, forego (without hope of return), give up (for service, use), resign one’s to parting with, surrender: ~i sian monon, sanon, tempon, vivon al (por) la homaro (patrujo). [Ne= donaci, oferti, proponi]. Rim.: Oferi implies sacrifice or self-denial (Wm Bailey). ~(ad)o, -ing, s., oblation. Obeado estas pli bona ol ~ado. Tio postulas grandajn ~ojn de tempo kaj mono. Brul~o, buĉ~o, farim-)~o (Am 5/22, 25). Mon~o, o-tory, alms, donation, subs- cription. Pent~o, expiation. Sin~o, personal devotion, self-s. Trink~o, Verŝ~o, drinking, libation. ~aĵo, -ing, oblation, victim. ~ejo (altaro), altar. ~ema, devoted, generous, selfs-ing, unselfish. ~emo, self-denial, self-s. For~i, give up, relinquish.

ofert-i (proponi), (com) offer (tender) for sale or supply. ~o kaj postulo, supply and demand.

ofic-o, [UV] Offic/e. 1 responsible occupation (post, rank, situation, sphere) of activity (employment, occupation, service, trust): Akcepti, teni ~on. ~o de kasisto, ministro, pastor, urbestro. Grandaj ~oj, grandaj zorgoj. Senlabora ~o, sinecure. 2 charge (duty, function) attaching to this: Plenumi ~on. ~a, official. ~a vesto, official attire (gown, robe, uniform, vestment). ~i officiate, act (serve) as, discharge the duties of. ~eco, -ialism. ~ejo, [UV] office, bureau, place of business. Poŝt-ejo, P.O. Vetur~ejo, coach-o. Vojaĝ~ejo, travel bureau. ~ejestro, head of o. ~isto, [UV] officer, official, clerk, employee, functionary, o-holder, salesman, secretary, etc. Poŝt~isto, postal clerk or -ial. Ŝtat~isto, civil servant. ~istaro, personnel, staff. En~igi, appoint, instal, put into o. Sen~a, out of employment (a post). ➞ oficial.

oficial-a [F], Official, authorized, declared or done by competent authty, formal. ~a aldono, decido, dokumento, deklaro, gazeto. ~e, -ly. ~aĵo, -ism. ~ema, bossy, disposed to show one’s authty. ~igi, -ize, appoint (No 3/10). Duon~a, kvazaŭ~a, semiofficial. Ne~a, unofficial. ➞ ofic.

oficinal-a, (herb or drug), officinal, medicinal, used in art, pharmacy, or industry (K/233 footnote).

oficir-o, [UV] (mil, mar), Officer. Deĵora ~o, o. of the watch. Interrilata ~o, liaison o.

ofiklejd-o, (m.i.) ophicleide.

ofioglos-o, adder’s tongue fern (Ophioglossum).

ofion-o, ophion fly. ➞ iĥneŭmon.

ofiur-o, bristle-(sand-)star (Ophiura).

ofris-o, bee (fly, spider) orchid (Ophrys).

ofset-o, ~a, (typ) offset. Presi ~e.

oft-e, [UV] Oft(en), Frequen/tly, at short intervals, many times. Li ~e skribas, venas. ~a, f-t, o-occurring, common, constant, habitual, repeated. ~a eraro, foresto, sperto. ~aĵo, common occurrence. ~eco, frequency, prevalce. Plej~e, for the most part, mostly. (Pli)~igi, increase frequency. ~(iĝ)i, be (become) f. Mal~a, rare, few and far between, scarce. ~~e, rarely, seldom. ~~aĵo, rarity. ~~igi, curtail, cut down, restrict. Ne~a, in-f., uncommon. ➞ abund, ĝeneral, komun, rar.

oftalmit-o (okulinflamo), ophthalmia.

oftalmologi-o (okulscienco), ophthalmology.

oftalmoskop-o (okulesplorilo), ophthalmoscope.

ogiv-o [OA] (pintarko), (arch) ogive, ogee, Gothic arch. ~kruciĝo.

ogr-o, Ogr/e, child-eating giant. ~ino, -ess.

oho! (interj), oho! denotes surprise.

-ojda (a. -oida), unofficial sfx, denotes unprecise resemblance (= ~eca, -forma, -simila, -aspekta, -ŝajna). Elips-(metal -ov-rim-romb-sfer-)ojdo, elipsoid, etc. ➞ -ed.

ojstr-o, bot-fly, warble-fly (Oestrus). ~a larvo, bot.

ok, [UV] Eight. ~a, 8th (in order). ~e, 8thly. ~ono, 1/8. (mus) (~ona noto) quaver. ~obla, 8-fold, octuple. ~dekjara, octogenarian. ~teto, octet. PFX: ok- = octa-, octo-. ➞ okt(av).

okapi-o, (zoo) okapi (okapia).

okarin-o, (m.i.) ocarina.

okaz-i, (nt) [UV] happen, Occur; befall, chance, come about (off, to pass), take place. La edziĝo ~is hieraŭ. ~is nenio gram. ~is, ke, it h-ed that. ~o, [UV] Case, o-rence, event, incident: Stranga ~o min trafis. En la plej bona ~o, at the best. En la ~o, se vi iros, In c. you go. Kion ni faru en tiu ~o? 2 Opportunity, chance, circumstance: Kapti, profiti, uzi la ~on, seize the opportunity. Li atendas, ke la ~o venu al lia nazo. Mi jam havis ~on vidi, ke.... ~a, [UV] accidental, casual, chance, for the moment, fortuituous. ~aj cirkonstanc-(vort-)oj. ~e, 1 on occasion: Mi ~e uzos la permeson. 2 on the occasion: ~e de la festo. 3 as it h-ed, by chance, it h-ed that: ~e mi estis en Romo. Se ~e fariĝus, if perchance it should h. [Ne= occasionally (de tempo al tempo)]. ~aĵo, h-ing, o-rence, incident. ~intaĵo, past event (Ge 22/1). ~ejo, scene of event. ~igi, arrange, bring abt, cause, give rise to, occasion. ~igi kongreson, militon, morton. ~onta, impending. ~oplena, eventful. Ali~e, otherwise. Blind~e, at random, haphazard. Bon~a, fortunate, lucky. ĉiu~e, at all events, in any c. Kun~i, coincide. Laŭ~e, as opportunity offers, as the c. may be, at need, if (when) required, on occasion. Neniu~e, in no c., on no account, under no circumstances. Tiu~e, if that is so, in that c. ➞ event, fariĝ, hazard, incident, kaz, sane.

okcident-o, [UV] West, Occident. ~a, w-ern, w-erly. ~a horizonto, lando. Sud~a vento. ~en, w-wd. ~ano, o-al.

okcipit-o, occiput, back of skull. ~a, -ital. ~osto.

oklud-i, (med) (met) occlude. ~ita fronto. ~o, occlusion.

okr-o, (min) Ochr/e. Flava ~o, yellow o. ~a, -ous.

oksalid-o, (bot) wood-sorrel (Oxalis). ➞ okzal, trifoli.

okshoft-o, hogshead, large cask.

oksid-o, [OA] oxide. ~iĝi, ~izi, oxidize. Per~o hidrogena, (H2O2) hydrogen peroxide. ~~ulino, platinum blonde. Sen~igi, scale, scour (metal).

oksigen-o, [UV] Oxygen (O). Combining form: oks-, e.g., oksid-o, ~igi, ~iĝi, ~izi.

oksikok-o, [UV] Cranberry shrub (Vaccinium oxycoccus). ~a bero, c. < vakcini.

oktan-o, (chem) octane.

oktant-o, octant. 1 1/8th of circle. 2 instrument.

oktav-o [OA] (a. okto), (intvl) Octave. ~a, of an o. ~oj kaŝitaj, sinsekvaj.

oktav-o, ~a, (typ) octavo (8vo) = 8 leaves (16 pages) to a sheet. ~a formato (paĝo) (Rj 26/28). Duon~o (sixteenmo, 16mo), sexto-decimo.

Oktobr-o, [UV] October.

oktopod-o, octopus, octopod (➞ polp).

okul-o, [UV] Eye. 1 (organ of sight): ~o blua, bruna, laca, ruĝranda, vitra. (Mal)fermi la ~ojn. Direkti la ~ojn al. Tio okazis antaŭ miaj ~oj. f Rigardi per amaj ~oj. ~oj pli grandaj ol la ventro. Inter kvar ~oj (between you and me). Ĉarmi la ~ojn. Bov~o, bull’s-e. 2 attention, notice, observation: Teni ~on sur, keep an e. on. Fermi (kovri) la ~ojn kontraŭ, connive (wink) at, be blind to, shut one’s ee. to. Malfermi la ~ojn, f enlighten. Salti al la ~oj, be obvious. Kie estas viaj ~oj? 2 eye ( = truo): de hoko, kudrilo, martelo, ŝnuro; hole (en grujero, pano). (bot) bud (de planto), ~o de terpomo. ~a, eye-, ocular, ophthalmic, optic(al), ~a kavo, lenso, nervo. Sekvi (per)~e, with the eye. ~(ad)i, e., look at. ~eto, -let, e.g., de korseto, ŝuo. ~isto, -ist. ~umi, make sheep’s eyes at, ogle. ~umaĉi, leer. Rigardi ~angule, cast a side-long glance at. ~globo (~pomo), e-ball. ~mezure, at a glance. ~signi, wink. ~videbla, visible to the e. Rigardi bon~e, look favourably (grand~e, stare) at. Migdal ~a, almond-d. Nigr~a, black-d. Nud~e, with the naked eye. Propr-e, with one’s own eyes. Sam~e, e. to e. Sek~a, dry-d. Unu~a, one-d. ➞ har, iris, oftalm, palpebrum.

okulari-o, 1 (okulpeco), (opt) eye-piece. 2 (phot) (vidnivelilo), view-finder.

OKULT-a, Occult, esoteric, hidden, secret; magic, mystic. ~o, o. ~ismo, ~isto. ➞ esoter, sekret.

okup-i, [UV] Occup/y, Employ: 1 engage, fill, take up, use. ~i atenton, paĝon, spacon. Last: ~i longan tempon, unu horon. 2 hold, keep (= teni en posedo). ~i lokon, postenon, pozicion. 3 inhabit, reside in: ~i domon (ĉambron). 4 give o-ation to, e.g., ~i la cerbon. Sin ~i pri, carry on (metion). 5 (a. ek~i) (= preni en posedon), take possession of. ~i havenon, landon, urbon. ~(ad)o, o-ation. 1 business, calling, e-ment, pursuit, work (Ge 47/3; Pr 1/13). Havi nenian ~on, nothing to do. Kantado estas agrabla ~o. ~o endoma (sedentary). Ŝat~o (hobio), hobby. 2 possession, tenure. Armeo de ~o. ~anto, o-ant(-ier), holder. ~ata, ~ita, o-ied, booked, busy (taken up) with, engaged upon; taken (seĝo, telefonlinio). ~ateco, e-ment, having one’s hands full. ~iĝi (sin ~i) (je, per, pri), be busy (-ied) with, engaged (interested) in, go in for. ~iĝi pri arto. ~iĝo, work (Ps 104/23). Ne~ata, uno-ied, free, vacant, at leisure. Antaŭ~o, pri-ation, prepossession. Mal~i (evakui), evacuate, leave free. Sen~a, at a loose end, out of work. ~~ateco, leisure. ➞ absorb, dung, kapt, posed, pren, ŝanĝ.

okzal-o, [UV] Sorrel (Rumex acetosa), ~ato, oxalate. ~(at)acido, oxalic acid. ➞ oksalid, rumeks.

ol [UV] (conj), Than. 1 (mat) pli more (less) than: Ne pli frue, not till, not before. 2 Antaŭ ~ before, ere (of time): Antaŭ ~ vi venos, before you come. 3 Other expressions of comparison or inequality: Alia ~, other than. Ĉe ni oni ne kudras alie, ~ per maŝino, Here sewing is done only by machine, Mi opinias malsame ~ (from) vi. Mi preferas, (plivolas) panon ~ (to) kukon. Prefere ~ (rather t.) fari tion. Rim.: Ol before a clause is sometimes followed by ke, kiam, kiel, or kiom. Estas al mi nenio pli bona, ~ ke mi foriru. 4 Pli granda estas mia puno, ~ kiom mi povos elporti (Ge 4/13; ➞ 4 FA 153/21; 211/26, 28). Ŝi estis alia, ~ kiel li ŝin imagis (➞ 4 FA/51). But not always. Ekzistas pli da aferoj, ~ instruas filozofoj (H 29/23).

-olo, (chem) -ol, ending for alcohol (-OH compound), e.g., metanolo, etanolo. pentanolo.

old-a = maljuna, malnova.

ole-o, [UV] Oil. Glata kiel ~o, ~o migdala, minerala, oliva, ricina. fiŝ~o [UV]. Ŝmir~o, embrocation. Viskoza ~o, heavy oil. f Verŝi ~on sur la ondojn. ~a, of oil. ~a pentraĵo. ~eca, oily, greasy, oleaginous. ~(iz)i (lubriki), oil, grease, lubricate, impregnate with oil. ~i ĉarniron. maŝinon. ~ilo, oiler, grease-gun, lubricator. ~ujo, oilcan, flask, sump. ~odona, ~oporta, oilbearing, oleiferous. Sankt~i, anoint with holy oil. Lasta sankt~ado, extreme unction.

olein-o, (chem) olein.

oleandr-o, [OA] oleander (Nerium oleander).

oleastr-o, oleaster (Eleagnus angustifolid). ~a arbo (Ne 8/15).

oliban-o, frankincense (El 30/34; Mt 2/11). ~arbo (Alt 4/14) (Boswellia).

oligarĥ-o [OA] (a. oligark-o [OA]), Oligarch. ~io, [OA] -y.

oliv-o, [UV] Olive, fruit of ~arbo (Olea europaea). ~(kultiv)isto, o-grower. ~(kolor)a, ~verda, o-green. f etendi la ~branĉon, hold out the o-branch. f ~branĉoj (= infanoj) (Ps 128/3). Monto ~arba (Mt 26/30).

om-o, (el) ohm, unit of resistance.

-omo, (med, sfx), -ome, tumour of organic tissue.

omaĝ-o, homage, acknowledgment of allegiance or superiority, dutiful reverence. ~i (-n), do h. to.

Oman-o OM, Oman.

omar-o, [UV] lobster (Homarus). ➞ palinur.

ombr-o, [UV] 1 Shadow: Timi la propran ~on. Sekvi iun kiel lia ~o. La ~o de sunhorloĝo. (astr) umbra, f (ŝirmo), protection, shade (Ps 17/8). Sub la ~o de nia tegmento (Ge 19/8). Sidi en ~o (sin kaŝi). 2 Dark part, shade: La ~o de arbo. La ~oj de ĉambro, pentraĵo. Ĵeti ~on (gloom) sur la la feston (= super~i). Vivi en ~o (retirement). 3 Darkness: La ~oj de la nokto. f La ~o de la morto. 4 ghost, shade, shadowy figure: La lando de ~oj. Sxia ~o aperis al mi en la nokto. Ni salutas al lia ~o. ➞ fantom, reaperant, spirit. 5 (nuanco): atom, ghost, hint, particle. Sen ~o de danĝero, dubo, libereco, riproĉo, ŝanco, timo. Li estas nur ~o de si mem. 6 simulacrum, something unsubstantial, unreal: Kapti ~ojn. ~(ec)a, ~oza, 1 -y, shady, umbrageous. ~a valo. dark, dim. 3 impalpable, intangible. ~i (ĵeti ~on) (Jes 4/6), shade, cast a shadow on; cloud, darken, dim; cover, screen, shelter. ~i la palpebrojn. Avenuo ~ata de poploj; frunto … zorgoj. ~aĵo, ~ejo, shady spot. La tero ~igis (was overcast) de nuboj. (des) ~ostreki (had), shade. En~a temperaturo, in the shade. Sen~a, exposed. Duon~o, (astr) penumbra. Tol~ilo, awning. ➞ krepusk, mallum, nebul, nokt, nub.

ombrel-o, [UV] Umbrella. ~ingo, u-case. ~ujo, u-stand. Sun~o, parasol, sunshade.

oment-o, (anat) omentum, caul.

omlet-o, (cul) omelette.

omnibus-o, [OA] omnibus (col. abbreviation buso). Hotela ~o. Tramvoja ~o, tram car.

-on, [UV] sfx denotes fraction. ~o (a. frakcio), Fraction, aliquot pt. kvar~o, [UV] quarter. Du tri~oj, 2/3. 1T Du~o de [Ne du~o da)] 6=3. 1T In 4 FA we find du~o da used before animo 119, 120; horo 180; jaro 92; paĝo 133; tago 188; tombo 120. These slips should not be followed as models: da precedes a word indefinite in amount (Vd da). ~a, -al. Tri~e 6 = 2. Dek~aĵo, tithe. ~igi, -alize. Du~igi, halve. Du~fini, half finish. Po~e, by halves.

-on, (ch sf) -one, denotes ketones (e.g., propanono, butanono).

onanism-o, (med) onanism.

onagr-o, onager (Bb wild ass) (Equus onager). ➞ azen.

ond-o, [UV] Wave, billow. ~oj de la maro. Lum~o, son~o. Rul~o, roller, (el, ph) ~o kurta (longa, mezlonga). ~o ebena, plane w; ~o elektromagneta, electromagnetic w; ~o laŭlonga, longitudinal w. 3 w-like rise and fall, sweep, undulation. ~oj de flamo, varmo. Oraj ~oj de grenkampo. f ~o da elokvento, entuziasmo, protesto. ~(ant)a, wavy, -like, rolling, undulating. ~a konturo, kresto, kurbo, linio, movo, trogo. Ataki, flui, rampi ~e, in waves. ~i, rise and fall with w-like motion, break, fluctuate, heave, roll, swell, surge, undulate. Indigno ~(ig)is en li. ~ego, bore, breaker. ~egi, be rough, a heavy sea. ~ero, -let, ripple. ~eroj (~ŝaŭmo), spray, surf. ~umi, w (hair). ~longo, w-length. ~ŝvelo, swell, surge. La muziko nin ĉirkaŭ~is. Dis~o, (mar) wake, wash. ➞ bol, muar, surf, ŝaŭm, ŝvel.

ondatr-o (moskrato), muskrat. (American musquash) (Ondatra zibethiea).

oni, [UV] (pron) One, they, folks, people, men (in gen.). ~ tion diras, ~ diras, ke jes, So it is said, so people (they) say, they say so. Kion ~ diras? What do people say? What are people saying? What is being said? ~diro, (a piece of) hearsay, rumour, talk. Kiam ~ estas riĉa(j), When o. is (you are) rich. Tion ~ faras ĉiutage, That is done (we do that) every day. Rim.: The forms onia, onin, are good and logical, though not often used. Se ~a (one’s) patro venas al kaj batas ~n… .

oniks-o, [OA] onyx, vrty of silica. ➞ agar, kalcedoni.

onisk-o, (ent) woodlouse, slater (oniscus).

onkl-o, [UV] Uncle (brother of parent, husband of aunt). ~a, avuncular. ~ino, aunt. ~injo, auntie. Pra~o, great-u.

onobrik-o, [OA] (bot) sanfoin (Onobrychis).

onomatope-o (sonimito), onomatopoeia, e.g., gugl, kluk, zum.

onon-o, rest-harrow (Ononis).

onopord-o, (bot) Scottish or cotton thistle (Onopordum).

-ont, [UV] ending of future active participle. La ven~a monato, the coming month. Est~a, coming, future. Ir~a, bound for (ship), off to. Forir~e, li ploris, before going away he wept. Mi estis skrib~a, I was about (just going) to write. ~eco, future.

ontologi-o, (phi) ontolog/y. ~a, -ical.

oolit-o, (geol) oolite. ~a, -ic.

-op, [UV] (sfx denotes) number of elements in a collectivity, = together, in group(s) of. ~a, joint, collective. ~e, collectively, en bloc, all together. Unu~e, one at a time, singly. du~e, [UV] in twos (pairs), two by two. Akiro kaj perdo rajdas du~e (together). Kvin~e (all five together, in a bunch of five) Ili sin jetis sur min. Kiom~e, How many at a time? Venu mil~e, Come in your thousands. Tri~igita fadeno, three-ply thread. Verŝi gut~e, drop by drop.

opal-o, [UV] Opal (amorphous vrty of silica). ~(ec)a, -ine, -escence.

oper-o [OA] (muzika dramo), Oper/a. ~ejo, o-house. ~eto, -etta.

operaci-o, [OA] Operat/ion. 1 (surgical): ~a labia (tekniko). ~i (fari ~on), ~e, perform an -ion. ~ato, patient, ~anto, ~isto, -or. ~ejo, -ing theatre, ~iloj, surgical instruments. 2 action, proceeding, working; (com) transaction. ~oj financaj. (mat) calculate; (mil) strategic movement of forces. Post~a, post-ional.

opi-o, [OA] Opium. ~a fumejo, o-denotes ~aĵo, opiate.

opili-o, (ent) harvestman (mite, tick) (Opilio).

opini-o, [UV] Opini/on. 1 personal view, idea, impression, mind, sentiment: Kiom da kapoj, tiom da ~oj. Laŭ mia ~o (Mia ~o estas), as it seems to me. Eldiri sian ~on (Ij 32/10). Ŝanĝi sian ~on, change one’s mind. Afero de ~o, disputable point. Publika ~o. 2 belief, conviction, tenet: Agi laŭ (esti fidela at) siaj ~oj. 3 (takso), estimate, judgment: trovi bo nan ~on ĉe (Se 3/4). ~i (-n), be of (have) an o., believe, consider, hold, judge, opine, suppose, take it, think. ~i sin saga (Se 3/7, Ij 32/1), be wise (righteous) in one’s own eyes. ~ata fidela, counted faithful, reckoned reliable (Ne 13/13). Obstina ~ulo, -ated (dogmatic) person. Mia~e, in my o., methinks, to my mind. Sam~a, like-minded. ➞ juĝ, pens, rigard, ŝajn.

opol-o, (bot) guelder-rose, water-elder (viburnum opulus) < viburn.

opon-i, Oppos/e, be against, object, raise an objection, resist, take the other side, withstand. ~o, -ition, objection. ~anto, -er, antagonist, opponent. Sen~e akceptita, carried nem. con. ➞ opozici.

opoponak-o, (pharm) opoponax (gum, rezin).

oportun-a, [UV] Convenien/t, Hand/y: commodious, easily usable, fitting (suitable, well adapted) for the purpose, serviceable. ~a apartamento, formo, momento, seĝo, tempo, vesto. ~a por tiu celo. ~a okazo, suitable moment. ~e (laŭ ~a maniero), at one’s ease, c-ly, easily. Kuŝi ~e sur la tablo. Subtenu la kruĉon, por trinki pli ~e. Fari al si ~e, make one’s comfortable. ~o, c. state. Favora ~o. ~aĵo, c-ce, gadget, etc. ~eco, c-ce, h-iness; accessibility, practical utility. ~eco de breto, meblo, metodo. ~ismo, -isto, opportun-ism (time-serving), -ist. Mal~a, Ne~a, awkward, clumsy, ill-timed, incommodious, unadapted, unsuitable for the purpose. Mal~a aranĝo (loko). Mal~i, be in-c. (a nuisance, unwelcome). ~~aĵo, drawback, difficulty, disadvantage, discomfort, inc-ce, snag. ~~igi, hamper, impede, make in-c. ➞ ĝustatemp, komfort, konven, okaz, tag.

oposum-o, oppossum fur. ➞ didelf.

opozici-o, [OA] Opposition. 1 (pol) to government or party, ~o en la parlamento. ~a, in o. ~i (➞ opon), be in o. 2 (as, log), o.

optativ-o [OA] (a. volitivo), (gram) optative mood. In Esp U-modo.

optik-o, [OA] Optic/s, study of light. ~a, optic(al), visual. ~a nervo, optic nerve. ~a fenomen-(iluzi-vitr-)o, -al phenomenon (illusn, glass). ~isto, -ian.

optim-ismo, [OA] -isto, [OA] optim-ism, -ist. ➞ rozkolor.

opunti-o, prickly pear cactus (many species) > Indian fig (Hinda figo) (O. ficus indica). ➞ nopal.

or-o, [UV] Gold (Au). 1 the metal. Vazo el ~o. 2 g-coins, f wealth. Kiu havas ~on, havas honoron. f Koro, voĉo el ~o. ~(kolor)a, ~simila, gold(en). ~a sablaro. (el oro): ~a medalo, ringo. (por ~o) ~a minejo. f ~a jubileo, golden jubilee (50-jara datreveno). ~a mezo, -en mean. Promesi ~ajn montojn. ~a ŝlosilo (= mono). ~a epoko (tempo), -en age. ~(iz)i, ~tegi, gild, plate with gold. ~ita (gilt, gilded) braceleto (kadro). ~aĵo, goldplate, goldware. ~aĵisto, g-smith. ~eroj (Ps 119/72). ~igi (~e briligi): la suno ~igis la fenestrojn, nubojn. ~bataĵo, ~folio, goldfoil, goldleaf. ~briko, ~bulo, g-bar, ingot. ~hava, ~riĉa, auriferous. ~maso, nugget. ➞ baŭdruĉ, brokat.

orakol-o, [UV] (myth) Orac/le. 1 divine communication (revelation). 2 its source (person, place, thing). ~a, -ular, authtive, portentious, sage; ambiguous, obscure, mysterious. ~i (paroli ~e), give a profoundly wise or mysterious utterance.

orangutan(g)-o, (zoo) orang-utan (Pongo).

oranĝ-o, [UV] Orang/e, fruit of ~arbo. ~o amara (maldolĉa), Seville or bitter o. (Citrus aurantium). ~o bergamota, bergamot (C. bergamia). ~o dolĉa, sweet (common) orange. (C. sinensis). ~(kolor)a, orange. Brun~a, tawny. ~aĵo, 1 drink. 2 o-marmalade. ~ejo, o-orchard. ➞ cedrat, citron, citrus, limed, limon, mandarin, pampelm, pomel, tangel.

orator-o, [OA] Orator, Eloquent public speaker, ~o politika. ~a, -ical, rhetorical. ~a frazo, gesto. ~i, speak as an orator, deliver an oration. ~ado, (~a arto), -y, public speaking. ~aĵo, public discourse, eloquent language, harangue, oration. ➞ elokvent, parolist.

oratori-o, (mus) oratorio,

orb-o, (astr) orb.

orbit-o, [OA] Orbit. 1 (astr) course of planet, etc. Kalkuli la ~on de kometo. 2 (anat) (okulkavo), eye-socket. ~a, orbital. f = agkampo, vidkampo, tereno.

ord-o, [UV] Order. 1 Methodical (regular systematic) arrangement (disposition, interrelation) of affairs: Ĉio estas en ~o. ~o de batalo, Diservo. 2 fit condition, proper state: Sen ~o en afero ne ekzistas prospero. Meti ~on ĉe la financoj. Publika ~o. 3 manner of following, sequence, succession: ~o alfabeta, kronologia, numera. 4 group in a classification: ~o de arkitekturo. (bot) (zoo) class. ~a (en ~o), orderly. 1 methodical, regular, systematic: ~a aranĝo, maniero. 2 peacable, quiet, well~ed: Bon~e vestita, neatly dressed. ~a ĉambro, tirkesto. (Laŭ)~e, in due form and order, in good order. ~ema, -ly, methodical, neat, tidy. Esti ~ema ĝis pedanteco. ~(ig)i, draw up (put, set) in order, arrange, regulate, systematize, tidy. ~igi (siajn pensojn), collect one’s thoughts, make (liton), lay (tablon). Rim.: Ĉe 3 FA 80/16, 144/26, Z. used ordi. Kun~igi, correlate, coordinate. Ekster~a, not in (out of) order. Mal~o, dis~o, confusion. ~~(em)a, anyhow, harum-scarum, slovenly, untidy. ~~igi, disarrange, throw into disorder, upset. Sen~a, untidy. ~~eco, disarray. ~~iĝinta, disordered, dishevelled. Sub~o, suborder. ~~igi, subordinate. Rang~o, o. of precedence. Transiri al la Tag~o (o. of the day, agenda). Vort~o, order of words.

orden-o, [UV] 1 Order (of chivalry, merit, religion), company, fraternity. 2 its badge (cross, star, etc.): ~o de la krurzono, de la Kavaliroj de la Verda Stelo. ~i (-n), decorate (honour) with an order. La Franca Ministro ~is Zamenhofon per la Honora Legio.

ordin-i, (rel) ordain, consecrate for the ministry, confer holy orders. ~i pastron, episkopon. ~(ad)o, ordination. ➞ konsekr.

ordinat-o (geom) ordinate.

ordinar-a, [UV] Ordinary. 1 (kutima): accustomed, customary, established, regular, usual. ~a aspekto, rutino, vesto. 2 (normala): commonplace, everyday, homely. ~a inteligento, mango, maniero, vivo. ~a homo, common man. ~a (vulgar) frakcio. ~e, generally (habitally, usually). Urbanoj estas ~e pli ruzaj, ol vilaĝanoj. ~eco, banality. Torento de la ~eco (4 FA 211/6). ~ulo, an anybody, o. person. ~uloj, rank and file. Ekster~a, Ne~a, extraordinary, exceptional, remarkable, surprising, uncommon unusual. ~~a elspezo, faro, sukceso, talent, vesto, vorto. ➞ ĝeneral, komun.

ordon-i (-n), [UV] Command, Order; bid, call upon, direct, instruct, tell to. ~u al li, ke li ne babilu. ~ita kiso havas guston maldolĉan. ~o, command, order, behest, bidding, injunction, mandate. Laŭ ~o, by order. Obei ~on, La Dek ~oj. ~a, imperative. ~a rigardo, tono, vorto. ~ema, commanding, bossy, authorative, imperious, peremptory. Tro~ema, dictatorial, domineering, overbearing. ~itaĵo, regulation. Kontraŭ~i, countermand. Di~o, Moral~o, commandment, precept. Minac~o, summons. ➞ dekret, dikt, instrukci, komand, mend, reg.

orel-o, [UV] Ear. 1 (anat) Kapti iun je la ~o. f Streti la ~ojn. Nur vorton en via ~oj. Klini la ~on al peto. 2 attention, hearing. Venis al miaj ~oj, ke. La muroj havas ~ojn. (mus) Dresi la ~on. Havi bonan ~on. (tech) ~o de kruĉo. ~a, aural, auricular. (Per)~a lernado. ~isto, aurist. ~umo, (telephone) ear-piece. ~forma, ear-shaped. Kanti laŭ~e. Long~a, long-e. Pend~a, lop-eared. Urs~o (aŭrikolo). ~inflamo, otitis.

orf(in)o, [UV] Orphan. ~(iĝint)a, orphaned. f La violono kuŝis ~e (forsaken) sur la tablo. ~ejo, orphanage. ~igi (~iĝi), bereave of (lose) one’s parents.

organ-o, [OA] Organ. 1 (anat) (phys) (tech) part (means, medium) with a special function: Okulo, la ~o de vido. ~oj de parolo, de lokomotivo. 2 Medium of communcation, mouthpiece, (expressing the views of a group). Tiu bulteno, gazeto estas la ~o de nia movado. 3 (jur) (regaj) ~o(j) de societo, kompanio. ~a, organic, fundamental, inherent, structural. ~a difekto (malsano). Digesta ~aro, digestive system. Sen~a, without organs. ➞ aparat, il, instrument, orgen.

organik-a, (chem) appertaining to an organism. Ne~ika (inorganic) ĥemio.

organdi-o, (tex) organdie, book (= fine translucent) muslin.

organism-o, [OA] Organism, organized body, (bio) living animal or plant. La homa ~o. ➞ korp.

organiz-i (-n) [OA], Organiz/e, frame and put into working order. ~i instruon, komercon, kongreson, kurson. Arrange for (get up) a common undertaking. ~i debaton, koncerton, societon. Altgrade ~ita, highly -ed. ~(ad)o, organization, -ing. ~(aĵ)o, -ation, -ed body (society, system). ~isto, -er. Mal~i, disorganize. Re~i, re-o. ➞ aranĝ, establ, fond, instal.

orgasm-o, (med) orgasm.

orgen-o, [UV] (m.i.) Organ. ~o kineja, preĝeja, rektregistra, transregistra. ~i, play the organ. ~ejo (konzolo), o-loft. ~isto, -ist. ~meblaro, o-chest. Suĉ~o (suĉharmoniumo), American organ. Rim.: Vd "Muzika Terminaro" p. 30 pri klavaroj, kuplioj, pedalaroj, piŝto, registroj, sekcioj, tubo, vicoj.

orgi-o [OA] (manĝa kaj trinka diboĉo), orgy, carousal, drunken bout, licentious revel, f ~o de klaĉado. ➞ diboĉ.

orgojl-o = fieraĉo, arrogance. ~a, bumptious, vainglorious.

orient-o, [UV] East, Orient. 1 (sunleviĝejo), compass direction. Rigardi al la ~o. 2 The East, O., part of earth e. of Europe. Saĝuloj el la ~o. Ekstrema ~o, far East. ~a, eastern, easterly, oriental. O~a Timor-o TL. ~a klimato, kulturo, lingvo, popolo, stelo. ~e, in the e. De ~e, from the e. ~en, eastward. ~i mapon, preĝejon, o-ate, build (set, turn) to face the e.; train (pafilon); trim (velojn). ~ado, o-ation. ~ado (aspekto) de domo. ~ano, o-al. ~iĝi (sin ~i), determine the direction to be followed, find one’s bearings (how one stands, where one is), get acquainted with a matter (place), learn how the land lies. Sin ~i en arbaro, medio, nebulo, situacio. f Li ne povis ~iĝi, he was all at sea, did not know where he stood, ~ilo, compass or similar instrument. Nord~a, N.E.

orient(al)ism-o, ~isto, oriental/ism, -ist.

origan-o, (bot) marjoram (Origanum).

origin-o, [OA] Origin. 1 birth, descent, race: Esti el nobela (slava) ~o. 2 Fountain-head, root, source, spring, starting-point: La ~o de la mondo (lia riĉo, nia scio). ~a, -al, innate, primary, root. ~e, in o., -ally. ~i (deveni), -ate, emanate, spring, take rise. ➞ gener.

original-a, [OA] Original. 1 earliest, first, primitv: ~a form-(lingv-poem-tekst-)o. 2 one’s own, fresh, not copi-(imitat-translat -)ed, personal: ~a esprim-lide-manier-stil vest-)o. 3 somewhat odd or strange, unusual: ~a hom-(paroi-manier-)o. ~o, 1 (object. or person), o., first form: Traduko el la Franca ~o. Mi konas la ~on de tiu portreto. 2 model, pattern, type: Kom- pari kopion kun la ~o. ~e verkita de, o-ly composed by. ~eco, -ity, freshness. ~ulo, eccentric, person with character, (ideas) of his own. Li estas vera ~ulo. ➞ aŭtent. oriks-o, (zoo) oryx (Oryx).

orikterop-o, aardvark (Orycteropus).

oriol-o, (orn) (European) golden Oriole (Oriolus). (The American oo. are Icterus).

ork-o, grampus, killer whale (Orcinus).

orkestr-o, [OA] Orchestr/a, band. ~i (arranĝi por o.), -ate. ~i valson. ~ado, -ation. ~ejo, o. (place). ~estro, conductor of o. II (m.i.), ~iono, -ion, instrument giving impres sion of an o. ~iono vapora, steam-o.

orkide-oj [OA] (a. orkidacoj), the orchid fam. (e.g., listero, neotio, ofriso). An orkido, orchid (Orchis) (wide sense) is a typical member of the fam. A wild orchid is sometimes called an orchis.

orl-i (kudri randrefalde), Hem. ~o, h. Poŝtuko kun larĝa ~o.

orlop-o (~a ferdeko), (mar), orlop deck.

orn-o, flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus) < fraksen.

ornam-i (-n), [UV] Ornamen/t, adorn, beautify, (be)deck, embellish, smarten- < ~i tablon per floroj. Lukse (riĉe) ~ita > ornate. Sin ~i, adorn one’s, titivate. ~(aĵ)o> -ation, adornment, embellishment, trimmg. i~aĵoj sur kamenbreto. Vest~afoj, dress trimmgs. (mus) grace-note. ~a, -al, ornate. ~aĉi, bedizen, dress out gaudily. ~ado(~arto), decorative art. Mal~i, disfigure, spoil the look of. ~vestoj, finery. Ne~ita, Sen~a, homely, plain, unadorned. Flag~i dom-(ŝip)on, befiag, deck with flags.

ornat-o, ritual dress, official costume, (ecc) clerical robes (vestmts). Pastroj en ~o (4 FA 172/13).

ornitogal-o, (bot) star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum). ➞ gage.

ornitolog-o, [OA] ~io, [OA] ornitholog-ist, -y.

ornitop-o, (bot) birdsfoot (Ornithopus). ➞ lotus.

ornitorink-o, (zoo) duck-billed platypus, duck-mole (Ornithoryncus). orobank-o, (bot) broomrape (Orobanche).

orografi-o, [OA] orography, geography of mountains.

ort-a, (mat) erect, plumb, upright. ~igi, square. ~ilo, set-(T-)square. ~(angul)o, right-angle.

ortodoks-a, [OA] Orthodox. 1 in harmony with conventnl (correct, gen-ly accepted) opinion, sound in doctrine. ~a instru-(kred-verk-)o. 2 (rel) Eastern or Greek. ~a eklezio. ~eco, -y. ~ulo, o. believer. Mal~a, heretical, heterodox, un-o.

ortografi-o [OA] (literado), orthography, correct or conventnl spelling. ~o fonetika. ~i (literi), spell. ➞ kaligrafi, skribmanier.

ortoped-io, Orthopaed/ics, treatment of deformity. ~ia, -ic. ~o, -ist. ortopter-oj, orthoptera (order of insects > cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, grasshoppers, locusts, etc.).

-os, [UV] ending of future tense. Mi ir~, I shall go. Li ir~, he will go. -tempo, future tense.

osced-i, [UV] ~o, gape, open wide, yawn. ~anta abismo.

oscil-i, (met, ph), Oscillat/e, swing like a pendulum, sway (to and fro), rock (boato). f vacillate, vary between extremes of action (opinion). ~anta nadlo de kompaso. ~ado, -ion. ~ilo, -or. -grafo. osmer-o, (ich) smelt, sparling (Osmerus). osmi-o, (chem) osmium (Os).

osmoz-o, (ph) osmosis.

osmund-o, (bot) royal fern (Osmunda).

ost-o, [UV] 1 Bone. Karno kaj ~oj. balen~o [UV] (barto), whale-b. Fiŝ~o. Martel~o, malleus. Ŝultr~o, shoulder-b. f ~oj, remains. 2 something made from b., e.g., die, stay-rib. ~aro (skeleto), skeleton, frame. ~(ar)ejo, charnel-house.

~(ec)a, bony, osseous. ~ero, splinter. ~eto, ossicle. ~etoj, (gm) knuckle-bb. ~igi (~iĝi), ossify, make (become) rigid, f become callous, unprogressive. ~ito, osteitis. ~opatio, osteopathy, b-setting. ~opato, osteopath. Ĝis~ulo, Esp-ist faithful to the Fundamento. Ĵet~o, lud~o, die. ~rompo, fracture.

ostr-o, [UV] Oyster (Ostrea). ~ejo, o-bank (-bed). Perl~o.

ostrac/ism-o, [OA] Ostrac/ism. ~izi, -ize, banish (exclude) from favour (privileges, society), cold-shoulder, send to Coventry.

-ot, [UV] ending of future passive participle. Daŭrig~a, to be continued. Juĝ~o, prisoner at the bar.

otari-o (marleono), sea-lion, eared-(fur-)seal (Otaria). ➞ fok.

otis-o (orn) Bustard (Otis). Granda ~o, great b. Malgranda ~o, little b.

otoman-o, ottoman, cushioned seat without back or arms.

otus-o, (orn) scops (long-eared) owl (Otus scops).

ov-o, [UV] Egg, ~o de birdo, fiŝo, insekto, Teni ĉiujn ~ojn en unu korbo. Demeti ~on, lay an egg. (cul) ~o boligita, fritita, kirlita, poĉita; mole kuirita. ~aĵo, e-dish > omleto. ~aro, clutch, sitting. ~ingo, e-cup. ~ujo, [UV] e-basket. ➞ ovari. ~ojda, ~oforma, e-shaped, oval, ovate, ovoid. ➞ oval. ~naska, oviparous. El~igi (~iĝi), hatch out.

ovaci-o, [OA] ovation, enthusiastic reception, spontaneous applause.

oval-o, [UV] Oval. ~a (ovoforma), o. ➞ elips.

ovari-o, ovary.

ovibov-o, musk-ox (Ovibos).

ovol-o, (bot) ovule.

ovum-o, (bot) (zoo) ovum.

-oza (unofficial sfx), -ous. 1 (-hava, -plena, -riĉa; kun-a), abounding in, containing, full of. Argil~a, kalk~a, por~a. Ŝton~a kampo, field full of stones. (➞ ŝtoneca, of a stony nature). 11 Confine to material, technical, sense, e.g., glora, ĝoja (not gloroza, ĝojoza). 11 2 (chem) -ous. Fer~a klorido (sulfato). 3 -ozo, (hort) (mec) (unofficial sfx), -osis, denotes disease caused or characterized by, e.g., Bakteri~o, Pedik~o, Tuberkul~o.

ozon-o, [OA] Ozone (O3). ~igi, -ize, convert to ozone. ~igilo, -izer.


P

P-o [F], letter P.

Pa! (interj) denotes unconcern. ~, ĉio aranĝiĝos kun la tempo.

pac-o, [UV] Peace. 1 freedom from war. 2 Calm, quiet, tranquillity. Iru en ~o. ~o al lia cindro! ~o kun honoro. ~a, peaceful, of peace. ~a atmosfero, sceno, vivo. ~e, peacefully, in p. ~e kunvivi. ~ama, ~ema, -able, p-loving, mild, pacific, placid. ~igi, appease, conciliate, pacify, placate, smooth down (Se 16/7). ~iga, conciliatory. ~iganto, p-maker. (Inter)~iĝi, become reconciled, make it up. ~ismo, ~isto, pacif-ism, -ist. ~(em)ulo, man of peace. Mal~o, broil, conflict, contention, discord, dissention, quarrel, strife. Naski (semi) ~~on. Konsento konstruas, ~~o detruas. ~~i, be at strife (variance), disagree. ~~ema (virino), brawling, contentious (Se 21/9, 19). ~~eto, tiff. ~~igi, cause strife. embroil, set at loggerheads. ~~iĝi, fall out, quarrel. ➞ disput, kverel, milit. Sen~a, agitated, restless. ➞ akord, kalm, konkord, kviet, seren, trankvil.

pacienc-o, [UV] Patien/ce. 1 calm endurance (resignation), quiet perseverance (waiting). Per ~o kaj fervoro sukcesas ĉiu laboro. 2 (cgm) p. Longe~a, Multe~a, patient, forbearing, long-suffering, resigned, unrepining, slow to anger (Jona 4/2, Na 1/3). ~e, -tly. Atendu ~e! ~e! ~on! Patience! ~i (esti ~a, havi ~on), be -t, have p. (GD 49/27). ~ulo, -t person. Mal~a, sen~a, impatient, hasty, testy.

pacient-o [OA] (kuracato), patient (under med. treatment).

pacif-ismo, [OA] -isto [OA] = pac-ism-ist-o.

paĉul-o, [OA] patchouli. 1 Indian plant (Pagostemon). 2 perfume from this.

pad-o (piedvojeto), path, footway, track. Milita ~o, war-p. Sen~a, p-less.

padel-o (plataĵo, tabuleto), Paddle, blade (of oar, mill- paddle- wheel). ~i, p., dabble, splash abt (with fingers or feet), ➞ pagaj, vad.

padus-o, bird cherry, hagberry (Prunus padus). ➞ ĉeriz, prun.

paf-i (-n, al; kontraŭ), [UV] fire, shoot, project a missile. ~(mortig)i birdon (leporon). ~i kuglon, sagon, ŝtonon. f ~i la aeron (vane labori). ~i per la okuloj. ~i sin for (subite malaperi). ~o, discharge, shot. Paf! Bang! (K 72/28). ~ado, [UV] ~aro, firing, cannonade, volley. ~ado unuopa, multopa. ~ejo, firing ground, shooting gallery (range). Raketoj ~iĝis alten. ~ilo, [UV] gun, etc. Aer~ilo, airgun. Blov~ilo, blow-pipe. Krak~ilo (popgun) (3 FA 68/18). Meĉ~ilo, matchlock. Piz~ilo, pea shooter. Maŝin~ilo, machine-gun. Pulvo~ilo, firearm. Ripet~ilo, repeating rifle. ➞ pafark, fusil, karaben, mitral, revolver. ~ileto, tiny gun. ~ilego [UV] (kanono), cannon. ~isto, gunner. Ark~isto, Sag~isto, (astr) Sagittarius, ~lertulo, good shoot, marksman. Ek~i, discharge (gun). Mis~o, bad shoot, misfire. Preter~i, overshoot (the mark). Mort~i, shoot dead. ➞ fusil, katapult, pistol, revolver.

pag-i (-n, al, por) [UV], Pay. 1 pay for, bear (defray) the cost of: ~i por fremda festeno. ~i salajron. ŝuldon. 2 Remunerate, reward: ~i kelneron, kreditoron. Oni ne pagas per gloro al sia tajloro. f ~i mokon per moko (K 166/34). ~i (puni) al iu ofendon. 3 be punished: Kiu rompis, tiu ~u. ~as maljunaj jaroj por junaj eraroj. ~o, pay, payment, discharge, reward. Kia ago, tia pago. Jar~o, yearly payment. Kluz~o, lock fee. Kont~o, payment of a/c. Labor~o, remuneration. Part~o, instalment, -ment on a/c. Pek~o, wages of sin. Plen~o, -ment in full. Port~o, carriage, porterage. Poŝt~o, postage. Tro~o, excess -ment. ~e, in payment. ~anto, payer. ~ato, payee. ~ebla, -able, that can be paid, ~enda, -able, due, that must be paid. ~endiĝi, fall due, mature. ~igi, charge. ~ilo, means of -ment. ~isto, payclerk, paymaster, cashier, purser. Al~o, krom~o, bonus, excess, extra. Antaŭ~o, Antaŭ~i, prepay: ~i abonon (de gazeto, de poŝtelefonaj servoj). ~~ita telefonkarto. de~o, [UV] charge, deduction, duty. El~i, pay up, discharge, settle (square) in full. En~i, pay in. Ne~ita, in arrears. Ne~itaĵo, arrears. Re~i, repay, pay back, reimburse, f Re~o, reprisal, retaliation, retribution. Sen~a, free, gratis, gratuitous, for nothing. Sen~a eniro, ~a laboro, ~a (senkosta) komputila programo. Trans~i, transfer (funds). Tro~i, overpay. ➞ fri, honorari, kost, salajr.

pagaj-o, Paddle (for canoe). ~i, (ply a) p. Remi du~e, double-paddle. ➞ padel.

pagan-o, pagan, heathen. ~ismo.

pagel-o, (ich) common sea-bream (Pagellus). ➞ bram.

pagod-o, [OA] (arch) pagoda.

pagofil-o (ebura mevo), ivory gull (Pagophila).

pagur-o, edible crab (Cancer pagurus).

paĝ-o, [UV] Page (of book). 1 Side of leaf. Libro cent~a. ~o maldekstra, para, L.H. (even) p. ~o dekstra, nepara, R.H. (odd) page, recto. 2 part of book or history. Bela ~o en mia vivo. (en)~igo, ~numerado, ~preparo, paging, make-up, pagination. Front~o. Prov~o, specimen p. Titol~o.

paĝi-o, [UV] page. 1 youth in livery, buttons. Armila ~o, knight’s armour-bearer, squire. 2 (cgm) jack, knave.

pajac-o, Fool, buffoon, clown, jester. ~aĵo, f-ish trick, tomfoolery. ➞ klaŭn, histrion.

pajl-o, [UV] Straw. Hakita p., chaff. ~o tritika. Garbo el ~o. ~a, (of) s. ~a lito, pallet. ~a matraco, palliasse. ~aĵo, kuŝ~o, litter (for stable). ~ero, a s. ~homo, dummy. ~kolora, s-colored. ~reta (seĝo), s-bottomed. ➞ fojn, stak.

pajnt-o, pint (measure).

pak-i (-n), [UV] Pack, put together in bag (box, bundle), stow, tie (up), wrap. ~i varojn. f Stari prem~itaj en lifto. ~(ad)o, packing. ~(aĵ)o, bale, bundle, pack(age), parcel. [Ne = parcelo], Man~aĵo, hand luggage. Rul~aĵo, roll, scroll. ~aĵejo, parcels office. ~aĵaro, baggage, luggage. ~ejo, -ing room. ~(aĵ)eto, packet. ~isto, -er. ~umo (~materialo). El~i, En~i, Kun~itaj (Ho 13/12). Mal~i, unpack. Ne~ita, Sen~a, higgledy-piggledy, loose. ➞ fask, sendaĵ.

pakiderm-o, pachyderm.

pakis-o, pack-ice. ➞ bankis.

Pakistan-o [OA-8] PK.

pakt-o, (pol) pact, agreement, covenant.

pal-a, [UV] Pal/e. 1 colourless, pallid, wan. ~a vizaĝo, ~a de kolero, timo. 2 dim, dull, faint, weak. ~a bildo, koloro, lumo. ~eco, -lor. ~ega, (mort~a), deathly (ghastly) p., livid. ~eta, -ish. ~igi, ~iĝi, [UV] pale, fade, ~blua, p. (light) blue. Mal~a, dark, deep (in colour). Ne~iĝonta, fast-dyed. ➞ griz, malfort, seninteres, senviv.

palac-o, [UV] Pala/ce. ~a, -tial.

paladi-o, (chem) palladium (Pd).

palanken-o, [OA] palanquin, covered litter for one.

palat-o, [UV] Palat/e. 1 roof of mouth (Ps 137/6, Ij 12/11, Alt 2/3). 2 taste. ~a, -al.

palatalo, (phon) palatal (j, nj).

Palaŭ-o PW.

pale-o, (bot) palea, chaff-like bract or scale.

paleo-, palaeo-, (Gk pfx = pratempa).

paleocen-a, palaeocene.

paleografi-o, [OA] paleograf-o, [OA] palaeograph-y, -ist.

paleontologi-o, [OA] paleontolog-o, [OA] palaeontolog-y, -ist.

paleozoik-a, palaeozoic.

paletr-o, [UV] (painter’s, surgical) pallette.

pali-a, Pali (language).

paliativ-o, Palliative, temporary expedient. ~a, p., alleviating (without curing), extenuating, mitigating.

palimpsest-o, palimpsest.

palindrom-o, palindrome (Frazo inversigebla), e.g., Madam, I’m Adam. A man, a plan, a canal~~Panama.

palinur-o, [OA] spiny lobster, sea crayfish (Palinura). ➞ langust.

palis-o, [UV] Pal/e, piece of wood stuck in the ground, pile, post, stake (of fence), stave (of arbkorseto), (hop) pole, (pea) stick. ~o sekiga, clothes-prop. ~aro, -isade, fence. Flor~eto (stameno). ~umi, impale. Al~igi, prop, stick, stake, support, (pea, vine, etc.). ➞ lign.

palisandr-o, [OA] rosewood (from jakarando). ~a tablo (M 226/24).

palm-o, [UV] Palm (tree), f crown of victory, prize, trophy. ~a branĉo. ~a dimanĉo, festo, P. Sunday.

palmiped-oj (~opieduloj), -ipeds.

palmita acido, -itic acid. ~itato, -itate.

palp-i [UV] (tuŝesplori), Feel, Touch, finger, handle. La blindulo ~is la libron. ~i per bastono. ~i al iu la pulson. Mi ne amas la ~ojn (being mauled about), f sian vojon, feel one’s way, grope, proceed cautiously. ~(ad)o, -ing. ~e, by the feel, by touch. ~ebla, palpable, tangible, f ~ebla mallumo (El 10/21). ~ilo, f-er, antenna, (rad) cat’s whisker. ~sento, sense of t. Ĉirkaŭ~i (~e serĉadi), fumble (poke) about, grope after, rummage. Fuŝ~i, dabble, mess about, monkey with, tamper. Fingro~i, prod. ➞ dab, sent, tuŝ.

palpebr-o, [UV] eyelid. ~a, palpebral. En ~uma daŭro, in the twinkling of an eye. ~umi, [UV] 1 blink, quiver (of flame). 2 (okulsigni), wink. ~i per unu okulo. ~ito, blepharitis. ➞ okulum.

palpit-i, Palpit/ate, beat rapidly, flutter, go pit-a-pat, pulsate, throb. ~ado, -ation.

palt-o, [OA] great-(over-top-)coat. Pilot~a pilot coat. ➞ mantel, supervest, surtut.

palumb-o, kolombo arbara (ringa), Wood pigeon, ring dove (Columba palumbus).

palustr-o (marĉa pino), long-leaf pine (Pinus palustris).

pamflet-o, [OA] lampoon, (small treatise, usually libellous, satirical, or scurrilous, attacking someone or something), pamphlet (in this sense only). ~isto, -eer. ➞ broŝur, paskvil.

pamp-o, pampas (S. American vast treeless plain).

pampelm(us)o, shaddock (Citrus grandis Linn). ➞ pomel. Rim.: This is larger than the grapefruit, and slightly pear-shaped.

pan-o, [UV] Bread. ~o blanka, bruna, freŝa, sekala, tutgrena. Buter~o, b. and butter. Rost(ita)~o, toasto, toast. ~o de propono, shew-b (El 25/30). f food, means of livelihood. Viv~o (~o ĉiutaga), daily bread. Espero ~on ne donas. Karesu per pano (P). ~ero (~peceto), crumb, morsel. Plata ~eto, scone, etc. Blank~eto (El 16/31.) ~isto, baker. ~ujo, b-bin, b-pan. ~tranĉ(aĵ)o, slice of b. (K 82/23).

panace-o, panacea, cure-all, universal remedy.

panak-o, (bot) panax. ➞ ginseng.

Panam-o [OA-8] PA.

panaris-o (absceseto), felon, whitlow. Bova ~o, bovine panaris.

pand-o, (zoo) panda, bear-cat. ~o giganta. ~o ruĝa.

pandion-o (fiŝaglo), osprey, fishing eagle, fish-hawk (Pandion haliaetus) (Le 11/13). ➞ haliaet.

pane-i, break down, be stuck (at a standstill). ~o, break-down, mishap; (el) failure; (mot, ry), trouble (engine, etc.). Sen ~igi, repair and get going again.

panegir-o, panegyric, encomium, laudatory discourse. ~a, eulogistic.

panel-o, [OA] Panel (surface section). ~o de pordo, muro, vesto. (mot) dashboard. Reklama ~o, hoarding. ~i, dado, wainscot. ~aĵo, -ling, wainscotting.

panik-o, [OA] ~i, Panic, infectious fright, scare. ~(ec)a, -y, easily dismayed. ➞ alarm. 2 millet grass (Panicum) > common or Indian m. (P. miliaceum); little m. (P. miliare).

panikl-o, (bot) panicle, loose compound inflorescence, e.g., of oat.

pankreat-o, (anat) Pancrea/s, sweetbread. ~a suko, -tic juice.

panopli-o, (mil) panoply, suit of armour.

panoram-o, [OA] Panoram/a. f continuous passing scene, unbroken view of surrounding region. Vasta ~o prezentiĝis al ni. ~a, -ic.

pans-i (-n), Dress (vundon). ~aĵo, -ing. ~bendo, bandage. ~pakaĵo, first-aid packet. ➞ desinfekt, fleg.

pantalon-o, [UV] (pair of) trousers (American pantaloons). ~o ĝissura, jeans. ~eto, shorts. In~o, (woman’s) slacks. Sub~o, drawers, panties, pants. ➞ kulot.

pante-ismo, [OA] ~isto, [OA] (phil) pantheism, -ist.

panteon-o, pantheon.

panter-oj, [UV] the large cats > jaguar, leopard, lion, ounce, tiger.

pantofl-o, [UV] Slipper. ~ulo, stay-at-home. ➞ sandal, ŝu.

pantograf-o, pantograph (aliskala kopiilo).

pantomim-o, [OA] pantomime, dumb show. ➞ mimik.

panur-o, bearded tit (reedling) (Panurus biarmicus). ➞ paru.

pap-o, [UV] (rc) Pop/e. ~a, papal, pontifical. ~ano, ~isto, papist, ~eco, ~ismo, -ery, papacy. ~eca, -ish. ➞ pop.

papag-o, [UV] Parrot (many species) f ~(um)i, repeat like a parrot. ~eto, parakeet. ➞ melopsit, psitak.

papaj-o, (bot) papaw, fruit of S. American tree (Carica papaya).

papav-o, [UV] poppy (Papaver). ~o opia. ~acoj, the p. fam.. ~eto, (~o grenkampa), com (field, red) p. ➞ kelidoni.

paper-o, [UV] ~a. Paper. 1 material: meti plumon al ~o. ~o cigareda, karbona, letera, muŝa, paka, paŭsa, skriba, ŝmirga, tapeta. Impres~o, sensitized p. Sabla ~o, sand-p. Sorba ~o, blotting-p. Vitro~o, glass-p. 2 document, certificate, deed, etc. ~oj komercaj, personaj. sen~ulo, person without passeport, legal documents, illegal immigrant. ~a mono, p-money, bills, drafts, notes. ~aĉo, waste-p. ~eca, papyraceous. ~ujo, portfolio, etc. ➞ biletuj, tek. ~farejo, p-mill. ~folio, leaf, sheet. ~vendejo, stationer’s shop. Sur~a, on p., in writing. ➞ celuloz, papirus, pergamen, tapet. [Ne= gazeto, ĵurnalo].

papil-o, (bot) (ent) papilla. ~a, -ate.

papili-o, [UV] Butterfly. Brasika ~o (pierido), cabbage (white) b. Hirund-vosta ~o (makaono). Sulfura ~o, brimstone b. Flirtema kiel ~o. f (neserioza, malkonstanta), fickle, flighty, inconstant. ~e (senatente) tralegi libron. Nokta (krepuska) ~o (ordinary language faleno), moth. ➞ lepidopter.

papilionacoj, (bot) papilionaceae, peaflower fam..

papirus-o, [OA] papyrus. 1 paper reed (Papyrus). 2 leaf from this.

paprik-o, (col) paprica. ➞ kapsik.

Papuo-Nov-Gvine-o PG.

papus-o (akena tufo), (bot) pappus, down, e.g., leondenta ~o, dandelion clock.

par-o [UV] (duopo), Pair, brace, couple, set of two. 1 (used together): ~o da botoj, gantoj, okuloj. 2 (of same species): ~o da bovoj, ĉevaloj. 3 (mated): ~o geedza. Bela ~o por altaro (P). ~a, even, fellow, matching, of a p. ~aj kolonoj (nombroj). ~e (duope), in pp (couples), ~eco, parity, equivalence, correspondance. ~igi, p., arrange in couples, match, mate, unite. ~igisto (svatisto), go-between. ~iĝi, p. off. (sp) ~ulo, partner. Ne~a, not a pair, odd, uneven.

parabol-o, [OA] 1 (geom) Parab/ola. ~ojdo, -oloid. 2 (rh) parab/le (Mi 2/4, Jeh 17/2, Mt 13/3), continued simile with moral; short allegory. ~a, 1 -olic. 2 figurative. ➞ alegori, komparaj, similig.

parad-i, [UV] Parade. 1 (mil) (assemble for) Review. 2 march on p. 3 air, flaunt, display ostentatiously, show off. ~i en nova kostumo. ~i sian eruditecon. ~o, 1 r., inspection, muster, tattoo. 2 pageant, pompous procession. Festa ~o. 3 display, ostentation, show. ~a, p., show, state. Kuŝi sur ~a lito, lie in state. ~a marŝo, march past. ~a uniformo, full dress. ~e, showily. Ŝi estis en sia plej bona ~aĵo, dressed in her best (4 FA 28/6). ~ejo, (~a placo), p-ground. ~ema, ostentatious. Sen~a, simple, unostentatious. ➞ dand, pav, strut.

paradigm-o, [OA] (gram) paradigm, table of forms.

paradiz-o, [UV] Paradise. 1 (~a ĝardeno), garden of Eden. 2 (feliĉejo), abode of the blest, heaven, f state of supreme bliss (delight). ~a, of P., blissful. ~a birdo, bird of P. (paradizeo). ~a fiŝo, P. fish (makropodo).

paradoks-o [F], Paradox, seeming absurdity or self-contradiction. ~a, -ical. Festina lente\ Ij 22/6, Mt 16/25, 2 Ko 12/10, 1 Tm 5/6.

paraf-o, [OA] paraph, flourish after signature. ~i sian subskribon.

parafin-o, [OA] Paraffin. 1 (a. alkano), (chem) general name for hydrocarbons of series CnH2n+2, and especially. 2 (parafina vakso), solid p., candle-grease. ~a kandelo, wax candle, (med) likva ~o, liquid p. ➞ kerosen, lampole, petrol.

parafraz-o, [OA] paraphra/se, free rendering (amplification) of passage. ~a, -stic, diffuse. ~i, p., express meaning more fully in other words.

paragraf-o, [OA] 1 Paragraph, distinct section (of page, marked by indentation of first line). 2 (~a signo), (typ) section mark (IT). ➞ aline.

Paragvaj-o [OA-8] PY.

paraklet-o, (rel) paraclete, advocate (Joh 14/16, 26).

paralaks-o, (astr) parallax, apparent displacement by change of view-point.

paralel-a, Parallel. 1 continuously equidistant. ~aj linioj, stratoj, surfacoj. 2 precisely analogous (collateral, corresponding): ~aj kolumnoj (tekstoj). 3 (samtempa): ~a propagando. 4 (mus) (samdirekta). ~a movo, p. motion. Uzadi Esp-on ~e kun la gepatra lingvo. Uzi formon novan ~e kun formo malnova. ~o, p. (~o de latitudo), analogue, counterpart, correlative. ~oj (sp) (paralelaj baroj). (typ) reference mark (II). ~aĵo, p. passage. ➞ analog, egal, simil.

paralelopiped-o, (geom) parallelopiped.

paralelism-o, parallelism.

paralelogram-o, [OA] parallelogram.

paraliz-i (-n), Paral/yse, benumb, deaden, f cripple, render powerless. La skismo ~is la movadon. Timo ~is liajn fortojn. ~(itec)o, -ysis, palsy, utter powerlessness. Infana ~o (poliomjelito). ~o tremiga, Parkinson’s disease. ~a, -itic, -ysing. ~ita, -ysed, impotent, palsied. ~ita brako. ~ito, ~ulo, -itic, person sick of the palsy.

paranoj-o, Parano/ia, mental illness characterized by systematic delusions. ~a, ~ulo, -ic.

parapet-o (randmureto), parapet. 1 breast-wall, balustrade, railing, at edge of a height, or side of bridge. 2 (mil) breastwork, battlement.

paraplegi-o, paraplegia, paralysis of lower limbs. ~ulo.

paraŝut-o (falŝirmilo), Parachute. ~i, p. ~isto, -ist.

parazit-o, [UV] Parasit/e, plant or animal living in or on another, e.g. visko, pulo. f hanger-on, sponger, toady. ~a, -ic. ~i, sponge, live on others. ~icido, ~ismo, -ism. ~ologio.

parcel-o, allotment (holding, lot, parcel, patch, plot, small portion) of land (Ru 2/3, Jos 17/5, Jes 5/10). [Ne= pakaĵo]. ~i, allot, apportion, divide into lots, parcel (portion) out (land).

pardal-o (panterkato), ocelot (Felis pardalis).

pardon-i (-n; al, ke) [UV], Forgive, Pardon (person, fault, offence); make allowance for, excuse, overlook, pass over, (jur) absolve, let off, remit. ion al iu (iun pri io). ~u al ni niajn pekojn, ŝuldojn. ~u, ke mi venis malfrue. ~o, p., forgiveness, remission. Peti ~on (de), apologise to, ask p. of, beg pardon. ~u (min)! Excuse me! (apology for action, dissent, inattention). ~ebla, ~inda, pardonable, excusable, venial. ~ema, f-ing, clement, indulgent, merciful. ~(em)igi, appease, placate, propitiate. ~igu min ĉe, make my excuses to. ~peto, apology. Ne~ebla (krimo), unforgivable. Ne~ema, implacable, rancorous, relentless. Ĉio~a, all f-ing.

parenc-o [UV] (samfamiliano), Relat/ion, -ive; kinsman. ~o per Adamo. Plej proksima ~o, next of kin. Korpo~o (Le 18/6). ~a, -ed. germane. ~a lingvo, Movado, organizo. (mus) C maj. kaj A min. estas tonaloj ~aj (relative maj. and min.). ~aro, relatives, family, kindred, kith and kin. ~eco, affinity, kinship, relatioship. ~ino, kinswoman. ~iĝi, ally one’s by marriage. Bo~iĝi kun, marry into the fam. of. Sen~a, without kith or kin. ➞ afin, famili, gepatr, rilat.

parentez-o, [UV] Parenthe/sis. 1 word (clause, sentence) inserted into another passage. 2 ~oj, round brackets ( ). ~i, insert as p. ~a, -tic. ~e, in p., by the way. ➞ kramp.

parfum-o, [UV] Perfum/e. 1 Sweet Smell, fragrance. 2 s-sing substance, fluid containg essence of flowers. ~i (-n), impregnate with p. ~i poŝtukon. Haroj ~itaj (M 89/19). ~aro, -ery. ~ejo, -ery shop, ~isto, er. ~ujo (~boteleto), scent-bottle.

parget-o, [UV] Parquet, inlaid wooden floor(ing). ~aĵo, -ry, inlaid flooring. Vaksita ~o (M 127/25). ~ero, piece, slab. ~isto, -ry worker. ➞ marketr.

pari-o, 1 (mec) inner side (wall) of surface. ~o de cilindro, kavaĵo, tendo, tunelo, tubo, vazo. 2 (anat) wall,e.g.,de stomako. ~a, parietal. 3 (a. pariao), pariah, low-caste, f social outcast. ➞ vand.

parietari-o, (bot) pellitory of the wall (Parietaria).

parizet-o, (bot) herb Paris (Paris).

park-o, [UV] Park. 1 pleasure ground. 2 similar enclosure. 3 (mot) (a. ~ejo), -ing ground. ~i aŭton, p. a car.

parker-e [OA] (memore), By Heart (memory, rote). ~e reciti, scii. ~i (-n) (lerni ~e), learn b.h., commit to memory, memorize. ~ita respondo. ~ado, -ing.

parlament-o, [OA] Parliament, legislative assembly. ~a, -ary. -ano, M.P. ~ejo, House of P. ~ismo, -arianism.

parnasi-o, (bot) grass of Parnassus (Parnassia).

parodi-o, [OA] parody, humorous imitation, "take-off", travesty. ➞ burlesk, travesti.

paroĥ-o, [UV] Parish (eccl. district). ~a, parochial, f petty, narrow, provincial. ~a preĝejo, p-church. ~ano, -ioner. ~estro, incumbent, rector, vicar. ~estrejo, manse, parsonage, rectory, vicarage. Sub~estro (vikario). ~ismo, -ialism.

paroksism-o, [OA] Paroxysm, fit, seizure, sudden attack, throe (of disease, pain); outburst (of laughter, rage). ~o de histerio. ~a, -al. ➞ konvulsi, kulmin, spasm.

parol-i (-n, al, kun, pri) [UV], Speak, Talk. ~i la veron. ~u al mi. Pensu, antaŭ ol ~i. ~i Angle, flue, laŭte. f Siaj okuloj ~is pri amo. La faktoj ~as por si mem. ~o, 1 (act) speech, utterance, words spoken: De ~o ĝis faro estas malproksime. Ĉu pri tio estis la ~o? Is that what they were t ing about? Sen ~o pri la hundo, to say nothing of the dog. ~oj glataj, fair wrds. Intermiksitaj ~oj, confused t. f Mi donas al vi la ~(permes)on. Al ŝi mankis la ~(pov)o. 2 parole, word of honour: Doni sian ~on. ~a, oral, verbal. ~e, by word of mouth. ~aĉi (Ps 59/7) ~ado, 1 s-(t-)ing. Tro multa ~ado min lacigas. 2 ~(ad)o, discourse, harangue, speech. Fari ~(ad)on pri la temo. ~adi, hold forth, ~anto, s-er. ~ejo, parlour, etc. ~ema, loquacious, t-ative. ~egi, pour out a torrent of words. Laŭt~ilo, loud-speaker.

~isto, orator, spokesman. Al~i, accost, address one’s to. Al~o, allocution. Antaŭ~o, foreword, introduction, preamble, preface, preliminary remarks. Ĉirkaŭ~o, circum- locution. ~~i, beat abt the bush. Ek~i, begin to s. el~i, [UV] s. out (clearly), enunciate. ➞ prononc. inter~i [UV] (konversi), converse. Kontraŭ~i, s. against, contradict, controvert, gainsay, oppose. Mis~o, slip of the tongue. Ne~ema, taciturn. Post~o, epilogue. Pri~i, discuss, refer to. Pro~anto, advocate, interpreter, etc. Sen~e, speechlsly, without a word. Sol~o, soliloquy. Sub~i (sugestii), insinuate, suggest. Fi~i, say what one should not. Flu~a, glat~a, fluent, glib, smoothtongued, voluble. Pik~o, gibe, raillery, sarcasm. Naz~i, speak through the nose. Ŝvel~a, bombastic, turgid. Tro~ema, long-winded, prolix, prosy. Ventro~isto, ventriloquist. ➞ alud, babil, balbut, dir, flustr, klaĉ, preleg, vort.

paronim-oj, (rh) paronyma (vortoj distingendaj = aspekte similaj, sence malsamaj) (e.g., desert-dezert, pes-pez, organ-orgen, ros-roz). ➞ homonim.

paronomazi-o, jingle, play on words of similar sound (e.g., near and dear) (Ho 2/5; Pr 2/17). ➞ paronim, vortlud.

parotid-o, parotid gland. ~ito (a. mumpso), mumps.

part-o, [UV] Part. 1 division, piece, portion, section: ~o de la korpo, mondo. 2 (elemento), component part: ~o de parolo. 3 (rolo), function, portion allotted (assigned), share: (th) character, role. 4 (mus) melody for voice or instrumt: ~kanto, part-song. 5 side in dispute. ~a, part(ial), incomplete. ~a eklipso. ~e, partly, in part. ~eto, -icle. ~igi, ~iĝi, part, divide into parts, separate. ~igi la harojn. ~umo = frakcio. ➞ divid, fend. Ali~e, on the other hand. Antaŭ~o (~kastelo), (mar) forecastle, (mus) Du~a formo, two-part form. Mia~e, as far as I am concerned. Pago~o, quota, share. Pied~o de kuŝejo (Rut 3/4). Plej~e, for the most part, mainly, mostly. Po~e, by instalnts. ➞ -er, fragment, kajer, parti, porci. Opp tut.

partenogenez-o, (bio) parthenogenesis.

parter-o, [UV] 1 (th) parterre, pit. 2 (hort) (florbedejo).

parti-o, [UV] Part/y, Side. 1 (pol) camp, faction: La Liberala ~o. Reganta ~o, p. in power. 2 p. in the case (contract, dispute, sport): Plenda ~o, plaintiff. ~a, [UV] p. ~a gazeto. f -isan, biassed, ones-ed, prejudiced, prepossessed. ~ano, -isan, advocate, follower, p-member, upholder. ~ano de ideo, persono, sistemo; de la reĝo (on the king’s s). ~aniĝi, s. with. Mi estas ~ano de (am all for). ~estro, leader. Ekster~a, independent. Sen~a, non-p., fair, free from bias, impartial, (pol) Du~a, tri~a, bi-(tri-)partite. Sam~ano. ➞ antaŭjuĝ, koteri, lud, partizan, tendar, tendene.

particip-o, [UV] Particip/le. ~a, -ial. partikul-o, particle, (gram) short indeclinable wd. (ph) atom. ➞ eret.

partitur-o, [OA] (mus) Score. ~o kunpremita (piana), short s. ~o orkestra (plena), full s. ~o voĉa, vocal s.

partizan-o = gerilo. ➞ partian.

paru-o, [UV] (orn) (tom) Tit, titmouse (Parus). Blua ~o, blue-t. Granda ~o, great t. Nigra ~o, coal t. Longvosta ~o, long-tailed t. Salika ~o, willow t. Tufa ~o, crested t.

parvenu-o (elsaltulo), parvenu, upstart.

pas-i, [UV] Pass. 1 (nt) (= forpasi): pass away, be spent, disappear, elapse, vanish. Jam ~is du jaroj. Kio ~is, ne revenos. La okazo jam ~is. La tempo ~is tro rapide. La pluvo ~is kaj malaperis (Alt 2/11). 2 (transiri): ~i de ruĝo al verdo. ~i al alia afero. ~i de morto en vivon (Jn 5/24). 3 (preteriri): pass by; go past, leave behind or on one side, move onward to another place. ~i la pordon (= preter la pordo). Lasu min ~i, let me pass. ~as super ĝi vento (Ps 103/16). ~i renkonte, encounter, meet and p. on. ~e, ~ante, in passing. f by the way, incidentally. ~(ad)o, -age, -ing, course, expiration, lapse (de tempo). Post ~o de jaro. ~aĵo, event, occurrence, situation (Rz 77/5): (lit mus) passage (M 30/20). ~anta nubo, -ing cloud. ~anto, -er-by. ~antaĵo, temporary affair. ~ejo, pass(age), gangway. ~ema, ephemeral, evanescent, fleeting, transient. ~ema ĝojo, ~igi (-n), p., spend, use. ~igi la ferion, nokton, tempon. Tempo~igilo, distraction, pastime. ~inta, bygone, past. ~inta doloro, for el memoro. ~interjectionaraj neĝoj, snows of yesteryear. ~intaĵo (~inteco), the past. For~i, pass away (Mat 5/18). Preter~i (Rut 4/1), pass by (over); bypass, disregard, overtake. Tra~i, p. along (through); traverse. ~~i krizon, pordon, fajron, kaj akvon. ~~ejo, ford. Trans~i, p. across (over), cross. ~~i limon (rubikonon). f (superi): exceed, go beyond, outstrip, overstep, surpass. ~~i komprenon. ~~i de averto al ago. ~~ejo, p., -age through, defile, thoroughfare. Flank~i, outflank. Frot~i, Puŝ~i brush (push) p. ~bileto, ~permeso, p., permit, safe-conduct. ~movo (football), p. ➞ flu, glit, kur, paŝ; sukcesi (ĉe ekzameno).

pasaĝer-o, [OA] passenger (by public conveyance). ~a ŝipo. ➞ vetur, vojaĝ.

pasakagli-o, (mus) passacaglia.

pasament-o, [UV] trimming of gold and silver lace, beads, thread (for clothes); braid, gimp (for furniture). ~i (seĝori), braid (edge of chair). ~aĵo, braid (ing), lace trimming(s). ~isto, [UV] dealer in (or, maker of) this. ➞ galon, punt. pase-o (istempo, malfuturo, pasinteco), (gram) the past.

paser-o, [UV] Sparrow (Mt 10/29). Doma ~o, house s. Monta ~o, tree s. Rok~o (petronio), rock s. Gi estas kvazaŭ ~o en la aero (projekto efemera). ➞ niz, pronel.

pasi-o, [UV] Passion. 1 vehement emotion, fit, outburst, transport, e.g., de kolero. 2 strong attachment (affection, devotion): kaŝi sian ~on por iu. 3 strong desire (enthusiasm, zeal): ~o fumi, al muziko, por la vero. ~a, -ate, ardent, glowg, im-ed, vehement. ~e, -ately, with ardour. ~igi, excite (stir) the pp. ~iga, exciting, sensuous. ~iĝi (al, pri), become enamoured of, have strong desire. ~iĝa (rutting) sezono. Sen~a, -less, dis-ate, apathetic, cold-blooded, collected, cool, impassive, phlegmatic. ➞ dezireg, koler, pasion, patos, volupt.

pasion-o, 1 passion, sufferings of Christ. 2 oratorio narrating these.

pasiv-a, [OA] Passiv/e. Opp aktiv. 1 (gram) ~a participo. 2 (neagema) inactive, inert. 3 (senkontraŭago) submissive, unresisting. ~a obeo, rezisto. ~e, -ly. Rigardi, suferi ~e. ~eco, -ity. ➞ inert. ~o, (gram) p-voice. 4 (fin) (ŝuldaro), debts, liabilities.

pask-o, 1 Passover (El 12/11). 2 Easter. ~a festo, tempo, E-tide. ~a ŝafido, Paschal lamb, f Kristo (1 Ko 5/7), ~a floro. Vd anemon.

paskvil-o, [OA] Lampoon; pasquinade, virulent (abusive, scurrilous) piece of satire. ~eto, skit, squib. ~i (kontraŭ), 1. ~isto, -er. ➞ pamflet.

pasport-o, Passport. ~a foto. ~ejo, p-office.

past-o, Past/e. 1 (pano), Dough. 2 similar substance. Ĉifona, papera, ligna ~o, rag (paper, wood) pulp. Folia ~o, Puf~o, puff p-ry. ~eca, d-ey, p-ey. ~aĵo, p-ry, d-nut, etc. ~ujo, kneading-trough (El 12/34, Re 28/5). ~platigilo, ~rulilo, rolling-pin. ➞ farun, glu, gum.

pasteĉ-o, [UV] meat or fish pie (baked in pastry, without dish). ~eto, pasty, patty. ➞ kuk, tort.

pastel-o, [UV] (cul, pharm), lentil-shaped jujube, lozenge, pastille. ĉokolad~o, ment~o, tus~o, chocolate drop, peppermint tablet, cough lozenge. ➞ lozanĝ.

pasteŭriz-i (parte steriligi), Pasteurize, pastiĉ-o, (lit) pastiche, imitation of style of famous writer, (mus) pasticcio, medley from various sources. ➞ parodi.

pastemak-o [UV] parsnip (Pastinaca sativa).

pastor-o, pastor, (us. protestant) minister.

pastoral-o, pastoral, play (poem) of a bucolic idyllic nature. ➞ paŝtist.

pastr-o, [UV] Clergy/man, Minister, Pastor; clerk in holy orders, parson, priest. Armea ~o, army chaplain, padre. Dom~o, private chaplain. Idol~o (Ce 1/4). ~i, m., serve as p., give spiritual guidance. ~a, m-ial, p-al, clerical. ~a lando, glebe land. ~a politikaĉo, priestcraft. ~aĉo (Ho 10/5). ~aro, clering -(ministr-)y. ~eco, p-ate, charge, cure, incumbency, ministry, priest-hood. ~eca (parsonic) voĉo. ~ejo (~a domo), c-house, manse, rectory, vicarage. ~igi (ordini), ordain. ~iĝi, take holy orders, ~ino, female m., priestess. Ĉef~o, chief (high) priest. Eks~igi, unfrock. ➞ klerik, paroĥestr, pastor, raben, sacerdot.

paŝ-i (nt), [UV] ~o, Step, pace, tread. ~i rapide, sencele; antaŭen. flanken. Fari unuan ~on. ~o(n) post ~o, s. by s. (mus) ~a movo, s-wise motion. ~ado, gait, walk. ~egi, stalk, stride. ~eti, toddle, trip. ~etuleto, little toddler. Al~i, s. up to, approach, enter upon. Antaŭ~o, s. in advance. Ek~i, take the first s. El~i, s. out, come forward. Mis~o, false s. Preter~i, over-s. Retro~i, s. back. Super~i, over-s. Trans~i, s. across, trangress. Du~o, (dance) two-s. Ĉiu~e mi renkontis malfacilaĵon. ➞ ambl, marŝ, piedir, tret, stamf.

paŝa-o, pasha, Turkish or Egyptian officer.

paŝt-i (-n), [UV] Pastur/e, feed, graze, tend (cattle, etc.). Kie vi ~as? (Alt 1/7). Viaj fratoj ~as en Sehem (Ge 37/13). ~ataro (grego), flock. ~aĵo, p., fodder. ~ejo, grass-(p-)land. ~iĝi, browse, feed, graze. ~isto, herdsman, shepherd, Pork~isto, swineherd. ~ista, bucolic. ➞ fleg, furaĝ, nutr.

paŝtel-o, [OA] Pastel, crayon. ~e, in p. ~(aĵ)o, p-drawing. ➞ kret.

pat-o,, [UV] 1 (fritilo), (frying) Pan (2 Sa 13/9). Potoj kaj ~oj, pots and pans. Tort~o, patty-pan. 2 (chs) ~o, stalemate. ~i, be stalemate.

patel-o, 1 (genuosto), patella, kneecap. 2 (zoo) limpet (Patella).

paten-o, 1 (ecc) paten. 2 thin circular plate of metal.

patent-o [F], Patent, exclusv right to exploit (make, sell) new invention. ~i (-n), p. ~aĵo, -ed invention (process). ~ejo, p-office. ~into, ~ulo, -ee. ~ita, -ed.

patin-o, 1 patina, incrustation (us. green) on surface of old bronze. 2 = sketilo.

patolog-io, [OA] Patholog/y, study of disease. ~o, [OA] -ist.

patos-o, [OA] (rh) exalted (fervid, passionate) expression of feeling, bombast, rant. ~a, emotional, fervid, impassioned, moving (H/65, 80). [Ne= pathetic], ➞ emoci, pasi.

patr-o, [UV] Father. Bapto~o, god-f. Stifa ~o, Stif~o, step-f. f (genta) ~o, founder of family, etc. La ~oj de la eklezio. 2 (rc) title of priest. ~a, of a f., f-ly, paternal. ~a bieno, heredaĵo, patrimony. ~i, be a f. to. ~eco, f-hood, paternity, f authorship. ~ino, [UV] mother. Neceso estas la ~ino de invento. ~ina amo, lingv)o, m-love (-tongue). ~ineco, m-hood, maternity. ~ineto (panjo), ma(mma), mum(my). ~eto (paĉjo), dad(dy), pa(pa). ~ujo, [UV] f-land. El~ujigi, exile (Jeĥ 1/1; Am 5/27). Sam~ujano, compatriot. ~omortigo (~icido), patricide. ~onia, paternoster, the Lord’s prayer. bo~o, [UV] ~ino, f-(mother-) in -law. duon~o [UV] (better stifa patro), stepfather. ge~oj, [UV] parents. Pra~o, fore-f, ancestor. Sampatr (in)a, sibling. Sam~a, of the same f. Sam~ina, uterine. Sen~a, f-less.

patriark-o, Patriarch. 1 father and ruler of family or tribe. 2 venerable old man, oldest living representative. 3 title of certain (arch)bishops. ~a, -al. ~eco, -ate.

patric-o, Die (engraved stamp for moulding design). ~i, emboss, punch, hall-mark, stamp (coin, medal). ~isto, d-sinker. ➞ matric.

patrici-o, [OA] (hist) patrician. ~a, p., aristocrat, noble. ➞ note I.

patriot-o [OA] (patrujamanto), Patriot. ~a, -ic. ~eco, ~ismo. ➞ ŝovinism, ŝovinist.

patrol-o [UV] (mil, sctg), Patrol. ~i, p., go the rounds, perambulate, reconnoitre. ~ano, p-man. ~boato, p-boat. ~estro, p-leader.

patron-o, [OA] Patron. 1 protector, supporter. 2 regular customer. ~a, p. ~a komitato, committee of -age. ~a rajto, -age, advowson. ~a sanktulo, p-saint. ~ado, custom. ~eco, -age. ~i, -ize, support. ~ino, -ess. (If/7).

paŭper-o (senhavulo), pauper, beggar. ~eco, ~ino, ~ismo.

paŭs-i (trakopii), (des) Trac/e. ~papero, -ing paper, f slavishly reproduce. Frot~aĵo, rubbing.

paŭt-i, pout, protrude the lips in displeasure. ➞ bud.

paŭz-o, [UV] pause, break, halt, interval of inaction. (pros) caesura, (mus) (a) (silento), rest, (b) (daŭrigo), hold (^). ~i (fari ~on), 1 break off, cease, stop. 2 delay, stay, tarry. 3 demur, hesitate, hold back. Labori Sen~e, without interrupts ➞ ĉes, halt, ripoz.

pav-o, [UV] Pea-cock (-fowl) (Pavo cristatus). f (parademulo), vain fellow. ~i, spread one’s, strut, swagger. ~ido, p-chick. ~ino, p-hen. ~bluo, ~okulo, p-c blue (-eye).

pavan-o, (mus) pavane, stately dee. ➞ vanes.

pavez-o, (mar) bulwarks, top-sides.

pavian-o, [OA] baboon (Papio). ➞ mandril.

pavilon-o, pavilion, large tent, light detached building, especially for sport. Kriketa ~o. Ĝardena ~o, summer-house.

pavim-i, [UV] Pav/e. ~i straton. f Per promesoj estas ~ita la infero. f ~i la vojon, p. (prepare, smooth) the way. ~(aĵ)o, -ing, -ment. ~o asfalta, brika, ligna, ŝtona. ~ero (~a ŝtono), -ing stone, flag, sett, slab. ~ilo, -ing beetle, rammer. ~isto, -er, -ior. ➞ trotuar. pazigrafi-o, pasigraphy, system of universal writing.

pean-o, paean, song of praise or thanks- giving, shout of exultation.

pec-o, [UV] Piece (wide sense). 1 bit, fragment, lump, morsel, portion, scrap, strip: ~o de paper-(sap-ŝnur-)o. 2 cut, slice: ~o da kuk-(pan-ŝtof-)o. 3 (distinct pt): ~o de kostumo, maŝino, mozaiko, muziko, poezio. (chs, drs): p. Ark~o, shank (Sua). Brik~o, brick-bat. (m.i.) Buŝ~o, mouth-p. Okul~o, eye-p. Pint~o, toe-cap (sua). Pot~o, potsherd. Ter~o, plot. Tuk~o, patch, rag. Vic~o, spare part. ~ego, chunk, hunk. ~eto, atom, crumb, grain, iota, shred, whit. ~etigi, crumble. ~etiĝi, crumble, disintegrate. ~etiĝema, crumbly, friable. (Dis)~igi, cut up, dismember, take to pp, tear to shreds. Divers~a, composite. Po~a laboro, p- work. Po~e, p-meal, bit by bit. Unu~a, in one p. ➞ er, fragment, part, porci.

peĉ-o, [UV] Pitch, bituminous substance (El 2/3). ~(iz)i, cover (coat) with p. ~i ferdekon. Ter~o (asfalto), asphalt. Urania ~o (peĉereo), p-blende.

pedagog-io [OA] (instruarto), Pedagog/y. ~o, [OA] p-ue, schoolmaster, teacher.

pedal-o, [OA] Pedal. 1 foot-lever, key moved by foot, treadle. ~o de bieikl -(harp-kudromaŝin-)o. Brems~o, brake-p. Gas~o, accelerator. Kluĉ~o, clutch, (org) Kombin~o, combination (or composition) p. Ŝvel~o, swell-p. (piano) Dekstra (subtena) ~o, loud p. Maldekstra (unukorda) ~o, soft p. ~i, (use) p. ~ado, -ling. ~aro (org) (~a klavaro, pieda klavaro), p-board. ~orgeno, p- organ. Retro~i, back-p. 2 (mus) ~(not)o, (persista noto), p. ~o burd-(duop-intern -invertit-tonik-)a.

pedant-o, [OA] Pedant, doctrinaire, person possessed by formal rules (theory), precisian. ~a, -ic, meticulous, priggish, stilted. Homo teda kaj ~a. Libro instrua estu ~e konservativa. ~aĵo, piece of -ry. ~eco, -ry. ~ino, blue-stocking.

pedel-o, [OA] apparitor (guild, university); beadle (parish); usher (court); verger (church).

pedik-o [UV] (sangosuĉa laŭso), Louse (Pediculus). ~(ohav)a, -y, verminous. ~ovo, nit. ~ozo, pediculosis. ~ulo, verminous person. Sen~igi, de-1. ➞ laŭs.

pedikularis-o, (bot) lousewort, red rattle (Pedicularis).

pedunkl-o, (bot) peduncle, stalk (of flower, fruit, or cluster). ➞ tig.

peg-o, [UV] (orn) Woodpecker (Picus, k.a.). Blankdorsa ~o, whiteheaded w. Eburo-beka ~o, ivorybilled w. Granda ~o, pied (great spotted) w. Griza ~o, greyheaded w. Malgranda ~o, barred (lesser spotted) w. Trifingra ~o, threetoed w.

pejzaĝ-o, [UV] Landscape, scenery. 2 painting of this. ~a bildo, ~(pentr)isto, 1-painter. ➞ panoram, vidaĵ.

pek-i, [UV] 1 (commit) Sin; Transgress; do wrong, err. 2 offend against divine law, or moral standards or principles: ~i kontraŭ gramatiko, logiko. ~o, 1 sin, transgression, trespass, iniquity, wickedness. Konfesi, pardoni ~on. De ~o kaj mizero estas plena la tero. 2 offence (as above): delinquency, misdeed. ~(oplen)a, of s., s-ful, wicked, wrong. ~eto, fault, pecadillo. ~eco, s-fulness, depravity, iniquity. ~ema, frail. Ne~ema, inpeccable. ~igi, corrupt, lead astray, seduce. ~inta, fallen. ~into, ~ulo, s-ner, t-or. Kontraŭ ~o prediku, ~inton pardonu. ĉef~o, deadly s. Pra~o, original s. Pro~a kapro, ofero, scape-goat, s-offering. Sen~a, s-less, without s., innocent. Sen~igi (~liberigi), absolve, redeem, shrive. ➞ delikt, erar, krim, kulp, malbon, maljust, malvirt.

pekan-o, (bot) pecan (Carya illinoensis). ➞ hikori.

pekari-o, peccary, small gregarious American pig (Tayassu).

pekl-i (-n), [UV] Pickle (in brine), corn, preserve with salt. ~aĵo, ~ita viando, corned beef, etc. ~akvo, -ing brine. ➞ konserv, marin, prezerv, sal.

pekten-o, (zoo) clam, scallop (Pecten).

pektin-o, (chem) pectin (of fruit).

pel-i (-n), [UV] 1 Driv/e, press(urge) forward (on), impel, propel: La sorto min ~is. Kiu tro ~as, nur malakcelas. Ondoj ~as ŝipon, vento la nubojn. 2 chase, charge, pursue: ~i nubojn, malamikon (Le 26/7). f d. to a point (extremity), constrain, force: ~i iun en malesperon. ~ata de malsato, teruro timo. ~o, impulse, urge. ~ado, -ing, coercion. Turn~aĵo, eddy. ~iĝi, be -en, forced, hustled, jostled along. Muŝ~\\o, fly-swopper. ~isto, -er (cattle), (sp) beater. Antaŭen~i, drive forward. ~~ilo, propeller. Dis~i, dispel, disperse, scatter, El~i, d. (cast, turn) out, banish, expel, oust, reject. ~~i el la hejmo, lando. ~~ito, exile, outcast. For~i, d. away (off), repel, spurn. La suno ~~is la nubojn. Prunto amikon ~~as. Trud~i, compel, force, put pressure on. ➞ ĉas, devig, driv, persekut, veturig.

pelagr-o, (med) pellagra, pelargoni-o, (bot) pelargonium (ordinary language "geranium"). ➞ gerani.

pelerin-o, [OA] pelerine, cape, tippet.

pelikan-o [UV] pelican (Pelecanus). ~o en la dezerto (Ps 102/6).

pelt-o, [UV] Fur (coat). Kruda ~o, pelt, raw hide. ~e subŝtofita, f-lined. ~aĵo, furs. ~isto, -rier. ~komerco, f-trade. ➞ fel.

peltiger-o, dog lichen (Peltigera).

pelv-o, [UV] Basin, bowl, Pan. Lav~o, wash-b (Ps 60/8). Lit~o, bed-p. ~o monkolekta, pesila. (anat) (~osto), pelvis. ~eto, small b. ➞ basen, bovl.

pemikan-o, pemmican. N-American Indian dish of dried meat.

pen-i, [UV] (nt) make an Effort, Labour, take Pains (Trouble); apply (exert, set) one’s to, endeavour, do one’s best, put one’s back into, strive, try hard. ~i konvinki, plaĉi iun, levi, porti ion. ~u esti virta (H/108). Liaj filoj ~is konsoli lin (Ge 37/35). ~(ad)o, e„ 1., p., t., exertion. Domaĝi nenian ~on, spare no e. Bona verkisto ~as evitigi ~on al la leganto. Ne valoras la ~on tion fari. ~(ig)a, hard (laboro), heavy (spirado), irksm, laborious, toilsm. ~(em)a, assiduous, careful, p-taking. ~e (kun ~o), with e., p., (difficulty). ➞ apenaŭ. Multe ~adi, be at great pains to, work hard at. ~ado perdita. ~ego, great e., toil. ~igi, give a person (put to) the t. ~inda, worth while (the t.). ~indas provi, it is worth while trying (➞ 1 FA 82/32). Estus ~inde (3 FA 106/24). Kion vi pri~as (take t. over), tio al vi venas. Sen~a (facila), without e. (t.). ➞ klopod, prov, streb, streĉ, ŝvit.

penatoj, (hist) penates, household gods, f = hejmo.

penc-o, [OA] Penny. ~oj, pence. Duon~o, half-p. Ses~a monero, six-p piece.

pend-i (nt), [UV] Hang, be Suspen/ded, dangle, droop. Lampo ~as de plafono, pomo de arbo. f Glavo ~as super nia kapo. Ni kvazaŭ ~is de liaj vortoj. ~i en la aero (esti necerta). ~(ant)a,  ing, pendant, pending. ~aĵo, drop, pendant, tassel, etc. Al~aĵo, sur~aĵo, appendage. Ĉirkaŭ~aĵo, -ings, valance. Orel~aĵo, ear-drop(-ring). ~igi, h. up. ~igi bildon sur muro, ĉapon sur hoko. Boat~igilo (davito), davit. ~igo (coach building) s-sion. ~iĝi, catch, get caught. ~umi (~mortigi), hang (person) on gibbet. Sin ~umi, hang one’s. ~umilo, gallows, gibbet, tree. ~umindulo, gallows-bird. de~i, [UV] Vd. depend. El~i, h. out. Lango ~~anta. ~aĵo, [UV] sign-board, etc. Mal~igi, take down (picture, etc.). (Super)~i, over-h., beetle, lower, menace. Flug~i (ŝvebi), hover. ➞ brelok, ŝveb.

pendol-o, [UV] 1 Pendulum. ~a horloĝo. ~a svingiĝo, swing of p. ~i (nt) swing to and fro. 2 (svingilo), (gm) swing.

penetr-i (-n), Penetrat/e. 1 Enter, find access (get) into or through, forge (make) a way into, invade, permeate, pierce. ~i en arbaron, ĝis la koro. Akvo ~is la ŝuon; kuglo la oston; radiko la teron; vorto la koron. 2 fill, imbue with. Animo ~ita de ideo, ĝojo, melankolio. 3 discern, fathom, see into, uncover. ~i futuron, misteron. ~o, -ion, insight. ~(em)a, -ing, acute, discerning, piercing, searching, sharp. ~a odoro, rigardo, voĉo. ~e rigardi. ~ebla, -able, permeable. ~emo, acumen, perspicacity, sagacity. ~igi, cause to p., instil, put. ~igi ideon en kapon. ~i iun per ideo. ~iĝi, be imbued, pervaded, possessed with. Kor~a, heart-rending. Ne~ebla, imable, impervious, inaccessible. Tra~i, p. deeply, permeate. ~~ita (soaked) de pluvo. ➞ enir, enprofundiĝ, enradikiĝ, invad.

penicili-o (penika ŝimo), Penicillium.

penicilin-o, penicillin (substance from this).

penik-o, [UV] 1 Brush, hair-pencil (for paint, gum, etc.). ~i (uzi ~on). Barb~o, raz~o, shaving b. Plafon~o, distemper b. Plata ~o, decorating brush. ŝmir~o, paint-b. 2 (kvasto), tassel. [3 (Bb) (= grapolo), bunch (No 13/23)].

penis-o, (anat) penis. ~ingo (kondomo).

pens-i, [UV] Think. 1 cogitate, consider, ponder, reflect, ruminate: Mi ~as, do mi ekzistas. Mi ~u! Let me t. ~u pri mi, t. of me. Tiu, pri kiu mi ~as, (have in mind). Mi ne ~is pri tio, I forgot (didn’t t. of) that. Mi ~as (demandas al mi): Ĉu li havas (4 FA 148/27). 2 (kredi, imagi, opinii, supozi) be under the impression, believe, fancy, imagine, suppose, take it: Mi ~as, ke jes (ne), I think so (not). ~o, Thought, concept, idea. Sen ~o pri, regardless of. Noblaj ~oj. Diri sian ~on, speak one’s mind. ~ado, consideration, deliberation, reflection. ~a, of t. ~ema, ~oplena, t-ful, contemplative, pensive. ~igi, put in the mind, suggest. ~iga, t-provoking. ~isto, ~(em)ulo, -er. ~legado, t-reading (➞ telepati). Antaŭ~i, premeditate. Ek~i, have an idea. Mi ĵus ek~is, it has just occurred to me (come into my mind). Ek~o, sudden t. el~i, [UV] t. out, devise, invent. ~~i klarigon, rimedon. ~~aĵo. ➞ eltrov, invent, malkovr. ~~ema, ingenious, inventive. En~igi, be absorbed (lost in t.), muse. ➞ medit. En~iĝo, abstraction, brown study. Ne~ebla, un-able. pri~i [UV] (konsideri), think. about (of, over), consider, reflect upon. Tio postulas ~~on. ~~ita, deliberate. Ne~~inte, without forethought. Ne~~ita, unpremeditated. Sen~a, harebrained, rash, unreflecting. Liber~ulo, free-er. Rapid~a, alert, quick-witted, smart, wide-awake. Trud~o, possession. Vag~a, absent-minded. ➞ konsider.

pense-o (trikoloreto), pansy, heart’s ease (Viola tricolor).

pensi-o, [UV] Pension, annuity, periodical allowance. ~i (iun), p. ~ito, ~ulo, -er. ~a kotizo, retirement deposit. ~ebla, -able. For~i, p. off. ➞ emerit.

pension-o, [OA] Boarding-house, b. and lodging. ~a lernejo, -ing school. ~ito, ~ulo, b-er, lodger. ~estro, b-h keeper. ➞ gast.

penstemon-o, (bot) penstemon, beard- tongue.

pent-i (-n, pri, pro; ke), [UV] Repent, be Peniten/t, contrite (sorry) feel remorse, regret, rue. Pekinto ~as, kolero silentas. ~o, p-ce, r-ance, contrition, regret, remorse. ~(em)a, p-tial, r-ant, contrite, sorry. ~anto, ~ulo, p-t. ~igi, make sorry. ~ofari, do penance. ➞ bedaŭr.

penta- (Gk pfx = kvin-), penta- (chem) (kvinatoma). ~gono, -gon. ~gramo, -gram. ~hedro, -hedron. ~lito (kvin ŝtonoj), (gm) five stones. -METRO, (pros) -meter, -teŭko, -teuch. ~tona skalo, -tonic scale (d r m s 1).

pentatom-o, forest (shield, wood) bug. (Pentatom).

pentekost-o, [UV] Pentecost, Whit/ sun(tide). ~a, -al. ~a ferio. ~a dimanĉo (lundo), Whit-Sunday, Whit-Monday.

peon-o, 1 (S. American) peon. 2 (chs) (soldato), pawn.

peoni-o, [OA] peony (Paeonia). Ruĝiĝi kiel ~o (M 170/19).

pentr-i (-n), [UV] Paint. 1 depict (portray) in colour: ~i pejzaĝon, portreton. 2 (bildigi) describe, represent sketch in words: ~i tion nigre; la nunan situacion; la aferon, kiel ĝi efektive estas. ~aĵo (fuŝ~o), daub. ~ado, ~arto, -ing, pictorial art. ~aĵo, -ing, picture. Akva ~aĵo (akvarelo), water-colour. Mor~aĵo, genre picture. Olea ~aĵo, oil -ing. ~aĵejo, picture gallery. ~ejo, studio. ~inda, picturesque, ~isto, -er. ➞ bild, desegn, farb, ĝenr, ilustr, kolorig.

pep-i (nt), [UV] Chatter. 1 (birds) cheep, chirp, chirrup, peep, twitter, warble. Kokidoj, paseroj ~as. 2 babble (brook), f (children): c., prattle. La ~aj voĉoj de virinoj. ~ado, -ing. ~ema, prattling. ~emulo, c-box. Plor~i, pule, moan, whimper, whine (Jes 38/14).

peplis-o, water purslane (Peplis).

pepsin-o, [OA] pepsin.

pepton-o, Pepton/e. ~izi, -ize.

per, [UV] (prep), (stronger forms: pere de, per helpo de): by means (the good offices) of, per, th rough, with (in this sense). 1 (implement, object): fosi ~ fosilo, kovri ~ tuko, manĝi - forko. 2 (organ, member): /(an ~ nazo, gvidi ~ mano, minaci ~ pugno. 3 (person): kompreni ~ interpretisto, respondu ~ la portanto (per bearer). 4 (means, manner): aĉeti ~ oro, komenci ~ gratulo, veni ~ aŭto (➞ kun, lau). ~a, [UV] indirect, mediate. La ~a metodo de lingva instruo (~ uzo de nacia lingvo). ~i, [UV] act as intermediary. ~i al iu novaĵon. ~ado, mediation, intervention. Pac~ado. ~ilo, means, medium. ~anto, ~isto, ~ulo, agent, go-between, intermediary, middleman. Ofic~isto, employment agent. Vet~isto, book-maker. Sen~a, direct. La sen~a metodo, Preĝi al Dio sen~e. PFX: ~flati, wheedle (atingi ~ flato). ~labori, earn (gajni ~ laboro). ~ludi, win (enspezi ~ ludo).

per-. (chem) ~klorata acido. ~manganato de kalio. ~oksido.

peramel-o, (zoo) bandicoot, Australian marsupial (Perameles).

percept-i, [OA] (phi) Perce/ive, apprehend, discern, sense (3 FA 102/2). ~o, -ption, intuitive recognition. ~ebla, -ptible (by sense or intellect), noticeable > audible (M 129/25). Apenaŭ ~ebla kliniĝo.

perĉ-o, [UV] (ich) pope, ruff (Acerina). ➞ perk.

perd-i (-n) [UV]. Lose (wide sense). 1 cease to have (possess), fail to retain: ~i apetiton, fidon, forton, intereson, konscion, paciencon, pezon, voĉon. f (by death): ~i amikon, patron, la vivon, ~i la koron al iu. 2 be worse off, miss, suffer loss: Vi ne ~os per tio. 3 Spend (use) to no purpose (in vain), waste: motion (tempon). 4 1. sight of, fail to keep in sight: ~i iun en la homamaso, ~i la vojon. 5 fail to catch (hear, see): fiŝon (vorton). 6 be defeated: ~i batalon, ludon, proceson. ~(itaĵ)o, loss, forfeit, privation, waste, etc. ~igi, cause to lose. ~iĝi, get lost, go astray. Mil semoj ~iĝas. ~iĝinta ŝafo. ~iĝo, perdition. ~into, loser. ~ita, done for, lost, missing, ruined, wasted, etc. Bone farita ne estas ~ita. Dis~i, dissipate, squander, waste. Pun~i, forfeit. Kolor~ema, liable to fade, lose colour. ➞ malgajn.

perdrik-o, [UV] partridge (Perdrix). Ruĝa ~o, Guernsey (red-legged) p. ~ido, p- poult.

pere-i (nt), [UV] Perish. 1 be destroyed (lost), come to an end (nought), pass away: Lia nomo neniam ~os. 2 cease to exist, die, lose life: ~i en batalo. ~o, fall, perdition, ruin. ~ema, ~iva, -able, frail. ~igi, [UV] destroy, ruin, wreck. ~iga, destructive, fatal, pernicious. For~i, be blotted out, disappear, fade out of sight, vanish. ➞ detru, mort, ruin.

perfekt-a, [UV] Perfect. 1 complete, entire, whole. 2 excellent, capital, faultless, flawless, sound, (gram) complete. ~a tempo (~o), p. tense. ~a futuro, future p. ~o preterita, plu-p. (mus) ~a intervalo (kvarto, kvinto, okto). ~a kadenco (V-I). ~e, -ly, to -ion. Ludi ~e. ~eco, -ion. ~igi, (make) p., bring to -ion. ~iga lernejo, finishing school. Ne~a, im-p. ~~aĵo, im-ion. ➞ model, sendifekt, senerar, senmank, senpek.

perfid-i (-n), [UV] 1 Betray, be disloyal (false, unfaithful) to, break faith with. ~i amikon, edzinon, partion. 2 disclose, reveal involuntarily or treacherously. Lia vizaĝo ~is lian penson. ~(ec)o, -al, breach of faith, perfidy, treachery. ~a, [UV] perfidious. ~aĵo, act of perfidy, foul play. ~into, ~ulo, traitor. Sen~a, guileless, trustworthy. ➞ malfidel.

perfor-i (truigi), (especially phlt), Perforat/e, pierce, make hole(s) or rows of holes through, puncture, trepan. ~(ad)o, ~(aĵ)o, -ation, hole. ~a linio, -ing line. ~ilo

, -ator.

pergamen-o, [UV] parchment, sheepskin prepared for writing. ➞ velen.

pergol-o, (hort) pergola (arbour, covered walk, with plants trained over trellis- work).

peri- (Gk pfx denotes round, about) peri-.

periant-o, perianth.

periferi-o (ĉirkaŭo), periphery, outer boundary, outskirts. ~a aŭtoŝoseo.

perifrazo (ĉirkaŭfrazo), periphrasis, circumlocution, roundabout way of speaking; ~a, -stic.

perige-o (perihelio), perigee, (perihelion), point in orbit nearest earth (sun). ➞ afeli, apoge.

perikard-o, pericardium.

perikarp-o (semujo), pericarp, seed-vessel.

perimetr-o, [OA] perimeter, f area, sphere.

perine-o, perineum.

~skopo, -scope. ~stalta, -staltic.

peristil-o, [OA] peristyle, row of columns surrounding building or space: space so surrounded.

period-o, [OA] Period. 1 time taken for recurring phenomenon, cycle, round, term, season, spell. ~o de malsano. (astr) p. of revolution. 2 indefinite portion of history. Kostumo de la ~o. ~a, -ic, intermittent, recurring at regular intervals. ~a febro (fenomeno). ~e, -ically. ~aĵo, -ical. ~eco, -icity. ➞ epok, intermit.

peritone-o, [UV] (anat) periton/eum. ~ito, -itis.

perk-o, [UV] (ich) perch (Percd). ➞ pert.

perkal-o, (tex) percale, cotton cambric, cambric muslin (plain woven cotton fabric, finer and wider than calico). ➞ kalikot, muslin.

perknopter-o, Egyptian vulture, Pharaoh’s chicken (Neophron percnop- terus) (Le 11/18).

perkolat-i (-n), Percolat/e, drain, filter, lixiviate, strain. ~o, -ion. ~iĝi, p., ooze through. ~ilo, -or.

perkut-i, Percuss, tap (strike lightly and sharply). 2 (med) p., sound (pacienton). ~(ad)o, -ion, impact. ~ilo, hammer, plunger, striker. ~instrumento, (mus) -ion instrument. ➞ dab, frapet.

perl-o, [UV] Pearl. 1 from mollusc. 2 similar obj, e.g., larmo, rosguto. 3 (bido), bead, bugle, f finest example of its kind, precious thing: La ~o de la kolekto. Ĵeti ~ojn antaŭ porkojn. ~kolora, -y. ~aj dentoj. ~a roso. form pearls, bead, glisten. Larmoj ~is el ŝiaj okuloj; ŝvito ~is sur lia frunto. ~grizaj gantoj. ➞ gem.

perlamot-o, [UV] mother of pearl, nacre (2 FA 1/10).

permes-i (-n, al, ke) [UV], Allow, Let, Permit. 1 consent, give (grant) leave, suffer: al mi diri (ke mi diru), let me say. ~u! Excuse me! ~i nenian escepton, admit of (brook) no exception. Se Dio ~os, God willing. 2 authorize, empower, warrant. ~o, permission, leave, liberty, licence (to do), Peti, ricevi ~on. Ĉas~o, game licence. Enir~o, (mar) clearance inwards. Pas~o, pass(port), safe conduct. Vetur~o, p. ~a, permissive. Ĉu estas ~ate fumi? (Ĉu licas fumi?) May one (Is one a-ed to) smoke? ~ebla, permissible. for~i (iun) [UV], a. to go, dismiss, grant leave of absence, 1. off (duties). ~~o, leave of absence, discharge, furlough, Peti ~~on ĉeesti funebron. (mar) clearance. Mal~i, forbid, interdict, prohibit. Mi ~~as al vi kanti (~~mi ~~as, ke vi kantu; but some say that ke ~u shows desire, not prohibition). ~~o, prohibition, veto. Frukto ~~ita estas plej bongusta. ➞ konsent, las.

permi-o, (geol) permian (period),

permut-i, Permut/e, vary order or sequence of letters, numbers, etc. ~(ad)o, ~(aĵ)o, -ation. ~ebla, interchangeable.

perni-o (frostabsceso), chilblain.

pernis-o (abelbuteo), (orn) honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorous).

perodikt-o, (zoo) potto (Perodietus potto). ➞ lor is.

peron-o, [UV] 1 (flight of) steps (before building), front steps. Domo kun ~o. 2 (ry) loading platform. ➞ kaj, platform.

perpendikl-a, perpendicular, at root angles to plane of horizon, or to given line or base; erect, upright. ➞ vertikal.

perpleks-i, Perplex, bewilder, confuse, mystify, non-plus, puzzle. ~o, -ity, bewilderment, dilemma, entanglement, quandry. ~ita, -ed, hesitating between opposing decisns. ~a, complicated, intricate. ➞ dubig, embaras, konfuz.

persekut-i, [UV] 1 Persecut/e, pursue with enmity and injury, torment: ~i la Kristanojn. ~o, -ion. 2 chase, follow after, hunt, pursue: Ĉasisto ~as leporon, vulpon. Malvirtulo kuras, kiam neniu ~as (Se 28/1). ~i malamikon (Ge 14/14); pajleron (Ij 13/25). 3 (ĝeni) harass, harry, pester: Rememoroj (timoj, sonĝoj) min ~as. 4 (jur) leĝe ~i (procesi kontraŭ): proceed against, prosecute, take action, sue. Juĝa ~isto, public prosecutor. ➞ ĉas, pel, postsekv.

persien-o, persienne, (outside window- blind with light slanting slats). ➞ jaluzi.

persik-o, [UV] Peach, fruit of ~arbo, p-tree (Persica). ➞ nektarin.

persikari-o, spotted persicaria, peach-wort, red shanks (Polygonum persicaria) < poligon.

persimon-o, persimmon, Virginian date plum (Diospyros virginiana). ~arbo.

persist-i, [UV] persist, (iu): be steadfast, continue firmly or obstinately in course, keep on -ing, peg away (especially in spite of remonstrance). ~i ĉe opinio; en eraro; kanti. (io): continue in existence, endure, remain. La moro, odoro ankoraŭ ~as. ~(ad)o, ~(ec)o, -ence, tenacity. ~(em)a, -ent, constant, dogged, pertinacious, tenacious, persevering, steadfast. ~a parfumo, lasting perfume. ~a pluvo, steady rain, (chem) stable, (mus) ~a noto (pedalo), pedal note. ~a ritmo. ~aĉa, contumacious, obdurate, obstinate, perverse. Mal~a, by fits and starts. Ne~ema, irresolute, vacillating. ~~ulo, trifler. Ĉp daŭr, insist, obstin, senĉes.

person-o, [UV] Person. 1 individual, human being, one: ~oj, kiuj ne komprenas. Tria ~o (krom~o), third party. 2 (jur) legal entity. 3 (gram) unu, dua, tria ~o. 4 (th) character. 5 (memo), own self: Via kara ~o, your own dear self. 6 (thl) mode of divine being: Unu Dio en tri ~oj. ~a, [UV] -al, individual, private. ~a aludo, intervjuo, opinio, pronomo, propraĵo. ~a kolumno en gazeto. (Propra)~e, -ally, in p. Mi konas lin ~e (mi mem konas lin). ~aĵo, ~eco, -ality; -al affair (character, trait), ~aro, -nel, staff, (th) (~oj), characters in the play. ~ego, -age, "V.I.P." ~etoj, small fry. ~igi, ~iĝi, -ify, act the part of, im-ate, simulate. ~favora, partial. Ne~a, Sen~a, im-al. ➞ hom, individu, iu, propr.

perspektiv-o, [OA] Perspective. 1 (des) la reguloj de ~o. 2 mental point of view, proportion, sense of values: Vidi laŭ ĝusta (vera) ~o. 3 prospect, view, vista: De tie oni ĝuas belan ~on. Bird~o, bird’s eye view. ➞ horizont, panoram, pejzaĝ, vidaĵ. f (future prospect): neatenditaj ~oj (M 145/24). ~o konsola, nova. ~a, ~e, in p., in view. Entrepreno sen~a, dead end, without hope.

persvad-i (-n, al, ke, -i), Persua/de, bring (win) over. 1 convince (satisfy) (of fact, that the thing is so). 2 induce (prevail on) (to do): ~i iun al ago. ~i al iu, ke li edziĝu. ~i lin edziĝi. ~o, persuasion. ~a, -sive, cogent, convincing, wiring. ~a elokvento, rideto. Mal~i, argue out of, p. not to do. ➞ konvink.

perturb-i, Perturb. 1 agitate, discompose, disturb, distress, trouble. 2 confuse, disorder. ~o, -ation, commotion, confusion, disquiet. Atmosfera ~o, atmospheric disturbance. Radia ~o, atmospheric. (astr) Orbita ~o, -ation. ~iĝi (havi ~on).

Peru-o [OA-8] PE.

peruk-o, [OA] (peri)Wig. ~isto, w-maker. ~hava, be-ged.

pervers-a (kontraŭema), Pervers/e, persistent in error, or against what is reasonable or weight of evidence; peevish, wayward. ~eco, -ity. Koro ~a (Ps 101/4). ~ulo (Se 3/32, 12/8).

pervert-i, Pervert, turn aside from its proper use, misapply, misconstrue; lead away from right opinion or conduct. ~ita, distorted. ~igi, corrupt, warp. ~(ul)o, pervert, > apostate, homosexual.

pes-i (-n), [UV] Weigh, find the Weight of. ~i bebon, leteron, pakaĵon. ~i mane, feel the weigh of, poise in the hand, f consider (estimate) the value or importance of. ~i ĉiun vorton, la ŝancojn. ~(ad)o, -ing. ~ejo, -ing house. ~ilo [UV] (~maŝino), Balance, Scales, -ing machine. Leter~ilo. Malvera ~ilo (Se 20/23). Prov~il(et)o, essay scales. Risorta ~ilo, spring s. ~ilo vekta. ~ila pelvo, taso, telero, pan (of scales). Ne~ebla, imponderable. ➞ pez.

peso, peseto, peso, peseta (coins).

pesar-o, (med) pessary.

pesim/ismo, [OA] pess/imism. ~isto, [OA] -ist, croaker.

pest-o, [UV] Pest. Plague. Bruta ~o, cattle pi, murrain. Nigra ~o, bubonic p. 2 s-o (something) troublesome, bane, curse, infliction, nuisance, Li estas vera ~o. ~(odon)a, -iferous, -ilent, infected, malignant, pi-stricken. ~ejo, p-house. ~ulo,pl-stricken person. (col)-on! Plague on it! ➞ epidemi, holer, infekt, plag.

pet-i (-n, por, pri, ke) [UV]: Ask (as a favour). ➞ PETition. 1 (ion): Ask for: ~i helpon, informon, konsilon, permeson. ~i pardonon, apologise. Kiu ne ~as, tiu ne ricevas. 2 (iun): ask someone to do something: Sidiĝu, mi ~as, please (pray) sit down. Li ~is min iri (ke mi iru). ~u lin (veni) al mi (E/26). ~o, request, etc. Edziĝa ~o. Insista ~o. ~adi, badger, importune, pester. ~anto, applicant, petitioner. ~egi, [UV] appeal, beseech, entreat, plead. ~eganto, suppliant. El~i, get by entreaty. Almoz~ado, begging, mendacity. Inform~i, request for information. Plor~i, implore (beseech with tears). Pro~i, intercede. ~~anto, advocate, intercessor. Tro~ema, bothersome, exacting, harassing. ➞ demand, postul, preĝ.

petal-o (florfolio), Petal. Unu~a, monopetalous.

petard-o, [OA] petard, demolition charge, detonating cartridge, (ry) detonator, fog signal. ~eto, banger, cracker, squib. ~i, blast, blow up.

petazit-o, butterbur (Petasites). Odora ~o, winter heliotrope, petiol-o, petiole, leaf-stalk, petit-literoj, (typ) 8-pt, brevier.

petol-i, [UV] frisk, frolic, gambol, play pranks, ramp, sport. La hundo ~is ĉe niaj piedoj. Juneco ~is, maljuneco malsatos. Ne ~u! Be sensible! ~a, frisky, frolicsm. in high spirits, mischievous, playful, roguish, wanton. ~a konduto, mieno. ~aĉi, play the fool (giddy goat). ~aĵo, escapade, game, lark, prank, spree, trick. ~eco, mischief. ~ema, impish, haughty, playful, rollicking. f ~emaj haroj. ~ulo, joker, etc. ~uleto, little rascal. ~ulino, romp, tomboy.

petrel-o (ŝtormbirdo), petrel, especially. 1 mother Cary’s chicken (Hydrobates). 2 (ordinary language) name for many similar birds. ➞ fulmar, fraterkol, procelari.

petrol-o, [UV] Petroleum (wide sense). 1 (kruda ~o), crude mineral oil (nafto). 2 (lampa ~o, lampoleo, keroseno): paraffin (lamp) oil, kerosene. Rafinita ~o (benzino), motor spirit, petrol (for car) (Am: gasoline). ~a ĝelo, p. jelly (vazelino). ~a fornelo (kuirilo), oil cooker stove. ~a lampo, paraffin lamp. ➞ benzin, kerosen, parafin.

petrolog-io, ~o, petrolog-y, -ist.

petromiz-o, [UV] (ich) (sea) lamprey (Petromyzori). Rivera ~o ( = lampetro).

petrosel-o, [UV] parsley (Petroselinum).~a saŭco. ➞ api.

petuni-o, (bot) Petunia (Petunia).

pez-i (nt), [UV] Weigh, have Weight, be Heav/y. 67 ~as du funtojn. Kiom vi ~as nuntempe? f be burdensome, w. down, lie h-ily. Tio ~as sur mia koro. Malgaja sorto ~is sur li. ~o, weight, burden, load. Fali sub ~o. Malgranda ~o, sed granda prezo. Atoma ~o, atomic wt. ~o kuntara (malneta), gross wt. ~o sentara (neta), nett wt. Specifa ~o, specific gravity. Sxip~o, displacement, tonnage. Tro~o, excess wt. (sp) Muŝ~o, fly-wt. f emphasis, influence. La ~o de laboro, de jaroj. ~a, h., weighty, momentous, important, influential, of conseqce. ~a kiel plumbo. Pli ~a ol fero. t ~a koro, paŝo, vetero. (grava, teda): ~a sorto (stilo). (chem) ~a hidrogeno. Fali ~e al la tero. Kuŝi ~e sur la menso. ~aĉa, lubberly, lumpish, unwieldy. ~aĵo, something h. ~aĵe, flop! plump! ~ega, ponderous. ~igi, w. down. La pluvo ~igis la velojn. ~ilo, [UV] wt (for clock, scales, etc.). ~ilo dufunta. Neegalaj ~iloj (Se 20/23). Jxet~ilo, casting lead, plummet. Kontraŭ~(il)o, counterpoise. Mal~a, light. ~~a paŝo (ŝarĝo). ~~a kiel aero. ~~igi (ease, lighten) la koron. ➞ delikat, facil. Pli~o, super~o, tro~o, excess-wt, over-wt. Sen~a, light, wt-less. Super~o, predominance. ~~i, overwhelm. Sur~i, w. upon, burden, encumber. Egal~o, balance, equilibrium, equipoise. ~~i, counter-balance. ➞ pes.

pfenig-o, [F], (num) pfennig.

pi-a, [UV] Pious, Righteous: devout, God- fearg, godly, religious, upright. ~a koro (Ps 7/10). Pura kaj ~a (Ij 8/6). Vivi ~e (Se 2/7). ~o (Se 2/9). ~aĉa (~afekta), canting, hypocritical, sanctimonious. ~eco (Ho 6/4), piety. Peli ~econ ĝis bigoteco. Se ezoko ~iĝis, gobio ne dormu. ~ulo, righteous person (Pr 3/17). Inter ~uloj ne mankas pekuloj. Mal~a, im-p, un-r., godless, irreligious, profane. ~~ulo, wicked person. ➞ religi.

pian-o [OA] (abbreviation of fortepiano), Piano (forte). ~o horizontala (grand), vertikala (upright, cottage). Strat~o, barrel organ. ~ist(in)o, -ist.

pianol-o (aŭto~o), pianola, p-player. ➞ gurd.

piastr-o, [OA] (num) piastre,

pibroĥ-o, pibroch, lament, or variations, for bagpipes.

pice-o, [UV] Spruce flr (Picea). Glaŭka ~o, white s. Norvega ~o (P. abies), Norway s., Christmas tree. Ruĝa ~o, red s. Sitka ~o, Sitka s. (P. sitchensis). ➞ abi, pin.

piĉ-o (absoluta sonalto), (ac) Pitch. Konservi, levi, teni, perdi la ~on. ~iloj: (a) ~forko (tonforko), tuning-fork, (b) ~tubo, p-pipe. ~normo, standard p. (A = 440 vibroj sekunde). Rim.: In this book vibration numbers are calculated by "equal temperament" from A = 440. Ali~igi, (mal)levi la ~on. Alt~a piano. Klarnetoj estas divers~aj. Kanti sub~e, super~e, sing flat (sharp). ➞ aligamig, transpon.

pied-o, [UV] 1 Foot, hoof; De kapo ĝis ~oj, from head to f. f ~oj el argilo (Da 2/33). Sin ĵeti al ies ~oj. Havi ~on en la tombo. 2 base on which something stands: peg (of cello); leg (of chair, table, piano); stem (of glass). 3 bottom part: ~o de paĝo, kolono, lito. 4 (pros) foot of verse. ~a promeno, ramble, tramp, walk. ~e, afoot, on foot. Malfeliĉo venas rapide, foriras ~e. ~e de (at the foot of) monto (Sxtuparo). ~ego, huge paw. ~eto. ~ingo, [UV] stirrup (horse), (cy) toe-clip. ~bati, ~frapi (a. kiki), kick. ~iranto, f-passenger, pedestrian. Sur~igi, put on (shoe). Du~ulo, kvar~ulo, biped, quadruped. Mil~ulo, (zoo) millipede. Nud~a, bare footed. Plat~a, flat-ed. Rapid~a (Ij 9/25). Tri~o, tripod. ➞ fut, instep, sub.

piedestal-o, [UV] pedestal, base of column (bust, etc.). ➞ baz, sokl.

pier-o (marponto, promena ĝeto), pier. ➞ pilier.

pierid-o (brasika papilio), white (cabbage) butterfly (Pieris).

pierot-o, (pantomine) pierrot.

piet-o, affectionate devotion, reverence, or veneration (to parents, country, etc.). ~ismo, ~isto, pietism, pietist.

pig-o, [UV] magpie (Pica).

pigme-o, [OA] pygmy, dwarf. ➞ nan.

pigment-o, 1 (bio) pigment, cirg-matter. 2 colour powder, e.g., okro.

pigr-a, = maldiligenta, mallaborema.

piĝin-o, pidgin. 1 p-English, p-French, etc. 2 crude simplified jargon for foreigners, e.g., Basic English.

piĵam-o, (cl) pyjamas.

pik-i (-n), [UV] Prick. 1 pierce slightly, puncture: ~i bobelon, fingron. 2 goad, spur: ~i ĉevalon per sprono. 3 bite, sting: Insekto ~as. 4 make smart, tickle: Frosto ~as vizaĝon, mustardo palaton, vento okulojn. 5 gird at, nettle, touch on the raw, pique: Reciproke sin ~i. Min ~as dubo. ➞ inciteti, ofendeti, vundeti. ~(em)a, -ly, pointed, sharp; bantering, biting, cutting, scoffing, stinging, caustic, piquant, pungent, ~a ironio, rimarko. ~o, 1 prick(ing), sting, ~o de konscienco. f senti ~on, feel pique. Per vorta ~o ofte perdiĝas amiko. 2 (cgm) pip, spade, (mus) dash, denotes staccatissimo. ~(et)ado (sento), pins and needles, tingling. ~e kaj tranĉe, with cut and thrust. ~aĵo, barb, prong, spike, thorn, ~aĵa, barbed. ~eco, pointedness. ~eti, irritate, peck, etc. ~ego, stab. ~ilo, [UV] -er, awl, goad, (hedgehog) quill, ~o ŝraŭbepinta, gimlet. Dent~ilo, tooth-pick. Sag~ilo, dart. ~ileto, prickle, sting, ~ilego, pike. ➞ halebard, lane. La korvo el~is lian okulon. En~i, jab, prod. En~ita (tatuita) desegno. Sen~ila, stingless. Tra~i, pierce, puncture, run through, transfix. ~~a, penetrating, piercing. ~~iĝi, have a puncture, ~~ilo (~bastono), skewer, spit. Glav~o (~puŝo), sword thrust. Korno~i, gore. Mort~i, stab to death. ➞ dorn, penetr, pine.

piked-o, [UV] 1 picket, camp guard, outpost, sentry, etc. 2 (cgm) piquet.

piknik-o, picnic.

pikr-a acido, Picr/ic acid. ~ato, -ate.

pikris-o, (bot) bristly ox-tongue (Picris).

pil-o, [OA] (el) Pile, Battery cell. Atoma ~o, atomic pile. Seka ~o, dry b. ~aro, multicell b. [Ne= amaso].

pilaf-o, (cul) pilaff, pilaw (dish of rice with meat, spice, etc.).

pilastr-o, [OA] (arch) pilaster. Apog~o, abutment, buttress. Pordaj ~oj, gateway piers. Ŝtupara ~o, newel.

pilĉard-o, (ich) pilchard, sardine (Pilchardus). ➞ anĉov, sardel, sardin.

pilgrim-i, [OA] go on (make) a Pilgrim/age. ~(ad)o, -age. ~anto, p.

pilier-o, pillar (column) of masonry, pier, support or spans of bridge or arch.

pilk-o, [UV] 1 (playing) Ball, solid or rubber, e.g., for golf, tennis, football. 2 name of game using this. Akvo~o, water-polo. Baz~o, base-b. Hejm~o (rondkuro), rounders. Korbo~o, basket-ball. Pied~o (futbalo), foot-b. Ret~o, volley-b. ~frapilo (rakedo). ~ludo, b-game. ➞ netbal, volan. 2 bulb (of inhaler, etc.) ~o klistera.

pilol-o, [UV] Pill. ~ego, bolus. ~eto, -ule. ~skatolo, p-box. ➞ draĝeo.

pilon-o, pylon. 1 of Egyptian temple. 2 mast, tower, for boundary, or cable support. ➞ mast, tur.

pilori-o, Pillory. Pied~o, stock. ~i, p. f expose to ridicule. ~ata de la publiko.

pilot-o, [UV] ~i, Pilot, ~ado, -ing. ~fiŝo (naŭkrato), p-fish. ~pago, -age. ~ŝipo, p-boat.

pilulari-o, (bot) pill wort (Pilularia). piment-o, (cul) all-spice, the powdered fruit of ~arbo, the a-s tree (Pimenta officinalis). ➞ kapsiko (sometimes misnamed pimento).

pimp-a, chic, dainty, smart, spruce, spick and span, trim.

pimpinel-o, (bot) burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga).

pin-o, [UV] Pine (tree) (Pinus). Alepa ~o, Aleppa p. Blankŝela ~o, Bosnian p. (P. leucodermis). Monta ~o (a. mugo), mountain or Mugho p. (P. montana or P. mugo). Nigra ~o, Black or Austrian p. (P. nigra). Silvestra ~o (silvestro), Scots p., "Scots fir" (P. sylvestris). ~a frukto (strobilo), p-cone. ~acoj, p-fam.. ~aro, ~ejo, p-forest, pinetum. ~ligno (abia ligno), deal. ➞ cembr, duglasi, palustr, pinastr, pini, strob.

pina-o, (zoo) fan mussel (Pinna).

pinakl-o (pinta kronaĵo), (arch) pinnacle, f peak, culmination.

pinakotek-o, art museum, picture gallery.

pinas-o, (mar) pinnace,

pinastr-o (ĉemara pino), cluster (maritime) pine (Pinus pinaster).

pinĉ-i, [UV] Pinch, squeeze. La papago ~is mian fingron. Jen kie la ŝuo ~as. f la maharmo ~as, there is a nip in the air. ~(aĵ)o, ~(pren)o, p. (of salt, etc.). ~eti, nip. ~ilo, pliers; (crab) claw, nipper; cycle-(paper-tie-)clip; (sugar) tongs. Pri~i ŝtrumpon (peck) (4 FA 30/5). Drat~ilo, wirecutter. Naz~ilo, pince-nez. Tol~ilo, clothes peg. ~ileto, ~tenilo, nippers, tweezers. ➞ pluk, tenajl.

pingikol-o (grasherbo), (bot) butterwort (Pinguicula).

pingl-o, [UV] Pin. Eĉ ~o povas koron trapiki. f Sidi kvazaŭ sur ~oj (K 131/9). Ĉapela ~o, hat-p. Friz~o, haircurler. Halt~o, stop-p. Har~o, hair-p. Kravata ~o, tie-p. Perkuta ~o, firing-p. Pin~o, pine needle. Puŝ~o, drawing p. Sendanĝera ~o (fibolo), safety-p. ~a kapo, kuseno, truo. ~i (~ofiksi), p. ~ego, (mar) belaying-p. ~ujo, pincase, pintray. ~oludo, (gm). Al~i, p. up (Rz 20/5). Mal~i, unpin.

pingven-o, Penguin (many species) Adelia ~o, Adelia p. Granda (imperiestra) ~o, Emperor p. Reĝa ~o, king p. ~eto, little (or blue) p.

pini-o [UV] (nuksa pino), umbrella pine (Pinus pined). Its seeds are our "pine kernels" (pinsemoj). ➞ cembr.

pinikol-o (pina dikbekulo), (orn) pine grosbeak (Pinicola). ➞ pirol.

pinjon-o, gable. ➞ gabl.

pint-o, [UV] Point, extremity, sharp end. ~o de cirkelo, glavo, pinglo, plumo; apex, peak, summit (de monto). Vidi nur ĝis la ~o (tip) de sia nazo. Mam~o, dug, nipple, pap, teat. Ter~o, promontory. Tur~o, spire. ~a, peaked, sharp. ~a ŝtono, mentono. ~ego, spike. ~igi, sharpen, taper off. ~igi krajonon; cock, prick up (orelojn), purse (lipojn). ~ingo, ferrule, tip (ombrelo); p-protector, sheath. Sen~a, blunt, pug, snub. ~~igi, blunt, break the p. of. Du~a (dento), bicuspid. Pied~e, on tiptoe. ➞ ekstremaĵ, kulmin, supr, pik, poent, punkt.

pioĉ-o [OA] (pikfosilo), Pick(axe) (Jes 7/25). ~o larĝa, platlamena, mattock. ~i, dig with p. ~eto (sark~o) (Vd Bulgara Esp-isto, Aprilo 1960).

pionir-o, [UV] Pioneer, explorer, f person paving way for new idea. ~oj de nia movado. ~a laboro. ~i, (act as) p., open up road. ➞ veteran.

piore-o, (med) pyorrhea.

pip-o, [UV] Pipe (for smoking). ~o argila, rozligna. ~tubo, p-stem. Pac~o (kalumeto), p. of peace. Plen~o da, p-ful. ➞ tub.

pipet-o, (pharm) pipette. ➞ ampol.

pipi-o (a. antuso), (orn) Pipit (Anthus). Akvo~o, water p. Arba ~o, tree p. Herbeja ~o, meadow p. Kampa ~o, tawny p. Ruĝgorĝa ~o, red-throated p.

pipistrel-o, pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus).

pipr-o, [UV] 1 Pepper, the powdered fruit of ~oplanto (Piper). ~o blanka (nigra). ~o kubeba, cubeb. ~a grajno, p-corn. ~eca, peppery. ~ujo, pepper-box, pepper-caster. ~i (-n), p. ➞ ment, paprik, piment. 2 Ruĝa ~o. ➞ kapsik.

pips-o, [UV] Pip, roup (disease of birds). Suferi de ~o, have the p. f be sulkily silent, have fit of bad temper (depressn).

pir-o, [UV] Pear, fruit of ~arbo, p-tree (Pyrus). Ter~o (helianto tubera). Jerusalem artichoke. ~forma, p-shaped. ~ligno, p-wood. ~vino, perry.

piralid-o, knot-horn moth (Pyralis).

piramid-o, [OA] pyramid. 1 of Egypt. 2 solid of similar form.

pirat-o [OA] (mara rabisto), Pira/te, bucaneer, marauder. ~i, play the p., infringe another’s rights, encroach on recognised route. ~ado, ~eco, -cy. ~ita eldono, -ted edition. ➞ kaper, korsar.

piretr-o, (bot) pyrethrum (Pyrethrum). ~a pulvoro, insect powder from this, or from other plants.

pirit-o, [UV] pyrites (Fe S2). ➞ gruz.

pirog-o, pirogue, canoe from hollowed tree-trunk.

pirogajla acido, (phot) pyrogallic acid (pyro).

pirokorak-o (monta korvo), Chough (Pyrrhocorax). ~o flavbeka, Alpine (yellow-billed) c.

pirol-o, [UV] 1 (orn) bullfinch (Pyrrhula). Karmina ~o, rose finch, scarlet grosbeak (Carpodacus erythrinus). ➞ pinikol. 2 (bot) wintergreen (Pyrola). ➞ gaŭlteri.

pirometr-o, pyrometer.

piroteknik-o, Pyrotechnic/s. ~a, -ic. ~aĵo, firework. ~isto, -ian.

piroz-o, [UV] pyrosis, heart-burn, stomach acidity.

piruet-i, -o, pirouette, spin round on one ft., or on point of toe.

pis-i (urini), (col) piss, make water. ~ejo. ~poto.

pist-i (-n), [UV] Pound; beat small, bray, bruise, crush, grind, pulvorize. ~i grajnojn de pipro, salo. ~ilo, pestle. Sxton~isto, stone breaker. ~ujo, mortar. ~i malsaĝulon en ~ujo (Se 27/22). ~maŝino, crusher, grinder, stamping mill. ~miksi, triturate. ➞ disbat, frakas, muel, pulvorig.

pistak-o, [UV] pistachio, nut of ~arbo, p-tree (Pistacia) (Ge 43/11).

pistil-o, [OA] (bot) pistil.

pistol-o, [UV] Pistol. Lubrika ~o, grease- gun. Lud~o, ~eto, toy-p. ~ujo, p-case, holster. ➞ farb, revolver.

piŝt-o, [UV] Piston, plunger (of force- pump). (mus) ~o de korneto. (org) Kombin~o, pied~o, man~o, combination pistons. Mergo~o, plunger.

piteci-o, saki monkey (Pitecia).

pitirias-o, pityriasis, dandruff, scurf,

piton-o, python (Python). ~o Malaja.

pitoresk-a (pentrinda), picturesque, striking, (of language) graphic, vivid. ~a sceno.

pituitari-a, (med) pituitary. ~a glando. ➞ muk.

pivot-o, [OA] Pivot (El 26/17), axis, fulcrum (of lever), short pin or shaft on which something turns, spindle, (th) central figure. Kruc~o, gudgeon, socket. ~a, pivotal, -ed. ~a argano, revolving crane. ~a kanono, swivel gun. (mus) ~a noto. p-note. f ~a punkto, turning-point (in history). ~i, pivot, depend (hinge, turn) on. (mil) wheel. ~aĵo, (org) backfall. ~ego, crank-(link-pivot-swivel-)pin. ~ingo, (~a truo).

piz-o, [UV] Pea (Pisum). Granda ~o, marrowfat. Splitita ~o, split pea. Suker~o, sugar p. Verd~o, green p. Krak~o, fulminating p. ~ejo, p-field. ~ujo (= guŝo) pea-pod. ➞ kaĉ, kiker, latir, soj.

Piz-o, Pisa: la oblikva turo de P~o.

plac-o, [UV] 1 (public) Square. 2 open space, clearg, glade (2 FA 80/31). ~o Zamenhofa. Flug~o, aerodrome. Foira ~o, market-place. Kolona ~o, piazza. Parada ~o, parade (ground). Ŝtupara ~o, landing. ~eto, patch (3 FA 28/18). ➞ kvadrat, lok.

placent-o, placenta, afterbirth (Rd 28/57). ~a, -al.

plaĉ-i (-n, al) [UV], Pleas/e, be agreeable to, give pleasure, gratify, take the fancy of. Tio min ~as (~as al mi), I like it, it gives me -ure (Se 11/1, 20; 16/13). Vi lin multe ~as, he is greatly taken with you. Tio ne ~as al mi, it does not appeal to me, is little to my taste, I don’t care for it, It displeases me (Se 24/18). Min ~as (Mi amas) iri, J like going. Se ~os al vi, if you p. Ĉu vin ~us (Ĉu vi volus) iri, Would you care (like) to go? Ĉesi ~i, cease to p., pall upon. ~o, pleasure, liking, satisfaction. Akiri, trovi ~on, find grace (favour) en ies okuloj. ~a, agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, pleasurable, nice. ~a vizaĝo. ~e bela (~aspekta), comely, engaging, prepossessing. ~eco, charm. Laŭ~e (laŭ via ~o), as you p., at p-ure. Mal~i, be disp ing (repugnant). Ĉu ~~us al vi, se… ? Would you mind (object)? ~~o, displeasure. ~~a, ill-favoured. Palato ~a, palatable. ➞ agrabl, ĉarm, favor, gust, kontent, plezur, ŝat. Vd B.E. 1932, p. 198.

plad-o, [UV] Dish, platter (container or contents), course (at a meal). ~o da terpomoj. ~eto, little dish, saucer. ~ego, charger. ~levilo, plate-hoist. ~varmigilo, chafing dish. ➞ plet, teler.

plafon-o, [UV] ceiling, f maximum altitude, upper limit.

plag-o, [OA] Plague, affliction, bane, calamity, curse, pest, scourge (Rd 28/59, 29/22). La Egiptaj ~oj. ~on al ĝi! p. on it! ~i (1 Kr 21 /17), harass, pester, ravage. ~a, vexatious, ~ejo, p-spot. ~ema, ~oplena, torment. ~eti, be a nuisance, troublesome. ~iĝi, be afflicted (stricken) with. ~ita, (Jes 53/4). ➞ aflikt, ĝen, pest, sufer, turment.

plagal-a, (mus) Plagal. ~a (amend) kadenco (IV-I). ~a modalo (submodalo), p. mode.

plagiat-i, [OA] Plagiar/ize, crib, "lift", take (use) another’s thoughts (writgs) as one’s own. ~o, -ism, literary theft, stolen expression. ~isto, -ist, -y.

plaĝ-o, bathing beach. ➞ strand.

plak-i (-n), coat (cover) with, lay on (plaster); lay down (turf), overlay, plate, veneer. ~i oron per kupro, kupron per oro. ~o, plating, veneering, sheet (metal), slab (marble). ~(aĵ)o, surface overlaid, (rad) agorda (stacia) ~o, tuning dial. Fotografa ~o, plate. Kruc~i, laminate. ~~aĵo, plywood.

plan-o, [UV] Plan. 1 design, lay-out, map. Urba ~o. 2 arrangement, contrivance, device, method, scheme. ~o de agado, laboro, romano. 3 (perspectv), plane. ➞ eben, fon, perspektiv. ~i (-n), make a p., design, map out, plot, project, scheme. ~ado, -ning. Antaŭ~o, draft, preliminary p. Labori laŭ~e, sen~e. Instru~o, lerno~o, curriculum, syllabus, (thl) Argumento el -iteco, argument from design. ➞ metod, program, projekt.

pland-o, [UV] Sole 1 (of foot): De la ~o de lia piedo ĝis lia verto (2 Sa 14/25). 2 (a. ~umo) (of shoe): (H/57, K 117/9). ~ulo, (zoo) plantigrade. Al~o, Sub~o, (cork sock to put in a shoe). Duon~o, half-s., clump. Re~i ŝuon.

plane-o, (av) aerofoil, wing, etc. ~o stabiliga.

planed-o, [UV] planet. ~eto, asteroid.

planetari-o, planetarium,

planimetri-o, planimetry.

planisfer-o, planisphere.

plank-o, [UV] Floor(ing), bottom, foot- plate(-way), ground. ~o cementa, kahela, ligna, mozaika, ŝtona, de ĉambro. ➞ parget, tabul.

plankton-o, plankton.

plant-i (-n) [UV], Plant (in ground) set, sow, ~i arbojn (cepojn). f ideojn, pensojn, principojn en kapon; kison sur vangon. ~ado, -ing. ~(it)aĵo, something planted, sapling, etc. ~ejo, plantation. ~ilo, dibble, ~isto, -er. En~i, im-p. Mal~i, dig up, lift. Pri~i (ĝardenon), lay out. Trans~i, plant out, transplant. f ~~i vorton el alia lingvo. Te~ejo (~isto), tea-plantation, -er. plant-o, Plant. Akva ~o, water-plant. Rok ~oj. ~a (vegetala) regno, vegetable kingdom. ~aro (flaŭro), flora.

~ido, seedling, shoot, etc. ~vartejo, nursery. ➞ kreskaĵ, vegetaĵ.

plantag-o, [OA] plantain (Plantago). Granda ~o, greater (ratstail) p. Meza ~o, hoary (lamb’s tongue) p. Lancfoli~o, ribwort p. Mara ~o, sea p. ➞ pizang.

plasm-o, Plasma. ~odio, (bio) -odium,

plast-o, Plast/ic (material). ~oj, group of synthetic pp. ~a, made from p. ~aĵo, object. made of p.

plasticin-o, plasticine.

plastik-a, [OA] Plastic. 1 easily moulded, pliant, supple, soft. 2 (reliefa): ~a arto, p. art. Cxio atendas klare kaj ~e atitaŭ mia animo (1 FA 88/12). ~eco, -ity. ➞ knedebla, muldebla.

plastr-o, [UV] (med) Plaster. Adhera ~o, sticking p. ~o sur la riazo (Rz 42/17). Kal~o, corn-p. (cy) (tyre) patch. ~i (apply a) p. ➞ gips, kataplasm, stuk.

plat-a, [UV] Flat. 1 even, horizontal, level, spread out, unbroken, dead(calm), smooth (sea), ~a pejzaĝo. 1 (senreliefa), without projections. ~a brusto (vizaĝo). f bald, dull, insipid, lifeless, spiritless, monotonous, ~a stilo, versaĵo. ~o, flat object., board, plate, sheet. ~o fotografa, ŝtala, vitra. cifer~o, [UV] (clock) face, dial. Fermo~o, (door) wing. Fibro~o, (wall) board. Fingro~o, fret~o, (mus) fingerboard. Forn~o, hob. Kolon~o, plinth. Krad~o, (el) grid. Lad~o (tin- plate). man~o, [UV] palm. Nom~o, name plate. Pied~o (plando), sole. Ŝton~o, ledger, slab. Turn~o, (ry) turntable. Vitra ~o, glass sheet. ~aĵo, ~ejo, (f. pt), level stretch (land, stairs), (geol) shelf. Mont~aĵo, plateau, tableland. ~igi, ~iĝi, -ten. ~igi la nazon kontraŭ fenestro. Prem~igi, squash. ~germana lingvo, Low German. ~lando, lowland. ➞ eben, glat, kliŝ, lamen, plank, platform.

platale-o (kulera cikonio), (orn) spoonbill (Platalea).

platan-o, [OA] Plane tree, button-wood (Platanus) (Jeĥ 31/8). ~o okcidenta, (orienta). ~arbo (Ge 30/37). ➞ acer, sikomor.

platen-o, [UV] (chem) Platin/um (Pt). ~i, -ize, plate with p.

plates-o, (ich) plaice (Pleŭronectes platessa). ➞ limand, romb, sole.

platform-o, Platform (wide sense). 1 (platejo) (Petrolo II 101/32) raised level surface. 2 in hall or open air, for speaker (estrado, podio, tribuno). 3 (pol) declaration of policy.

platona, platonic. 1 of Plato. 2 purely ideal. ➞ amikec.

plaŭ! (a. plaŝ!), Splash! ŝi ensaltis en la akvon (Z).

plaŭd-i (nt), [UV] Splash. 1 beat, plash. La akvo, ondo ~is kontraŭ roko, sub la boato. 1 (make a s.) dabble, flop, spatter. La remiloj ~is en la rivero. 3 make a similar noise, flap. La fenestro (flago) ~is en la vento. ~i per la manoj (clap hands) (Ps 47/1). ~aĉi, go squish-squash, e.g., veturilo tra koto. ~(ad)o, splashing. La ~ado de ondoj, remiloj, de la pluvo. ~eti, lap, plash, purl, ripple. ➞ klak, ŝmac.

pleb-o, [OA] Pleb/s, common people, lower orders. ~a, -ish, coarse, common, (of) low (birth), vulgar. ~ano, -ian, commoner.

plebiscit-o, (pol) plebiscite, referendum.

pled-i, [OA] (nt) Plead (cause, in court), allege (argue, maintain, offer) in defence (excuse, justification). ~i nescion. ~u (intercede) por mi. f Multaj faktoj ~as por Esp. ~(ad)o, plea(ding), address by counsel. ~isto, counsel. Kontraŭ~o, counter-p.

pleistocen-o, (geol) pleistocene.

plej, [UV] (adv) most, -est (superlatv). ~ saga, wisest. ~ bela, most beautiful. La ~ bona (best) el ĉiuj. Kiel eble ~ baldaŭ, as soon as possible. Unu el la ~ …, one of the most … ~a (greatest) denso. ~e (maksimume, ~ ofte), mostly, mainly. La mal~ ... el, the least … of.

plejd-o, plaid. 1 (tex) Scottish tartan (cloth). 2 (cl) garment of this.

plejnkant-o (Gregoria ĉantado), (mus) plain-chant(-song).

plekot-o (longorela vesperto), long-eared bat (Plecotus).

plekt-i (-n) [UV], Plait, Braid, twist, weave, wreathe, ~i harojn, pajlerojn, ŝnurojn, veringojn. ~aĵo, braid, plait, basket-work, wicker-work, matting, netting, webbing, tracery, tress (of hair). Drata (pajla) ~aĵo de kaĝo, seĝo. f ~aĵo (tissue) de intrigoj, mensogoj. Ĉirkaŭ~i, inter~i, entwine, interlace (weave). Inter~aĵo (implikaĵo), interlacing, tangle. Inter~itaj (clasped) manoj. Kun~i, weave together. Kun~i ligilon de amikeco. Mal~i (separate the strands of, unpick, unravel) intrigon, trikaĵon. Tra~i, blend, intermingle, interlard, intersperse), e.g., per flavaj fadenoj. ➞ implik, krad, teks.

plektr-o (plukilo), (mus) plectrum (for mandoline, zither, etc.).

plen-a (de, je) [UV], Full. 1 f. of, f-up (to the brim), flush, replete: ~a buŝo. Taso ~a de teo; vivo ~a de ĝojo. Koro tro ~a, buŝo parolas. 2 Complete, absolute, entire, plenary, with nothing lacking: ~a kunsido, longo, pago, portreto, sensencaĵo, tago, vortaro. ~a mallumo, complete darkness. ~a mizerego, utter misery. 3 with a large number of, abounding in, crowded (stocked, well provided) with: butiko ~a de varoj, domo ~a de mebloj, kapo ~a de ideoj, teksto ~a de eraroj. 4 (mus) ~a noto (~o): Semi-breve. ~nota silento, s-rest. ~e, fully, amply, completely, entirely, quite, to the full. ~eco, fullness, abundance, plenitude, repletion. ~ega (Plen~a), heaped, packed, plenteous, plentiful. ~egeco, repletion. ~igi, fill. ~igi sakon. ~igi (ŝtopi) breĉon, mankon. ~iĝi, fill up. La domo ~iĝis de gastoj. ~umi, [UV] accomplish, excute, fulfil, perform. ~umi devon, mendon, ordonon, postulon, promeson, taskon; keep, obey, ~umi instruon, leĝon. ~um(ad)o, ~(iĝ)o, fulfilment. Ne~umi, break (promise), fail to do, leave undone. ~umebla, practicable. Super~umi, exceed target. Mal~a, empty, vacant. ~a ĉambro, stomako. ~~aĵo, vacancy, void, (mus) Ne~a (sentrita) kvinto, bare fifth. Re~igi, replenish. Super~igi, Tro~igi, fill to over-flowing. Doloro~a, painful. Esprimo~a, expressive. Fido~a, confident. Forto~a, vigorous. Hom~a, crowded, busy (strato). Mov~a, animated. Plen~a, crammed. Ŝton~a, stony. PPX: 1 ( = -ful): ~buŝo, mouthful, etc. 2 (= tuta): ~luno. ➞ abund, efektivig, komplet, sat, satur, tut.

plend-i, [UV] Complain, croak, express dissatisfaction, find fault, grouse, grumble, moan. ~i al la patro; ĉe la tribunalo; ke neniu venis; kontraŭ la sorto; pri doloro. ~(ad)o, -t, accusation, charge, grievance, indictment, plaint. Fari ~on kontraŭ, lay a complaint against. ~a, -ing. ~a krio (voĉo). ~anto, -ant, -er, accuser, plaintiff. ~ema, fretful, grumbling, peevish, querulous. ~ilo (Ij 30/31). ~(eg)inda, deplorable, lamentable, pitiable, woeful. Pri-i, find fault with. Suferi sen~e. ➞ tikan, grumbl, ĝem, lament, protest.

pleonasm-o, [OA] (rh) pleonas/m, V redundancy of expression, e.g., fali malsupren. ~a, -astic.

plesiosaŭr-o, (pal) plesiosaurus.

plet-o, [UV] tray, dish, salver. Pez~o, balance [Ne = arĝenta faro]. ➞ kliŝ, lamen, plad, plak, plat, teler.

pletor-o, (troo), plethor/a, unhealthy repletion, overabundance. ~a, -ic.

pleŭr-o, Pleur/a. ~ito, -isy. Seka ~ito, dry -isy. ~ita, -itic.

pleŭrot-o, oyster fungus (Pleurotus).

pleŭronekt-o, [UV] member of flat-fish fam. (Pleuroneetes) > fles, hipoglos, limand, plates, romb, sole.

plezur-o, [UV] Pleas/ure, delectation, enjoyment, gratification, satisfaction. Doni, ricevi, senti ~on el (en, per) io. Tio farus al mi plej grandan ~on, I should like that above all things. Vivo de ~o, gay life. Estas ~o (a treat) vin vidi. Kun ~o! Delighted! ~a, agreeable, pleasant. ~e, with p. ~ego, delight. ~igi (plati), p., gratify, indulge. ~iga, enjoyable. ~iĝi ĉe, take p. in, rejoice over. Ĉe la malfeliĉo de via malamiko via koro ne ~iĝu. ~boato, p-boat. Mal~o, dis-p, annoyance. ~~e, against the grain, reluctantly. ➞ ĝoj, ĝu, kontent, plat.

pli, [UV] (adv) More, -er (comparison, as regards degree or quality). ~ .. . ol, m… . than. ~ bela, m. beautiful. ~ akra, sharper. ~ bona (sana), better in quality (health). ~ kaj m. and m. Pli-malpli, more or less, about, approximately. Des (Tiom) ~ bone, all the better. ~ (multe) da pano, m. bread. Mi ~ (multe) volus, I should prefer… . ~o, excess. ~a (aldona, ekstra, kroma), further, supplementary. Unu ~a vorto, one word m. (mus) (Mal)~igita intervalo, augmented (diminished) interval. ~e, 1 to a greater degree. 2 (krom tio), besides (in addition to) that, moreover. Li donis al ŝi ringon, kaj ~e monon. ~multo, majority. La absoluta ~multo decidos. ~vole ol, rather than. Mal~, less. ~~e, to a smaller degree. ~~multo, minority. ~~igi, lessen. ➞ ankoraŭ, plu. PFX: ~bonigi, ~boniĝi, improve, etc.

plik-o, [UV] (med) plica, Polish plait (platted condition of hair).

plint-o, plinth, projecting base of column or wall.

pliocen-o, (geol) pliocene.

plis-i (-n), Pleat, crease, fold, pucker. ~i jupon. ~ado, pleating, kilting, tucks. ~aĵo, pleated, kilted (shirt, etc.). ➞ ĉifon, fald, krisp.

plomb-i, (dentistry) fill, stop. ~ita dento. ~(aĵ)o, cement, plugging, stopping. ➞ plumb, stop.

plonĝ-i, (nt) Dive, Plunge, descend suddenly, pitch, swoop, take a header, (av) ~atako, d-attack. Flug~o, power-dive. ~igi (-n), plunge, dip, immerse, souse, submerge. ~igi manon en poŝon, ponardon en koron.

plor-i (nt), [UV] Weep, cry, shed tears. ~i pri (pro) doloro. Ofte kantas la buŝo, kiam ~as la koro. ~i larmojn (4 FA 55/37). ~(ad)o, -ing, wailing. Ne sufiĉas ~o al kreditoro. ~egi, weep bitterly, shed passion of tears, sob one’s heart out. ~ema, lachrymose, tearful. ~eti, pule, whimper. ~etaĉi, grizzle, snivel, whine. ~igi, move to tears, ~inda, deplorable, lamentable, sad. ➞ malĝoja, trista. ~kanto (Bb), Lamentations. Ek~i, begin to weep, burst into tears. Pri~i, bemoan, bewail, deplore, lament over, mourn for. ~~i ies morton. ➞ ĝem, kri, lament, larm, plend.

plot-o [UV] [from G, Pol., R.], (ich) roach (Rutilus). ~o ruĝokula, rudd (Scardinius).

ploton-o, (mil) platoon, troop.

ploziv-o, (phon) plosive.

plu, [UV] (adv) Further, More (denotes Continu/ation, duration, in time or space). Unu paŝo one step m. Kaj tiel ~ (k.t.p., ktp), and so on. With a negative word denotes cessation, disc-ance. Ne no longer, not again (Ps 41/8). Neniam never-m. Ne - skribu, write no m. Ĝis tie, kaj ne so far, and no further. Formorti, dormi, kaj nenio ~. Rim.: ➞ pli (comparison). Mi ne trinkis pli (multe) ol vi: Mi ne ~ trinkis (= Mi ĉesis trinki). ~e, (pleon) f-(more), in c-ance. Mi ~e silentos, I shall c-e to keep silence. ~e(n)! Onwards! Proceed! Abram iris ~en, tiam -en (Ge 12/9). Rim.: ➞ plie = in addition, to a greater degree (than). The diffce is slight, and often either is usable, ~a, further. Sen ~a parolo. Mi restos du ~ajn tag ojn, two days more. ~i (daŭri), go on, c-e to exist. ~aĵo, c-ation. ~igi (extend) krediton. ➞ ankoraŭ, daŭr, jam.

plug-i (-n), [UV] Plough, till. ~i kampon. Kiu ne -is, tiu ne rikoltos. ~ado, -ing, tillage, ~ebla, arable, ~ejo, p-land. ~ilo, p. Neĝ~ilo. ~ila beko, fero, trabo, p- share (coulter, beam), ~isto, p-man. Dis~i, break up. El~i, extirpate, uproot. Pri~i kampon (1 FA 8/3). Tra~i, cleave (ondojn).

pluk-i (-n), Pluck, twitch. 1 (mus) twang, ~i la kordojn de instrumento per fingro, plektro, ungo. 2 Pick, cull, gather. ~i florojn. 3 (for~i), Pick off, pull at, snatch at. ~i fadenojn de maniko, harojn, plumojn. ~e, pizzicato. ~ilo (plektro), plectrum. Pri~i, f cheat, defraud, swindle, trick (iun).

plum-o, [UV] 1 Feather, plume. ~o de pavo, sur ĉapelo. Flugila ~o, quill, wing-f. Vost~o, tail-feather. f Porti fremdajn ~ojn. 2 (skrib~o), Pen, quill. Font~o, fountain-p. f Preni ~on en la manon. Havi facilan ~on, be a ready writer. ~eca, ~forma, penn-ate, -iform. ~eto, plum-elet, -ule. ~ingo, [UV] p-holder. ~isto, f-dealer. ~izi sagon. ~ujo, p-box (-tray). ~hava, ~kovrita, f-ed. ~industrio, f-trade. ~pezo, (sp) f-weight. Sen~a, featherless, callow, unfledged. ~~igi (pluki) birdon, pluck. ~~iĝi, moult, shed feathers.

plumb-o [UV]. 1 (chem) Lead (Pb). 2 lead-weight. Sond~o, plummet. Jxeti la ~on, heave the l. ~a, lead(en). ~a drato, folio, tubo, sigelo. f ~a (grey) ĉielo. ~i, 1 plumb. 2 load (a stick, etc.). ~isto, lead-worker, plumber, ~oza acetato, sugar of lead. ~oblanko (ceruzo), white-l. ~industrio, plumbing. ➞ grafit, plomb, mini.

plur-aj, [OA] more than one. ~aj edzinoj, more wives than one. ~eco, ~ismo (pluralismo), plural-ity, -ism.

plural-o [OA] (multenombro). (gram) Plural number (opposite singular). La litero "j" montras la ~on. ~igi, put into the p. plus, (prep) Plus, with the addition of. Ses ~ du estas ok. ĉi kostas du ŝilingojn ~ afranko. La saĝo de sep saĝuloj. ~ via propra (Quo Vadis I 123/1). 2 (alg) The sign (+). ~o, (typ) overs, surplus. ~valoro, appreciation, increment value, increase.

pluskvamperfekt-o, (gram) pluperfect (tense).

pluŝ-o, [UV] (tex) plush (similar to velvet, but with longer, softer, pile). ~urso.

plutokrat-o, [OA] Plutocra/t. ~a, -ic. ~aro, ~io, [OA] -cy. ➞ nobel.

pluv-o, [UV] Rain, Shower. ~o densa, torenta, cloud-burst. Instigita ~o, artificial rain. Nebula ~o (drizelo), drizzle. Neĝ~o, sleet. Stel~o, shower of shooting stars, f ~o da gratuloj (kisoj). ~i, rain. ~as, It is raining. f ~i sitele. ~ado (~kvanto), r-fall, precipitation. ~ego, downpour, heavy rain. ~egi, r. "cats and dogs". ~ero (~guto), raindrop. ~eto, light shower. ~igi, cause to r. ~igi manaon (Ps 78/24), batojn (larmojn). ~ujo, r-(water-)butt. ~oj kaj mal~oj. Pri~ata (Am 4/7). Sen~a, r-less, arid, dry, thirsty. ~~eto, drought.

pluvometr-o.

pneŭmatik-o, [OA] 1 pneumatics/s. 2 (abbreviation pneŭmo), p. tyre (with inner air-tube). ~a, p. using air-pressure). ~a bremso, depeŝo, drililo, kuseno, pumpilo. (org) ~a meĥanismo, p-action.

pneŭmoni-o, (pulminflamo), pneumonia.

pneŭmokok-o, pneumococcus.

po [UV] (prep) = @, apiece, at (the rate of). Mi donis al ili ~ ses pencoj, 6d. apiece. Mi aĉetis pomojn - du pencoj (at 2d. each). (➞ por du pencoj, for 2p). Li veturis ~ dek mejloj (du) hore = dek mejlojn en du horo, 10 miles an hour. Rim.: Do not say "Li iris dek mejlojn pohore" = at the rate of an hour a mile! This is a common misuse of po, and a bad one. Vendi ~ funto (~funte), by the pound, a pound at a time. Pagi ~pece, by the piece. Aĉeti ~malgrande (~detale), retail. Rim.: Never use the accus. after po. Elektu ~ tri homoj el du tribo. Rim.: ➞: duope ( = two abreast) ili supreniris la ŝtupojn po du (ŝtupoj dupaŝe): (=two stairs at a time).

po-o, meadow-grass (Poa). poci-o, (pharm) potion, dose, draught, poĉ-i (ovon), (cul) poach. ➞ poŝ.

podagr-o, [OA] gout. ~ulo. ➞ artrit.

podi-o, [OA] (arch) Podium. 1 raised platform, stage (Es 1/6). 2 (benksimila apogaĵo), continuous projecting base (bench, pedestal), round arena or room. ➞ estrad, platform, tribun.

podicip-o = grebo.

poefag-o (Tibeta bovo), (zoo) yak (Poephagus).

poem-o, [OA] Poem. Proz~o, p. in prose. Son~o, tone-poem. ➞ poet, versaĵ.

poent-o, [UV] Mark, Point, unit of merit (in competition, exam, game, sport). Gajni ~on, gain a mark, score a point. ~aro, score, total. (Bilarda) ~isto, m-er. Li el~is de mi cent rublojn, he did me out of (won from me) 100 roubles.

poet-o, [OA] Poet, bard. ~a, -ic. ~aĉo, poetaster, inferior p. ~ino, -ess. ~iko, -ies, -ic art.

poezi-o, [OA] Poet/ry, verse, f -ic beauty (feeling, style). Senti ~on en do. ~a, -ic. -a libereco, -ic licence. ~aĵo, piece of verse. ~(ec)a, ~(em)a, -ical, imaginative. ~a koncepto. Sen~a, commonplace, dull, prosaic.

pogrom-o (amasbuĉo), pogrom, organized massacre.

pojn-o (manradiko), Wrist, f (a. ~umo), w-band (of shirt).

pokal-o, [UV] beaker, large drinking-cup, tankard (Ps 23/5), usually of metal and bowl-shaped, funnel-shaped. Inter ~o kaj lipoj povas multe okazi. (sp) cup (trophy). ~eto, goblet. ➞ bokal, kalik.

poker-o, (cgm) Poker. ~vizaĝo, p-face (impassive, showing nothing).

polak-o, (ich) Pollack (Gadus pollachius).

Pol-lando PL.

polar-o, (ph) Polar, ~eco, -ity. ➞ polus.

polarimetr-o, polarimeter.

polariskop-o, polariscope.

polariz-i, (opt) Polariz/e. ~o, -ation. ~ebla, ~ilo. Mal~i, de-p.

polder-o, polder, Dutch low-lying land reclaimed from sea.

poleks-o (dikfingro), thumb. ➞ fingr.

polemik-o, [OA] Controversy, Polemic(s); disputation, public discussion. ~a, c-ial, p-al. ~a verko. ~i carry on c. ~anto, ~isto, c-ialist, disputant. ~aĵo, c-ial treatise. ~ema, disputatious.

polemoni-o, (bot) Jacob’s ladder (Polemonium). Blua ~o, Gk valerian.

polen-o, Pollen. ~i, pollinate. ~ero, p-grain.

polent-o, (cul) polenta.

poli- (Gk pfx = mult, plur), Poly-. ~andrio (pluredzeco), -andry. ~fonio, -phony > kontrapunkto. ~gamio (pluredzineco), -gam/y. ~~ulo, -ist.

~GLOTO [OA] (multlingvulo), -glot.

-keto (a. -ĥeto), -chaete bristle-worm. ~kromio, -chrome. ~mero, (chem) -mere. ~nomia, (alg) -nomial.

~TEISMO [OA], ~teisto, -theism, -theist.

~tekniko (~teknika lernejo), -technic.

poliant-o, (bot) Polyanthus.

*polic-o, [UV] ~a, Police. ~a ordono, p-reguln. ~i (control by, furnish with) p. ~ano, p-man, constable. ~anaro, constabulary. ~ejo, p-station. ~estro, chief of p. ~isto, p-officer.

poligal-o, (bot) milkwort (Polygala). > seneca snakewort (P. senega).

poligon-o, [UV] 1 (bot) knotgrass (Poligonum). Akvopipra ~o, water-pepper. Amfibia ~o, amphibious bistort. Bistorta ~o (bistorto), bistort, snakeweed. Konvolvula ~o, black bindweed. Makula (Noda) ~o, knotted (spotted) persicaria. Marborda ~o, sea knotgrass. Persikaria ~o (persikario), common persicaria, redleg. ➞ fagopir. 2 (geom) (multangulo, poligono), poligon.

poligonat-o, (bot) (sigelo Salomona), Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum). ➞ fagopir.

poliomat-o, common blue (butterfly).

poliomjelito, (med) polio(myelitis).

polip-o, 1 (med) polypus. 2 polip-o [OA] = polpo.

poliplektr-o, peacock pheasant (Polyplectron).

polipodi-o, polypody (fern) (Polypodium).

polipogon-o, beard-grass (Polypogon).

polipor-o, polipore fungus (Polyporus) > Dryad’s saddle.

polis-o, [OA] Policy, contract of assurance, insurance. Fajrasekura, vivasekura ~o. ~ulo, p-holder.

polistik-o (ŝildfiliko), shield-fern (Polystichum).

politik-o, [OA] Politic/s, statecraft, f policy, prudent conduct. ~o loka, partia, persona, praktika. Honesto estas la plej bona ~o. ~a, -al. ~a geografio. ~i, engage in politics. ~isto, -ian, statesman. ➞ diplomati, prudent, sagac.

polk-o, [OA] (dance) Polka. ~i, dance the p.

polm-o (manplato), 1 palm of hand. 2 "hand" (measure of horse).

polo-o, (gm) Polo. ~isto, p-player.

polonez-o, (dance) polonaise.

poloni-o, (chem) polonium (Po).

polp-o, (zoo) polyp. ➞ oktopod.

poltron-o (malkuraĝulo), poltroon, spiritless coward. ~a, chicken-hearted.

polur-i (-n), [UV] Polish, burnish, glaze, make bright (glossy, smooth) by friction, (put a) shine (on). ~i lign-(metal-vitr-)on. f make elegant, refine, smarten up. ~i stil-(verk-)on. ~o, p., gloss, lustre, shine; elegance, grace. ~isto, -er. ~ita, -ed, bright, glossy, sleek, smart. Mal~i, dull, take the shine off. Ne~ita (senkultura), crude, rough, rude.

polus-o, [UV] (geom) Pol/e. ~o magnet -(negativ-nord-pozitiv-sud-)a. ~oj ĉielaj, celestial pp. ~a, -ar. ~a stelo, p-star. ~eco, -arity. ➞ polar(iz).

polv-o, [UV] Dust. Forviŝi ~on. f Jeti ~on en la okulojn (blind-iluzi-igi). Vi estas ~o, kaj refariĝos ~o (Ge 3/19). Flor~o, pollen. Kosma ~o, ~a nubo, d-cloud. Seg~o, saw-d. ~(ec)(plen)a, -y; ~a strat-(vest-)o. ~ad(okovr)i, cover (smother) with d. ~aro, cloud of d. ~ero, speck of d. ~(kolekt)isto, d-man. ~ujo, d-(refuse-)bin. ~kolora, ash-grey. Sen ~igi (clear of, free from) d., beat (tapiŝon). ➞ likoperd, pudr, pulv, pulvor, sue, viŝil.

pom-o, [UV] Apple, fruit of ~ujo, [UV] ~arbo (Pyrus malus). Sovaĝa ~o, crab-a. Gorĝa ~o, Adam’s a. Okul~o, a. of the eye. ter~o, [UV] potato. ~ologio, pomology, fruit-growing.

pomad-o, [OA] Pomade, pomatum, scented ointment. ~i, smear with p. ~itaj haroj (M 89/19).

pomel-o, (a. grapfrukto), grapefruit, pomelo (Citrus paradisi Macf.). ➞ pampelm(us).

pomp-o, [OA] Pomp, display, splendour. ~o de kortego. ~a, -ous, imposing, magnificent, showy, splendid. ~a ceremonio, parolmaniero, procesio. ~i, be resplendent, blaze, glow. ~aĉa, flaunting, inflated, ostentatious. ➞ grandioz, parad, solen.

ponard-o, [UV] poniard, dagger, dirk, stiletto. Ĵet~o, assegai, dart, javelin. ~i, stab. ~ego, [UV] pike, spear. ➞ halebard, harpun, lane, pikstang.

pone-o, pony, small horse.

pont-o, [UV] Bridge. ~o fervoja (improvizita, provizora), railway, emergency, temporary b. ~o betona, gisfera, ŝtona. Ark~o, arched b. Baskula ~o, bascule-b. Boata (flotanta) ~o, pontoon b. Kantilevra ~o, cantilever-b. Lev~o, movebla ~o, draw-b. Pendanta ~o, suspension b. Pied~o, foot-b. Pivot~o, turn~o, swing-(swivel-)b. Stablo~o, trestle-b. Tur~o, tower-b. (mar) b. of ship, (mus) b-passage. (vn) b. of violin (Ludi ĉe la ~o). f means of communication. ~o trans lingvaj baroj. f (geom) Azena ~o, pons asinorum. ~eto, gangway, plank. ~imposto, ~pago, b-toll. Super~i, Trans~i, b. over, span, surmount. ~~i abismon, kanalon, malfacilaĵon.

pontifik-o, Pontif/f. ~a, -ical, solemnly dogmatic. ~eco, -icate.

ponton-o [OA] = pon/6oa/(ar)o, pontoon.

pop-o, pope, parish priest of Gk church. ➞ pap.

popl-o, [UV] Poplar (Populus) (Ge 30/37, Ho 4/13). ~o balzam-(blank-Ital-nigr-)a, balsam (white or abele, Lombardy, black) p. ➞ tremol.

poplin-o, (tex) poplin, poplit-o (subgenuo), Ham, hough. ~a kavo. ~a tendeno, h-string.

popol-o, [UV] People. 1 (loĝantaro) inhabitants, population (of country as a whole): La ~oj de la mondo. fFormikoj, ~o ne forta (Se 30/25). 2 (homamaso) the general public, masses, ordinary folk. Ili timis la ~on (Lk 20/19). Voĉo de ~o, voco de Dio. ~a, of the p., public. ~a kanto, kunveno, opinio, tumulto. Venas proverbo el ~a cerbo. ~a konsiliĝo, national assembly. ~a moro, popular usage, national custom. ~aĉo, populace, mob, rabble, riff-raff. ~amaso, [UV] crowd, multitude. ~plenigi, p., populate, settle (land). Mult~a, many p-ed. Sen~igi, depopulate. ➞ horn, gent, naci, oni, pleb, popular.

popular-a, [OA] Popular, familiar to, known (liked, shared, understood) by the public. ~a aŭtoro, kanto, libro, oratoro. ~eco, -ity, favour, vogue. ~igi, -ize. ~igi kanton. Ne~a, un-p., little known, out of favour. ➞ familiar, ĝeneral, popol, vulgar.

por (-o, -i, ke) [UV] (prep), For. 1 (aim) for the benefit (purpose) of, (in order) to: ~ kio? What for? Mi venis ~ lielpo (for help), ~ helpi (to help). Havi ion ~ fari (to do) (4 FA 54/31, 80/6). Rim.: Z. sometimes omits por: Iru dormi. 2 (adaptation, destination): glaso ~ vino, vesto ~ infano. Jen io ~ vi. Akvo ~ trinki, water to drink. 3 (in exchange for): Pag-(rekompenc-)o ~ laboro. Vendi ion ~ du pencoj. 4 (kiel, kvazau): Mi donos al vi la landon ~ posedafo (Ge 17/8). 5 (in favour, support, of): La ~ kaj la kontraŭ. Ĉiuj ~ si, ~ ĉiuj Di’! Voĉdoni ~ iu. 6 (as regards, in relation to): Triumfo ~ Esperanto. Tio estas bona ~ vi. Komprertebla ~ mi, comprehensible to (understood by) me (Se 30/18). Sentema ~ lumo. 7 (dum): for the duration (to the extent) of: ~ ĉiam, for ever. ~ tut a jaro. Provizo ~ la vintro. Sidiĝi ~ iomete da tempo (Rut 2/7). ~ ke, in order (with a view), to, so (to the end) that, Parolu klare, ~ ke oni vin kom- prenu, in order to be understood, so that people may understand you. ~ ke vi ne falu, lest you fall. 1T Por ke implies a desire, so is followed by -u. 1T Por looks forward to the future; pro backward, to the past.

POR-o (trueto), Por/e, minute opening. ~o de haŭt-(spong-)o. ~(oz)a, -ous. ~eco, -osity. ➞ interstic.

porcelan-o, [UV] ~a, porcelain, fine china. ~a statuet-(tas-)o. ~aĵo, china ware. ➞ fajenc.

porci-o, [UV] Portion. 1 part, piece, some (of). 2 allowance, helpg, measure, quota, ration, share. Taga ~o. La ~o de Benjamen (Ge 43/34). Duobla ~o, double p., twice as much (El 16/5). ~igi, p. out, apportion, divide into pp. ~umi, ration. ~umi sukeron. ➞ part, pec.

pord-o, [UV] Door, gateway. ~o de domo, aŭto, urbo. (Mal)fermi, (mal)ŝlosi la ~on. Frapi, eniri ĉe la ~o. ~o duklapa, fermita, flanka, latisa, svinga. (mar) hatchway. Fal~o, trap-d. Fenestra ~o, French window. Glit~o, sliding-d. Klap~o, trap- d., etc. Krad~o, wrought-iron gate, f entrance (means of approach). Fermi la ~on al. La ~oj de la morto. Esperanto, la ~o al amikeco. 2 (fermklapo), d. of object. ~o de forno, ŝranko. ~eto, ticket barrier, wicket gate, etc. ➞ gijet. ~ego, [UV] ĉef~o, carriage (main) entrance. ~ejo, gateway. ~isto, d-keeper, caretaker. Antaŭ~o, porch. Sving~o, swing-d. ➞ portal, portik.

pore-o, [OA] leek (Allium porrum) (No H/5).

porfir-o, [UV] porphyry, volcanic purplish-red rock.

pork-o, [UV] Pig, hog (Sus domesticus). Ĵeti perlojn antaŭ ~ojn (swine). Amerika ~o, peccary. Mar~o (foceno), porpoise. Sovaĝa ~o (apro), wild boar. ~a ledo, p-skin. ~aĉa, filthy, swinish, ~aĵo, pork. ~aro, herd of swine. ~ejo (~stalo), p-sty. ~ido, p-let. ~idaro, farrow, litter. Lakta, suĉa ~ideto, sucking-p. ~ino, sow. Vir~o, boar. ➞ gras, grunt, lard, sink.

pornograf-io, pornograph/y. ~(iist)o, -er.

port-i, [UV] Bear, Carr/y. 1 convey, fetch, take: ~i monon, ombrelon, sakon, valizon, karbojn al Newcastle. 2 (alporti): c., ~i helpon, leteron, mesaĝon, novaĵon. 3 (surhavi, surporti): Wear, be dressed in, have on. ~i ĉapelon, lipharojn, okulvitrojn, verdan stelon. 4 (subteni): b., support, sustain. ~i koston, kulpon, respondecon, la sekvojn de malobeo; la zorgojn de la vivo. 5 (havi), have, possess: ~i devizon, daton, nomon; amon en la koro. 6 (kaŭzi, liveri, naski, produkti): b. bring forth, produce, yield. ~i frukton, profiton, morton, sekvon, utilon. ~(ad)o, c-iage, conveyance, porterage, wearg, etc. ~aĵo, burden, cargo, load. ~anto, b-er. ~ebla, portable, ~ilo, means of conveyance, clothes-horse, stand, support, etc. Hom~ilo, stretcher. Muzik~ilo, music-stand. Paper~ilo, e.g., neceseja. ~isto, c-ier, porter. Leter~isto, postman. al~i, [UV] bring, yield. Dis~i, c. in all directions, distribute. Infekton, novaĵon. el~i, [UV] 1 c. (bring) out. 2 (elteni), b., endure to the end, stand: ~i doloron, suferon. Doloro ne~~ebla, insupportable, unbearable, unendurable. 3 afford, pay: la koston. En~i (Ge 47/14), bring in. For~i, c. off, take away, remove. ~~i pakaĵon (trezoron). Kun~i, bring together, collect, gather. Re~i, bring back or again. Sub~i, support. ~~i pezon (familion). ~~ilo, prop. Trans~i, transport. ~~a pago, cost of t., freight. ~~a ŝipo. ~~ota, ~~ita, carried (brought forward). Frukto~a, fruitful, productive. Semo~a, seed-bearing.

portal-o, [OA] Portal, elaborate entrance, doorway, gateway. Ili ŝlosis la ~on kaj la pordon (4 FA 69/19).

porter-o, [UV] Porter, dark-brown bitter beer from charred malt. ~o forta, stout.

portik-o, [OA] portico (2 Kr 15/8, Jeĥ 8/16), roof supported by columns, as porch to building. ➞ vestibl.

portret-o, [UV] Portrait, likeness, picture (representation of person or animal). ~o krajona, paŝtela, vorta. Mem~o. f Esti la ~o (exact image) de sia patro. ~i, portray, depict, describe graphically, make likeness of. ~ado, -ure. ~isto, -ist.

Portugal-ujo, Portugalio PT.

portulak-o, (bot) purslane (Portulaca) > rose moss, sunplant.

porzan-o (akvokoketo), Crake (Porsana). ~o makula (punktita), spotted c. Malgranda ~o, little c. ➞ kreks, ral.

posed-i [UV] (havi), Possess, have, hold, own. 1 (as property): ~i domon, edzon, sekreton. f Ĉiu medalo ~as du flankojn. ~i milionon, be worth a million. 2 (as faculty, quality): ~i prudenton, sperton, valoron. Be proficient in, master of, have at one’s finger-tips: ~i lingvon. ~o, p-ion, ownership. ~a, p-ive. ~a adjektivo, pronomo (= posesivo). ~aĵo (propraĵo), p-ion, property, wealth, ~eco, proprietorship. ~ema, acquisitive. Ek~i, assume (authority), take over (p-ion of). urbon. Tiu ideo lin ~~is, the idea took hold of him (he was infatuated by it). Kun~o, joint p-ion. Sen~igi, deprive of p-ion, dis-p. ➞ disport, obsed, propr, ten.

post [UV] (prep), 1 (time) After, followg, later than: ~ tio, a. that. ~ sufero venis prospero. Mustardo ~ la manĝo. ~ du tagoj, two days hence. ~ semajno, in a week. Ne ~ mardo, by Tuesday at latest. ~ ne longe (kelka tempo), in a short time, soon a-wards. ~ kiam (a. ~ ol) li venis (post lia vend), a. he had come (Ge 6/4). 2 (place) (a. malantau), behind, hidden by, in (to) the rear of, on the further side (of): ~ la kulisoj. Sin kaŝi ~ kolono. Rigardi ~ si (posten), look behind. 3 order, rank: Li estas la unua ~ la reĝo. ~a, 1 ensuing, following later, next, subsequent, succeeding. Mi ne aŭdis la ~an kanton. 2 back, hind(er), rear, reverse: La ~a parto de la ŝipo. ~e (~ tio), 1 -wards, subsequently, then, thereafter: Antaŭe kion vi devas, ~e kion vi volas. Pli ~e, later. Multe pli ~e, much later. 2 behind: Unue iris la muzikistoj, ~e la soldatoj. ~en! Astern! Back! Sin klini ~en, backwards. ~o, aft, back, reverse, ~aĵo (~a parto), a-part, back part, breech (cannon), stern (ship), (sidvangoj) behind, bottom. Piedbato sur la ~aĵo. ~iĝi, fall (get, lag) behind, loiter. ~iĝinto, straggler. ~eulo, descendant, successor. ~eularo, posterity.

posten-o, [OA] Post, place of duty situation, station. Okupi eminentan (gravan) ~on. Dormi (morti) ĉe sia ~o. La ~o de prezidento. be at one’s p., mount guard, stand (Ps 34/7). ~igi, p., place (station) in a p. La observantoj ~iĝis ĉirkaŭe Antaŭ~o, outpost.

postiljon-o, postillion.

postul-i (-n), [UV] Demand, Require. 1 ask, charge, claim, exact, insist on, request. ~i atenton, obeon, pagon, rajton. 2 need, necessitate, postulate. ~i oferon, paciencon, pripenson, tempon. ~o, d., r- ment, charge, claim. ~o netolerebla, racia, troa. Oferto kaj ~o, supply and d. ~aro, list of r-ments. ~ata, r-ed. ~ateco, d. ~ebla, due, payable. ~ema, exacting, importunate. Ne~ema, easy, indulgent,

lenient. Tro~ema, insatiable, extortionate. De~i, lay claim to. Kontraŭ~i, counterclaim. Re~i, d. back. ➞ demand, eldevig, neces, pet, pretend.

postulat-o (phi, log, mat), postulate, assumption, assumed truth, fundamental condition. ~o de Eŭklido. ~i, claim, take for granted.

poŝ-o, [UV] Pocket, pouch (de kanguruo). ~o bileta, horloĝa, pantalona, veŝta. Mon~o, fob. (av) aero~o, air-p. f purse. Multo en kapo, sed nenion en ~o. El fremda ~o oni pagas facile. ~a (por la ~o): ~a horloĝ-(tranĉil-volum-vortar-)o. El~igi, disburse, pay out. En~igi, p., pouch, appropriate. Plen~o (da), p-ful. ➞ kas, sak.

poŝt-o, [UV] Post(al service), Mail. Aera ~o. Ekspresa ~o, special delivery. Pakaja ~o, parcel p. Reven(ant)a ~o, return p. Signo de ~o (early writings) = poŝtmarko. ~a, -al. ~a konvenci-(uni-)o. ~a monbileto, -al order. ~e, by p. ~estro, p-master. ~isto, p-man. ~oficejo, P.O. ~oficisto, -al official. ~pago, -age. ~restante, to be called for. ~ŝipo, m-boat. ~veturilo, m-coach. En~igi (enkestigi) leteron, p.

pot-o, [UV] Pot, rounded holder for liquids or solids. ~o argil-(kupr-)a. Bol~(flor~glu~kmr~)o. Akvo-o, ewer, pitcher. Ĉambra ~o. Lakto~o, milk-can. ~oj kaj patoj, pp and pans. Kia la ~o, tia la kovrilo. ~aj(ar)o, ~farejo, -tery. ~isto, -ter. ~peco, p-sherd. En~(igit)a, -ted. ➞ kaldron, kaserol, kruc, vaz. potamoget-o, pondweed (Potamogeton).

potas-o, [UV] Potash (K2CO3). ~o kaustika (KOH), caustic p.

potenc-o, [UV] Might, Power. 1 capability, efficacy: ~o de lens-(maŝin-teleskop -)o. f ~o de larmoj (ridetoj). 2 authority: ~o leĝdon-(milit-publik-)a. La regno, la ~o, kaj la gloro. 3 Kingdom, state: Ambasadoro de fremda ~o. 4 (mat) 100 estas la dua ~o de 10. ~a, m-y, p-ful, potent, strong. ~a argument - (arme - drog - influ- kverk - maŝin - regn -)o. Barbo ~a, sed kapo sensenca. -i, exercise (have) p. over, dominate. ~ulo, m-y (p-ful) person, potentate, ruler. La Plej-a, the Almighty, Most High. Sen~a, feeble, impotent, p-less, weak. ➞ fort, pov.

potencial-o, ~a, (el, mec) potential. ~a energio; funkcio. ~o elektro-statika, -magnet-a.

potentel-o, cinquefoil (Potentilla), especially ~o rampa (P. reptans) > silverweed (P. anserina); tormentil (tormentelo) (P. erecta).

poteri-o, (bot) salad burnet (Poterium). ➞ sangisorb.

poŭp-o (ŝipvosto), (mar) poop, stern. Opp pru.

pov-i (-n), [UV] have the Power.’ ‘can". 1 (ability): be able. Mi ~as naĝi, I can (am able~~have the p.~~to) swim (it is in my p. to swim). Kiu devas, tiu ~as. Mi tute ne ~as iri, I cannot possibly go. Mi ne ~is ne ridi, I could not but laugh, couldn’t help laughing. Ne ~i plu, be done up, dead beat, fagged, tired, worn out. 2 (authority, right): Li ~as vin puni, se vi malobeas. 3 (permission) be allowed, may: Oni ~as diri aŭ jes, aŭ ne. Tre ~as esti, ke, It may very well be (is quite on the cards) that. ~o, Power. 1 (ability, faculty): Ne estas en mia ~o (it is not in my p.) vin helpi. Atingo~o, range, reach (e.g., de pafo, sono). 2 (ch, ph): ~oa bsorba, lumiga Akvo~o, ĉeval~o, water-(horse-)p. 2 authority, command, influence, sway: Havi ~on super. Esti en ies ~o. ~o politika, jura. ~(ant)a, p-ful, able to, capable, that can. ~umo, (el) power. Far~a, able to do things (4 FA 143/3). Flug~a (flugiva), able to fly, fledged. Plen~a, plenipotentiary. Viv~a, viable. Ne~ado, inability (4 FA 95/6). Sen~eco, p-lessness. Ĉio~a, all p-ful, almighty, omnipotent. ➞ ebl, kapabl, lie, potenc. IT ➞ Mi ~is iri, I could go (yesterday): Mi ~us iri, I could go (now) (se mi volus). ➞ -<V.

povr-a = kompatinda.

poz-i (nt) [OA], Pose. 1 act as model, assume (strike) an attitude, sit as (Rz 73/28). 2 (afekti, sin teni kiel), claim (give one’s out, set up) to be (as). kiel Nelson, ~o, p., attitude, posture (taken up). ~o kuŝa, rekta, soldata, teatra. ~ema, affected, assuming airs, putting on side. ~igi (modelon), p. a model. ~ist(in)o, model. Sen~a, unaffected.

pozici-o, [OA] Position. 1 place, locality, situation, site, spot, station: ~o de planedo (ŝipo). Domo en agrabla ~o. (mil) ~o de armeo. 2 attitude, posture, stance: ~o senmova (sida). f way of looking at things. 3 line, post, occupation, rank, status: Grava ~o en la vivo. 4 condition, circumstances: Mi ne estas en ~o vin helpi. 3 (mus) p., shift, (vn) of hand, (trombone) of slide. ➞ lok, poz, sinten, situaci.

pozitiv-a, [OA] Positiv/e (wide sense). opposite negativ. 1 (io) definite, explicit: ~a asert-(pruv-)o. 2 (iu) certain, confident, convinced. 3 factual, practical: ~a filozofio (scienco). 4 (phot) showing light and shade as in nature: ~a bildo. 5 (mat) greater than zero: ~a kvanto Opp minusa. 6 (gram) absolute degree: ~a adjektivo. 7 (el) ~a elektro. ~e, -ly, absolutely, definitely, with conviction. ~o, (phot) p., as seen in nature. ~ismo, ~isto, -ism, -ist. ➞ nepre, plus.

pozitron-o, (el) positron.

pra-, [UV] (pfx) denotes Remoteness. 1 (of relationship, backwards or forwards): grand-, great-. ~avo, g-grandfather. ~~avo, great-great-grandfather. ~nepoj, children’s children (Ps 103/17). ~nevino, grand-niece. ~~nepino, great-great-grand- daughter. ~onklino, great-aunt. 11 ~patroj, ~uloj, = ancestors, forbears, forefathers (not merely avoj). ~flloj, ~infanoj, = posterity, future generates (not merely nepoj). 2 (of distance) in time, of long ago, primitive. ~arbaro, primitive forest; ~formo, original form; ~historio, history of the distant past; ~tempo, days of yore; -vorto, primitive word. ~a, primeval, primitive. Kiel ~e! How out of date! ➞ primitiv, malproksim.

pragmat-a, Pragmat/ic. ~iko, -ies. ~ismo, ~isto, -ism, -ist.

prajm-o, priming, fuse, detonator, percus sion cap. ~i, prime. ~a truo, vent (of cannon).

praktik-o, [UV] Practic/e (opp teorio).1 Application (following, pursuit, use) of principles or theory. La kutima ~o, usual p. ~o jura, medicina. ~o de navigado. Plej efika prediko estas ~o. 2 actual (p-al) experience: La ~o min konvinkis, ke. Perdi la ~on, get out of p., lose the knack of. Havi vastan ~on. 3 usage: Religiaj ~oj, religious observances. Sekreta ~o, underhand dealings. 4 (business, custom): ~o de kuracisto, juristo. ~a, -al. 1 (laŭ ~o, laŭcela): matter of fact, useful. ~a laboro, metodo, scio, sperto. 2 of experiences, qualities: ~a homo. ~i, (put into) p., apply, follow: ~i sian religion, la virtojn; carry on (profession, trade): ~i kiel kuracisto, ~i arton, juron. Employ (metodon). ~e (en la ~o), p-ally, in practice, in a practical way, in fact. ~anta (juristo), practising. ~anto, ~isto, practitioner. ~ulo, p-al person. Ek~i, take up. Rim.: To practice (learning) = sin ekzerci (ekzerciĝi) pri. Ne~a, un-al. ➞ ekzerc, kutim, mor, oportun.

pralin-o, praline, sweetmeat from burnt nuts.

pram-o [UV] (transportboato), Ferry(boat), flat-bottomed, square-sided, whether propelled by oar, pole, or tow-rope (2 Sa 19/18). ~o karga, transira. ~ejo, f. ~eto, small f., punt, wherry. ~isto, f-man. ➞ barĝ.

pranc-i (of mettlesome horse), Prance, walk with a bound (hind legs rising almost together). f walk in arrogant manner, swagger. ➞ baŭm.

prav-a, [UV] 1 (pri iu): (in the) Right. Vi estas ~a, you are r. Ne ĉiu, kiu laŭte krias, estas ~a. 2 (pri io): Correct, justified, reasonable, sound, well- founded. ~a ag-(dir-kondut-motiv-opini -rezonad-)o. ~e, r-ly, justly. ~e punite, laŭmerite. ~(ec)o, r-ness. Ju pli da havo, des pli da ~o. Kolero ~econ ne donas. ~i, be (in the) r. Kiu jam havas, tiu ~as. ~igi (-n), justify vindicate. ~~i sin (agon, riproĉori). Neseio de leĝo neniun ~igas (is no excuse). ~igebla, defensible. Ne~igebla, unwarranted. Mal~a, (in the) Wrong, incorrect, mistaken, unsound. La forestanto ĉiam estas ~~a. ~~i, be (in the) w. Kiu forton ne havas, ĉiam ~~as, (is in the w.). ➞ ĝust, just, rajt, ver; erar.

prebend-o, Prebend, benefice from canonry. ~ulo, -ary.

preceden/to, (a. ~co), Precedent, example; previous case taken as guide to present one. Krei ~on, create a p. Ne rigardu tion kiel ~on. Laŭ~e, according to p. Sen~a, without p., unheard-of, un-ed. ➞ antaŭee.

precesi-o, (astr) precession.

precip-e [UV] = antaŭ (pli ol) tio alia, above all, chiefly, especially, mainly, particularly, principally. Min ĝenis ~e la moskitoj. ~a (plej grava), chief, essential, first, main, leading, predominant, prime. ~a motivo, rolo. ➞ apart, ĉef, special.

precipit-i (-n) (chem) Precipit/ate, cause to be deposited. ~(aĵ)o, -ate, -ation. ➞ surfundaj.

preciz-a, [UV] Precis/e, accurately expressed, clearly defined, exact. ~a desegno, difino, esprimo, horo, informo, kalkulo, mezuro, momento, respondo. ~a (punctilious, scrupulous) observo. f ~a horloĝo (instrumento). ~e, -ly, with -ion, accurately, exactly, strictly, quite so. ~eco, -ion, exactitude, etc. ~ega, with high -ion. ~igi, define, determine, specify. ~igi la daton, la signifon de vorto. ~ulo, -ian. Mal~a, Ne~a, indistinct, of uncertain meaning, not clear, vague. Audi ~~an onidiron. Tro~a, fussy, meticulous, overnice, pedantic. ➞ akurat, difinit, ekzakt, ĝust.

pred-o, Prey, spoil, victim. ~i (nt), p. upon, pillage, plunder, loot.

predik-i (-n, ke) [UV], Preach. 1 give a religious address or sermon. ~i pri teksto, temo; la evangelion, Kriston. 2 advocate, inculcate. ~i amon, penton. f al surduloj. ~o, exhortation, homily. ~a, hortatory. ~e admoni (moral~i), admonish, exhort, moralize, give a lecture. ~aĉi, p-ify, sermonize. ~anto, -er, minister, (Bb) Ecclesiastes. ~aro, collection of sermons. ~ego, long-winded discourse, harangue. ~ema, -y, moralizing. ~ejo, pulpit. ➞ admon, preleg.

predikat-o, [UV] (gram) (log), Predicat/e, what is said of the subject ~a, -ive.

prefekt-o [OA] (distrikta administranto), Prefect (wide sense) (Rn 6/10). 1 Title of various office-holders. Polica ~o. 2 (in some schools) senior pupil authorized to maintain discipline, ~eco, ~ejo, -ure.

prefer-i (-n, -i) [UV] (Pli ami, pli voli): Prefer (give -ence to), choose rather, count more desirable, like better. ~i morti, ol perfidi. ~i akvon ol vinon. El du malbonoj ~i la malpli grandan. ~o, -ence, predilection. Havi (senti) ~on por. ~a, -ential. ~a tarifo. ~e (plivole). ~ece (Ge 48/22), -ably, by choice. ~e ne iru, better not go. ~e ol, in -ence to, rather than. Trinku lakton ~e ol bieron. ~aĵo, object. of choice. ~ata, favourite, pet. ~inda, -able, better, more desirable, worthier of choice. ~indaĵo, ~eco, advantage, superiority.

prefiks-o [F], ~i, prefix.

preĝ-i (al, por, pri, ke) [UV], Pray. 1 adore, make devout supplication (to God). ~u kore kaj laboru fervore. 2 beg, beseech, earnestly entreat. ~o, -er, invocation, orison. Aŭskulti, fari ~on. ~o familia, vespera. La ~o de la Sinjoro. La Libro de Komuna ~o. ~ado, -er, devotions. ~ejo, [UV] church, chapel. ➞ moske, sinagog, tempi. ~eja servisto, verger. Filia ~ejo, chapel of ease. ~ejanaro (kongregacio), congregation. ~ejeto, chapel, oratory. ~eto antaŭmanĝa, grace before meat. Ĉef~ejo (katedra ~ejo), cathedral. ➞ pet.

prelat-o, [OA] (ecc) Prelate, high dignitary. ~aro, ~eco, -cy. Ĉef~o, primate.

preleg-i, Lectur/e. ~o, 1., public discourse. ~anto, ~isto, -er. ~aro, course of

    1. ~ejo, 1-room. ➞ lekci, lektor, parol, predik.

prelud-o [OA] (antaŭludo), (mus, also figuratively), Prelude. 1 introduction, overture, opening voluntary. 2 introduction to fugue. ~i (play or serve as) p., lead up to, introduce.

prem-i (-n), [UV] Press, squeeze. 1 exert steady force against, compress, crowd, flatten: ~i al la muro. ~u la butonon. ~i argilon, buteron en poton. Esti ~ata de la amaso. ~itaj kiel sardeloj. ~ita bovaĵo. 2 compel, constrain, force, urge: ~ita de cirkonstancoj. 3 weigh down, depress (of feelings, mind, spirits): ~ata de laboro, timo, varmo, zorgo. Krizo ~as la nacion. 4 Opp (as tyrant). ~i malriĉulon, la popolon. Vidvinon kaj orfon ne ~u. ~(ad)o, pressure, compression, constraint, exigency, stress. ~o aera, financa, sanga, vapora, venta. Labori sub la ~o de cirkonstancoj. Cedi al insista ~o de amikoj. (vn) ~o dukorda, double stopping. ~a, 1 pressing, constraing, depressing, oppressive: ~a atmosfero, bezono, situacio, vetero. 2 (strikta): close-fitting, tight. ~e, compactly, tightly. Estas ~e! (close, stuffy). ~anto, oppressor. ~aĵo, tablet, etc. ~ata, crowded, oppressed. ~atoj, the down-trodden, op-ed. ~(at)eco de animo. ~egi, squeeze hard, compress, cram, crush, overwhelm. ~ega penso, overwhelming obsession. Mia koro ~iĝis. ~ilo, ~maŝino, press, e.g., por vestoj, vinberoj. Akvo~ilo, hydraulic p. Oranĝ~ilo, orange-squeezer. Ŝraŭb~ilo, screw p. (mus) kordo (ne)~ita, stopped (open) string. Al~i, clasp. ~~i infanon al la koro. Sin ~i al, cling to. cirkaŭ~i, [UV] embrace, hug. Dis~i, crush to pieces, squash. Dio ~~os iliajn ~antojn. Ek~eti, dab. El~i, squeeze out, express, extort, extract. ~~i sukon el oranĝo. Inter~i, crowd, crush. Kun~i, compress. (dentojn, lipojn); clench (pugnojn). ~~iĝi, huddle up. Sub~i (cedigi, subigi, submeti), keep under, stifle, suppress. ~~i emocion, ribelon, ridon. Fingro~aĵo, finger-print. Kor~ata, de-ed. Man~o, grasp. Man~i, clasp (shake) hands. Pied~i (treti), tread (trample) on, crush under foot. Rul~i (paston, razenon), roll, (smooth) out. ~~ilo, rolling pin. ➞ dab, deprim, glad, pez, pres, sufok.

premi-o, [UV] Prize, reward, for superiority (victory). Disdono de ~oj. prize-distribution. (fin) Premium, option; bonus. ~i, award a prize to. ~ita poemo, p-poem. ~ito, p-winner. ➞ rekompenc.

premis-o, [OA] (log) Premise, premiss. ~o majora, minora (de silogismo). ~i (antaŭkondiĉi), condition, p., take for granted.

pren-i (-n), [UV] Take. 1 take up: ~i plumon, monon. Vi povas gin ~i aŭ lasi. ~i en (sub, sur) la brakon, sur la dorson, ŝultron. f el la Biblio. 2 carry, convey, fetch: ~i al la poŝto, el tirkesto, de sub tablo. 3 conduct, lead: ~i ĉevalon per brido, infanon al lernejo, min kun vi. 4 capture, gain, seize: ~i landon, urbon. (chs) pecon. 5 acquire, get, obtain, procure: ~i bileton, ĉambron, edzon, loĝejon. 6 accept, receive: ~i instruon, lecionon, subaĉeton (Se 8/10). Oni ~as avide, oni redonas malrapide. 7 (a. alpreni): accept, adopt, assume, take up. ~i sur sin iniciaton, komandon, mienon, respondecon, riskon, rolon. 8 rigardi (take to be): ~i kiel atestanton, serviston; lin por iu grava. ~ parolon serioze. 9 use: ~i banon, liberecon, seĝon, veturilon, vojon. 10 Consume: ~i kafon, manĝon, medikamenton. ~o, capture, etc. *(cgm) trick. La ~o de la urbo. ~enda, to be taken (medikamento). ~eto (pinĉ~o), pinch (da salo, flartabako). ~ilo, [UV] implement for taking hold of things (➞ tenajl). kontakt~ilo (son~ilo), pick-up (gramofono). suker~ilo, sugar-tongs. ~iva, ~pova, prehensile. al~i, adopt. ĉirkaŭ-i, [UV] embrace. De~i, take down (off), deduct, deprive of, remove, subtract. ~~i kovrilon, ŝilingon, tukon, veston. ~~i (doff) ĉapelon. Ek~i, grasp, seize. ~~i ion per tenajlo, iun per la mano ĉe (je) la haroj. El~i, t. out, extract, withdraw. ~~i denton. For~i, take away. Dio donis, Dio for~is. Kun~i, bring. ~~u la monon. Re~i, take again (back); cancel, retract (promeson), Doninte, ne re~u. f ~~i vorton. Mal~i, drop, let go, unclasp. parto~i (-n, en), [UV] take part (share) in, partake, participate, ~~i ĝojon, laboron, profiton. ➞ akcept, entrepren, kapt, port, ten.

prepar-i (-n, -i), [UV] Prepare. 1 arrange, get (make) ready, set. ~i lecionon, manĝon, pacon, prelegon, teon, samovaron (M 13/22). 2 coach, e.g., kandidaton por ekzameno. 3 (mus) ~i disonancon. Sin~i (~iĝi) (p., get ready) por batalo, vojaĝo. ~(ad)o, preparation, preliminary work. ~a, preparative, initiatory, preliminary. ~a ekzerco, kurso, studo. ~aĵo, (pharm) -ation. Sen~a (ne~ita), un-ed, extempore, impromptu, improvized. ~~a traduko. Paĝ~i, (typ) make up, page. ➞ aranĝ, klopod, pretig.

prepost-o (provosto), provost (wide sense) (jur, mil, municipal, university).

prepozici-o, [UV] (gram) preposition.

prepozitiv-o, (gram) indirect object., oblique case, = preposition plus noun or pron. Helpu al mi, dubi pri tio, serĉi por trezoro, atendi dum momento. Rim.: ➞ direct object.: helpu min, dubi tion, serĉi trezoron, atendi momenton.

prepuci-o, (anat) foreskin, prepuce (Ge 17/11).

prerogativ-o, [OA] prerogative, peculiar privilege or right.

pres-i (-n), [UV] Print. ~i artikolon, desegnon, libron. ~arto, -ing, typography. En ~ado, in the press. Duobla ~o, (phlt) double impression. ~aĵo, -ed matter, pull. ~ejo, -ing house (office, works). ~endaĵo, copy. ~igi, have -ed. ~ilo, ~maŝino, -ing press (plant). ~isto, -er. En~i, insert. Mis~i, mis-p. Re~(aĵ)o, re-p. Sur~i, (phlt) over-p, surcharge. ~ĉambro, -ers’ chapel. ➞ kompost, prem, tipografi.

presbiter-o, (ecc) Presbyter, elder. ~aro, ~ejo, -y. II ~iano, -ian. ~ianismo, -ianism.

preskaŭ [UV] (apenaŭ ne) (adv), Almost, all but, nearly, not much less than, well-nigh. Mi ~ falis. ~ ĉio, a. all. ~ freneza, little short of mad. ~ neniam, hardly (scarcely) ever, a. never. ~ nenie, hardly anywhere. ~ tie, nearly there. ~a, approximate, rough.

preskrib-i, 1 (med) Prescri/be, order. -/ al paciento medikamenton, ripozon, rimedon. 2 order formally, lay down, stipulate (Es 3/9). Per ~itaj vortoj, in a set form of words. ~o, -ption, directions. Konforme al la ~o de sia patro (2 Kr 8/14; Ez 9/27; Mai 4/4). ~ita, -ed, required, specifed. ~folio, -ption form. ➞ recept, regul.

preskript-o, (jur) prescription, period of posses sion (right, or use). ~iĝi, be barred (become invalid, void) by p.

prestiĝ-o, prestige, credit, influence, reputation. Perdi ~on, go down in public estimation, lose face.

pret-a, [UV] Ready. 1 (subj), unreluctant, willg: Esti ~a respondi; riski la aferon; por la eksperimento. ~a por, game for. Estu ~a. 2 (obj) for immediate use, provided beforehand, with preparations complete: Tute ~a, all (quite) r. ~a manĝo, respondo. ~e, beforehand. ~e konstruita, prefabricated. ~e kudrita, r. for wear. ~eco, r-ness. 1 willingness. ~eco helpi. 2 availability, ~igi (uzebligi), make r. ~igi liton, make a bed. ~iĝu! Stand by! Servo~a, compliant, obliging, ready to serve. ➞ Manĝo~a (of food).

pretekst-o, [UV] pretext, assumed motive, excuse, ostensible reason, subterfuge, Por ŝafon formanĝi, lupo trovos ~on. Sub ~o, ke, on the ground that. ~i, allege as defence (excuse), shelter one’s behind. Li ~is (pleaded) mankon de tempo. Li rifuzis, ~(ant)e, ke, alleging the plea (with the excuse) that. ➞ pretend, senkulpig.

pretend-i (-n, ke) [UV], Claim; advance pretensions, assert (maintain) as a right, lay c. (to). ~i indulgon, parencecon, c. indulgence, kinship. ~o, c., pretension. ~anto, -ant, pretender. ~anto al la trono. ~ema, ~oplena, pretentious, assuming, presumptuous. Sen~a, unassuming, modest. ➞ postul, pretekst [Ne= ŝajnig].

preter [UV] (prep), Beyond, Past, on the other side of. (a) (with nominatv): = at a place (position) beyond, past. Loĝi ~ la preĝejo. Li pasis ~ mi. ~ tiuj arboj vi trovos Vd Se 7/8. (b) (with accusative): = up to and beyond. Mi pasis ~ la fenestron, I went past the window (to a place b. it). Ĝi iris al li ~ la buŝon (P). Pafi ~ la arbon (K 71/24). Vd Ge 33/3. This distinction is not always clear or observed. Vd Ge 18/3, 5. ~e (beyond there, on the other side) oni vidas monton. La reĝo iris ~e (passed by) (1 Rĝ 20/39). ~aĵo, excess, overplus, surplus. Rim.: Preter = beyond (past) a position or limit. Trans = across, on the other side of a space. ➞ preternatural, transatlantic.

preterit-o [OA] (is-tempo), (gram) past tense.

prevent-i (med) (antaŭforigi, malebligi), Prevent. ~i akcidenton, gravediĝon, malsanon. ~a, ~ilo, -ive, prophylactic. ➞ malhelp.

prez-o, [UV] Price, what must be done (given, sacrificed) to obtain something. ~o de bileto, instruo. ~o favora, fiksita, reduktita. Malgranda pezo, sed granda ~o. Enir~o, charge for admission. Lu~o, rent. Sam~o, par(ity). ~aro, ~listo, p-list, scale of charges, tariff. ~inda, worth the p., good value. ~indaĵo, bargain. Alt~a, grand~a, costly, precious. Ĉiu~e, at any price. Mis~i, mis-p. Vetur~o, fare. ~altiĝo, ~falo, rise (fall) in price. ➞ kost, tarif.

prezent-i, [UV] Present [N = donaci]. 1 (doni, proponi) Offer, proffer, propose, tender: ~i al iu la brakon, manon, kukon, peton, varon. Bring forward (argumenton); point (revolveron). 2 Introduce: ~u min al ŝi. 3 (imagi) imagine, set up in one’s mind: ~u al vi mian embarason. Ni malsame vin ~as ("Preĝo"). Mi ~as la aferon al mi jene, I look at it this way (like this). 4 Depict, portray, represent: La bildo ~as hundon, la foto ~as edziĝon, (th) ~i perform, render (dramon). 5 (liveri): give, have, offer: la kongreso ~as imponan vidaĵon; la metodo ~as avantaĝojn; la propono ~as eblon (affords an opportunity). 6 (esti) form, constitute, set up: Religio ne ~u muron inter la homoj. 7 Sin ~i, present one’s, appear, go in, sit (por ekzameno). ~a letero, letter of introduction. ~ado, ~iĝo, introduction, offer, get-up, style of production. ~o de dramo, de volumo. ~anto, sponsor. ~ebla, ~inda, presentable. ~iĝi, p. itself, appear, crop up, occur, rise, turn up. Neniu okazo ~iĝis. ~iĝas malfacilaĵo. Vasta panoramo ~iĝis al ili. (obst) ~iĝo de feto. Mis~i, misrepresent. re~i, [UV] p. a second time. ➞ reprezent.

prezenc-o (as-tempo), present tense.

prezerv-i (kontraŭ putriĝo), Preserv/e (from decomposition), keep fresh, f bone ~ita maljunulo. ~aĵoj, tinned food. ~iĝi, remain fresh. ~ilo, -ative. ➞ enladig, konserv.

prezid-i (-n), [UV] Presid/e (over), be in (occupy, take) the chair, sit at head of table. ~i kunvenon, kongreson. ~anto, chairman, person presiding.

prezident-o (a. ~anto), president, official head (of bank, college, republic, society, etc.). La ~ento forestas, do vi devos ~i, The -ent is away, so you must take the chair. ~eco, -ency.

pri [UV] (prep), About. Li parolis ~ Esp-o, he spoke about (anent, as regards, concerning, of, in relation to, on the subject of, re, with regard (reference) to) Esperanto. Mi dubas tion (~ tio), I doubt (am doubtful about) that. ~a, relative. ~e, on the matter. ~aĵo, subject, theme. PFX: Pri- is sometimes used to narrow the meaning of a verb. Plori, weep; priplori (bewail) mortinton. Semi grenon; prisemi (sow) teron. Serĉi (look for) ion; priserĉi homon (search as customs officer). Ŝteli frukton, priŝteli budon. Tondi harojn, pritondi kapon. Verŝi akvon, priverŝi (liton) per larmoj. ➞ koncern, rilat.

prikl-i, (hort) Prick (plant, thin) out (seedlings). ~ado, -ing out.

prim-o, (mat) prime number,

primadon-o, (mus) prima donna,

primar-a, (unuagrada, unuaranga), primary (wide sense). ~a edukado, koloro, lernejo, roko.

primat-oj, (zoo) primates, e.g., lemurs, apes, man.

primitiv-a, [OA] primitive. 1 (unuatempa), early, first, original, primary: ~a eklezi -(hom-lingv-)o. 2 antiquated, old-fashioned: ~a metodo. ➞ pra.

primol-o, [UV] primrose (Primula vulgaris). ~acoj, primula fam.. ➞ veris.

primus-o, "primus", trade name of stove burning vaporized paraffin oil.

princ-o, [UV] Princ/e. 1 ruler of small state. 2 (reĝido), member of royal fam.. ~(ec)a, -ely. ~ino, -ess. ~lando, -ipality. Kron~o, crown-p., heir to the throne, f ~o de mallumo (the devil), ~o de Paco (Christ).

princip-o [F], Principle, Fundamental. 1 primary element: ~o de vivo. 2 f. truth, basis of (guide to) reasoning or judgment, gen. law(rule): ~oj de arto. Konsenti pri ~oj, agree on pp. 3 rule of conduct: ~o morala, religia. Mia ~o estas (Gm 51/12). Agi laŭ la ~o, ke. f honour, integrity, probity, rectitude. ~a, f., of p. Demando ~a. ~e, on p., as a rule. ~e mi konsentas, praktike mi hezitas. ~aro, creed, tenets. Sen~a, un-ed. ➞ precip.

print-i, (phot) print (off, out) on sensitized paper. ~i dek ekzemplerojn. ~a papero.

printemp-o, [UV] Spring. Unu kukolo ne faras ~on. ~o semas, aŭtuno rikoltas. f La ~o (s-time, heyday) de la vivo. ~a, (of) s., vernal. ~e, in the s.

prior-o, [OA] (ecc) Prior. ~ejo, -y. ~ino, -ess.

prism-o, [OA] Prism. Glacia ~o, ice needle. ~(ec)a, -atic. Tra~igi (decompose) lumon.

prist-o (segfiŝo), saw-fish (Pristis).

privat-a, [UV] Private, (opposite publika).

  1. without official position or public office: ~a homo (~ulo). 2 not for public use: ~a hotelo (pordo). 3 confidential, intimate, one’s own, personal: ~a afero, domo, orelo, propraĵo, vivo. 4 retired, secluded, sequestered: ~a loko. ~eco, privacy, retreat, seclusion. ~ulo, p. person. konfidene, sekret.

privilegi-o, [UV] Privilege; special advantage (concession, favour, immunity, licence, right). ~o de maljuneco. Parlamenta ~o. ~i (-n), allow (to do), confer (grant, invest with) p., exempt from burden, show partiality. ~i personojn (Ps 82/2). ~aj klasoj, -ed classes. ~ulo, -ed person. ➞ monopol, prerogativ.

prizon-o = malliberejo.

pro [UV] (prep), because (by reason, for the sake, on account or behalf) of, for, from, owing to, through. 1 (motive, reason): Post tio, sed ne ~ tio. Rapidi ~ manko de tempo. Morti ~ nesingardo. ~ ĉielo! for heaven’s sake! ~ kio (= Kial) vi venis? Why did you (What made you) come? ➞ Por kio vi venis? What did you come for? ~ tio (= tial), ke … for the reason that (stronger than ear). 2 (kontraŭ): in exchange for (➞ quid pro quo). Okulon ~ okulo, an eye for an eye. Danki ~ (better than por) donaco, helpo, letero. ~batalanto, champion, defender, protagonist. ~labora pago, ~memora noto, ~peka kapro (scapegoat). ➞ dank’, de, kaŭz, motiv, pri.

probabl-a, [OA] Likely, Probable, on the cards, that may be expected to happen (or prove true), to be expected. ~a eraro. Pli ol ~a. Tute ne ~a, most un-1. ~e, p-ly, in all -ility, most 1. ~eco, p-ility. ➞ verŝajn.

problem-o, [OA] Problem (to be solved), doubtful (difficult) point, question at issue. ~o algebra, socia, ŝaka. Proponi, solvi ~on. (mat) rider, sum. ~a, -atic(al), doubtful, moot, questionable. ➞ enigm.

proced-i (nt) [OA], Proceed, adopt course of action, go about (on) with, make one’s way. ~i energie, metode. ~o, -ing, conduct, method, process, way. Nova ~o de fabrikado. ➞ ag, far, klopod, metod, proeedur.

procedur-o, [OA] (jur), procedure, mode (order, rule) of conduct (business). ~o jura, parlamenta.

procelari-o, (orn) Shearwater (Procellaria). ~o granda, Gt s. ~o griza, fulga, sooty s. ➞ fraterkol, fulmar, petrel.

procent-o, [UV] (fin) per cent, rate: Diskonta ~o, bank rate. 1 year’s interest (proceeds, profit) on fOO units. En la 3 ~oj, in the 3 per cents (3% stock). 2 (centono, elcento): percentage, proportion, value (relative to 100). Necesas ŝanĝi nur 10 ~ojn (centonojn). Kalkuli la ~on de blinduloj. Doni ~e, ~aĵo, commission, percentage. Ricevi ~on de ĉiuj eldonoj. ~ego [OA] (uzuro), extortionate interest, usury. Doni ~ege (Ps 15/5), ~egisto, usurer. Kvin~a dividend, solvaĵo. ➞ interez, rentum.

proces-i (kontraŭ, pri) [UV], bring (enter) an action, go to law with, prosecute, take legal proceedngs against (Ij 13/19). ~o, (jur) law-suit, action, case, proceedngs at law, trial (Jes 3/14). Gajn-(perd-)i ~on. Komenciĝas ~o, mono fluas sen ĉeso. ~ado, litigation. ~anto, ~ulo, party (to a suit), litigant. ~ebla, actionable. ~ema, litigious. ➞ proced, proces.

procesi-o, [OA] procession. ~o festa, funebra, religia, torĉa. ~a, -al. ~a himno. ~i (iri ~e), go in p.

procez-o, process, course (succession) of phenomena, series of changes. ~o historia, evolua, tempa.

procion-o, (zoo) raccoon, coon (Procyon).

produkt-i (-n), [UV] Produ/ce. 1 bear, bring forth, create, grow, yield: Usono ~as grenon, arbo fruktojn. ~i varmon, vaporon. 2 bring about, cause, effect, furnish, give rise to, occasion: ~i ateston, impreson, sensacion. 3 make, manufacture: Batado de lakto ~as buteron. La firmo ~as plastojn. ~ado, ~aĵo, p., product(ion), output, yield. Stimuli ~on. ~(aĵ)oj de la tero. ~ema, ~iva, productive. ~ilo, generator. ~isto, producer. Re~i, re-p. 1 ~~i per semo. 2 make a similar obj, ~~i pentraĵon. Flank~o, by-product, secondary product. Super~o, Tro~o, overproduction.

produt-o, (mat) product (of multiplication).

profan-a, [OA] Profan/e. 1 lay, uninitiated. 2 secular (opp religia): ~a historio, literaturo. 3 impious, irreverent: ~a trakto de sanktaĵo. ~(ul)o, 1 layman, Philistine, person uninitiated, outside the fold. Pri arto mi estas ~ulo (a rank outsider) (K 181/32). 2 irreverent person. ~i, 1 defile, desecrate, treat with disrespect, violate: ~i feston, promeson, preĝejon, senton, tombon. 2 degrade, misuse: ~i talenton. ~ado, -ation. ➞ malrespekt, sakrilegi.

profesi-o, [UV] Profession, (a)vocation, business, calling, occupation. ~a, -al. ~a etiketo, kriketo, oratoro, sekreto. ~ismo, -alism. ~ulo, -al, vocational. ~ulismo (2 Petrolo 165/13). Ne~a (amatora). Sam~ano, -al colleague. ➞ meti, okup, sin nomi, vivrimed.

profesor-o, [OA] Professor (various meanings in various lands). 1 University p. (opposite studento). 2 Master (teacher) at high school or of high rank (opposite lernanto): ~o licea. ~a, -ial. ~aro, -ial staff. ~eco, -ship, chair, ~ino, lady p. ➞ lektor.

profet-o, [UV] Prophe/t, inspired interpreter, revealer, teacher of God’s will, seer. (Bb) La (mal)grandaj ~oj. f Veter~o (evit. prefere: veterprognozisto), ~a, -tic. ~i, -sy. 1 be a p. 2 (antaŭdiri). ~aĵo, -cy. ~ino, -tess. ➞ orakol.

profil-o, [OA] Profile, Outline. 1 half-face, side-face, side-view, silhouette. 2 sectional drawing. ~o orta, cross-section at 90°. ~i, draw in profile (outline, contour). ~e, in profile, sideways. Duon~e, in three-quarter face. ~iĝi, stand out in p., be o-d (silhouetted) against.

profilaks-o, (med) Prophyla/xis. ~a, -ctic. ➞ antaŭgard, prevent.

profit-i (-n, de, el) [UV]. 1 get Advantag/e (gain) (from), Benefi/t (Profit) (by): Du militas, tria ~as. 2 make use (take advantage) of: ~i la okazon, ŝancon. ~o, a., b., p., excess of income over outlay, gain, returns, utility. Celi, ricevi, trovi ~on. Serĉi ~on, seek after gain. ~o kaj perdo. ~(ig)a, ~odona, beneficial, profitable, favourable, lucrative, paying, remunerative, useful. Peke akirita ne estas ~a. Vendi ~e, at a profit. ~ama, ~avida, ~ema (Jer 6/13), avaricious, greedy of gain, mercenary. ~egisto, profiteer. ~emo, cupidity. ~igi, make a-ious (p-able), bring p. Mal~o, loss. Ne~a, Sen~a, p-less, unp-able, bootless. Labori sen~e. Ne~ema (malegoista, sindona), disinterested. Super~o, excess profit. Tro~i (ekspluati), abuse. ➞ enspez, gajn, utilig.

profund-a, [UV] Deep, Profound. 1 ~a akvo, lago, puto, riverenco, voĉo, vundo. 2 deep intellectually, erudite: ~a doktrino, studo, scio, senco. 3 deeply seated, heartfelt: ~a doloro, konvinko, medito, malespero. 4 intense, great: ~a dormo (sound sleep). ~a ago (Ge 18/11; 24/1). ~a diferenco, intereso, mallumo. ~o, depth, background, bottom, innermost part. ~o de la ĉambro, koro, nokto, tero (Ps 69/2, 15); a. ~eco (Ps 64/6). (mar) draught. ~e, deeply, profoundly. Kliniĝi ~e (Ge 23/7). Tranĉi ~e. Fiŝo granda naĝas ~e. Iri pli ~en (further) en la aferon. ~(eg)aĵo (abismo), abyss, depth. (en)~iĝi, absorb (bury) one’s in, become absorbed in, penetrate into. ~iĝintaj (d-sunk) okuloj. f ~iĝi en detaloj (legado, pensoj). ~aĝa, stricken in years. ~aĝulo (Jer 6/11). Mal~a, shallow, superficial: ~~a cerbo, telero. ➞ supraĵ, trivial. ~~aĵo, (mar) shallow, shoal. Plej~a, bottommost, nethermost. Pli~igi, ~iĝi, deepen. ➞ abism, absorb, fon.

prognoz-o, [OA] Prognos/is, Forecast, prediction, preindication (of course of illness, etc.). Veter~o, weather forecast. Longperioda ~o, long-range f. ~i, betoken, forecast, prognosticate. ~a, predictive. ➞ profet.

program-o, [OA] programme, list of arrangements, plan, syllabus. ~o de ceremonio, koncerto. (th) playbill. ~a muziko. ~ero, item, number, piece. ➞ aranĝ, plan, tagord.

progres-i, [OA] (nt) (make) Progress, advance, develop, forge ahead, get on, go onward (forward) (Jes 58/8). Ĉio ~as kontentige. ~i en studado. ~o, p., advance, forward (onward) movement, headway. La ~o de armeo, lernanto, scienco. ~ado, -ion. ~ema, -ive, advanced in opinions, forward-moving. ~ema partio. ~emulo,  ive. ~igi, help forward, promote, ~inta, advanced, proficient. Mal~i (regresi), decline, fall back, retrogress. ~~ema, reactionary, retrograde. Ne~ema, backward. ➞ retropaŝ.

progresi-o, (mat) Progression. ~o aritmetika, geometria, harmona. (mus) p. from one chord to another.

progresiv-a, progressive, regularly advancing, increasing. ~a imposto. ➞ akcel, antaŭen, disvolv, grad.

prohib-i (leĝe malpermesi), Prohibit, debar, forbid (action, person from doing something, especially sale of intoxicants). ~a, -ive. ~o, ~ismo, -ion. ~isto, -ionist, ~ita, -ed.

projekci-o, [OA] ~aĵo, (cinema, des, phot) Project/ion, representation on plane surface or screen. ~o izometra, merkatora, vertikala. ~i ( n), cast (make, throw) a projection. ~i bildon, lumradion, ombron. ~ilo, -or.

projekt-o [F], Project, preliminary draft, plan, scheme, (a) idea to be realized; (b) plan to realize it. Fari, plenumi ~on. ~o de fervojo, konstruo, reorganizo. ~o de leĝo, draft bill. Bela ~o, morgaŭ forgesota. ~o provizora. Lingvaj ~oj. contrive, devise, plan (course of action). ~i vojaĝon. ~ema ingenious, scheming. Kontraŭ~o, counter-project. ➞ plan, program, skem.

prokavi-o (a. hirako), (zoo) cony, daman, dassie, hyrax (Proeavia). (➞ Se 30/26).

proklam-i (-n) [UV], Procla/im, publicly announce (declare). ~i sin reĝo. ~i respublikon. ~(ad)o, -mation. Edziĝo~o, banns. Milit~o, declaration of war.

prokrast-i (-n) [UV], Delay, Procrastin/ate, defer, (suspend) action, put (stave) off. Ne ~u ĝis morgaŭ, kion vi povas fari hodiaŭ. ~(ad)o, d., p-ation, remand, etc. (com) demurrage. ~ebla, that can wait. ~ema, dilatory. Ne~ebla, that cannot be put off, urgent. Sen~e, at once, forthwith, without d.

proksim-a, [UV] Near, in Proxim/ity, adjoing, close, nigh. 1 (space): neighbouring. ~a lando (urbo). Plej~a, closest, nearest, f ~a helpo (parenco). 2 (time): approaching. following, next. ~a jaro, tago. ~e de, at (to) hand, near (close) to. Li loĝas ~e de mi. Tute ~e, at close quarters. Rigardi de ~e, close up. ~eco, affinity, proximity, vicinity. En la ~eco de, at the distance of. Sanga ~eco, near relationship. (al)~igi, approximate, bring near. (al)~iĝi, come (draw) near. (up to). La tasko ~iĝas al la fino. ~ulo (najbaro), neighbour. ~uma (~ume), about, ap-ately, more or less. ➞ ĉirkaŭ. La biblioteko havas ~e mil volumojn. Mal~a, Distan/t, far away (olf). ~~e de, aloof (at a distance) from. De ~~e, from afar. ~~en, to a d-ce. Pli ~~en, further on. ~~igi (-iĝi), move to a d-ce, recede. ➞ apud, distanc, for, nekst.

prokur-o, Proxy, procuration. Doni ~on al. Voĉdoni ~e, by proxy. ~isto, agent, assignee, attorney, trustee. ~a letero, p. (document).

prokuror-o, Attorney General, Procurator Fiscal (Scotland). ➞ anstataŭ.

prolaps-o, (med) prolapse, slipping out of place.

proleps-o, (rh) prolepsis, (anticipatory use of a word).

prolet-o (a. proletario [OA]), proletariat, worker. ~aro, -t, lower classes.

prolifer-i, Prolifer/ate (sin reprodukti). ~a, -ous. ~ado, -ation.

prolog-o, [OA] prologue, preliminary (introductory) discourse, preamble. ➞ antaŭparol.

promen-i, [UV] Promenade, Walk, (nt), take an airing, make a short excursion, for exercise or pleasure (on foot or otherwise), drive, sail, stroll. ~i bicikle, go for a spin. ~i piede (surĉevale), take a walk (ride), f Lia cerbo iris ~i. Liaj okuloj ~is (wandered) ĉirkaŭ la ĉambro. ~(ad)o, p., w., airing, jaunt, outing, trip. Mar~o, sea trip. Postmanĝa ~o, constitutional. ~a ŝipo, excursion (pleasure) boat. ~adi, p. ~ejo, p., walk, esplanade, parade. Surmara ~ejo, pier. ~igi (-n), take for a w., exercise (hundon). ~igi la pensojn, allow one’s thoughts to run. ~igi la fingrojn sur (run the fingers over) la klavoj. ~anto, walker, saunterer. ➞ marŝ, piedir, vag, vojaĝ.

promes-i [UV] (fori -on) (-n, -i, al), (make a) Promis/e. 1 give one’s word. ~i edziĝon, helpon, pagon. Ofte mano forgesas, kion buŝo ~is. f ~i orajn montojn. 2 afford expectations (seem likely to). La vetero ~as esti bela. ~o, p., assurance, engagement, parole, pledge, word. Jur~o (~o sankta, solena), vow. Fianĉ~o, troth. Pag~o, I.O.U. Fari, forgesi, plenumi, repreni ~on. Per ~oj estas pavimita la infero. La ~ita Lando. ~itaĵo, p. ~(oplen)a, multe~a (infano, juneco),  ing, likely to turn out well, (com) promissory,

promoci-i (-n), (4 FA 132/2), Promot/e, advance, raise to higher grade (office, rank), (chs, drs) (damigi), ~i pecon. ~o, -ion, advancement, preferment.

promontor-o, [UV] (geog) promontory, high cape, headland < kab, terkap.

pronel-o, dunnock (Prunella) (misleadingly called hedge-sparrow). ➞ prunel.

pronom-o, [UV] pronoun. ~o demanda, montra, nedifina, persona, poseda, rilata, refleksiva, sumiga.

prononc-i (-n) [OA], Pronounc/e. ~o, pronunciation. ~o fremda, loka, misa. ~a vortaro, -ing dictionary. ~aĉi, mangle (murder) the words. La vorto "budĝeto" estas malfacile ~ebla (hard to p.). Mis~i, mis-p. Litero ne~ata, silent letter. ➞ elparoli (enounce, speak out clearly).

propag-i (-n), (ph) propagate, transmit in waves, ~i lumon, tertremon, vibradon. Lumo ~iĝas po 186,300 mejloj sekunde.

propagand-o, [OA] Propagand/a, publicity, organized scheme to spread belief or practice. ~o por Esperanto. ~o milita, war- mongering. ~a parolo, verko. ~i (fari -on), carry on p., advertise, publicize, spread. ~ilo, means of p. ~isto, -ist. ➞ apostol, disvastig, reklam, rekrut, varb.

propon-i (-n, -i, ke) [UV], Propos/e. 1 submit for consideration, examination, judgment); bring forward, propound, put forward: ~i problemon, reformon, teorion. Mi ~as, ke vi pagu. Homo ~as, Dio disponas. (at a meeting): ~i (fari ~on), move, put a motion. 2 (offer for acceptance): ~i edziĝon, helpon, kandidaton, monon. Sin ~i (stand, volunteer) por elekto. Sin ~i kiel serviston. ~o, -al, -ition, suggestion, tender. Akcepti, diskuti, rifuzi ~on. Aĉet~o, bid. Vend~o, offer. Pano de ~o (El 25/30), shewbread. ~anto, mover, proposer. Kontraŭ~o, counter-al. Pli~i, super~i, bid higher, outbid. ➞ ofer, prezent.

proporci-o [OA] (1 FA 85/2) Proportion, percentage, ratio. ~o inversa, konstanta, rekta. ~o de alkoholo en vino; de la profitoj. La ~oj de tambro. Regulo de ~o (arit), rule of three. ~a, -al, -ate; corresponding, pro rata, relative. ~a al (Le 27/16). (pol) ~a reprezento. ~e, -ately, ad valorem, pro rata. ~igi (fit) la punon al la krimo. Mis~o, dis-p. Sen~a, out of p.

propozici-o, [OA] (gram) proposition, assertion, formal statement (affirmative or negative), especially (log) in the form subject -f copula + predicate. ➞ fraz, klaŭz.

propr-a, [UV] 1 (one’s) Own, belonging to one: Mia ~a (my o.) lito, mano, nomo, volo. Estu saĝulo en via ~a domo. ~an (his o.) ĝibon neniu vidas. Liaj ~aj vortoj, his very words. Timi sian ~an (one’s own) ombron, fali en la ~an kaptilon. 2 Peculiar to, characteristic, individual, personal: Moro ~a al la Britoj. (ac) ~a (natural) resonanco. ~e, properly, strictly speaking. ~aĵo (posedaĵo), belonging(s), property. Nenies -aĵo. ~eco, characteristic feature, attribute, nature. La ~ecoj de metaloj. (Al)~igi al si, appropriate, make one’s own. ➞ plagiat, ŝtel. Ali~igi, mal~igi, sen~igi, expropriate. Mal~a (fremda, alies), another’s, foreign, no business (concern) of mine, not one’s own, of others, someone else’s. Aferoj ne~aj, other people’s business. [Ne= proper (deca, ĝusta, konvena, taŭga)].

propriet-o, (jur) proprietorship, the right (especially the exclusive right) to the possession or disposal of something. Eks~igo, expropriation.

prosceni-o, (arch, th) proscenium,

proskrib-i, (jur) Proscri/be, put out of legal protection. 1 outlaw, banish. 2 interdict, reject. ~o, -ption.

prospekt-o, [OA] prospectus, descriptive circular. ➞ anonc, reklam, perspektiv.

prosper-i, [UV] Prosper. 1 be -ous, do (turn out) well, flourish, get on, thrive. Kiu koleras, tiu ne ~as. La komerco ~as. 2 (abs) ~is al mi iri, I managed (had the good fortune) to go, succeeded in going. Ne ~is al li edziĝi. ~a, -ous, flourishing, thriving, well off (to do). ~(ad)o, -ity, good fortune, -success, weal. Porti ~on al la lando. ~igi, advance, favour. Mal~i, be in a bad way (danger, jeopardy), fail, miscarry, prove unsatisfactory, turn out badly. ~~o, ill success. ~~a (ill-starred) provo. ~~igi, wreck (planori). ➞ sukces.

prostat-o, prostat/e (gland). ~a, -ic. ~ito (~inflamo), -itis.

prostitu-i (-n) [OA], Prostitut/e (Le 19/29). f put to infamous use, misuse, pervert. ~i sin, sian talenton. ~(ad)o, -ion. ~isto, pimp. ~itino, p., harlot. ➞ bordel, fi, malĉast, publik.

protagonist-o, [OA] Protagonist, chief person (in drama, story), champion (of cause).

protein-o, (chem) protein.

protekt-i (-n, al, kontraŭ) [OA], Protect (against, from): cover, defend, guard, keep safe, preserve, shield. ~i ion kontraŭ damaĝo, fajro, perdo, rusto. f befriend, favour, help, stand by, support. Kiun reĝo ~as, tiun ministro elektas. ~(ad)o, -ion, patronage. ~(em)a, -ive. ~a tarifo. ~anto, -or, defender, guardian, patron. ~ato, protege. ~ilo, -or, -ive device. ~ismo, ~isto, -ion, -ist. ➞ defend, gard, patron, ŝild, ŝirm.

protektorat-o, [OA] (pol) -orate, ➞ koloni.

protel-o, aard-wolf (Proteles).

protest-i (kontraŭ) [OA], Protest, Remonstr/ate. ~i kontraŭ decido, diro, propono. (com) p. (a bill), f Kontraŭ tio ~as mia sento. ~o, protest, objection, statement of disapproval, dissent. Aŭdiĝis indignaĵ~oj, ~ado, r-ance. ~anto, (rel) -ant. protestantismo. ~ebla, questionable. ~enda, reprehensible. Sen~e, without p., submissively. ➞ kontest.

proto-, (Gk pfx = first), proto-.

protoplasm-o, protoplasm.

prototip-o, [OA] prototype, original.

protozo-o, protozoon.

protokol-o, [OA] Minutes, Record, formal statement, short official report (of meeting or transaction). La ~o de la antaŭa kunveno. (pol) protocol. ~i (fari ~on), draw up (write) the minutes, make a record of the proceedings. ~aro, m-book, records. ~ero, item of the minutes. ~isto, r-clerk.

proton-o, (ph) proton,

protuberanc-o, (anat, as), Protuberance, bulge, bump, swellg. ~a, -t.

prov-i (-n) [UV], (put to the) Test (in order to see whether), try (in this sense). 1 check experimentally: ~i medikamenton, rimedon, vinon. 2 t., assay, make trial of. Fajro ~as oron, mizero la homon. Dio ~is Abrahamon (Ge 22/1). La afero ~os vian forton, kuraĝon. 3 attempt, have a shot at, try (to). ~i naĝi. ~i la neeblon. ~u denove, try again. ~o, test, attempt, trial. Elmeti al ~o. Elteni ~on. Ne fidu sen ~o. (mus, th), rehearsal, try-over. ~a, experimental, tentative, trial. ~ado, endeavour, probata, test. ~aĵo, assay, sample specimen, trial, (type) Pres~aĵo, proof. ~ato, probationer. ~eti, feel one’s way. ~ilo, t., criterion, touch-stone. ~inda, worth tryg. ~isto, assayist. ~iteco (Ro 5/4). Ek~i, try one’s hand at. El~ita, tried out, well tested. Kontraŭ~o, counter-verification. Ne~ita, untried. Sur~i, try on (ĉapelon, veston). ➞ pen.

proverb-o, [UV] Proverb, adage, saw. Venas ~o el popola cerbo. (gm) ~oj, proverbs. ~a, -ial. ~a fideleco de hundo. ~aĵo, byword. ~aro, collection of pp. ➞ sentenc.

proviant-o (provizumo), provisions, victuals (especially of army) (1 FA 145/23), ~i, take in supplies (lay in stock) for, victual. ~i armeon. ~isto. ~ŝipo, supply ship.

providenc-o, [OA] Providen/ce, wisdom and care of God. En la manoj de ~o. ~a, -tial.

provinc-o, [UV] Provinc/e, administrative division of country, county (konteo), shire. En la ~oj, out of town. ~a (opp urba), -ial, bucolic, countr/-ified, -y, local, rural. ~a gazeto, modo, urbo. ~ano, -ial, countryman. ~anaĵo, ~anismo, -ialism. ➞ departement, distrikt, guberni, kampar, kanton.

proviz-i (ion por iu, iun per io) [UV], Provi/de. 1 deliver, equip (furnish, stock, supply) with, get, obtain, procure, secure (what is needed): ~i Hon necesan. ~i edukon al infano; fenestron per vitroj. 2 make due preparation (for comfort, maintenance): ~i por la familio; kontraŭ atako, bezono, la vintro. ~(aĵ)o, provision(s), stock, store, supplies, victuals. Fari ~on, lay in a supply. ~oj por la vojo (Ge 45/21). ~ejo, larder, stock-room, storehouse. ~isto, caterer, provider, purveyor, ~umo, (provianto). Sen~a, depleted, un-ded. Vort~o, vocabulary.

provizor-a, [OA] provisional, for the moment (time being), interim, makeshift, temporary, tentative, subject to revision. ~a aranĝo, (komitato, lumigo, ponto. ~e, pro tem. ➞ kalkatemp.

provok-i (-n) [OA], Provo/ke, bring on, call forth, cause, egg on, give rise to, incite, inflame, instigate, kindle, rouse, stir up. ~i fermenton, indignon, koleron, militon, ribelon. ~i sanktulon (Ps 78/41), malpacon (Se 26/21). ~o, -cation. ~a, -cative, Agento ~a, agent, -cateur. ➞ defi, spit.

proz-o, [OA] Prose, ordinary non-metrical language. ~a poemo, prose poem. ~(ad)a, -aic, -y, drab. Nia ~a tempo (K 167/28). Kia ~a vorto! (M 67/29). ~(aĉ)adi, p. along, talk tediously. ~aĵo, piece of p. ~(verk)isto, p-writer. ➞ banal, plat.

prozelit-o, [OA] Proselyt/e, convert (from another party). ~i, -ize, ~ismo. ➞ konvert, varb.

prozodi-o, [OA] prosody, versification. ➞ metrik.

pru-o, (mar) prow, bows, forepart. Opp poŭp.

prud-a, Prud/ish, prim, of extreme (especially affected) propriety, straight-laced. ~ul(in)o, prude. ~eco, ~emo, -ery, -ishess. Mal~a, lewd, ribald, shameless, spicy.

prudent-a, [UV] Pruden/t, Sens/ible, discreet, far-seeing, judicious, sagacious, sane, wordly wise. ~a elspezo, konduto, konsilo, ŝparo. Estus ~e, it word be advisable (well) konsenti. ~o, discretion, judgment, p-ce, (good) s-e. Perdi la ~ojn, lose one’s reason (s-es,wits). Sana ~o, sound common s-e. Venis al li ~o post la ĝusta momento. ~igi, put some s-e into. ~ulo, s-ible person, man of understanding. Mal~a, im-p., absurd, foolish, irrational, preposterous, short-sighted, stupid, unreasonable, void of reason. Sen~a, s-eless, void of reason. ➞ antaŭzorg, diskret, konsilind, sagac, singard.

prujn-o, [UV] (hoar) (white) frost, rime (Ij 38/29). Li ŝutas ~on kiel cindron (Ps 147/16). Blanketa ~o de grizhareco (M 186/31). ~a, -ed, covered with f., hoary.

prun-o, [UV] Plum, fruit of -arbo (Prunus). ~o ĉerizflora, cherry plum. Damaska ~o (idamaso), damson. Sek~o, prune. Sovaĝa ~o, bullace, wild p. (P. domestica). ➞ abrikot, ĉeriz, damas, nektarin, prunel, renklod.

prunel-o, [UV] blackthorn, sloe, fruit of ~arbusto (Prunus spinosa) (2 Rĝ 14/9). ➞ brunel.

prunt-i (-n; al, de) [UV]. 1 ~i al (al~i, ~edoni), Lend (out), give on loan: ~i al iu ĉambr-(libr-mon-)on. 2 ~i de (de~i, ~epreni), Borrow, get on loan. ~e, on credit (loan). Ne prenu ~e kaj ne ~e donu, neither a b-er nor a 1-er be. ~(aĵ)o (al~o, de~o), loan. ~o amikon forpelas. Mon~aĵo. ~ejo, loan office. (Mon)~isto, moneyl-er. ➞ lombard.

pruv-i (-n; ke) [UV], Prove (Demonstrat/e) by argument or evidence, establish as true. ~i fakton, -(kulp-teori-)on. Nigro sur blanko ~as sen manko. ~o, d-ion, proof. Suspekto ~on ne egalas. ~o cirkonstanca, rekta. ~aĵo, evidence, exhibit, token. ~ebla, d-able. ~iĝi, be p-ed, become clear (evident). Mal~i, cast doubt on, dis-p, make uncertain, show fallacy of. Sen~a, without proof. ➞ konstat, montr, prov.

psalm-o, [OA] Psalm. ~i (kanti ~ojn). ~(kant)ado, -ody. ~aro, psalter, (Bb) The Psalms. ~isto, -ist, David,

psalter-o, psaltery, Hebrew stringed instrument (Ps 150/3, Da 3/5).

pseŭdo-, pseudo-, false(ly), professed(ly), seeming(ly), but not real(ly), not authentic, sham. ~afikso, ~Esperantisto, ~gravedo, ~laboro (M 155/2) -patriotism –scienco, sufikso.

pseŭdonim-o [OA] = kaŝnomo, plumnomo, pseudonym, fictitious name, pen name e.g., Kabe = K. Bein. ➞ cug.

psik-o, Psych/e, spirit. ~a, -ic(al). ~a fenomeno. ~ozo, -osis. PFX ~iatr-o, -io, -istr-ist-y. -analiz-o. -olog-o [OA], -io [OA]. ~opatio. ~neŭrozo. -oterapio.

psil-o, jumping plant-louse.

psok-o, book louse. ➞ laŭs.

psitak-o (griza papago), grey parrot (Psittacus).

ptarmik-o (ternherbo), sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica). ➞ akile.

pterid-o, bracken fern (Pteridium). ptero- (Gk pteron, wing). ~daktilo, pterodactyl. ~klo, sand grouse. (Pterocles). ~po, fruit bat, flying fox (Pteropus).

ptomain-o, (chem) ptomaine.

pub-o, (anat) Pub/es, -ic region. ~hara, -escent. ~laŭso (ftiro). ~osto.

public-i, Publicize, write for the press (on current topics). ~isto, -icity agent.

publik-o, [UV] the Public, people (opposite privat). 1 the community in gen: enirejo por la ~o. 2 (ĉeestantaro), audience, all present: Paroli antaŭ granda ~o. ~a, [UV] (by, for, of, the) p., common. ~a banejo, (feri-serv-viv-)o. ~a kunveno, open meeting. ~aj aferoj. ~e, in p., openly. ~igi, publish. 1 announce formally, make known. 2 issue copies. ~igi verkon. ~ulino, harlot, prostitute, street walker. Mal~e, in camera, with closed doors. ➞ ĝeneral, komun, naci, ŝtat.

pudel-o, [UV] poodle (dog). ➞ spaniel.

puding-o [OA], (wide sense) Pudding. ~o Kristnaska, riza. ~o el pomoj (M 60/5).

pudl-i, (met) Puddl/e, stir (molten iron). ~ado, -ing. ~isto, -er. ➞ flak.

pudor-o (sekshontemo), modesty, sense of decency. Atenci ies ~on. ~e, with delicacy. ~afekta, prudish. Sen~a, shameless, unblushing.

pudr-o, [UV] (face-, toilet-) Powder. Talk~o, riz~o. f neĝe ~ita kampo. ~ilo, p-puff. ~ujo, p-box, compact. ➞ polv, prujn, pulvor).

pudu-o, (zoo) pudu deer (Pudu puda).

puf-o, [OA] Puff, pad, wad, etc. ~a, -ed out, baggy, bulgy, bloated, full, inflated, swollen. ~a kamizolo, maniko (Rn 22/1). ~aj pakaĵoj, virinaj vestoj (M 106/9). ~ita robo (Rn 36/18) ~aĵo (~pasto), p-pastry. ~igi, blow out(up), distend, inflate. ~iĝi, p. out, swell. ~seĝo, pouffe tuffet. ➞ enblov, rembur, ŝvel.

pug-o, hindquarters, rump, (horse) crupper. Ĉe~e, pillion. ~mezuro, measurement round the hips. ~vergi, spank. Bel~a virino.

pugn-o, [UV] fist, clenched hand. ~i (~obati), punch, pommel, thump. ~u lin rekte en la kolon (Rz 54/25). ~ado, fisticuffs. ~ema, pugnacious. ~igi, (clench) la manon. ~obatali (boksi). ➞ duelbird.

pul-o, [UV] Flea (Pulex). (ordinary language) ~o akva, water-f; ~o folia, leaf-hopper; ~o mara, sabla, sandhopper. ~kolora, puce, ~ludo, tiddlywinks.

pulĉinel-o, [OA] Punchinello. ~a ludo, Punch-and Judy (puppet) show.

puli-o (rulbloko), Pulley (drum turned by belt); grooved wheel for cord. Cilindra ~o, flatface p. Diferentiala ~o, differential p. Fiksita ~o, fixed p. Gvid~o, guide p. Konusa ~o, cone p. Libera ~o, loose p. Moviĝanta ~o, driving p. Rektbraka ~o, straight-armed p. Streĉa ~o, tension p. ~aro (takelo), tackle.

pulikari-o, (bot) fleabane (Pulicaria). ➞ erigon.

pulm-o, [UV] Lung. ~oj, lights. ~a, pulmonary. ~a kongesto, malsano. ~ito (~inflamo) (pneŭmonio). Krii (spirt) plen~e, shout at the top of one’s voice, (draw a deep breath). ~ofiŝo, 1-fish.

pulmonari-o, (bot) 1-wort (Pulmonaria).

pulman-o, (ry) (luksvagono), pullman car.

pulovr-o, (cl) pullover.

pulp-o, pulp, fleshy (soft) part, formless mass, (anat) pad of finger or toe. Denta, frukta, papera ~o. ~a, -y. ~igi, reduce to p.

puls-o, [OA] Puls/e, beat, throb (of artery, heart). Mia ~o en takto batas. Po kiom de ~(bat)oj minute? (mus) pulse, beat. Tri~a mezuro, 3-p. measure, 3 beats in a bar. Komencu ĉe la tria ~o, on the third beat. Ĉef~o, strong p., down beat, f thrill, throb. pulsate, throb, f vivo ~as en li; en la urbo. ~ado, pulsation, beating, throbbing. Sen~a, p-less. ~ometro, -ometer.

pulsatil-o, (bot) Pasque flower (Anemone Pulsatilla). ➞ anemon.

pulv-o, [UV] (gun) Powder. ~a farejo, tenejo, p-mill (magazine). ~okorno, p-flask (horn). ➞ polv, pudr, pulvor.

pulvor-o, [UV] Powder (pulvorized matter). Bak~o, kaf~o, riz~o, sap~o, smirg~o. Blankiga ~o, whiting. Dent~o, tooth-p. Fulgo~o, flash-p. Lav~o, detergent. ~igi, grind (reduce) to p., pulvorize. f ~igi argumenton (crush, demolish). ~igi, crumble to dust. ~igema, friable. ~umi, powder, dredge (dust, sprinkle) with powder.

pum-o, puma, cougar, (Am) mountain lion (Felis concolor).

pumik-o, [UV] Pumice (stone). ~i, (clean, rub, with) pumice.

pump-i (-n), [UV] (work a) Pump. ~i akvon. ~ilo, pump. Aer~ilo, air-p. Benzin~ilo, petrol-p. Bicikla ~ilo, cycle p. Gras~ilo, grease-gun. Stomak~ilo, stomach-p. ~isto, pumper, (mot) p-assistant. El~i, f pump, draw information out of. For~i, p. away (out).

pun-i (pro) [UV], Punish (iun): castigate, chasten, chastise, correct. ~i krimulon. Kiun Dio amas, tiun li ~as. (ion): avenge (offence). ~o, penalty. Pagi, porti, ricevi ~on (pro). Mon~o, fine. Mort~o, capital punishment, death penalty. ~a, penal, punitive. ~ebla, ~inda, -able. Mort~inda, worthy of death. ~skribo, (school) imposition. ~libro, defaulter’s book. Sen~e, scot-free. ➞ bagn.

punc-a, [UV] (corn-)poppy red, flaming red (M 4/2, 14/21, 46/10, 174/13). ➞ karmezin, skarlat.

punĉ-o, [UV] (bev) Punch. Brand~o, lakt~o, rumpunĉo. ~ujo, punch-bowl.

pund-o, Pound (£). ➞ funt.

punkt-o, [UV] Point. 1 dot, spot, tick, f ~o (a mere speck) sur la horizonto. ~oj kaj streketoj (morse). Vokala ~o (Hebrew), (typ) full-stop. du~o, [UV] colon. 2 stop, halt: Meti ~on al la diskuto. f Punkto! and that’s that. 3 (mat) p. without space. 4 precise place (p., spot): Neŭtrala ~o, neutral p. ~o de alveno, apogo. ~o de kruciĝo (intersection). ~oj de la kompaso. ~o centra, danĝera, kontakta. Bol~o. Cel~o, bull’s eye. Dolor~o, tender spot. Fin~o, extremity. Frid~o, freezing-p. Nul~o, zero-p. Turn~o, turning-p. Vid~o, p. of view, stand-p, way of looking at things. f ~o tikla, vunda, sore point (etc.). 5 particular, matter under discussion: ~o en via letero; sur la tagordo. ~o de honoro. Eviti la ~on, evade the question. Tiri atenton al unu ~o. Prava ĉiu~e, in all respects. 6 degree: Bola, frosta, fandiĝa ~o. 7 (mus) dot. (a) staccato sign, (b) adding half-length. Noto (du)~ita, (double) dotted note. 8 (typ) 3~a plenlinio, 3-p. face. ~(ad)i, p., punctuate, stipple. ~i gravuraĵon. Herbejo ~ita de floroj. (mus) ~i (p.) psalmon por ĉantado. ~ado, interpunkcio, -ing, punctuation. ~aĵo, stippling. ~aro, (typ) (…). ➞ pint.

punt-o, [UV] Lace. Boben~o, bobbin lace. Brusela ~o, Brussels lace. Kudrila ~o, point lace. Man~o, handmade lace. Trikot~o, knitted lace. ~a kolumo, lace-collar. ~aĵo, l-work. ~istino, l-worker.

pup-o, [UV] doll. ~o artika, ĉifona, remburita, vaksa. Gant~o, glove puppet. Prov~o, dressmaker’s dummy, f Li estas nur ~o. ~a teatro, puppet-theatre. ➞ marionet.

pup-o, (ent) pupa. ➞ krizalido (= pupo papilia).

pupel-o, [UV] pupil (of the eye). ➞ lernant.

pupitr-o, [OA] (somewhat slanting) desk, stand. ~o lega, muzika, skriba. (rel) Ĥor~o, choir-stall. Leg~o, lectern.

pur-a, [UV] Pur/e, Clean. 1 unadulterated, unmixed, without addition or foreign matter: absolute (muziko); clear, colourless (ĉielo); nett (profito), sheer (malico). ~a matematiko (opposite applied). 2 without defect (taint): ~a ĝojo, koro. Unalloyed, unsullied, untarnished, ~a vero. 3 without dirt. ~a aero, mano, taso, tuko. Akvo kura, akvo ~a. ~e, purely. Demando ~e teoria. ~eco, ~emo, purity, cleanliness. Seksa ~eco, chastity. ~igi, [UV] clean, cleanse, purify. ~igi la nazon, blow the nose, ~ismo, ~isto, p-ism, p-ist. El~igi, expurgate, purge, refine. Mal~a, impure, unclean, foul, dirty, squalid, sordid. Tolaĵon ~~an lavu en la domo. ŝuoj ~~aj de koto. Atmosfera ~~o. ~~aĵo, dirt, filth, grime. ~~ega, filthy, foul, obscene. ~~igi, begrime, besmirch, defile, foul, pollute, soil. ~~ulino, slattern, sloven, slut. Bat~igi (tapiŝon). Frot~igi, scrub. Sek~igado, dry cleaning. Strat~igisto, dustman, scavenger. ➞ ĉast, sendifekt, senmakul senpek, virg, fek, kot.

purgatori-o, [OA] (rc) purgatory.

puritan-o, [OA] Puritan. 1 (rel, hist). 2 person of extreme strictness in morals. ~a, -ic(al). ~ismo.

purpur-a, [UV] Purple. 1 (colour) ~a robo de kardinalo. 2 (p. material) (Se 31/22). ➞ apatur.

pus-o, [UV] pus, matter. ~i, discharge, fester, run, suppurate (Ps 38/5). ~(oplen)a, ~(simil)a, purulent, ~ado, suppuration.

pustul-o [OA] (pusa akno), Pustul/e, pimple, ~a, -ous. ➞ akn, vezik.

puŝ-i (-n), [UV] Push, Thrust, shove. Ne ~u! ~i la pordon. Sin ~i antaŭen, elbow (make) one’s way to the front. Li ~is min eksteren. f actuate, drive, egg on, impel, urge. ~ata de entuziasmo, ĵaluzo, scivolo. ~i (ginger up) la vendadon. ~o, push, thrust, pressure. Per unu ~o de ponardo. Furioza ~o de pasio. (vn) up-bow. Vent~o, wind pressure, ~a, propulsive. ~ado, propulsion. ~ego, butt, ram. ~eti (genue, kubute), nudge. ~iĝado, melee, press, scrimmage. (Inter)~iĝi, p. o-a, barge into, bump against, crowd, hustle, jostle, scuffle. Antaŭen~i, promote. De~i, push away, t. aside, repulse (Am 9/2). Dis~i, put to flight, rout. Ek~i, jerk, jolt, jog. For~i, cast off, spurn. ~~i admonon, almozulon. En~i, p. (ram, t.,) in. Najla ~~ilo, nail punch. Kun~iĝi (kolizii) kun, collide with. Re~i, p. back, rebuff, repel. repulse, snub. ~~i atakon, malamikon. Tra~i sian vojon (p. through). Fal~iĝi (stumbli) (Ps 121/3). ➞ instig, pel, prem, ram, ŝov. Rim.: Puŝi = force by pressure: Ŝovi = make glide on plane surface.

put-o, [UV] Well. Ne kraĉu en ~on, ĉar vi trinki bezonos. ~o arteza, artesian well. Alfundiĝa ~o, man-hole. Ŝlim~o, draining-well. ~isto, well-sinker. ➞ bone, nu.

putor-o, [OA] pole-cat (Mustela putorius). from which furo, domestic ferret. ➞ mustel.

putr-i, [UV] (nt) (malkomponiĝi), Putr/ify, decay, decompose, go bad, rot. f ~i en malliberejo. f be morally corrupt. Io ~as en la ŝtato. ~(ant)a, putrescent, putrid, addled, corrupt, dank, decaying, high, rotten, rotting. ~(ad)o, putrefaction, corruption. ~o seka, dry rot. ~aĵo, carrion, decayed matter, filth, ~eco, rottenness. ~ema, perishable. ~igi, addle, corrupt, cause to rot. ~iga, septic. ~iĝi, go bad (off). ~iva, putrescible. For~i, die out, rot away. Ilia nomo ~os (ekstermiĝos). Kontraŭ~a. ➞ degener, dekadenc, korupt, mucid, ŝim.

puzl-o, puzzle, (any) game of patience.


R

R-o [F], letter R.

rab-i (-n, al, de), [UV] Rob, deprive of (steal) by violence, take by force. La morto ~is al (de) li infanon. f Vi ~is de mi ĉian esperon. ~(ad)o, -bery, depredation, pillage, plunder, rapine. ~a, predatory, of prey. ~a besto, birdo. ~aĵo, booty, loot, plunder, spoil. ~ema, rapacious, ravening, ~isto, brigand, robber, freebooter, marauder. Malriĉulo ~iston ne timas. Dom~isto, nokt~isto. Voj~isto, highwayman. ~irado, foray, raid. Dis~i, loot, sack. La soldatoj ~~is die. For~i (de), abduct, carry off, kidnap. Pri~i (Ps 44/10, Na 2/10), (iun, ion), cheat, defraud, prey on, swindle; despoil, pillage, plunder, ransack, rifle. Li ~~is min. ~~i preĝejon, landon, vojaĝanton.

rabarb-o, [OA] rhubard (Rheum).

rabat-o, [UV] (com) Rebate, allowances, deduction, reduction, discount, Konsenti, ricevi ~on. 10% da ~o, 10% discount, f kun deca ~o, with a grain of salt. ~i (-n), allow a rebate, deduct, make a reduction, take off. Mi povas ~i nur unu ŝilingon. Aĉeti, vendi ~e, at reduced prices. Sen~e, net. ➞ diskont.

rabd-o (divena vergo), divining (dowsing) rod. ~ado. ~isto.

raben-o, [UV] Rabbi. ~a, -nical. Ĉef~o, grand rabbi.

rabet-i, ~o, (carp) Rabbet. ~a junto, r ing joint.

rabi-o, [OA] rabies, canine madness, f frenzy, fury, passion. ~a, rabid, demented, mad, raging. Por hundon dronigi, oni nomas ĝin ~a. Kuri ~e, run like mad. Ami ~e, love to distraction. ~ulo, person in a rage. ➞ frenez.

rabot-i (-n), [UV] Plane, ~aĵo, (wood or metal) shavings. ~ilo, p. (Jes 44/13). ~ilo dufera, double p. ~ilo folda, groove p. ~ilo glatiga, smoothing p. ~ilo kaŭĉuka, sqeegee. ~ilo profila, moulding p. ~o rabeta, rabbeting p. ~ilo stabla, jack p. ~fero, p-iron. ~feringo, p-stock. ~maŝino,  ing machine.

racem-o, (bot) raceme.

raci-o, [OA] Reason, judgment, logical (intellectual) faculty, sense. ~a, rational. 1 endowed with r. La homo estas ~a animalo. 2 -able, in conformity with (based on) reason, sensible, sound. ~a decido, klarigo. ~eco, reasonableness, rationality. ~igi, rationalize.

racional-a, (mat) Rational. Nombro ~a (ne~a). (phi)

racionalismo [OA] (raciismo), -isto, [OA] -ism, -ist.

rad-o, [UV] Wheel. ~o de horloĝo, muelilo, veturilo. Antaŭ~o, front w. Ĉen~o, chain w. Klik~o, rachet w. Libera ~o, free-w. Post~o, back w. Reg~o, fly-wheel. Ŝild~o, shield-w. Transmisia ~o, transmission w. Vic~o, spare w. Dent~o, cog-w., ratchet. ~~eto, pinion. Fajro~o, (pyr) Catherine w. Padel~o, paddle w. Ŝmirg~o, emery w. Stir~o, steering w. Tret~o, tread-mill. Du~a, two-ed. f La ~o de la sorto, w. of fate. Ĵeti bastonon en la ~on (= malhelpi). ~oj, ~aro, wheels, clock-work, mechanism, works. ~centro (nabo), hub. ~mortigi (~umi), break on the w. ~radio, spoke. ~rando, rim. ~ringo (bendo), tyre. Strek~o, milled (serrated) wheel.

radar-o [UV] (radio-birado, radio-detekto, radio-eĥado), (ph) radar. ~i, guide by radar.

radi-o, [UV] Radi/ation, 1 ray: ~o de lumo, varmo. ~o elektra, subruĝa, transviola. Lun~o, sun~o, moon-beam, sun-beam. ~oj aktinaj, kosmaj. Alfa~oj, beta~oj, gama~oj, iks~oj. 2 something radiating (branching) out, diverging from a point, e.g., Drat~o, Rad~o, spoke. Rad~a formilo, spoke- shave. 3 Radio, wireless: ~a stacio. ~(ant)a, ~luma, radiant, beaming. ~(ad)i, -ate, beam, send out rays, shine. La suno ~as forte, f be -ant, beam. Ŝia vizaĝo ~is feliĉon (de feliĉo). f El tiu placo ~as ok stratoj. ~ado, ~aĵo, ~aro, radiation. ~ado atmosfera. ~ilo, radiator. ~isto, radio operator. ~uloj, (zoo) -ata. Dis~i, radiate, spread (send out) light. Pri~i, illuminate, light up. ➞ radius. PFX: RADIO-, radio-. -aktiva, ~amatoro, ~aparato, ~fonio, ~fotografio, ~telegrafio, ~gramo, ~logio, ~metro, ~skopio, ~terapio.

radian-o, (geom) radian.

radik-o, [UV] Root. 1 of plant. 2 of object. ~o de dento, haro, ungo. Man~o, (pojno), wrist. 3 (gram) of word: stem. 4 (mus) of chord. 5 (mat) of number. Kuba, kvadrata ~o. 6 base, essential foundation. Detrui la ~ojn de milito. ~a, (of the) r., base. ~a vorto. ~i, have rr. in, stand -ed. ~eto, -let, radicle. Ek~i, en~iĝi, take r. El~(ig)i (detrui, ekstermi), r. out (up), eradicate, extirpate. El~i malbonon. ➞ likvid. En~(ig)i, implant, inculcate. ~~i principon. ~(ig)ita, ~iĝinta, -ed, confirmed, inveterate. Sen~a, without roots. ➞ nefirm, nefortik, nevivipov.

radikal-a, [OA] Radical. 1 (pol) ~a partio. 2 (funda, plena): basic, complete, fundamental, thorough-going. ~a reform, ŝanĝo (H 56/29). 3 (mat) ~a signo, r-sign (V). ~e, completely, fundamentally. ~o, (chem) r. ~ismo, (phi) -ism. ~ulo, r.

radium-o, (chem) radium (Ra). ~a terapio.

radius-o (duondiametro), radius. 1 (of circle), f (of activity). Nenie en trimejla ~o, nowhere within three miles, (av) Flug~o, flight radius. 2 radius bone in forearm.

radon-o, (chem) radon (Rn).

rafan-o, [UV] (black Spanish) Radish (Raphanus sativus var. major). ~eto, garden r. (pink or white) (1 FA 48/36). ~o sovaĝa (rafanistro), wild r. ➞ kren.

rafi-o, Raffia, bast, fibre from r. palm (Raphia).

rafin-i (-n), [UV] Refin/e, clarify, free from dross or defects, (chem) purify. ~i metalon, oleon, petrolon. f polish, improve. ~i poemon. ~ado, -ing. ~ejo, refinery. Suker~ejo. ~ita, -ed; chaste, delicate, polished, subtle. ~ita gusto, penso, stilo. ~itaj manieroj, exquisite manners. ➞ polur. Opp krud.

ragu-o, (cul) ragout, spiced meat stew.

raĝ-o, rajah, Indian king or prince. ~ino, ranee.

raj-o, [OA] (ich) ray (Raja) > skate (R. batis).

rajd-i (-n, sur) [UV], Rid/e (animal, cycle, etc.), go on horseback, etc. ~i sur ĉevalo, leono. ~i biciklon, ĉevalon, Sorĉistino ~as sur balailo. ~a, equestrian. ~o, r. ~e, on horseback, etc. Malfeliĉo venas ~e (rapide), foriras piede. ~anto, -er, equestrian. Antaŭ~anto, postillion. ~antaro, cavalcade. ~ato, mount, ~ebla (ĉevalo, distanco), that can be -den. ~ejo, -ing ground. ~igi (infanon surdorse, surgenue). ~ilo, hobby-horse. ~isto, equerry, jockey. ~arto, equitation, horse riding. ~vesto, -ing habit. ~vojo, ride, bridlepath. ➞ ĉeval, ĵoke, vetur.

rajon-o (artefarita silko), (tex) rayon.

rajp-i, (nt) seize up, become stuck, bind, run hot (bearings, etc.) from lack of lubrication. ~ado (jamming) de bremso.

rajt-o, [UV] Right (to something), just claim, prerogative, what one is entitled to. Hereda ~o. Hom~oj. ~oj de virinoj. Defendi, perdi siajn ~ojn. Havi ~on protesti, de sindefendo. Nobelino laŭ propra ~o, in her own right. Kopi~o (aŭtora, eldoneja), copy-r. Traduk~o. Voj~o, r. of way. ~(hav)a, r-ful, just, legitimate. (Laŭ~)e, r-fully, by r(r). ~e plendi, posedi. ~i, (nt) (havi ~on), have the r. (be entitled) to. Vi ~as (ricevi) kom- penson. Kion ~as leono, ne ~as azeno. ~igi, [UV] give r. to, authorize, empower, entitle, warrant. Mi ~igas vin mianome. ~igaĵo, ~igilo, ~iga dokumento, authority, credentials, warrant. ~igito, accredited agent, attorney, proxy. Mal~o, Sen~eco, tort. Ne~a, Sen~a, without r., unjustified, unwarranted, wrongful. Plendi sen~e. ""igi, invalidate. Egal~eco, sam~eco, equality (parity) of rr. Egal~e, on equal terms. Ligno~o, fuel r. by estovers. Plen~a, plenipotentiary. Voj~o, r. of way. ➞ jur, pov, privilegi.

rak-o, Rack, framework for keeping articles in (or on). ~o bicikla, bomba, botela, ĉapela, drena, fojna, gazeta, muzika, pakaĵa, pipa, ila, ŝlosila, telera. Veturila ~o, rack (rail) of cart.

raked-o, (sp) Racquet (tenisa), battledore (volana), etc. ~ludo, (gm) rr. ~a korto, r-court. ~streĉilo, r-press. ➞ skvaŝ.

raket-o, [OA] (pyr) Rocket. Lum~o, fiare-r. Sav~o, life-r. ➞ fuze.

rakit-o, rachitis, rickets. ~a, rachitic.

rakont-i (-n) (pri, ke) [UV], Narrat/e, describe, give an account of, recount, relate, tell about. ~i aventur-(histori-)on, siajn impresojn. Oni ~as, ke, It is rumoured that. ~i parkere, recite. ~u! Fire away! Go ahead! Jen kion oni ~as, what people say, the tale afloat. ~o, -ive, -ion, account, recital, tale. Mir~o, fairy tale. Popol~o, folk-tale, legend. ~a, -ive. ~aĉo, tedious long-winded tale. ~ema, garrulous. ~isto, -or, reconteur, storyteller. ~inda, worth tellg. Fi~o, dirty tale, low smutty story. Ne~ebla, untellable, indescribable. ➞ fabel, histori, priskrib, raport.

ral-o, (orn) Rail (Rallus). Akva ~o, water rail.

rali-o, (sport, etc.) rally.

ralik-o, (mar) bolt-rope, roping (of sail). ~a ringo, cringle.

ram-i, (mech, mil) Ram. ~ilo, -mer, plunger (of force-pump), tamper. ~ilego, ~maŝino, battering-r., pile-driver, drop-hammer. ➞ puŝ.

ramfast-o, (orn) toucan (Ramphastos).

rami-o, China grass, ramie (Boehmeria nivea). ➞ bemeri.

ramn-o, buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana). f. w. kaskaro. ➞ frangol.

ramp-i, [UV] (nt) 1 Creep, crawl: Bebo, limako, raŭpo, serpento ~as. ~i sur manoj kaj genuoj; tra truo. f (~iri), progress slowly, drag, shamble. 2 (plant), climb, spread out, trail: Hedero ~as sur muro. ~(aĉ)i, cringe, toady, truckle (to); fawn (on); grovel (before). ~i antaŭ potenculo. ~(ej)o, incline, ramp, rise, slope. ~(em)a, c-ing, crawling, servile. ~anta, rampant. ~aĵo [UV] (~a planto), creeper. ~ulo (reptilio), reptile. El~i, (En~i), c. out (in). Supren~i (grimpi), c. up. Sur~i, c. over.

ran-o, [UV] Frog (Rana). Arb~o (hilo), tree (green) f. Bov~o, bull (flying) f. Manĝebla ~o, edible f. Venena ~o (dendrobato), poison f. ➞ kvak.

ranatr-o, (ent) narrow water scorpion (Ranatra). ➞ nepa.

ranc-a, [UV] Rancid (of fats), bad, musty, rank, stale. ~a butero, oleo.

rand-o, [UV] Border, Edge (boundary, extremity, of surface). ~o de arbaro, kampo, paĝo, telero, tuko bank, side (of river); brim (of hat); brink, verge (of abysm); eaves (of roof); limb (of moon); lip (of wound), rim (of wheel). La ~oj de la tero, the ends of the earth. Ĉe (sur) la ~o, at (on) the edge. Boata ~o, gunwale, gunnel. ~a, marginal. ~hava, -ed, rimmed. Ruĝ~aj palpebroj. ~aĵo, border, e-ing, list, selvedge (tuko). Ĝis~e, alongside, e. to e. Klin~o (bevelo). Larĝ~a, broad-brimmed. Tranĉ~o, e. (klinga). ~dentoj, perforation, serration, indentation. ~egaligi, e. off, clip, trim, snuff (mecon). ~rompi, eat into, indent 0noĉi). ~tranĉi, cut out. ➞ bord, eĝ, flanĝ, marĝen, orl.

rang-o, [UV] Rank (of degree, dignity, importance, quality), class, grade, place, standg, status. ~o administra, socia. ~o kolonela. Teni sian ~on, keep up one’s position. ~i kiel (havi ~on de). ~ulo, dignitary (Ij 29/10). Sam~ulo, equal, fellow, peer. Alt~a, of high rank. Dua~a, of second-rate importance. Laŭ~e, by r. Pli~iĝo (~altiĝo), advancement, promotion. Sen~a, simple. Unua~a, first-class. ➞ vic. [Ne= range (amplekso)].

rankor-o, rancour, inveterate bitterness, malignant hate, spitefulness. ~a, -ous.

ranunkol-o, [UV] Ranuncul/us > Buttercup, crowfoot, spear-wort. ~acoj, -aceae, b. fam.. Duobla ~o, bachelor’s buttons. ➞ fikari.

rap-o, [UV] turnip (Brassica rapa). Kaŭlo~o, kohlrabi. ➞ brasik, nap.

rapid-a, [UV] Fast, Rapid; fleet, prompt, speedy, swift. ~a flugo, kuro, progreso, ŝanĝo, vento. ~a kiel fulmo, penso. (mus) laŭ la unua ~o, tempo primo. ~e, fast, apace, expeditiously, quickly. Kreski ~e, kiel fungo. ~i, be in a hurry (quick), haste. ~i hejmen; al la stacidomo; por fini. Ne ~u koleri. ~u mal~e! ~(ec)o, speed, velocity. ~o subsona, supersona. ~o de lumo. ~aĵo (de rivero), rapids, race. (Vibro) ~eco, (el) freqcy. ~ega, hurried, impetuous, lightning, precipitate. Li for~egis, sped away. ~ema, hasty, hurried, precipitous. ~ema momento, fleeting moment. (pli)~igi (akceli), accelerate, expedite, hasten, hurry up. ~umo, speed gear. ~~ilo, (~ŝanĝilo), gear lever. Tri~umo, three-s-g. Ŝanĝi de la unua ~umo ĝis la tria. ~aga, expeditious. ~ira vagonaro (ekspreso), fast train. Mal~a, slow, deliberate, tardy. ~~i, dawdle, lag, linger, loiter, (clock) be slow. ~~igi, retard. Plen~e, at full speed. Poŝt~e, post haste. Tro~i (clock) be fast. Rim.: Rap! rap! rapidu! kriis la anasino (2 FA/34, 30). ➞ galop, hast, kur, urĝ.

rapir-o, [UV] rapier, foil, small-sword (fencing). ➞ glav, skerm, spad.

raport-i (-n, al, pri; ke) [UV], 1 (make a) Report (on), describe, detail, give an accnt of, relate. ~i eventon, fakton, novaĵon. ~i pri decido, progreso. 2 take down in shorthand, record. ~i diskuton, parolon, kongreson. 3 (fi~i), inform, peach, sneak, tell tales. ~o, report, description, statement, record. Ne ĉiu ~o estas vera vorto. ~o favora, fidela. (sten) ~a (parolrapida) stilo. ~isto, -er, recorder. Mis~i, mis-r., distort the facts. Kalkul~o, statement of accounts. ➞ komunik, protokol, rakont, sciig.

rapsodi-o, (lit) rhapsod/y, 1 great epic poem. 2 ecstatic rambling effusion, (mus) similar composition. ~(iist)o, -ist.

rapunkol-o, (bot) rampion bell-flower, ramps (Campanula rapuneulus).

rar-a = malofta. ~aĵo, rarity.

ras-o, [OA] Rac/e. 1 (idaro), breed, descendants, family, stock: La ~o Abrahama. 2 folk (people) with special characteristics: ~o blanka, flava, nigra. (bot) strain, variety. Bona ~o de bovoj, rozoj. ~a, -ial. ~ismo, -(ial)ism. Bon~a, Pur~a. Miks~a, mongrel, of mixed r. ➞ gent, hered, sang, sem.

rasp-i (-n) [UV], Grate, Rasp, scrape. ~i fromaĝon, karoton. f g. on one, irritate. ~ilo, grater. Muskat~ilo, nutmeg grater. ~(ec)a, grating, rasping, harsh, rough. ~a bruo, sono. f (malglata, raŭka), ~a voĉo. ➞ fajl, grat, muel, skrap.

rast-i, [UV] Rak/e, collect (draw, scrape) together. 1 (kun~i), ~i fojnon, pajlon, foliojn. 2 (sir~i, skrapi), scratch. ~i la teron. ~ilo, r. ~aĵo, -ings.

rastral-o, five-nibbed pen for making music staves.

rat-o, [UV] Rat (Rattus). ~o bruna, nigra.

ratel-o, (zoo) ratel, honey-badger (Mellivora capensis).

ratafi-o, (cul) ratafia.

rati-o ( = rilatumo), (mat) ratio, quantitative relation. ➞ proporei.

ratif-i, (jur, pol) ratify, confirm, endorse, make valid by formal sanction. ~i decidon, interkonsenton, traktaton.

ratl-i (nt), Rattle, ~ilo (toy, mus), r. ➞ krotal.

raŭf-o (fojn-rako, pakaĵa rako), stable-rack luggage-rack.

raŭk-a, [UV] Hoarse, husky, raucous, raw, rough. ~a krio, voĉo. ~eco, h-ness. ~igi, make h. ~iĝi de troa kriado. ➞ malklar, obtuz, rasp, skrap.

raŭp-o, [UV] 1 (lepidoptera larvo), Caterpillar. Lana ~o, woolly bear (➞ arkti). Migra ~o, processionary c. Silk~o, silkworm. Sen~igi, clear of cc. ➞ larv, pup, verm. 2 (mec) c-band. ~ero, unit of this.

rav-i (-n) [UV], (fill with) Delight, Ravish, captivate, enchant, enrapture, entrance, hold spellbound, overjoy, transport. Nin ĉiam ~as, kion ni ne havas. ~o, d., ecstacy, rapture. ~a, ravishing, d-ful, bewitching, captivating, charming, entrancing, lovely. ~a fraŭlino, muziko, pejzaĝo. ~e (d-fully) danci, ludi. ~iĝi de, d. in. ~ita, d-ed, overjoyed. ~ita de novaĵo, sperto. ➞ ĉarm, ekstaz, ensorĉ. [Ne= rave (furioz, frenez)].

ravin-o, ravine, deep narrow gorge, mountain cleft. ~i, gully, hollow out. La torentoj ~is la teron.

raz-i (-n), [UV] Shave. 1 ~i la kapon, vangon, verton; sin. 2 (for~i), ~i la barbon, lipharojn. Plene ~ita, clean-en. f brush, graze, skim over. La hirundo ~is la teron. f La ventego for~is la domojn. ~iĝi, (have a) shave. ~ilo, razor (Ps 52/2). ~ilo sendanĝera, safety razor. ~isto, barber, hair-dresser. ➞ barbir, falĉ, tond, tonsur.

razen-o (a. gazono) (grestapiŝo), Lawn, fine short grass, green, sward. Tondi la ~on. ~tondilo, lawn-mower.

re-, [UV] (pfx) re-, 1 Again, anew, a second time, once more. ~kanti, sing again. Gis la ~vido. ~adresi, ~komenci, ~legi. 2 Back (return to point of departure or original state). ~doni, restore, return. ~junigi, -juvenate. ~salti, re-bound, re-coil. ~pagi, ~meti, ~sendi. Rim.: Both meanings den, repetition of the action: the context usually shows which. 1 La suno ~brilas (shines again) post longa nokto. 2 La suno ~brilas (shines back) de la akvo. For greater precision use 1 denove, duan fojon; 2 returne, reen. ➞ retro.

reakci-o, [OA] (ch) (ph) Reaction, responsive or reciprocal action. Ĉen~o. ~o de la spirito (M 69/12). (pol) retrograde movement. ~i, react upon. ~i reciproke, interact. ~(em)a, reactive. ~ulo, -ary. ➞ reag, reefik.

reaktanc-o, (el) reactance.

reaktor-o, reactor.

real-a, [OA] Real: actually existing, factual, material, objective, veritable. ~a estro, sento. ~a mondo. real life. ~e, in a -istic way. ~aĵo, ~eco, -ity, actuality, ~igi, -ize, bring into being, carry out, convert into fact; "bring home". ~igi idealon. ~iĝi, be -ized, come true. Mia revo nun ~iĝis. ~ismo, -ism. ~isma, -istic. ~isto, -ist. Mal~a, Ne~a, unreal, illusory. ➞ iluzi, rev, sonĝ, utopi. ➞ aktual, efektiv, fakt, praktik, ver.

real-o, (num) real, Spanish coin.

realgar-o, (chem) realgar, red arsenic, disulphide of arsenic.

rebus-o [OA] (bildenigmo), rebus, picture puzzle.

recenz-i, [OA] (write a) Review (of), write a critical report on. ~i libr-(verk-)on. ~i akr-(malfavor-)e, cut up., r. adversely. ~o, r., critique, critical notice in a publication. ~ado, -ing. ~into, ~isto, -er. ➞ kritik.

recep-i, (hort) cut back (down).

recept-o, [OA] (cul, tech), Receipt, formula, recipe (written instruction for preparation of something). ~o kuir-(kuracist-)a. ~i, give a r. ~aro, book of rr. ➞ kvitanc, preskrib, ricevatest.

reciprok-a, [UV] Reciproc/al, Mutual, in return. ~a am-(konfid-profit-protekt-)o. ~e, r-(m-)ally, vice versa, one another. (sin) ~e malami, hate each other. Vi devus vin helpi ~e, help one another. ~e premi la manojn. ~i, -ate, give and receive m-ally, exchange, interchange. ~i bondezir-(salut-)ojn. ~eco, r-ity. ➞ komun.

recit-i, Recit/e, repeat by heart, (mus) ~a no to,  ing note. ~aĵo, -ation, declamation.

recital-o, recital, public performance by one person.

recitativ-o, [OA] (mus) recitative.

redakci-o, [UV] vague word = 1 redaktistaro (M 72/2), 2 redaktejo (M 66/1). ~ano, member of the editorial staff.

redakt-i (-n) [OA], Edit. 1 draw up, put into suitable form, revise and correct: ~i artikol-(raport-)on. 2 conduct a magazine or other publication: ~i gazet -(turnal-)on. ~ejo, -orial office or department. ~isto, ~oro, [UV] -or. Ĉef~isto, -or in chief. ~istaro, -orial staff.

redempt-i (elaĉeti), (thl) redeem, deliver from power of sin. ~o, redemption. ~into, -er.

redingot-o, 1 frock-coat. 2 Woman’s long double-breasted overcoat.

redukt-i, [OA] Reduc/e. 1 diminish (in number, power, size): abate (pretendon); abridge, cut (down) elspezon, programon; bring down (lower) pezon, prezon, rapidon, temperaturon, relieve (premon); restrict (liberon). 2 bring (convert) to another form: ~i ercon al metalo; iun al malespero; la faktojn al tri klasoj. ~(ad)o, -tion, abatement, cut, decrease. ~o de hernio, postulo, tarifo. ~o al absurdo. ~ebla, -ible, convertible. ~ilo, (phot) -er,  ing agent. ~iĝi al, boil down to. La tuta afero ~iĝas al unu demando. ➞ limig.

redut-o, (mil) redoubt.

ref-o, [OA] reef (strip of sail). ~i, (nt) r., reduce surface, take in (sail). ~ilo, r-point. Mal~i, loose sail, shake out a r. ➞ fald.

referat-o, scientific or technical dis- sertation, treatise.

referenc-o, [OA] Reference. 1 r. to authority (original, another text, etc.), drction to book, etc., where information may be found. Verko de ~o, work of r. ~a Biblio, biblioteko, r. Bible (library). 2 recommendation, testimonial, as to character, etc. ~ilo (~a signo), r-mark (* t J etc.). ~ulo, r. ➞ alud, rilat.

referend(um)-o, (jur, pol, soc) referendum.

refleks-o, (bi, ps) Reflex. ~a ag-(mov-)o.

refleksiv-a (resenda), reflexive, (gram) referring to subject ~a pronomo.

reflekt-i (-n), Reflect (rays), mirror, throw back. ~i koloron, lumon, sonon, radion, varmon. ~(ad)o, -ed image. ~o (gleam, shimmer) de la luno sur lago. f Literaturo estas ~o de moroj. ~a angulo, ebeno, surfaco, angle (plane, surface) of -ion. ~igi, be -ed. (of sound), reverberate. ~ilo, reflector. ~oro, reflecting mirror (of telescope, or car head-lamp) (kaplumo). ➞ rebril, reĵet, resend, spegul.

reform-i, Reform, amend, improve. ~i juron, kalendaron, regularon, la mondon. ~ita eklezio, -ed church. ~o, reformation, removal of abuses, etc. ~oj en Esperanto. ~ejo, -atory. ~iĝi, r., mend one’s ways. ~emulo, ~isto, -er. ➞ re-form.

reform(aci)o, [OA] (rel) the Reformation.

refrakt-i (-n), Refract, bend, deflect from a straight course. ~i radion. ~o, -ion. ~o akva, atmosfera. ~a angul-(indic-tele- skop-)o. ➞ difrakt.

refren-o (rekantaĵo), (lit, mus), refrain, chorus, f Jen lia ĉiama ~o\ (constant theme, harping on the same string).

refut-i (-n) [OA], Refut/e, confute, disprove, overthrow by argument, rebut. ~i aserton, eraron, opinion, tezon (Ij 34/6). -ation. ~ebla, -able, Ne~ebla (irrefutable) fakto.

reg-i (-n) [UV], Rul/e, Domin/ate, sway, have decisive influence over. 1 (pol) be ruler over, command, govern: Mono mondon ~as, 2 administer, conduct, control, direct, manage, regulate, run: ~i aferojn, entreprenon, sian hejmon, la industrion de la lando. 3 keep in check (under control), master: sin, ĉevalon, la situacion, sian emocion, langon. 4 dominate, take possession of: Ambicio, homamo, venĝemo ~is lian animon, koron, vivon, f ~is gaja humoro (erara opinio, paco, silento). ~(ad)o, d-ion, rule, conduct of affairs, government. ~ado Brita, demokrata. ~anto, ruler. ~anta, d-ant, prevailing. ~ato, [UV] subject. ~ema, d-eering. ~istaro, government. Inter~o, interregnum. Mis~i, misrule. Ne~ebla, uncontrolable, ungovernable, unmanageable, irrestrainable. Sin~o, autonomy, self-control, self-mastery, self-restraint. Nesin~ema (impulsiva), impulsive. Super~i, 1 d-ate, prevail over. 2 be supreme, predominant, have the upper hand. Tiu principo ~~as ĉiun alian. ~~a (all-important) fakto. ~~ema, overbearing. ➞ direkt, domin, guvern, kontrol, regulig, reg.

regal-i (-n) [UV], Entertain, Treat, regale. 1 e., t. (well or ill), divert. ~i amikon per frukto (kanto). Oni bone nin ~is, they treated us well, (col) we did ourselves well, had a good tuck-in. Kia ~ato, tia ~ado. (iron) La polico ~is min per vergoj (Rz 73/6). ~(ad)o, e-ment, t., feast. ~anto, host. Mi ~os, "It’s on me", I’m standing

t. ~ema, generous, open-handed. For~i, discharge, send abt one’s business, settle the account of. ~~o, leave of absence. regatt-o= boata festo, ŝipkurado.

regent-o, [OA] Regen/t, provisional ruler. ~eco, -cy.

regiment-o, [UV] Regiment. ~a, -al. ~aĵoj, -als. ~estro, colonel.

region-o, [UV] Region. 1 (of land), pt with special characteristics, area, district, locality, territory, tract. ~o apudmara, dezerta, monta, tropika. Maiza ~o, maize belt. 2 (of body): area, part. ~o abdomena, lumba. f field, sphere. ~o de filozofio, laboro, de revoj. ~a, -al, local, sectional. ~a dialekto, federacio, gazeto. ~estro, governor. ➞ distrikt, kamp, lok, sfer.

registr-i, [UV] Regist/er. 1 record, set down methodically, book, enter: ~i abonantojn, dokumentojn, variojn de temperaturo. 2 (post): ~ita letero. ~(olibr)o, register, list, record, roll, (surv) field-book. ~o de nomoj (No 3/40), de naskiĝoj, mortoj. 3 (mus) (of voice): ~o brusta, kapa, meza. (of organ): pitch: ~o %-futa, 16-futa. ➞ piĉ. ~ado, -ration. ~ejo, -ry, record office. ~iĝi, enter one’s name. ~isto, -rar, recorder. En~i, r., enrol. Orgeno trans~a, unit (cinema) organ. ➞ kronik, list, not.

reglament-i, Regulat/e, bring under -ions, make rules for, organize. ~o, -ion, by-law, etc. Trafika ~o, highway code. ~a, -ion, prescribed, statutory.

regn-o, [UV] Kingdom, State. 1 (pol) entity, sovereign power. f La ~o de la tielo. 2 (sc) k. ~o animala, minerala, planta. ~a, state, national. ~a kaso (K 187/9), s-treasury. ~a konsilantaro, council of state. ~ano [UV] (civitano), citizen, subject. Sam~ano, fellow-citizen. ~anigi, naturalize. ~estro, head of state. Inter~a, inter-s. Vic~estro, deputy president, regent, viceroy. ➞ imperi, land, naci, potenc, ŝtat.

regol-o, [UV] (orn) (Regulus) > firecrest, goldcrest.

regres-i, draw (fall), go (move, step) back. ~o, declension, recession, retrogression, set-back. ~a, regressive, retrograde. ~e, backwards. ➞ malprogres, malprosper, retro.

regul-o, [UV] Regul/ation, rule; canon, guide, principle, standard. ~o de aritmetiko, gramatiko, konduto. Ne ekzistas ~o sen escepto. (ecc) rule of religious order. ~a, Regular. 1 normal, orderly, symmetrical. 2 constant, habitual, uniform, repeated periodically, without variation. ~a laboro, salajro, vivo. ~e, -ly respondi, ricevi gazeton, viziti lernejon. ~oj, ~aro, (set of) rr., rules. ~oj de ludo. ~eco, -ity. ~igi, -ate, -arize, adjust, set in order (right). horloĝon, kontojn. ~(ig)ilo, -ator. ~igilo aertira, draught -ator. Dec~oj, usages of good society, etiquette. Ekster~a, abnormal. Kontraŭ~a. Ne~a, anomalous, ir-r, out of order. Laŭ-e, by rule, in order. Sub~o, bye-law. ➞ jur, leĝ, princip, reglament, statut.

reĝ-o, [UV] King, (chs, drs), k. Festo de la tri ~oj, 12th night. ~oj, (Bb) Kings, f Leono, la ~o de la bestoj. ~(ec)a, royal, regal, kingly. (chs) ~a turo, k’s castle. ~i, reign (1 Sa 8/9, Ps 22/28). Inter blinduloj ~as strabuloj. ~ado, reign, ~eco, kingship, royalty. ~ido, prince of the royal blood, ~ino, queen. ➞ dam. ~edzino, queen consort. ~lando, kingdom. Eks~iĝi, abdicate, lose the crown. Vic~o, viceroy. ➞ abdik, reg.

reĝim-o, [OA] regime, (mec) normal running, working conditions. (med) regimen, prescribed diet or way of life, (pol) method of government, order of things, rule(s).

reĝisor-o, (th) stage manager.

rejs-o, (num) reis.

rek-o, (sp) horizontal bar.

reklam-i (-n, per, por) [OA], Advertis/e, boost, puff, ~o, -ement, -ing. ~o eklipsa, luma, flashing (illuminated) sign. ~a, publicity. ~ilo, means of -ing. ~isto, -ing agent. ➞ afiŝ, abon, aviz, public.

rekomend-i (-n, al, ke) [UV], Recommend. 1 advocate, commend, praise as suitable. ~i hotelon, (libron, metodon, sekretarion. Sen mensoga ~o ne iras la vendo. 2 advise, counsel, enjoin, prescribe. ~i paciencon. esti singarda. (al iu) la uzon de Esperanto (registri), ~i leteron. ~o, -ation. ~a letero, letter of -ation. ~inda, commendable. Mal~i, advise against, denigrate, disparage, speak ill of.

rekompenc-i (-n), [UV] Recompense, make amends, repay, requite, reward (or punish) (for), ~o, r., award, meed, payment, remuneration. ~o por laboroj (Pr 2/10). ~e, in return. ~inda, worthy of r. ➞ kompens, laŭr, premi.

rekon-i (a. agnoski) (konfesi, oficiale akcepti), Recogn/ize, acknowledge character (claim, genuineness, validity) of, admit (treat) as. ~i kiel regon. ~i la justecon de pretendo. ~o, -ition. Oficiala ~o. Rim.: Better regarded as a root, than as re-kon.

rekord-o, [OA] (sp) Record, best (most remarkable) performance. Superi ~on. Mond~o, world r. ~ulo, r-break-(hold-)er. ➞ campion, registr. [Ne= disk, registr].

rekrement-o [OA] (restaĵo post ekstrakto), dregs, dross, grounds, lees, residue, superfluous (waste) matter; draff (brewers’), husks (of grain). ~o biera, vinbera. ➞ feĉ, skori.

rekrut-o [UV] (nova varbito), Recruit, conscript, new soldier, f Nia movado bezonas ~ojn. -i, r. ~iĝi, be enlisted. ~isto, -ing officer. ➞ varb.

rekt-a, [UV] Straight, Direct. 1 not curved or crooked, bee-line: ~a lini-(voi-)o. 2 erect, upright, vertical: ~a kiel poplo. 3 without deviation, to the point: ~a demando, respondo. 4 upright, honest: ~a konduto. 5 (gram) (senprepozicia): ~a komplemento, d. object. 6 (senpera); ~a metodo. ~e, point-blank. ~e antaŭen, s. on. ~e al la celo. Stari ~e, upright. ~o, s. line. ~eco, rectitude, soundness, rightness. ~igi, s-en, rectify. ~iĝi, draw one’s up. ~iĝu! At attention! ~ilo (liniilo), ruler. ~ilo faldebla. Mezur~ilo. T~ilo, T-square. mal~a, [UV] indirect, crooked, circuituous, devious, roundabout, tortuous, underhand, winding. ~~iĝi, bend, curve. ~animeco, rectitude. Ne~a parolo, indirect quotation, oblique narration. ~~a, ~~e, askew, aslant, awry, the wrong way. Re~iĝo, rectification. ➞ dekstr, devi, direkt, gust, ort.

rektif-i, rectif/y. (chem) refine by distillation. ~i alkoholon. (geom) ~i kurbon, find a straight line equal to a curve, (el) transform A/C to D/C. ~ita kurento. ~(ad)o, -ication. ~ilo, -ier. ➞ distil, ĝustig, korekt.

rektor-o, [OA] (wide sense) chancellor (university), rector (college) [Ne= paroĥestr].

rektum-o, rectum. ~a, rectal,

rekviem-o, (mus), requiem.

rekviz(ici)i, (mil) Requisition, comandeer, exact, levy (service, supplies). ~o, r.

rel-o, [UV] Rail (ry, etc.). Apog~o, gard~o, man~o, hand-rail, guard-rail. Glit~o, runner. Pint~oj, points, f Kuri sur ~oj (glate). ~eto (kanelo), ridge, thread, worm (of screw. Ŝraŭb~eto, screw-thread. ~ingo, chair. ~forko, fork. ~kruco, junction. ~paro (trako). ~ŝanĝilo (komutilo). ~trabo (ŝpalo), sleeper. Sur~aĵoj, rolling-stock. De~iĝi, jump the metals,

relajs-i, ~o, (el) Relay. ~a stacio.

relativ-a, [OA] Comparative, relative, conditional, proportional, not absolute. ~a sukceso, valoro, vero. (gram) r., referring to an antecedent. ~a prortomo. ~e, c-(r-)ly. ~eco, r-ity. ~eca teorio. ~ismo (phi), -ism. ➞ rilat.

relief-o, [OA] Relief, outstanding representation (in fact or appearance), f distinctness, vividness. ~a, ~e, in r., embossed. ~a mapo, r-map. (typ) ~a preso, embossing. f prezenti la situacion ~e. ~aĵo, r-(raised) work. ~igi, work in r., emboss, f give contrast to, set off, throw into relief. ➞ akcent, bos, rimarkig. Alt~o, high-r. Duon~o, half-r. Sen~a (ebena, plata);. flat, even, (banala, pala, proza): flat, tasteless. ➞ cizel [Ne = help, kvietig].

religi-o, [UV] Religi/on, creed, belief in superhuman controlling power. ~o Islama, Kristana. ~a, -ous, of r., devout, pious. ~a dogmo, kredo, vivo. ~e, reverently. ~ano, ~ulo, religious person, believer. ~eco, ~emo, -osity. Ali~ano, adherent of another r. Ne~a, lay, secular. Sen~a, without r. ➞ eklezi, kred, kult, profan, rit, sekt.

relikv-o, relic. 1 (sanktrestaĵo), remains of saint, etc. 2 keepsake, surviving memorial. ~ujo, reliquary, casket, shrine.

reluktanc-o, (el) reluctance. ➞ nevolont.

rem-i, [UV] (nt) Row, propel with oars. ~i sur la lago. ~ado, -ing. ~anto, -er, oarsman. ~estro, stroke. ~ilo, oar. ~ilingo, crutch, r-lock. Post~il(et)o, stern oar. ~apogilo, thole-pin. Ek~u! Give way!

rembur-i, [UV] pad, stuff, upholster; pack in straw; stuff (an animal). ~i felon, kusenon, seĝon. ~aĵo, filling, packing, padding, stuffing, flock. ~aĵo hara, lana, kapoka. ~isto, upholsterer. ➞ pufig, stop, vat.

remiz-o (veturilejo), coach-house, carriage lock-up. ~o lokomotiva, engine-shed. ~i, put in the c-h. ➞ garaĝ, hangar.

remont-o, (mil) remount, supply of horses for cavalry.

remor-o, sharksucker, sucking fish (Remora).

rempar-o, [UV] rampart, battlement, bulwark, defence wall, f (defendilo, ŝirmilo) defence, fastness, stronghold. ~o de libereco. ~o estas nia Dio. ➞ baril, bastion, dig, mar.

ren-o, [UV] Kidney. Flotanta ~o, floating k. ~oj, kk., reins. ~a, renal, nephritic, (med) ~inflamo (nefrito), Bright’s disease, nephritis. ~ŝtonetoj, gravel.

rendevu-o, [OA] rendezvous, appointment, tryst. Aranĝi ~on. ~ejo, meeting place agreed on.

renĉ-i, Wrench (Rosher). ~ilo (surŝraŭbilo), w., spanner. ~ilo alĝustigebla, monkey w.

rendiment-o, (mec) output, returns, yield; (soc) efficiency.

renegat-o, (pol) (rel) renegade, apostate, deserter from party, turncoat.

renesanc-o, [OA] (art, lit) (the) Renaissance.

reni-o, (chem) Rhenium (Re).

renklod-o, greengage (verda pruno). Fr. reine-Claude.

renkont-i (-n) [UV], Meet. 1 chance (come light) upon, encounter, fall in with. ~i amikon. ~i hazarde, stumble on. ~i okaze, run across. 2 experience, receive. ~i aprobon. komprenon, mokon, simpation. 3 confront, face. ~i malamikon, ideon, taskon. ~o, -ing. 1 encounter, 2 bout, brush, skirmish. Iri al iu ~e, go to m. someone. ~ejo, -ing-place, rendevous. ~iĝi, m., come together. Stranga ~iĝo de cirkonstancoj. Ekstremoj ~iĝas. ~ito, person met. Inter~igi, bring together. ➞ kruciĝ, traf.

renom-o, renown, distinction, fame, name (Jeh 16/14-15, Ps 145/7). Havi grandan ~on. ➞ fam, glor, reputaci.

rent-o, [UV] private Means, unearned income, revenue. Vivi el siaj ~oj, on one’s means. Ĉiujara ~o, annuity (allowance, pension). Viv~o, life annuity. ~ulo, man of means. ~umo (interezo), interest. ➞ enspez, procent. [Ne= lupag, ĝir].

renvers-i (-n) [UV], Upset, knock over, overthrow. overturn. ~i meblon, muron, sistemon, sitelon, vazon. Bowl over (keglojn), capsize (boaton). ~i ĉion, turn everything topsy-turvy, f opinion, planon, registaron. 2 (inversigi, transturni), invert, reverse, turn right over (upside down). ~i glason, kurenton, seĝon. ~i la ordon de listo; la randon de ĉapelo. ~i rolojn, turn the tables on someone. Ne ~u! This side up! ~(ad)o, u., overthrow. ~e, head over heels. ~ema, subversive. ~iĝi, be u., capsize, collapse, fall, overturn, topple over, turn turtle. La veturilo ~iĝis. Malvirtulo ~iĝos kaj pereos. ➞ invert.

reostat-o, (el) rheostat, variable resistance coil.

reparaci-o, (jur) (pol) reparation, compensation, redress; damages.

repertuar-o, [OA] (mus, th) repertoire, stock of pieces (plays) ready for performance. ~a peco, stock piece (play).

replik-i, Answer back. Havi ~on pretan, be ready to a. akre, a. acrimoniously, tartly. ~o (a. riposto), pert a., rejoinder, retort, riposte. Obei sen~e (without a word). Ne ~u! No back-chat! Ne~ebla (unanswerable) argumento. ~ema, pert, saucy. ➞ respond, ripost.

reprezali-o, (pol) Reprisal(s), act of retaliation. Ekspedicio ~a, punitive expedite. ~e, by way of r.

reprezent-i, [UV] (art, pol) Represent, act (deputize, stand) for, fill place of, (jur) appear (hold a brief) for. ~i firmon. ~i en la parlamento. ~(ad)o, -ation. Proporcia ~o. ~a regado. ~anto, -ative, agent, traveller. Rajtigita ~anto, authorized -ative. ~antoj de diversaj nacioj. ➞ prezent. Rim.: Better regarded as a root, than as a derivative (re-prezent).

reps-o, (tex) repp, fabric with corded (ribbed) surface.

reptili-o (rampulo), reptile, e.g., lacert, serpent, testud.

repudi-i, (jur) repudiate; disown, disavow, give up, reject, relinquish, renounce. ~i edzinon, kontrakton, opinion. ➞ abdik.

reputaci-o, [OA] Reput/ation, char, (good or bad), what is generally believed about one. Bona ~o, credit, good name. Havi la ~on (be -ed) esti riĉa. Fari por si ~on, make a name for one’s. Koni iun laŭ ~o, by -e. Perdi sian ~on, lose one’s char, (good name), fall into dis-e. ➞ fam, renom.

resonanc-o (simpatia vibrado), resonance, sympathetic vibration. ~a kesto, sound box(chest). ~ilo, resonator.

respekt-o, [UV] Respect, Deference. Pro ~o al, out of regard for. ~i (-n), 1 (havi ~on por, trakti kun ~o): hold in awe, look up to, pay heed to, show d. to, treat with r. Malgraŭ mia plena ~o al, with all due r. to. Tim~o, awe. 2 (atenti, konsideri): abide by, comply with, give weight to. ~i leĝon, promeson, skrupulon, tradicion. ~(oplen)a, r-ful. ~e, r-fully. ~ego, reverence. ~eginda, venerable. ~igi la leĝon. ~inda, r-able, worthy of r. ~indeco, r-ability, good name. Mal~i, despise, disdain, disregard, infringe, profane, scorn, (col) sniff (turn up one’s nose) at. ~~a (sen~a), forward, impertinent, insolent, pert, rude. Ne~a, disr-ful. Sin~o, self-r. Tro~a, obsequious. ➞ estim.

respektiv-a, Respective, each’s own, pertaining to each, individual (with reference to each). Metu ilin en iliajn ~ajn lokojn. La ~aj pozicioj (each to each) de du steloj. Niaj ~aj devoj, our several obligations. ~e, -ly. Rim.: Respektive (abbreviated to resp.) is often misused.

respond-i (-n, al, pri, ke) [UV], Answer. 1 Reply: ~i demandon, al demando. ~i leteron, sonorilon. ~i jese, ke jes. ~i nenion, make no reply. 2 reciprocate, return: ~i amon. 3 comply with: ~i peton. Ne ~i, fail to a. 4 (inter~i), correspond (be a counterpart to), meet: ~i atendon, bezonon, postulon. La Rusa Jan. 1 ~as al nia Jan. 11. ~o, answer, reply, rejoinder, response. Oni petas ~on, R.S.V.P. ~o pagita, r. paid. Havi, trovi ~on pri ĉio, have an a. for everything. (fugue) answer. ~a, appropriate, corresponding. ~e, for a., in reply. ~e al via letero, in r. to your letter. ~eca, [UV] responsible (a. responsa). ~eco, responsibility. ~enda, to be a-ed. Inter~i, correspond (one to another). Pri~i (responded) (a. responsi), be responsible,

respons-i (prirespondi, responded) (al, por, pri), be Responsib/le, accountable, answerable, liable. Mi ~as (estas ~a) pri eraroj, la programo, tiu decido. ~(ec)o, -ility, onus. Akcepti ~on. Persona ~o. ~igi, hold r., blame (for).

respublik-o, [OA] Republic. La Franca ~o. ~(em)a, -an. ~ano, -an. ~estro, president of r. ~ismo, -anism. ➞ demokrat.

rest-i [UV] (estadi), (nt) Remain, continue to be. 1 (in same place): abide, stay, stop, tarry. ~i hejm-(survoj-)e, en Parizo, por tagmanĝo. ~u kie vi estas, stay where you are. Jen mi estas, jen mi ~as, Here I am, here I stay. 2 (in same state): ~i en bona sano, fidela, sen puno. Mi ~as via amiko. Kiel estis, tiel ~as. 3 be left behind, over (when pt has gone): Nur ~as al mi diri... It only remains for me to say . .. Ne ~is al li eĉ unu penco. Kio ~as ankoraŭ farenda? ~o, balance, remainder, what is over. La ~o de la mono, de mia vivo. ~ado, stay. ~aĵo(j), remains, arrears, left-overs, relics, residue. Manĝ~aĵoj, leavings, scraps. La post~aĵo (gleanings) de la rikolto. Seb~aĵoj, greaves, tallow dregs. ~adi (➞ loĝi), abide, reside, stay, stop. Kamp~adi, rusticate. Somera ~adejo, residence. ~anta, residual. ~ejo, abode, stopping- place. Ŝip~ejo, berth. ~igi, detain, leave behind, let r. Ĉio, kion ~igis la hajlo (El 10/15). Post~i, r (fall, lag) behind, stay in (after school). Mense post~anta, backward. ➞ ceter, daŭr, halt, ripoz.

restoraci-o, [UV] restaurant, dining-room. ~aĉo, low-class eating-house.

resus-o, Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto). Vd makak.

resum-i, [UV] Summar/ize, boil down, recapitulate, sum up. ~o, -y, abstract, epitome, precis, resume, short statement. Kont~o, statement of a/c, (mus) ~a sekcio, recapitulation. ~e, briefly, in a nutshell, in brief (short), to sum up. ➞ epitom.

ret-o, [UV] Net, (anat) caul. Drat~o, wire-ting. Har~o, hair-n. Sak~o, landing n. Skrap~o, dredger. Tren~o (trolo), drag-n, trawl. Voj~o, road system. Enfali en ~on. ~o de mensogoj. ~aĵo, netting, n-work. ~aĵo de fervojoj, vejnoj. ~eco, n-like, reticulated. Pajl~a seĝo, straw-bottomed chair. ~kapti (En~igi), (catch in a) n., snare. En~iĝi, fall into a trap. ➞ araneaj, maŝar.

retin-o, [OA] Retina (of eye), ~a, -al. ~ito, -itis.

retor-o, [OA] Rhetor/ician. ~aĵo, imposing oratory, fine language (Se 1/6). II ~IKO, -ic. ~ika, -ical. ~ika demando.

retort-o, [OA] (chem) retort, retrat-i (-n), (fin) call in, take up (bill), withdraw from circulation.

retret-i (retiriĝi), (mil) Retreat, relinquish post, withdraw, (chs) move back. ~o, r., withdrawal.

retro-, (unofficial pfx), retro-, denotes movement in direction contrary to normal, (mus) ~a kanono, canon cancrizans. ~e, backwards. ~aktiva, -active. ~fleksa, -flex. ~ira, -grade. ~paŝi, step backwards. ~pedali, back-pedal. ~spektiva, respective, looking backwards.

retuŝ-i, improve, retouch, touch up (article, photo, etc.). ➞ tuŝ.

reŭmatism-o, [OA] rheumatism. ~a, ~ulo, rheumatic. ➞ artrit.

rev-i (-n, pri) [UV], (day)Dream, be in a Reverie (wool-gathering), muse. ~i pri edziĝo, estonta feliĉo, sukceso. ~o, d., brown study. Droni en ~oj. La regno de ~oj. ~(em)a, d-y, romantic. ~(em)ulo, dreamer, visionary. El~igi, Sen~igi, disappoint, disillusion. dis~iĝo [UV] (better Elreviĝo, Sen~iĝo), disenchantment, disillusionment, ~~iĝi, come down to earth, sober down, wake from one’s dreams. En~iĝi, fall into a r. For~i, d. away. For~i la vivon (4 FA 157/15). Tion mi ne atendis, eĉ ne pri~is. ➞ desapont, fantazi, sonĝ.

revelaci-o, [OA] (rel) revelation, divine or supernatural communication. reveal (1 Sa 3/7, 21; 9/15). ➞ apokalips. Rim.: It is increasingly common to use rivel-i, ~aĵo, in this sense. Vd rivel (2).

rever-i (respektegi). Rever/e, hold in deep respect, venerate. ~o, -ence. ~enda, reverend, The Rev. ➞ riverenc.

revers-i (-n), Revers/e, turn inside-out (veston). ~o, r-side; back (monera): other side (paĝa); wrong side (ŝtofa); facing, lapel, revers (vesta); turn-over (ŝtrumpa); turn-up (pantalona). ~ebla, -ible. ➞ invers, invert.

reviz-i, examine, inspect, overhaul, e.g., ~i konton. ~i la gubernion (Rz 5/23). 1T Perhaps a needless synonym of inspekti, kontroli.

revizor-o [OA] ( = ~isto), Inspector-General (Rz 5/8).

revizi-i, [OA] Revise, emend, look over (read), making necessary improvements. ~i opinion, manuskripton. ~ita eldono, traduko. (jur) review (proceson); reconsider (verdikton).

reviziism-o, revisionism.

revoluci-o, [OA] (pol) Revolution, insurrection, revolt, uprising. f fundamental reconstruction, sudden complete change, turning upside-down. ~o de ideoj, en prezoj. ~i, revolt. ~ano, ~ulo, -ary. ~ema, ~iga, -ary. ~igi, -ize, recast, refashion, reform). ➞ ribel.

revolver-o, [OA] revolver.

revu-o, [OA] Review. 1 Survey (commentary, considerate, digest, examination, synopsis) of current events. 2 (mil) display and inspection, muster, parade: La reĝo ~is la tutan Izraelon (2 Rĝ 3/6). 3 magazine, periodical, publication (M 65/27). 4 (th) light theatrical performance touching current alfairs. ➞ recenz.

rezed-o, [OA] mignonette (Reseda).

rezerv-i (-n) [UV], Reserv/e, hold over, keep back, lay by (up), postpone use of, retain, save, set apart (aside). ~i bileton, decidon, kapitalon, sidlokon. ~(ad)o, -ation, limitation, qualification. Akcepti kun ~o (a grain of salt). Konsenti kun ~oj. ~a, r., spare, ~a armeo, kapitalo, lito. ~aĵo, r. ~aĵoj, provisions, spares, stock, stores. ~ano, -ist. ~ita, -ed, booked. ~ita seĝo. Ciuj rajtoj ~itaj. ~ujo, -oir. ➞ spar.

rezid-i (loĝi konstante), (jur) Resid/e, dwell. ~ejo, -ence.

rezident-o, (pol) resident (diplomatic agent).

rezidu-o, (ch, mat) Residu/’e, -um. ~a, -al.

rezign-i (-n, pri) [OA], Resign, abandon, cryolf, disclaim, forego, give up, relinquish, renounce, surrender, waive, withdraw. ~i ambicion, entreprenon, esperon, oficon, pretendon, rajton, taskon, vivon. ~o, -ation. ➞ abdik, eksiĝ, fordon, forlas, formet, rezignaci, rifuz.

rezignaci-o, [OA] (pious) resignation, uncomplaining endurance (forbearance, fortitude, submission). ~o pri la sorto. accept with resignation, bear patiently, put up with, resign one’s to.

rezin-o, [UV] 1 resin. 2 any similar substance, natural or synthetic, e.g., copal, shellac. Sigel~o = sigelvakso. ~(ec)a, resinous. Flamiĝema kiel ~a ligno. ➞ kolofon.

rezist-i (-n, al, antaŭ, kontraŭ) [OA] (Jos 1/5, Da 11/15, Ja 4/7). Resist, bear up (hold out, strive) against, oppose, repel, withstand. ~a (a. -imuna), resistant (to disease, etc.), tough, stout. Akvo~a, fajr~a, veter~a, water-(fire-weather-) proof. Korod~a, stainless, rustless. ~o, -ance. ~eco, (bot) hardiness. ~ilo, -or. ~ivo, -ivity. Mal~a, Sen~a, susceptible. Ne~ebla, irresistible. ➞ kontraŭstar, malced, malhard, sentem.

rezistanc-o, (el) resistance. Izol~anco, insulation -ance.

rezoluci-o, resolution (at meeting), adopted motion, decision. ➞ decid.

rezolut-a, Resolute, bold, decided, determined, firm of purpose. ~e, -ly.

rezon-i, [OA] (nt) Reason, argue (abt), conclude, draw conclusions (inferences), use arguments. ~i logike. ~ado, -ing. Cirkla ~ado, vicious circle, ~ado kaj filozofio panon ne donas, ~ema, argumentative, reasoning. Mis~i, reason wrongly. ➞ argument, logik, raci, resonanc.

rezult-i [OA] (el), (nt) Result, arise as logical conclusn, follow (issue, proceed) from. Nenio ~is el la diskuto. ~o, r., consequence, outcome, sequel, upshot. Akiri, alporti, ricevi ~on. La ~o de la kalkulado (1 Kr 21/5), de juĝo (Hb 1/4). ~(ant)a, eventual. ~antoj, (ac) -ant or combination tones = (a) diferenctono, (b) sumtono. ~igi, lead to, cause, produce as a result. ➞ kaŭz. Sen~a (senutila, vana), barren, bootless, fruitless, futile, useless. Sen~a klopodo.

rezultat-o [OA] = rezult(aĵ)o. International root., but unsuitable for verbal use, and giving way to rezult.

rib-o, [UV] Currant (Ribes). ~o blanka, flava, nigra, ruĝa. ~arbedo, ~ujo, c-bush. ➞ rip, sekvinberet (korint).

ribel-i (kontraŭ) [UV], (nt), Rebel, mutiny, revolt. ~(ad)o, -lion, revolt, sedition, ~anto, ~ulo, r., insurgent, mutineer. ~ego, insurrection. ~ema, -lious, contumacious, insubordinate, recalcitrant, refractory. ~igi, incite to rebellion. ~iga, seditious. ➞ revoluci.

ricel-i, Receiv/e and conceal (stolen goods), ~anto, -er.

ricev-i (-n) [UV], Recei/ve. 1 acquire, derive, gain, get, obtain: atent -(bonven - donac - help - impres - leter - nom -profit-)on. 2 admit, take in, welcome. ~i gaston, kiel filon. 3 come by, experience: catch (malsanon); suffer (prokraston); take (formori). ~o, -pt. ~a stacio, -ving station. ~anto, -ver, recipient. ~ebla, to be got (had), obtain-(procur-)able. ~ema, -ptive. ~igi, confer, impart, procure, (el) ~ilo, -ver. ~ilo kristal-(radi-telefon-)a. ~onto, consignee. ~atesto, ~avizo, acknowledgement of -part. ➞ akir, ating, gajn, havig, kolekt, obten, rikolt.

ricin-o, [OA] castor-oil-plant (Ricinus). ~oleo.

riĉ-a (je) [UV], Rich 1 (in money): affluent, opulent, wealthy, well-to-do. 2 (in other things): abounding in, fertile, fruitful. ~a tero. ~a je promesoj. 3 (multenhava), abundant, ample: ~a meblaro, rikolto, sperto. 4 (cul) with much fat or sugar. ~o, wealth. Feliĉo kaj ~o elvokas envion. ~e vestita, -ly clad. ~aĵo(j), -es, fortune, possessions, wealth (e.g., ~aĵo, Jes 8/4, ~aĵoj, Jes 30/6). Rim.: In early writings Z. used ~eco (e.g., K 129/9, 14). Later ~o (e.g., Ge 31/16); afterwards ~aĵo(j). ~eta, in comfortable circumstances. ~iĝi, get r. ~igi, en-r, fertilize. ~ulo, [UV] r. man. Mal~a, poor, indigent, needy; barren, inferior, insufficient, meagre, paltry, slight. ~~eco, poverty. ~~ega, destitute. ~~igi, impoverish. ~~ulo, poor person. ~~ulo pareneojn ne havas. Ne~a, of modest means. Nov~ulo, newly-r. ➞ abund, hav, malmank, plen.

riĉ! raĉ! sound of tearing (4 FA 114/31).

rid-i (-n, je, pri, pro) [UV], Laugh (at). Plej bone ~as, kiu laste ~as. f La montoj ~as pro ĝojo. La sorto ~is al ni (smiled on us). ~anta pejzaĝo. ~(ad)o, -ter. ~o brua, guffaw, horse 1. ~(ant)e, -ingly. ~aĉi, cackle. ~egi, be convulsed (doubled up) with -ter. ~ema, gay, gleeful, merry, mirthful. ~emo, risibility. ~eti, [UV] smile, giggle, titter. ~etaĉi, afekte ~eti, grin, simper, smirk. ~iga, diverting, droll, facetious. ~igi, raise a laugh. ~inda, -able, comical, funny, ludicrous, ridiculous. ~indaĵo (~objekto),  ing stock, absurdity, butt (object. of ridicule). Ek~i, burst into -ter. For~i (-n), dismiss with a l. Sen~a, grave, serious. Sub~i, Kaŝ~i, chuckle, laugh in one’s sleeve. Mok~i, Pri~i, deride, jeer (mock) at, laugh to scorn, make fun of, ridicule. ➞ mok, rikan.

rif-o, [UV] reef, ridge of rock, sandbank, (min) lode, f danger, risk of failure. Atendu ~ojn survoje. Sub~o, half-submerged rock, shoal.

rifuĝ-i, (take) Refuge (in, from), nestle, shelter. Al vi mi ~as (Ps 143/9). ~i en kaverno; en alia lando. ~o, refuge, protection, safety, security, shelter. Urbo de ~o (Jos 20/2). ~ejo, (place of) r., haven, sanctuary, retreat; (street) r. Dio estas ~ejo (Ps 46/1). ~into, refugee. ➞ azil, fuĝ, oaz, protekt, ŝirm.

rifuz-i (-n, al) [UV], Refus/e, say "No". 1 decline, reject, turn down, refuse to accept: ~i donacon, honoron, oficon, proponon. 2 disclaim, r. to admit (acknowledge): ~i rajton, respondecon. 3 deny, r. to agree (give): ~i krediton, peton. 4 r. to do s-t: ~i elspezi, fari, kanti, submetiĝi. Miaj piedoj ~as min porti. ~o, refusal, denial, etc. ~anto, ~ema, recusant. Ek~i, demur. For~i (*~lfil je), abjure, forgo, give up, renounce, resign, retire from. ~~i profiton, rolon, la mondon. ➞ domaĝ, malkonsent, rezign.

rig-i (ŝipon), Rig, provide with necessary ropes, spars, etc. ~ilaro (-ging); senmova (standing), mova (running). Plen~a, full -ged.

rigard-i (-n, al) [UV], Look. 1 1. at, behold, view: ~i iun, al iu, la pejzaĝon, tra la fenestro. ~u! Look! See! Take notice! 1 face, front: La fenestro ~as la maron. 2 check, examine, see: ~u la faktojn! ~u, pro kio estas la bruo. 3 Take heed: ~u, antaŭ ol salti. 4 (~i kiel): account (consider, look on, think of) as: ~i iun kiel amikon. ~i proponon kiel utopion. ~o, look. ~o demanda, kolera, riproĉa, scivola. Ĵeti ~on al. ~aĉi (~i stulte) kiel bow. ~adi, contemplate, gaze on, observe. ~anto, looker on, spectator. ~egi, look hard, glare, stare. ~ejo, viewpoint. ~ema, gaping. ~eti (ek~i), glance. ~ilo, eyepiece, finder, sight. Al~i (spekti), look at (on), be a spectator. Ĉirkaŭ~i, look around (all over), survey. En~i, Pri~i, look at (into, over), examine, inspect, investigate, scrutinize. Re~i, look again. Retro~i, look back. Super~i, supervise. Supren~i (levi la ~on), look up. Tra~i, look through, examine. ~~eti (libron), skim through. ~~a truo, peephole. Sub~i, Kaŝ~i, look on the sly, glance at furtively (stealthily), peep. ➞ atent, observ, vid.

rigid-a, [UV] Rigid, Stiff, hard: ~a framo, objekto. Formal, hide-bound: ~a etiketo. Inflexible, stubborn, unbending, unyielding; ~a karaktero, principo, sinteno, virto. Set, strained, taut, tense: ~a muskolo, ŝnuro, vizaĝo. Starchy, stilted: ~a stilo. ~e, rgidly, stiffly. ~eco, r-ity. ~igi, s-en, benumb, cramp. ~iĝi de frosto, be numbed, frozen s. ~iĝo, cramp, rigor. ~iĝo de la morto. Mal~a (elasta, fleksebla), flabby, limp. ~~iĝi, grow limp, relax. ➞ necedem, nefleksebl, obstin, paraliz, rigor, senmov.

rigl-i, [UV] Bolt. ~i fenestron, pordon. ~ilo, [UV] b., bar (2 Kr 14/7; Ps 147/13). glit~ilo, sliding b. Risorta ~ilo, spring b. serur~ilo, lock-b., catch, ~ileto, sash-b„ latch. Mal~i, unbolt. Sub~e, in safe custody. ➞ bar, surur, ŝlos.

rigor-a, [OA] Rigorous, harsh, severe: ~a agado, juĝo, klimato. Hard: ~a sorto, vintro. Strict: ~a justeco, neŭtraleco. Close: ~a ekzamenado, observado, rezonado. ~e, -ly, strictly to the letter. ~eco, rigour, austerity, severity, strict enforcement of rules. Ne~a, optional. ➞ rigid, sever, strikt. Opp indulg.

rikan-i, [OA] (nt) Sneer (at), express or suggest derision or disparagement, smile derisively. ~(ad)o, sneer(ing). ~anta simio, grinng ape (3 FA 34/10). ➞ grimac, mok, ridaĉ.

rikiŝ-o, rickshaw. ~isto.

rikolt-i, [UV] Harvest, Reap; gather in. ~i frukton, grenon. Kion vi semas, tion vi ~os. Vin~o, wine-h., vintage, f gain, obtain. ~i aplaŭdon, sukceson, la frukton de laboro. ~(ad)o, h-ing, reaping, ingathering. ~(aĵ)o, h., crop. Hajlo detruis la -on. f ~o de riproĉoj. ~a festo, h-home, h-festival. ~ilo, [UV] scythe. ~ileto, reapinghook, sickle. ~isto, h-er, reaper. Post~a kampo, stubble-field. (spikumi), glean. ~maŝino, h ing machine. ➞ akir, fait, gajn, kompajn, ricev, serp.

ril-o (Scottish dee), reel.

rilat-i (-n, al) [UV], Relat/e; be -ed, connected (have to do) with, concern, have a bearing on. 20 ~as al 5 kiel 8 al 2. ~i amike al, be on friendly terms with. Ne ~as, is irrelevant (beside the point), has no bearing on the matter. ~o. 1 -ion, connection. En tiu ~o (tiu~e), in that connection (respect). Sen ~o al, without any bearing on. (mus) Fals~o, false -ion. 2 (sinteno), attitude. Mia ~o al la demando. ~a, -ive (having -ion, germane) to, pertinent, relevant, (gram) ~a pronomo. ~e, -ively. ~e (en ~o) al, as regards, concerning, in (with) -ion to, in the case of, with referee (regard, respect) to. ~e min, as for me, for my pt. ~e prezon kaj paperon la verko estas bona. ~igi, assign, attribute. ~igi al si, apply (take to one’s). ~umo (ratio), (mat) ratio, proportion. Ek~i, enter into rr. (with). Inter~oj, connections. ~~igi, establish relations. with. Kun~eco, affinity. ➞ afin, analog, koncern, najbar, parenc, proporci, relativ.

rim-o, [UV] Rhym/e, ~o ina, vira. ~i, (nt) r. with. ~aĉo, ~ojdo, imperfect r. ~aĉisto, -ster. ~aĵo, piece of r. Ĉu poemo, aŭ nur ~aĵo? ~igi, put into r., versify. Sen~a, blank (verse).

rimark-i (-n, de) [UV], 1 Notice, Observ/e, Remark, note (Ru 2/9, 3/4; Ob 7, Ho 7/9). Li ~is, ke la sistemo estas tro komplikita. 2 make a r., r. upon. Vi ja nenion diras, ~is unu el la teksistoj (1 FA 69/31). ~o, observation. ~ebla, perceptible, sensible (fenomeno). ~ema, o-ant. ~igi al, call attention to, point out (eraron). ~iga, striking. ~ilo, mark (en libro), sign. ~inda, r-able, extraordinary, worthy of note. ~indaĵo, thing to be n-ed, matter of interest. ~indaĵoj, notabilia. ~indulo, man of note, person-age, -ality. ~indigi, distinguish, signalize. Ne~ebla, imperceptible, slight. Li foriris ne~ite, unn-ed, uno-ed. ➞ akcent, atentig, dir, not, observ, reliefig.

rimed-o, [UV] Means, measure, method, opportunity, way. Uzi ĉiujn ~ojn por resaniĝi. Cu la celo pravigas la ~on? Mi trovis ~on iri (a way of going). Miaj ~oj ne permesas tion, I can’t afford it. Provizora ~o, expedient. Antaŭ~o, kontrau~o, precautionary (preventive) measure. Mon~oj, pecuniary resources. Sen~a, without means. Viv~o, means of livelihood [Ne = kuracil]. ➞ il, metod, per, pov, voj.

rimen-o, [UV] Strap, leather band (lace, strip), thong. ~o de ŝuo (Ge 14/23). (mec) belt. Alliga ~o, tether. Brak~o, arm-rest. Gvid~oj, reins. Konduka ~o, lead, rein. Leda ~o, leather belt, strap. Libra ~o, book-strap. Pak~o, s., webbing. Ŝultra ~o, shoulder-s. Tir~o, trace(s) of harness. Vost~o, crupper. ~aĵo, belting. ~isto, harness-maker.

rimes-o (monsendo), remittance. ~i, remit (transmit) funds.

rimors-o (konscienc-riproĉo), remorse, bitter repentance, compunction. ➞ bedaŭr, pent.

rinant-o, (bot) cock’s comb, yellow rattle (Rhinanthus).

ring-o, [UV] 1 Ring. ~o edziĝa, fianĉiĝa. Buŝtuk~o, orel~o, sigel~o, napkin ring, ear ring, signet ring. 2 ring-shaped object. ~oj en akvo. Band (of cigar); eyelet (koŝo) of rope; halo (of moon); hoop (of barrel). Arb~o (suk~o), age (annual) ring (arbo). Elasta ~o, rubber r. Fum~o, smoke-r. Gas~o, gas-r. Inter~o, Ŝraŭb~o, washer. Kol~o (kolumo), e.g., dog-collar. Kolekta ~o, slip-r. Laĉ~o (okuleto), eyelet. Lagro~o, bearing. Pend~o, r. (on watch). Rad~o, tyre. Ralika ~o, cringle. Rul~o, (gm) hoop. Ŝnura ~o, grummet, sling, strop. Plata ŝtop~o, gasket. ~(form)a, annular, circular. ~ego, [UV] hoop, etc. ~eto, -let, ferrule. ~igi, ~iĝi, circle, coil, curve. ~izi, band, hoop. ~ujo, ring case (ring stand). ➞ cirkl, maŝ, rond.

rinkot-oj, Rhyncota f. > aphids, bugs, froth-flies, scale-insects.

rinocer-o [UV] (nazkornulo), Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros). ~o nigra, black r. (Diceros).

rip-o, [UV] (anat, cul), Rib. Mez~o, mid-r. ~o rompita. f rib (of column, ship); spine (of book, etc.), vein (of leaf, insect’s wing). ~oj, (umbrella) ribs, frame. ~a, costal; (cl) -bed, corded, corduroy. ~ego, (mar) web-frame. Inter~a, Sub~a, intercostal, subcostal.

ripar-i, [OA] Repair, mend, set right again, overhaul (aŭton), renew, recruit (sian forton), retrieve (perdon). ~i fenestron, horloĝon, maŝinon, ŝuon, veston. ~(ad)o, repairs. (Ne)~ebla, (ir)reparable. ~inda, worth -ing. Ŝip~ejo (~doko), dry dock.

ripet-i (-n, ke) [UV], repeat, do (make, say) again, duplicate, reiterate, (mus) ~a baso, ground bass, basso ostinato. ~a signo. ~u post mi. Mi ~as, ke. ~o, repetition. Prov~o, rehearsal. ~aĉi, ~adi, be everlastingly harping on the same string. ~iĝi, occur again, recur. ➞ refren.

ripost-i (rebati), 1 (boxing, fencing), riposte. 2 counter, give as good as one gets. ~i atakon. f answer back, retort. ~o, riposte, counter(stroke), return-thrust.

ripoz-i, [UV] (nt) (take) Rest, repose, remain inactive, renew one’s strength: La lando ~is (lay fallow). 2 lie motionless (quiet), sleep: Lia kapo ~is sur la kuseno. f Ĉi tie ~as lia cindro. ~(ad)o, r., ease, quietude, respite from work, tranquility. Laboro finita, ~o merita. En ~o, at r. La lasta ~o, the last sleep. ~e, -fully, at ease. (En)~a, peaceable, peaceful, calm, quiet, undisturbed, untroubled. ~ejo, r-ing-place. ~iga, restful (okupo), refreshing (dormo). Sen~a, restless, agitated, turbulent, unquiet. Labori sen~e. ➞ dorm, kviet, kuŝ, mallabor, paŭz, rest.

riproĉ-i (iun pri io) [UV], Reproach, Blame; censure, chide, rate, rebuke, reprimand, reprove, take to task, upbraid, (ion al iu): cast in one’s teeth, lay to one’s charge. Ŝi ~is al li la fiaskon. ~o, blame, reproach. ~o (qualm, twinge) de konscienco. Ne ~u vian amikon: vi mem pli multe meritas ~on. ~(oplen)a, -ful, reproving. ~inda, faulty, reprehensible, to b., worthy of censure. ~indaĵo, demerit, fault. Kontraŭ~i, recriminate. Ne~ebla (~inda), irreproachable, faultless. Sen~a, blameless. Sin~o, self-r., compunction, remorse. ➞ admon, insult, kulp, malaprob, mallaŭd).

risk-i (-n, ke, -i) [UV]: Risk, Venture, chance, hazard. 1 expose to chance of danger (loss), endanger, jeopardize, put in peril: ~i sin, sian monon, vivon (2 Sa 19/5). 2 attempt (to do something in spite of uncertainty or possibility of failure): Kiu ne ~as, tiu ne gajnas, nothing venture, nothing win. Mi ~os tion fari. Vi ~us fali, you might fall. ~ante fali, at the risk of falling. ~o, risk venture, chance, danger, hazard. Militaj ~oj, war rr. ~(em)a, r-y, v-some, bold, daring, hazardous, f "close to the wind". Ne~ema, cautious, prudent, not taking rr. Tro~ema, foolhardy, headstrong, rash, reckless. ~emulo, dare-devil. Sen~a, without r., safe, sure. Vi povas iri ~~e. Ĉiu~e, at any cost. Poliso ~~a, all-in policy. ➞ danger, kuraĝ, sane.

rism-o, [OA] ream (of paper). Angla ~o, 480 sheets. Presista ~o, 516 sheets.

risolo (fritbulo), rissole.

risort-o, [UV] (mec) Spring. ~o cilindra, fleksa, folia, plata, konusa, spirala, tavola, torda. ~o de aŭto, horloĝo, lito. Co~o, C-s. ~a matraco, spring mattress. ~aro, suspension (of vehicle), ~eca, ~osimila, -y, elastic, rebounding, resilient. ➞ elast, salt.

rit-o, [UV] Rit/e, ceremony, ordinance, observance. ~oj de la Pasko (No 9/12, 14). ~aro, ceremonial, rites, ritual, ~aro framasona. ~ismo, ~isto, ritual-ism, -ist.

ritm-o, [OA] (mus, pros) Rhythm. ~a, -ic(al), measured, ~a bruo, lumo, ~e paŝi. Sen~a, un-ical. ~onomoj, (mus) time-names, e.g., tafatefe. ➞ takt.

rival-o (konkuranto), Rival. ~i, r. compete, vie. ~eco, -ry. Sen~a, un-led, peerless, Super~i, cut out.

rivel-i (malkaŝi), 1 Reveal, disclose, let out (fakton, sekreton). 2 (rel) (a. revelacii), r. ~ita vero, divinely r-ed truth. 3 (phot) Develope. ~ilo, developer. ~ado, ~aĵo, revelation, disclosure. ~iĝi, be r-ed, d-ed, brought to light. ➞ apokalips.

river-o, [UV] River, Stream, f flood, flow. ~o da larmoj (sango), de vivo (course of life). ~ego, mighty river. ~eto, brook, burn, rill, rivulet, streamlet. ~etoj fluas al ~oj. ~ujo, r-bed. ➞ kanal, torent.

riverenc-i, [UV] Bow, Curtsey, do reverence (make obeisance), salaam, salute, ~o, b., c. ~adi, bow and scrape, kow-tow. ➞ kapoklin, respekteg, rever.

rivolu-i, Revol/ve, ~o, -ution (de rado). ➞ rondir, rotaci.

riz-o, [UV] Rice (Oryza). ~eroj (~ogrenoj), grains of r. ~(plant)ejo, r-plantation. ~kampo, rice-field, paddy-field.

rizom-o (subtera tigo), (bot) rhizome, rootstock.

rob-o, [OA] Robe, Gown, vestment, long loose outer garment worn by (a) clergy, lawyers, orientals, professors, (b) women and children: dress, frock. Beba ~o, long clothes. Ĉambra, negliĝa ~o, dressing-gown, wrapper. Dekolta ~o, low-necked dress. Nokta, vespera ~o, evening dress. ~ularo, legal profession. Sen~igi, sen~iĝi, disrobe. Sub-o, undergarment, (woman’s) slip. Sub~o nilona. ➞ sutan, talar.

robr-o, (cgm) rubber,

robini-o, false acacia, black locust (Robinia pseudoakacia). ➞ karob.

robot-o, robot. 1 man-like automaton, f machine-like person. 2 automatic traffic- signal.

rocel-o, dyer’s moss (Roccella). ~a tinkturaĵo, orchil. ➞ lakmus.

rod-o, [UV] (mar) anchorage, road(stead). El~iĝi, be driven out to sea.

rod-i (mordeti), gnaw, nibble. ~i oston, pick a bone. Ratoj ~is la lignon. f ~ita de zorgoj, careworn, ~i la koron, eat one’s heart out, prey on one’s mind, f Acido, rusto ~is la feron. (mot) ~ata, "running-in". ~ulo, rodent. ➞ erod, korod.

rodi-o, (chem) rhodium (Rh).

rododendr-o, Rhododendron. Many species and hybrids: some are called Azealeas. The aa. are mostly deciduous, with 5 stamens: the rr. have 10 stamens.

rojalism-o, [OA] rojalist-o, [OA] royalism, royalist.

rok-o, [OA] Rock, boulder, crag. La ~o de Gibraltaro. Firma kiel ~o. Korbela ~o, overhang. Balanc(-iĝema) ~o, logan(stone), r ing stone, f defence, protection, refuge, support (Ps 18/31). Konstrui sur ~o (fortike). ~(oplen)a, flinty, pebbly, stony, rocky. ~aĵo, ~aro, ~ejo, -ery, -garden, -work. ~eca, rugged (style). ➞ ŝtoneg.

rokok-o, [OA] (arch) rococo (highly ornamented decoration).

roku-o, annatto. ~arbo (a. bikso) (Bixa).

rol-o, [OA] Rôle, Part. 1 (th) ~o grava, serioza, prominent (heavy) part. Asigno, distribuo de ~oj, casting. 2 p., function, task. Ludi ~on duagradan, play second fiddle. Ne estas mia ~o (It is not my business) tion fari. Ludi la ~on (Ludi kiel) Macbeth, play (the p. of) M. ~ulo, character, personage. ĉef~ulo, hero. ➞ ofic, part, profesi, task.

roman-o, [OA] Novel, Roman/ce, lengthy tale (work of fiction). ~o detektiva. ~a heroo, hero of r. Rakonto tute ~eca, -tic, quite (like) a r. ~(verk)isto, novelist. ➞ novel, romanc, romantik, sentimental. II (ecc) (= r.c.) ~a, ~isto, Roman-(ist).

romanc-o, [OA] (mus) Romance, drawing- room ballad, sentimental song or song-like composition. ~o senvorta, song without words. Kanti ~on. ~isto, ballad writter, songwriter. ➞ balad, kanzon, roman(tik).

romantik-a, [OA] Romantic, dreamy, imaginative, picturesque, suggestive of fancy and romance. ~ismo, ~isto, -ism, -ist.

romb-o, [OA] 1 (geom) Rhomb/us. ~a, -ic. ~ojdo, -oid. ➞ lozanĝ. 2 (ich) ~(fiŝ)o (Rhombus), turbot (R. maximus). ~eto, brill (R. laevis).

romp-i (-n), [UV] Break. 1 (objekton): ~i glacion, katenon, kolon, kruron, vazon. crack (nukson); crush (ŝtonojn); fracture (oston); shatter (vitron); snap (branĉeton), f ~i falon, koron, leĝon, promeson, sian vorton. 2 b. off, cut short, interrupt: ~i atenton, cirkviton, fianciĝon, pacon, silenton, tradicion. Voĉo ~ita de emocio. Fari ~on (~i rilatojn) kun iu. 3 b. down: ~i indiferenton, kontraŭstaron, rekordon, reziston. ~i la murojn inter la popoloj. ~(ad)o, breach, disruption, fracture. ~(it)aĵo, bit, fragment, stub, Ŝton~aĵo, rubble. Facile ~ebla, brittle, fragile. Ne~ebla, unbreakable. ~iĝi, break up, come apart, get broken. Kie maldike, tie ~iĝas, ~iĝo, b. (in voice). Glaci~iĝo, b-up of ice. Ŝip~iĝo, wreck. ~ilo, (el) contactbreaker, interruptor. Nuks~ilo, nutcrackers. Ond~ilo, breakwater, mole. Serur~ilo, picklock. Ston~ilo, stone-crusher. ~ita, broken, in abeyance, suspended, (mus) ~itaj akordoj, oktoj, broken chords (octaves). (orn) Nuks~ulo (nucifrago), nutcracker. De~i, b. away (from, off). Dis~i, b. up, smash. ~~aĵo, debris, wreckage. En~i, b. (beat, stave) in, invade, inrupt. ~~isto, burglar. Akrobata ~~isto, cat-burglar. Inter~i, b. into, interrupt. parolanton. Sen~a, continuous, uninterrupted. Tra~i, b. through, pierce, (mil) ~~o, break-through. Glaci~anto (~a ŝipo), ice-breaker. Kap~a, b-neck, head-splitting, insoluble, maddening. Kor~a, heart-breaking. Strik~anto, strikebreaker. ➞ detru, fend, frakas, krevig, ruinig.

rond-o, [UV] Round. 1 (more or less regular): Circle, ring. Danc~o. Fe~o. Duon~o, semi-c. (el) Flu~o, circuit. Sorĉ~o, magic c. Vers~o, rondeau. 2 ~oj, (~iro, ~vizitado), beat, round(s): e.g., of doctor, milkman. 3 social c. (environment, sphere, surroundings): ~o hejma, intima, ~o de konatoj. Teatra ~o, world of the theatre. ~oj oficialaj. 4 (~a peco): fillet (fiŝa), pat (butera). slice (pana). 5 (mus) (~a noto), semibreve. ~(form)a, round. ~a danco, r. dce. En ~aj ciferoj, in r. figures. ~a kanto, round(elay). ~a placo, "circus". ~a valo, "punch-bowl". ~aĵo, r-ed form, e.g., gluteo, mamo, vango. ~eco, rotundity. ~igi, make r. La kato sin ~igis (curled up) antaŭ la fajro. f smooth, tone down. ~eto, small c. ~iri, go r., circulate, patrol, revolve. ~iro, (sp) lap. ~iranto (~ira gazeto), evercirculator. ➞ cirkl, cirkul, ĉirkaŭ, ring, rondel.

rondel-o, (lit) rondeau, rondel, (mus) rondo. ~a formo, rondo form (ABACADA).

ronĝ-i = rodi.

ronk-i, [UV] Snor/e. Ne ~u! f make a similar sound, boom (organo); grunt (porko); roar (fajro); snort (ĉevalo). ~(ad)o, -ing. ~anto, -er. ➞ stertor.

ronron-i, purr (as cat); (mec) hum, whirr. ➞ zum.

rorkval-o (a. balenoptero), Rorqual, finback, razorback whale.

ros-o, [UV] Dew. ~as (~o falas), d. is falling. ~o glaciiĝinta (prujno), rime, f La ~o (larmo) en ŝiaj okuloj (K 167/34). Miel~o, honey-d. ~(kovrit)a, -y. ~ero, ~guto, d-drop.

rosin-o (sekvinbero), raisin. ~o deserta, muscatel. ~eto, sultana. ➞ korint.

rosmar-o, [UV] walrus, sea-cow, sea-horse (Odobenus rosmarus) (1 FA 117/17).

rosmaren-o, [UV] Rosemary (Rosmarinus). ~o por memoro (H 130/16). ~a oleo.

rost-i (-n), [UV] Roast, broil, grill. ~i kafon, viandon. ~ita bovaĵo. ~itaj kaŝtanoj. ~ita pano (toasto), toast, f Tero ~ita (baked, dried up, parched, scorched) de la suno. ~aĵo, r. ~ejo, grill-room. ~eti, brown, scorch (toast). ~iĝi, be -ed. ~ilo, oven, cooker. Krad~ilo, (~krado), gridiron, grill. Pan~ilo, toaster, t ing fork. Turn~ilo, spit. Sub~i, brown, scorch, singe. ➞ bak, frit, kalcin.

rostr-o, [UV] 1 trunk, proboscis, snout (~o de elefanto, porko), sucker (de insekto). 2 (bot) stigma. 3 ram (de ŝipo). ➞ bek.

rot-o, [UV] company, detachment, gang, squad. ➞ band, kompani, trup.

rotaci-i, (mec) Rotat/e, revolve round axis. ~i sur pivoto. Ĉiu planedo ~as. ~o, -ion. (type) ~a (rotary) presmaŝino (pumpilo). ~a plato, (gramophone) turntable. ➞ rivolu, ruliĝ, turniĝ.

rotang-o, rattan. 1 name of various palms (Calamus rotang). 2 ~a kano.

rotari-o, (soc) Rotary. ~a klubo.

rotifer-oj, rotifers, wheel-animalcules (Rotifera).

rotond-o, [OA] rotunda, circular hall,

rotor-o, rotor.

rover-o, (sctg) venturer scout (16-19-jara). ~ino, ranger.

roz-o, [UV] Rose. 1 (bot) (Rosa). Many species and hybrids. ~o centfolia (centifolio), cabbage or Provence r. (R. centifolia). Hunda ~o, brier, dog or hedge rose (R. canina). ~o kampa, field (trailg) r. (R. arvensis). Sovaĝa ~o (eglanterio), wild r., sweet brier (R. eglanteria). Vila ~o, downy r. (R. villosa). 2 (obj): Kompasa ~o, compass r. Ŝpruc~o, r. of watering-can. ~(kolor)a, pink, flushed, -y. ~a lipo, rubando, vango. f auspicious, hopeful. ~a perspektivo. Vidi ĉion ~kolore. ~acoj, r-fam.. ~ejo, ~ĝardeno. ~eto (kokardeto), -ette. ~eta (pal~a), pinkish, ~arbeto, r-bush.

rozari-o, [UV] Rosary, string of prayer- beads. ~ero, bead of r. Trapreĝi la ~on, say a rosary.

rozeol-o, roseola, rose-rash. ~o epidemia (rubeolo), German measles,

ru-i, (tex) ret, steep (flax, etc.).

ruan-a, roan (horse).

Ruand-o RW.

rub-o, [UV] 1 (forĵetindaĵo, senvaloraĵo), Rubbish, junk, litter, refuse, sweepings, trash, waste. 2 debris, ruins, rubbish. (Ne 4/2, 10). ~ejo, dump( ing ground) (dumpejo), r-heap. ~ujo, dust-bin, r-bin. Sen~igi, clear away r. Fer~o, old (scrap) iron. ➞ dump.

ruband-o, [UV] Ribbon, Band, long narrow strip (for binding, clothing, dressing wounds, wrapping). Ĉapel~o, hat-b. Eĝ~o, braid edging, gimp, piping. Flag~o, penn-ant-on, streamer. Ink~o (por tajpilo). Izol~o, insulating tape. Mezur~o, tape measure. Ŝtal~o, steel b. Ŝultra ~o, shoulder-knot, shoulder-strap. ~a (laŭŝosea) domkonstruo, r. development. ~eto, tape. ➞ galon, laĉ, orden, pasament, rimen, stri.

rubekol-o (ruĝgorĝo), robin (redbreast), ruddock (Erithacus rubecula).

ruben-o, [UV] (min) Ruby. ~(ruĝ)a, r-red. ➞ grenat, korund.

rubeol-o, German measles.

rubi-o, (bot) Madder (Rubia tinctoria). ~a flavoruĝo), m. yellow (Turkey red).

rubidi-o, (chem) rubidium (Rb).

rubl-o, [OA] rouble.

rubrik-o, [UV] (ecc, typ) rubric, column, heading, section. Presi en aparta ~o. La ~o "Respondoj". ➞ fak, sekci.

rubus-o (Rubus), > blackberry (R. fruticosus); cloudberry (R. chamaemorus); dewberry (R. caesius). ~arbusto, ~ujo, bramble. ➞ framb, logan.

rudiment-o, Rudiment: element, first principle, f imperfect begining, germ, root, seed. ~a, -ary, -al, undeveloped. ➞ element, komenc.

rudr-o, (mar) Rudder. ~o horizonta, vertikala. ~oĉenoj, r-chains. ~astango, helm, tiller.

ruf-a (flavruĝa, arde flava), rufous, ginger, reddish brown, rusty. ➞ bel.

ruf~o, (mar) deckhouse,

rug-a, (bot) (zoo) rugose, corrugated, wrinkled. ~i, (dense sulketiĝi).

rugbe-o, (sp) Rugby (football).

ruĝ-a, [UV] Red. ~a flanko, port (side), ~a de honto, sano, kiel peonio. Brik~a, sang~a, vin~a. Brul~a, r-hot. Fajre ~a, fiery r. Flav~a, russet, carroty (hair). Sango~a (Jes 1/18). Trans~a, ultra~a, infra-r. ~o, r. ~o Hinda (feroksida), Indian r. f Vidi ~e, see r. ~en! Port! ~aĵo, red spot. ~igi, [UV] blush, flush. ~ulo (~haŭtulo), redskin, (pol) red. ~hara, ~naza. ~gorĝ(ul)o (rubekolo). ~vostulo (fenikuro).

ruin-o(j), [UV] (~aĵo), Ruin(s). 1 remains, wreckage. ~oj de Pompei. Ŝip~o, wreck. 2 (disfalo, pereo), decay, desolation, destruction, (down)fall, overthrow, undoing. ~o de idealo, imperio. ~a, -ed, in ruins, crumbling, delapidated, tumble-down. ~a kastelo. ~ego, collapse. ~igi, [UV] ruin, bring (reduce) to r. (malriĉigi): Lia malŝparo min ~igis. ~iga, ruinous, destructive, disastrous. ~iĝi, be -ed, break down (in health), fall into decay (ruins). ~iĝo, -ation. ➞ bankrot, detru, kaduk, senhavig, subfos.

rukul-i = kveri, coo as a pigeon.

rukt-i, [UV] belch, eructate, bring up wind.

rul-i (-n), [UV] (cause to) Roll. 1 r. along, bowl, trundle: ~i barelon, globon. 2 (platigi): r. out, flatten. ~i oron, paston, razenon. 3 (a. ~umi), roll up, furl, turn over and over: ~i cigaredon, ombrelon, velon. 4 rotate: ~i la okulojn. 5 make trilling, undulating, vibrating sound: ~ado, roll, peal. ~ado de tamburo, tondro. ~o, [UV] (wide sense) -er, cylinder, drum, platen. Ink~(razen~tuk~)o, ink-(garden-towel -)er. Past~o,  ing pin. Ŝosea steam -er. ~(aĵ)o, r., spool. ~o higiena, toilet r. Tabak~aĵo, twist of tobacco. ~aĵo papera, muzika. ~iĝi, (nt), 1 roll along, advance, drive, run: La aŭto, barelo, ondo, pilko,vojaĝanto ~iĝas. 2 roll over and over: La ĉevalo, hundo ~iĝis sur la greso. Li falis kaj ~iĝadis (~falis), f wallow: ~i en lukso, mono. 3 roll from side to side, reel, sway: La ebriulo, ŝipo ~iĝis. ~iĝo,  ing (of ship). ~iĝanta ŝtono,  ing stone. ~iĝaĵo,  ing stock. ~ilo, castor, trolley wheel. ~ujo, (mec) bearing. De~i (Mk 16/3, 4). For~i, r. away. La nebulo rapide for~iĝis. Kun~i, r. (wrap) up. ~~i mapon, dokumentojn. ➞ boben, bulk, sket, turn, volv.

rulad-o, (mus) run, rapid scale passage, vocal flourish.

ruled-o (rultranĉilo), roulette, revolving toothed wheel, pricking (tracing) wheel. ~o punkta, segildenta. ~i, ~ita. ➞ perfor, truet.

rulet-o, (gm) roulette.

rum-o, [UV] (bev) rum.

Ruman-ujo, Rumanio [OA-8] RO.

rumb-o, (dance) rumba.

ramekso, Dock (Rumex). ~o akva, water d. ~o konglomerata, clustered or sharp d. ~o krispa, curled d. ~o larĝfolia, broad-leaved d. ~etoj, (~j acidfoliaj), sorrels (R. acetosa, acetosella). ➞ oksalid.

run-o, Run/e, letter of ancient Scandinavian alphabet. ~a, -ic. ~a ŝtono.

rupi-o, (num) rupee.

rupi-o, (bot) tassel pondweed (Ruppia).

rusk-o, (bot) butcher’s broom (Ruscus).

rusol-o, russula fungus (Russula). ~o vomiga, the sickener (R. emetiea).

rust-o [UV] (fera oksido), Rust, red iron oxide. Sxlosilo uzata ~on ne kolektas. (bot) rust, (plant disease). Gren~o, corn rust. ~a, rusty, -ed. (bot) blighted. ~iĝi, r., be (get) -y, oxidize, f Mia Esperanto ~iĝas. ~kolora, r-colored. Sen~igi, polish up, remove rust.

rustik-a, rustic, rural, f unpolished. ~a danco, country dance. ~eco, -ity.

Rus-ujo, Rusio [F] RU.

ruŝ-o, ruche, frill, ruffle (of gauze, lace, etc.).

rut-o, [OA] rue (Ruta graveolens). ➞ aspleni.

rutel-o, (ich) roach (Rutilus).

ruteni-o, (chem) ruthenium (Ru).

rutil-o, (min) rutil.

rutin-o, [OA] Routine, customary round, groove, regular procedure, unvarying performance. ~a, of r., groovy, stick-in-the-mud. ~a laboro, donkey-work. La ~aj ideoj de la amaso. ~e, by rule of thumb, by rote, out of sheer habit. Oficeja ~aĉo, red tape. ~ema, addicted to r., hidebound. ~ulo, slave to r. ➞ gurd, stereotip.

ruz-o [UV] (~aĵo), Cunning, Dodg/e, Trick; artifice, guile, ruse, stratagem, wile. ~o milita. ~a, c., tricky, artful, astute, crafty, deep, knowing, shrewd, sly, wily. ~i, (nt) (esti ~a), deal subtly, dodge, shuffle, use cunning. (Mal 3/8). ~aĉa, foxy. ~eco, astuteness, craft, finesse, subtlety. ~ema, c. ~ulo, artful d-er. Sen~a, artless, ingenuous, simple, unsophisticated. Super~i, dupe, outwit, overreach. ➞ artifik, subtil, tromp.


S

S-o [F], letter S. S-hoko, S-hook.

sabadil-o, Sabadilla (Meksika liliaco) (Schoenocaulon).

sabat-o, [UV] 1 Saturday. 2 Sabbat/h, day of rest = (Jewish) Saturday, (Christian) Sunday. Festi, Observi (keep) la ~on. Profani (break) la ~on. ~a jaro, -ical year. ~ismo, ~isto, sabbatarianism, -atarian.

sabel-o, (zoo) peacock worm (Sabella).

sabelik-o (Savoja brasiko), Savoy cabbage. ➞ brasik.

sabin-o, (bot) savin(e) (Juniperus sabina).

sabl-o, [UV] Sand, Grit. Ludi sur la ~o. Konstrui sur ~o (malfortike). f Jxeti ~on en la okulojn (blindigi). Flu~o, running s. ~a, of s. ~a bordo, the sands, sandy beach. ~a monteto (duno), s-hill. ~(oŝut)i, (cover with) s. ~ita vojo. ~aĵo, [UV] s-bank(-bar). Suĉa ~aĵo (~o moviĝanta), quick-s. ~ejo, s-(gravel-)pit. ~ero, [UV] grain of sand, bit of grit. ~eto, fine s. ~oza, ~okovrita, ~oplena, sandy, g-y. ~ujo, s-box. ~obstrukci, silt up. ~okolora, s-y. ~oŝtormo, s-storm. ➞ gruz.

sabot-i (-n), ~(aĵ)o, sabotage.

sabr-o, [OA] Sabre, sword with curved blade. ~(obat)i, s. ~ingo.

sacerdot-o, [OA] (rc) Priest. ~a, -ly, sacerdotal, ~ado, ~eco, -hood. ~ismo, sacerdotalism.

sad-ism-o, ~isto, sad-ism, -ist.

saduke-o, sadducee.

safir-o, [UV] Sapphir/e, blue crystalline corundum. ~a, -ine.

safran-o, [UV] Saffron crocus (Crocus sativus). 2 dye from this. ~kolora, s., orange yellow.

sag-o, [UV] Arrow, bolt, shaft (from bow), f ~oj de satiro, sorto. ~eto, dart. ~ujo, quiver. ~forma, a-headed. Ĵet~o, (gm) darts. ~(paf)isto, archer, (astr) Saggitarius. ~pinto, a-head. ~signo, (typ) a-head. ➞ ark.

saga-o, (lit) saga, long chronicle.

sagac-a, [UV] Sagac/ious, long-headed, sharp (subtle) in spirit, shrewd; (of animal) intelligent. ~(ec)o, -ity, acumen, discernment, perspicacity. ~e, shrewdly. ➞ inteligent, penetr, saĝ, spirit, subtil.

sagin-o, (bot) pearl wort (Sagina).

sagitari-o, (bot) arrow-head (Sagitaria).

sagu-o, [OA] Sago. ~arbo, s-palm.

saĝ-a, [OA] Wise. 1 knowing, learned, sage, skilled. 2 circumspect, discreet, judicious, prudent, sensible. ~a decido, vorto. Agi ~e. ~(ec)o (Se 8/1, 14/8), good sense, prudence. Homa ~o, human wisdom. Perdi la ~on, lose one’s wits. Streĉi la ~on, rack one’s brains. ~o abunda, sed ne profunda. ~igi ~(iĝi), make (become) w. ~ulo, w. person, sage. ~ulaĉo, w-acre. ~umi, affect wisdom, cavil, quibble, raise captious objj., split hairs. ~umado, casuistry, ratiocinate, sophistry (Rj 129/23). Mal~a, unwise, absurd, daft, foolish, imbecile, stupid. ~~a kiel ŝtipo. ~~aĵo, folly, nonsense, silliness, stupidity. ~~ulo, ass, blockhead, dolt, fool, idiot, imbecile. ➞ idiot, sensaĝul, stultul. Ne~a, unwise, imprudent. Sen~a, silly, vacuous, witless. ~~ulo, simpleton. Duon~a, half-witted. ➞ inteligent, prudent, sagac.

sajmiri-o, squirrel monkey (Saimiri).

sak-o, [UV] (large) Bag, Sack, pouch. ~o almozula. Vortoj ~on ne plenigas. f purse, Kiam ~o mizeras, amo malaperas. Dors~o (tornistro), knapsack, rucksack. Fel~o, (Bb) bottle, wineskin (Ps 56/8, 119/83). Vent~o, wind-cone. Dorm~o, man~o, mon~o, poŝt~o, sablo~o, sel~o, sleeping-, hand-, money-, mail-, sand-, saddle-bag. ~aĵo, s-ing, s-cloth (Ge 37/34). ~eto, satchel, wallet. Ret~eto, reticule. ~forma, baggy, loose. En~igi (-n), b. Plen~o (da), sackful. ➞ kas, poŝ, ŝalm.

sakarin-o, saccharin.

sake-o, sake (rizbrando).

sakr-o, [UV] Sacr/um (bone) (Le 3/9). ~a, -al.

sakr-i (blasfemeti), use bad language (mild expletives).

sakrament-o, [OA] sacrament. ~a, -al.

sakrilegi-o, sacrileg/e. ~a, -ous. ~i, (nt) (fari ~on). ➞ pro fan.

sakristi-o, [OA] (arch, ecc) Sacrist/y, vestry. ~ano, -an, sexton (1 FA 8/37).

saksifrag-o, saxifrage, rockfoil (Saxi- fraga) > London pride.

saksikol-o, (orn) Chat (Saxicola). ~o brungorĝa, whin-c. ~o nigragorĝa, stone-c. ➞ motacel, silvi.

saksofon-o, (m.i.) saxophone.

sal-o, [UV] Salt. 1 sodium chloride. Mar~o, Min~o, rok~o. f Preni kun grano da ~o. Manĝi~on kun iu. ~o de la tero (Mt 5/13). 2 (chem) class of compounds. ~(gust)a, ~(hav)a, salt, briny, saline. ~i (-n), s. ~i supon. Pli bone ne ~i, ol tro ~i. ~ita (corned) bovaĵo. ~eco, salinity. ~ejo, s-works. ~(vend)isto, -er. ~ujo, s-cellar. Sen~a, s-less, insipid. ~~a butero, fresh butter. ~imposto, ~lekejo, ~marĉo, ~minejo.

salajr-o, [UV] Salar/y, allowance, emolu- ments, fee, pay, remuneration, stipend, wages. ~i iun. ~ata (paid) sekretario. ~aĉo, ~eto, mere pittance. ~ulo, -ied person. Krom~o, bonus. ➞ honorari, pag, rekompenc.

salamandr-o, [UV] Salamander. 1 (zoo) (Salamandra). 2 elemental spirit of fire.

salamoniak-o, [UV] salammoniac (amonia klorido).

salangan-o, (orn) salangane. (cul) ~a (birdnesta), bird’s-nest (supo).

salat-o, [UV] Salad. ~o frukta, kamparana, Mediteranea, verda. f mixture. ~ujo, s-bowl.

sald-o, [OA] Balance (diffce between debit and credit). ~o debita, kredita. ~i, b., settle, square. ~i la konton. ➞ bilanc, rest.

salicil/ato, Salicyl/ate. ~acido, -ic acid.

salik-o, [UV] Willow, osier, sallow (Salix). Sur la ~oj ni pendigis niajn harpojn (Ps 137/2). ~o Babilona (Plor~o), weeping willow ~o kampa, goat (or pussy) w. ~o rampa, creeping w. ~a korbo, wicker basket. ~acoj, w. fam.. ~aĵo, wickerwork. ~ejo, w-plantation.

salikari-o, purple loose-strife, willow-strife (Lythrum salicaria).

salikok-o, (ordinary language) prawn (Leander). ~eto, shrimp (Crangon).

salikorni-o, glass-wort, marsh samphire (Salikornia).

saliv-o, [OA] Saliv/a, spittle (Ij 7/19). ~i, (nt) -ate, water at the mouth. ~iga, sialagogic. ~umi (bavi). ~otuko, bib.

salm-o, [UV] Salmon. ~o iriza, rainbow trout. ~ido, samlet. ~idaro, s-fry. ~okolora, s-colored, orange-pink. ➞ trut.

Salomon-oj SB.

salon-o, [UV] drawing-room, reception-Room, "salon", (art) studio. ~o dentista, frizista, florista. Koncerta ~o, concert-r. Manĝ~o, dining-hall. Te~o, tea-r. ~a muziko, light music. ~aj ludoj, parlour games. ~eto, morning-, living-, sitting-room. ~ego, hall. ➞ ĉambr, kajut.

salpetr-o [UV] (kalia nitrato), salpetre, nitre.

salping-o, (anat) Fallopian tube, upper part of oviduct.

salsol-o, (bot) prickly saltwort, glass-wort (Salsola).

salt-i (nt), [UV] 1 Jump, Leap, bound, spring up: ~i pro ĝojo, en la maron, post en. f La montoj ~is kiel ŝafoj. 2 (move quickly): Fajreroj ~is ĉirkaŭen. Ondoj ~is (sin ĵetis) sur la rokon. (pass quickly): ~i de rido al larmoj. (rise): lia temperaturo ~is ĝis 103°. ~o, jump, leap, spring: ~o alta, longa, transkapiĝa. Ran~o, (gm) leap-frog. Reĝ~o (aroko), (chs) castling. ~e leviĝi, jump up, give a j. ~ado, j-ing. ~adi de branĉo al branĉo. ~eti, hop (as a sparrow), go hoppity-hop. Iri ~ete, trip along. ~etadi, make capers, frisk abt. Ŝnur~i (skipi), (gm) skip. ~igi, make jump (pop) korkon el botelo; (toss up) infanon en la aeron. Al~i, pounce on, spring at. Ĉirkaŭ~i, j. round. De~i, j. down (off), dismount. Dis~i, fly asunder. ~~os la baroj. Ek~i (start) de surprizo. El~i, j. out (el la lito), ~~i el la propra haŭto. ~~ulo (novriĉulo), parvenu, upstart. En~i, j. in. For~i, bound off, j. away. Preter~i, j. past. Re~i, rebound, recoil, ricochet. Super~i, leap over. Supren~i, j. up. Sur~i (Vault on to) ĉevalon. Trans~i (j. across, over) barojn, detalojn, paĝojn. ➞ kapric.

saltarel-o, (dance) saltarelle.

saltier-o, St Andrew’s cross (X), (her) saltire. ~e, crosswise.

salubr-a (sandona), healthy, salubrious. ~a aer-(kilmat-)o. ~igi, cleanse, purify, sweeten. Ne~a, insanitary, unhealthy.

salut-i (-n), [UV] Salut/e, 1 Greet, hail, welcome. Interŝanĝi ~ojn. ~u (give kind regards to) lin de mi. ~i la sunon. 2 by gesture express respect. ~o, greeting, s., -ation. Kap~o, bow. Man~o, wave of the hand. ~o funebra. ~on! Salut’ al vi! (H/2). ~a paf-(salv-)o. ~a letero, letter of g-ing. Sin for~i, bow one’s out. Capel~i, raise one’s hat. ➞ aklam, riverenc, salv. •

salv-o, [OA] salvo, salute, volley, simultaneous discharge of firearms, f round (burst) of applause, etc. ~a pafado, volley-firing. ➞ ungvent.

Salvador-o SV

salvarsan-o, salvarsan.

salvelen-o, (ich) char (Salvelinus).

salvi-o, [UV] (bot) sage, clary (Salvia).

sam-a, [UV] the Same, not another, without difference; identical, indistinguishable. De ~a koloro, ~a valoro. Paroli ~an lingvon, havi ~an senton. En tiu ~a tago, on that very day. Tio ~a (just the s. thing) okazis al mi. ~(manier)e, in the s. way. Iru kaj fari ~e, go and do likewise. Estus ~e racie diri, it word be just (quite) as rational to say. Ĉu Judoj kaj Kristanoj estas la ~o? (Quo Vadis 1/129). ~eco, identity. ~landanoj, ~urbanoj, fellow-country-men, -towns-men. ~tempe, simultaneously. Mal~a (diferenea), different, other, unlike. ~~eco, diversity. ➞ ali, divers, egal, ident.

samari-o, (chem) samarium (Sa).

sambuk-o, [UV] elder (tree) (Sambucus). ~a bero, vino. ➞ ebol.

Samo-o WS.

samol-o, brookweed, water pimpernel (Samolus).

samovar-o [OA] (temaŝino), samovar, Russian tea-urn.

san-a, [UV] Health/y, able-bodied, hale, in good h., sound, well. ~a menso en ~a korpo. Cerbe ~a, sane. ~e vivi. ~o (good) health. Fera ~o, iron constitution. Je via ~o! Here’s to you! Good health! ~ega, lusty, sturdy. ~iga, h-giving, curative, healing, restorative, salubrious, wholesome. ~iga por la nervoj. ~igi, make well, heal. ~igejo (sanatorio), nursing-home, sanatorium. ~igilo, means of h., cure, remedy. Re~igi, cure, make well again. ~~igebla, curable. ~~iĝanto, convalescent.

Mal~a, ill, sick. Cerbe ~a, demented, insane. ~o, illness, complaint, disease, malady. Aer~o, Mar~o, air-sickness, sea-sickness. Akvo~o (hidropso). Ren~o, kidney disease. ~i, be ill. ~eca, ~ema, ailing, diseased, morbid, sickly, unsound. ~ega, at death’s door. ~eta, indisposed, off colour, out of sorts, poorly, unwell. ~igi, make ill, upset. ~iga, insanitary. ~iĝi, fall ill, sicken. Re~iĝo, relapse. ~ulo, invalid. ~ulejo (hospitalo), hospital. ➞ fart, higien, pacient, medikament.

sanatori-o, sanatorium, convalescent home.

sandal-o, [OA] Sandal. ~e vest ita, s-ed.

sandarak-o, (gum) Sandarach. ~arbo, s-tree (Callitis articulata).

sanderlingo = sabla kalidro.

sandr-o, pike-perch (Lusioperca sandra).

sandviĉ-o, (cul) Sandwich, ~(vend)isto. f ~ulo (surstrata reklamisto kun varbafiŝo super ventro kaj dorso), s-man.

sang-o, [UV] Blood, gore. Verŝi ~on, shed b. f lineage, race. La ~o de David, the house of D. ~(ad)i, bleed, lose blood. Li ~as el la nazo, his nose bleeds, f suffer, as though wounded. ~as mia koro. ~a, -y, of blood, bleeding. ~ema, bleeding readily. ~ero, drop of blood. ~alfluo (kongesto). ~ama, ~avida, b-thirsty, sanguinary. ~elfluo (hemoragio). ~eltiri, bleed. ~makulita, gory, ~ogrupo, b-group. ~okolora, ~oruĝa, b-red. ~oplena, ~oriĉa, plethoric. Pur~a, fullbred, thoroughbred. Sam~a, consanguine. Sam~ulo, blood-relation. Sen~a (b-less) venko. ~~igi, drain off b. Varm~a, warm blooded. Malvarm~e, in cold b. ➞ anemi, flegm, incest, ras, senemoci.

sangisorb-o, (bot) great burnet (Sanguisorba). ➞ poteri.

sangvin-a, sanguine, confident, hopeful. ➞ esperem, optimism.

sanikl-o, (bot) sanicle, self-heal (Sanicula).

sanitar-a, sanitary, concerning health. ~a tuko. ~a vagonaro, hospital train.

sankci-o [F], Sanction. 1 official approval, confirmation, encouragement, permission, ratification. Doni ~on. 2 (jur) penalty (reward) for (dis)obedience. means to enforce obedience. ~i (-n), sanction, authorize, countenance, permit, ratify. ~ita, authorized. ➞ aprob, konfirm.

sankt-a, [UV] Hol/y, consecrated, sacred. ~a akvo, Ĵaŭdo, oleo. La S~a Familio. La S~a Skribo, the H. Scriptures. ~a promeso, vow, ~a vespero, Christmas eve. f ~a estu por ni la hodiaŭa tago. 2 (geog) S~a Marko (sometimes San-). S~a Kristoforo kaj Neviso KN. S~a Lucio LC. S~a Vincento kaj Grenadinoj VC. Sanmarino SM. Santomeo kaj Principeo ST. ~aĵo, holy thing. ~eco, -iness, sanctity. ~ejo, [UV] holy place, fane, sanctuary, shrine. Plej~ejo, holy of holies = innermost shrine. ~igi, consecrate, hallow, sanctify. ~ulo, saint. Festo de ĉiuj ~uloj, All Saints’ Day. Mal~igi, defile, desecrate, pollute, profane.

sanskrit-o, ~a, Sanscrit.

santal-o, [OA] sandalwood tree (Santalum alburn). Ruĝa ~o, red s., African rosewood. ~a ligno (1 Rĝ 10/11).

santolin-o, (bot) Santolina shrub, lavender cotton.

santonik-o, (bot) Santonica, f. w. (pharm) santonino, Levant wormseed.

sap-o, [UV] Soap. Barba ~o, shaving-s. ~o potasa, soft s. ~o pumika, pumice s. ~o sinteza (sapsuragato), detergent. Soda ~o, hard (dry) s. Tualeta ~o, toilet s. ~i tolon (vizaĝon). ~a briko (bulo), cake of soap. ~a bobelo, veziko, s-bubble. ~eca, ~oza, -y, saponaceous. ~igi, saponify. ~ujo, s-dish. ~umi, soap, lather. ~fabrikisto, s-maker. ~farado, s-making. ~ŝaŭmo, lather, s-suds. ➞ sapind, saponari, steatit.

sape-i, Sap, undermine. ~i muron. ~isto, sapper. f ~i decidon, kredon.

sapind-o (saparbo), soap-berry(-tree) (Sapindus saponaria).

saponari-o, soap-wort, fuller’s herb (Saponaria).

sapot-o, (bot) sapodilla (Achras sapota). ~frukto, s-fruit, plum.

saprofit-o, (bot) saprophyte.

saraband-o, (dance) saraband.

sardel-o, [UV] (com) pickled anchovy or similar clupeid in tins or barrels.

sardin-o, sardine, young pilchard or similar fish, tinned and preserved in oil or tomato sauce. ➞ anĉov, pilĉard.

sardon-a, sardonic, bitter, cynical, scornful. ~a rido.

sardoniks-o, (min) sardonyx, a form of onyx with brown and white bands.

sargas-o, (bot) sargasso, gulf-weed. ~a maro.

sari-o, (cl) sari.

sark-i (-n) [UV], Hoe, Weed. ~i florbedon, kampon. ~ado, hoeing. ~aĵo, garden refuse, sweepings, weedings. ~ilo, hoe. Puŝ~ilo, Dutch (thrust) hoe. Tir~ilo, weeding hook. For~i, weed out, exterminate, grub up. f ~i antaŭjuĝojn.

sarkasm-o, [OA] Sarcas/m, cutting, mocking, wounding irony. ~a, -tic. ~a rideto. ~i, speak sarcastically. ➞ ironi.

sarkofag-o, [OA] sarcophagus, stone coffin. 2 similar monument.

sarkofil-o (Tasmania diablo), Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus).

sarkom-o, (med) sarcoma, malignant tumour of tissue.

sarkopt-o, sarcoptes > itch mite (S. scabei).

sarment-o, bine, climbing stem e.g., of hop or vine.

sarong-o, (cl) sarong.

sarotamn-o, (bot) broom (Sarothamnus).

sarsaparil-o (smilakradiko), sarsaparilla.

sarsenet-o, (tex) sarsenet, fine soft silk lining material.

sasafras-o, sassafras, N. American laurel (Sassafras).

sat-a, [UV] Satiated (satisfied), full, replete, having had enough, no longer hungry, with hunger appeased (no desire for more), f ~a de (je, pri) plezuroj (vivo). Havi ~e (sufiĉe) da pano (Se 28/19). ~i (esti ~a), be -ated. ~ego, surfeit. ~igi, appease (hunger), quench (thirst). ~igi la animon. Ne~igebla, in-able. Ne~igita, unappeased, unsatisfied. Super~igi, tro~igi, clog, cram, glut, overfeed, saturate, stuff, surfeit. ~iĝi (Se 27/20), be -sfied, take one’s fill of. Tro~iĝi, have more than enough, too much. Manĝi ĝis~e, till -sfied, to repletion, gorge. Trinki ĝis~e, drink one’s fill. Mal~a, Hungry, empty. ~~a kiel lupo. Sata ~~an ne povas kompreni. ~~o, hunger, famine, want. Morti de ~~o. ~i, be hungry, crave (hanker) after, long for. ~~ega, famishing, starving, ravenous. ~~ego, famine, starvation. ~~igi, starve. ➞ kontentig, plen, satur, sufiĉ.

satelit-o, (astr) satellite, f follower, underling. ~a nacio, urbo.

satan-o, [OA] Satan.

satir-o, [OA] Satir/e. ~a, -ical, mocking. ~i, -ize. ~isto, -ist. ➞ mok, vip.

satirus-o, (myth) satyr, woodland deity.

satrap-o, [OA] (hist) satrap, Persian governor (Da 3/2, Ez 8/36, Es 3/12).

satur-i (-n), [UV] Saturat/e, impregnate, penetrate, permeate. ~ita, -ed. ~ita de lumo, nebulo, odoro, sango. Drenched, soaked (de pluvo). Ostoj ~itaj de medolo (Ij 21/24). f crammed, imbued, steeped, de ideoj, principoj, sentoj. (chem) ~ita solvaĵo. ~a punkto. ~ado, ~eco, saturation. Super~i. ➞ impregn, penetr, sorb.

sature-o, (bot) savory (herb of mint fam.) (Satureia).

saturni-o, emperor moth (Saturnia).

Saud-a Arab-ujo, Sauda Arabio [OA-8] SA.

saŭc-o, [UV] (cul) Sauce. ~o Holanda, kapora, pana, poma, tomata. Blanka ~o, melted butter. ~ujo, s-boat, -bottle. ➞ frikas.

saŭdad-o, saudade (Portuguese word), haunting sense of sadness and regret for days gone by, or for what might have been. ➞ nostalgi.

saŭn-o, sauna, Finnish bath. ➞ ŝvitbanej.

sav-i, [UV] Sav/e. 1 Deliver (free, rescue) from, salve (Upon): ~i de morto; el brulanta domo; kontraŭ doloro. Li ~is mian vivon. Sin ~i, escape. ~u vin (forkuru) sur la monton. f ~i la situacion. Ĉu mi ne ~u la esperon (cherish the hope)? (If 84/20). 2 (domaĝi, evitigi), spare: ~i energion, ĝenon. Sav- (Safety-) (danĝerevita, sendanĝeriga): Sav-kurteno, ~lampo, ~razilo, ~valvo. ~zono, s-belt. ~o, salvation. ~anto, -iour, rescuer. Ne plu ~ebla, past praying for. ~iĝo, deliverance, rescue, salvation. Apenaŭa ~iĝo, hair-breadth escape. ~ito, rescued person, survivor. Dronanto domon proponas, ~ito eĉ brikon ne donas. ~rimedo, means of deliverance. Antaŭ~i, preserve (from), For~iginto, refugee (Ge 14/13). Sen~a, helpless [Ne= ŝpar].

savan-o, savanna, tropical grassy treeless plain (1 FA 118/22).

scen-o [F], Scen/e. 1 locality of action or event: La ~o de la batalo, akcidento. 2 event, incident: ~oj el Pariza vivo: el mia juneco. Detaloj de la ~o (M 23/29). ~o neforgesebla. f Ne faru ~on (trankviliĝu)! 3 subdivision of a play: Akto 2, ~o 4. ~(ej)o, (th) stage, boards. Sur la ~o (H 65/31). Post la ~o (en la kuliso) (H 173/25). ~a, scenic. ~aro, -ario. Antaŭ~ejo, proscenium. ➞ pejzaĝ, vidaĵ.

sceptr-o [UV] (reĝbastono), Sceptre, emblem of royal power. For lia ~o kaj trono! (K 326/20).

sci-i (-n, ke, kie, etc.), [UV] Know. 1 (facts): ~i lecionon parkere. ~i lingvon, la vojon. Nenion li volis ~i, He wouldn’t listen to anyone. 2 be aware of, know certainly, precisely, understand: Oni neniam ~as! Ĉu vi ~as, ke? Mi ~as, kion mi ~as. Mi ~as ĝiajn suferojn (El 3/7). Neniu ~as lian tombon (Re 34/6). Mi ne ~as (don’t k., can’t tell) kie lin trovi, kion diri, fari, pensi, respondi. Kiom mi ~as, as far as I k., for aught I know. 3 know how to (a. povoscii), be skilled in: ~i muzikon. ~i (kiel) ludi harpon. Mi ne ~as instrui (k. how to teach). ~o, knowledge, learning, understanding. Laŭ mia ~o, as far as I am aware, Sen mia ~o, behind my back, unknown to me, without my -ledge. ~ama, ~avida, ~ema, ~vola, dezirous of -ing, curious, inquisitive. ~emo, thirst for -ledge. ~eti (suspekti). ~eto, inkling. ~igi [UV]. (a) (iun pri io): inform, let know, notify, tell, (b) (ion al iu): make known, announce, give notice. ~igoj, details, particulars, tidings. ~iĝi, [UV] (a) become known. (b) get to k., learn, be told (informed). ~inda, worth knowing. ~voli, be curious. Antaŭ~o, fore-ledge. ~~igi, forewarn. Ek~o, sudden insight, Ne~o, ignorance. Sen~e, unconsciously, unwittingly. Sen~ulo, dunce, ignoramus, simpleton. Ĉio~a, omniscient. Duon~o, half-ledge. Multe~a, accomplished. ➞ kon, scienc.

scienc-o, [UV] Scienc/e, Naturaj ~oj. ~a, -tific. ~isto, ~ulo, -tist, savant.

scintil-i (trembrili), scintillate, sparkle, twinkle.

scirp-o, bulrush, club-rush (Scirpo).

sciur-o, [UV] Squirrel (Sciurus). ~o griza (ruĝa), grey (red) squirrel.

sciuropter-o, flying squirrel (Sciuropterus).

se, [UV] (conj) If (= supposing, on condition, that). ~ jes, if so, if you do, if it is, etc. (according to context). ~ ne, if not, unless. ~ nur unu, if only one. El even if. Nur Only if. ~ li venos, if he comes. ~ li venus, if he came. Ho, ~ mi povus (ke mi povu)! If I could only, (log) ~a (hipoteza, supoza) propozicio. Rim.: "Se absoluta". ~ (oni volus) lin kompari kun, in comparison with. ~ konsideri, ke, considering that. ~ paroli sincere, to speak sincerely. ~ ne paroli pri, to say nothing of. ~ tiel diri, so to speak. Rim.: ➞ ĉu = if (whether),

seanc-o, (spiritualistic) seance.

seb-o [UV] (bestograso), tallow fat, suet, secretion from sebaceous glands (Ps 119/70). Porka ~o (K 63/33). ~o minerala, planta. ~a kandelo, t-candle. ~a kisto, (med) blackhead. ~i, grease. ~eca, sebaceous. ~restaĵoj, (cul) cracklings. ➞ gras.

sebum-o, (anat) sebum,

secesi-o, (jur) secession. ~i, secede. ~a milito.

sed, [UV] (conj) (denotes contrast, demurring, diffidce, surprise, etc.) but, however, moreover, nevertheless, on the contrary (other hand), yet. Ŝtalo estas fleksebla, ~ fero ne. Venis ne li, ~ lia edzino. Dion fidu, ~ senfare ne sidu. Bone, ~ ne tre! Mi volus veni, ~ ... Li ĉiam elpaŝas kun ia (kontraŭdiro). ➞ aliflanke, cetere, krom, nur, tamen.

sed-o, stonecrop (Sedum) > orpine, wall pennywort, wall pepper.

sedativ-o (trankviligilo), Sedative. ~a, s.

sediment-o, (geol) Sedimentary rock, deposit. ~o de kaldrono (Jeĥ 24/6). ~a, -ary. ~iĝo, -ation. ➞ fee, precipitaĵ.

seg-i, [UV] Saw. ~ado (~aĵo) a/ura, fretwork. ~ejo, saw-mill, saw-yard. ~ilo, s. ~ilo frama, ligna, mana. Arĉ~ilo, bow-s. Benda (senfina) ~ilo, band (belt, endless, ribbon) s. Laŭlonga ~ilo, rip s. Rond~ilo, circular s. Trapeza (vosta) ~ilo, compass s. Tru~ilo, jig-saw, keyhole-saw. (mus) Muzika ~ilo, musical s. Akrigi, klinigi, reguligi ~ilon, sharpen (set, regulate) a saw. ~isto, sawyer. De~i, s. off. Dis~i, s. up. Tra~i, s. through. ➞ prist.

segment-o, [OA] ~i, Segment. ~o de insekto, linio, sfero. ~ado, -ation.

segreg-i (apartigi) (-n), Segregat/e. ~i leprulojn. ~ado, -ion. ~ismo, -ism, apartheit. ~ita, -ated.

seĝ-o, [UV] Chair, Seat (coachman’s) box. f ~o parlamenta, juĝista (bench). La Sankta ~o, the Holy See. Okupi ~on. Apog~o, brak~o (fotelo), arm-chair, easy-chair. Fald~o, deck-c. Glit~o, Sxov~o, sliding-seat. Kan~o, cane c. Kuŝ~o, lounge-c. Ltd~o (balanca ~o), rocking-c. Port~o, sedan-c. Puf~o, cushioned, padded c. Rad~o, Rul~o, bath-(wheel-)c. Tru~o, close-stool, commode. ~eto, baby-c. ~(far)isto, c-maker. ~(montr)ist(in)o, c-attendant, usherette. ➞ benk, sid(ej)(lok), taburet.

seism-o a. sism-o (tertremo), earthquake. ~a, seismic. ~ografo, ~ologio, ~ometro.

Sejŝel-oj SC.

sek-a, [UV] Dry. 1 without moisture: ~a gorĝo, vetero. ~aj folioj, okuloj. 2 dried up, parched, thirsty: ~a puto, tero. 3 without additional or fancy details, bald, hard, meagre, plain: ~a humoro, rido, stilo, voĉo. ~aj faktoj. ~a pano (senbutera), ~a manĝo (sensaŭca). 4 senalkohola. ~aĵoj, [UV] d-goods. ~ega, arid. ~igi, dry. ~igi tolaĵon, larmojn, (wipe) tasojn. ~iga paliso, clothes-prop. ~iga ŝnuro, clothesline. ~igita (dried, dessicated) frukto, kokoso, pizo. ~igilo, dryer. ~iĝi, dry up, wilt. El~igi, drain, empty. Mal~a, watery, wet. ~~iĝema, deliquescent. ~~aj okuloj. ~~ec(et)a, damp, humid, moist. Tra~~igi, drench, soak. ~~iĝi, be soaked (Pr 10/18). ➞ pluv, proz, senakv, senmetafor.

sekal-o, [UV] Rye (Secale). ~a pano.

sekant-o, (trig) secant.

sekc-i (-n) [UV], cut up (cake, etc.) into pieces, (geom) divide into sectns, (med) dismember. ~o, cut. ~o laŭlonga, transa, (longitudinal, transversal). ~aĵo, section (for microscope). ~ilo, scalpel. De~i, resect, pare down. Dis~i, dissect. Du~i, bisect.

sekci-o, [OA] Section, distinct part. ~o de ĉapitro, konstruo, vojaĝo, (com) branch, department (de magazeno). (geom) konusa ~o, (mus) ~o de fugo. (org) = "organ": ĥora, ĉefa, ŝvela, soloa, eĥa. ➞ fak.

sekoj-o, sequoia, mammoth tree, Welfingtonia (Sequoia gigantea) > redwood (S. sempervivens).

sekreci-o, [OA] Secret/ion (from glands). ~i (-n), secrete.

sekret-o, [UV] Secre/t, mystery. Publika (known by all). Babili, gardi ~on. Eltiri (worm out) ~on. Perfidi ~on, let the cat out of the bag. ~o familia, skeleton in the cupboard. ~a, s., clandestine, hidden, hush-hush, private. ~a amo, influo, societo. ~a inko, invisible ink. Tenu ĝin ~a, keep it dark. ~e, in s., secretly, privately. ~i (-n, al), tell in s., confide. Vi ~os al edzino, ŝi al fratino ... ~eco, -cy. ~ema, discreet, -tive. ~igi, keep s., -te. En~igi, initiate. Mal~igi (-n) (malkasi), blab, blurt out, disclose, divulge, noise abroad.

sekretari-o, [UV] Secretary, amanuensis. ~o ŝtata. Ĝenerala S~o (de UN) ~a, -ial. ~aro, ~ejo, -iat. ~ino.

seks-o, [UV] Sex. ~o ina, vira. La bela ~o, the fair sex. (gram) (genro), gender. ~allogo, s-appeal. ~kuniĝi, copulate. ~matura, adult (adolta). ~~eco, puberty. Ambaŭ~a, du~a (hermafrodita), bisexual, hermaphrodite. Sam~ama (geja), homosexual, gay. Unu~a, unisexual. Vir~a, ~~ulo (maskl-a, -o), male. ➞ in, gej, vener, vir.

seksagesim-o, (rel) sexagesima.

sekst-o = sesto.

sekstet-o =sesteto.

sekstant-o, sextant.

sekt-o, [OA] Sect, group with separate views. ~a, -arian. ~ano, member of a s. ~ismo, -arianism. ~ismano, -arian. Sen~a, unsectarian. ➞ koteri, tendar.

sektor-o, [OA] Sector. 1 (geom) arc, quadrant. 2 (district area): ~a limo. 3 beat. ~o okupacia, policista, poŝta.

sekular-a (neklerikala), lay, secular. ~igi, -ize.

sekund-o, [UV] Second, sixtieth of a minute (time or degree). ~a montrilo, s-hand.

sekund-i, second, abet, further, promote (Cikonikalifo 41/5). ~anto, [OA] second in a duel.

sekundar-a, (geol) (el) (tech) secondary. ➞ primar.

sekur-a, [OA] Secur/e (from danger), safe. ~a loko. ~eco, -ity. Socia ~eco, public welfare. Kolektiva ~eco. ~igi, make s. ~iga (safety) butono, bremso, drato, valvo.

sekv-i_(-n, abs), [UV] Follow. 1 go after, behind: Safo ŝafon ~as. Vi iru: mi ~os. 2 come after, succeed: Printempo ~as vintron, puno krimon. Tago ~as tagon. 3 pay attention to, observe: ~i argumenton (kantiston). ~i spuron. ~i per la imago, okulo. 4 (laŭiri), act in conformity (comply) with: ~i ekzemplon, konsilon, metodon, principon, vojon. ~u miajn leĝojn. 5 be caused by, result from: El tio ~as, ke, it follows from that (the conseqce is), that. ~o, conseqce, effect, outcome, result, sequel. ~o natur-(neevitebl-)a. ~a, consequent. ~anta, next, subsequent, succeeding. La ~anta tago. ~anto, follower, disciple, successor. ~antaro, band of -ers, retinue, train. ~onta, future. ~e, accordingly, consequently, therefore. ~e mi ne venos. ~e de, owing to, as a consequence of. ~igi, 1 have f-ed: ~igi suspektaton. 2 bring about, cause, entail, involve, lead to, run one into: ~igi elspezon, prokraston. Unu ŝanĝo ~igas duan. Tio ne ~igas (Ne ~as el tio), it does not follow (it is not to be inferred) (that). Sen~a okupo, blind alley. (Sin)~o, consecutive, successive. ~~o, series, succession. Sin~e, in file, (mus) Sin~aj (consecutive) kvartoj, kvintoj, oktoj. Gvat~i (spur~i), follow stealthily, shadow, tail, track. Prem~i, f. closely, press hard after. ~oriĉa, big (heavy) with conseqces. ➞ kuntren, konsekvenc, post, rezult, sekvenc.

sekvenc-o, Sequence. (mus) ~o (mal)suprena, harmonia, melodia, tonala, vera.

sekvestr-i (-n), (jur) Sequestrat/e, transfer temporary possession of disputed property to a third party. ~o, -ation.

sel-o, [UV] Saddle (horse, cycle, etc.). (vn) nut. ~i, s. ~i ĉevalon. f burden. ~(far)isto, s-er. ~ejo, harness room. ~arko, s.bow. ~rimeno, ~zono, girth. De~iĝi, dismount. El~igi, unhorse, unseat. Pak~o, ŝarĝ~o. pack-s. Sen~igi, unsaddle. Sur~iĝi, mount.

selaginel-o, (bot) prickly or lesser club- moss (Selaginella).

selakt-o, [OA] whey.

selekt-i (-n), Select, choose, pick by discrimination, elimination, sort out. (rad) ~i ondlongon. ~(aĵ)o, -ion, choice, pick, (bio) Natura ~o. ~(it)a, choice, picked. ~ema, cautious, choosy, exclusive, fastidious. ~ilo, -or. ~iva, -ive. ~iveco, -ivity. ➞ elekt.

selen-o, (chem) selenium (Se).

sem-o [UV] (a. semero), Seed, f cent ~oj perdiĝas. 2 semen (spermo). 3 (idaro) (1 Rĝ 11/39): s., descendants, offspring, posterity. La ~o de David. Ilia ~o estos ekstermita. ~i, [UV] 1 Sow (seed): f Lago ~ita de insuloj. Stel~ita (star-spangled) ĉielo. 2 broadcast, spread abroad: La epidemio ~is morton. ~a, seminal. ~a sezono, s-time. ~ado, sowing. ~ado laŭlinia (drilling). ~aĵo, seed(s). Bird~aĵo, bird-(canary-)s. ~(vend)isto, -sman. ~anto, ~isto, sower. ~ilo, ~maŝino, sowing-machine, drill, ~itaro, -lings, ~ujo, s-vessel, pericarp, pod. dis~i, [UV] disseminate, broadcast, scatter, sprinkle, strew. En~i, enculcate f ~~i malamon en animon. Pri~i (kampon), sow (Ge 47/23, 24; Ps 107/37). ➞ ~i tritikon, sow wheat. Ne~~ita, fallow. Sen~a, s-less. ~bedo, s-plot. ~taŭga, arable, ~vendisto, corn-chandler.

semafor-o, [OA] semaphore.

semajn-o, [UV] Week. Sankta ~o, Holy W. ~a (simpla) tago, w-day. (ĉiu)~a ~e, w-ly, hebdominal. (Ĉiu)du~a, fortnightly. Duon~e, twice w-ly. Lundo post~a, Monday w.

semantik-o, semantics, study of the meaning of words.

semestr-o (duonjaro), half-year. ➞ trimestr.

semid-o, Semit/e. ~a,  ic. ~ismo, -ism. Kontraŭ~ismo. ➞ antisemit, antisemitism.

seminari-o, [OA] seminary, training college (for clergy, teachers, etc.).

semolin-o, (cul) semolina.

semperviv-o, (bot) Houseleek (Semper- vivum). ~o araneeca, cobweb plant.

sen, [UV] (prep) (denotes absence, lack), without; free from, minus, with no. Rozo ~ dornoj. Teo ~ sukero. ~ li, mi jam falus, but for (were it not for) him, I should have fallen. ~ (tio) ke, but that... ~ kio, ~ tio, otherwise, else, had it not been for that. ~eco, absence, dearth, lack, want. ~igi (je), bereave, de-nude(-prive) of, free from, strip. ~iĝi (je), be deprived of, get rid of, lose, run out of. Sen- (pfx with noun-root) = -less. Senamika = sen amiko, friendless, without a friend. Sim: sen-ĉapel(-frukt-patr)a, hat-fruit-father -)less. Senmensoge, to tell the truth. ➞ mal, mank, minus, ne. If Sen manĝi, without eating. Z. advised against this form (LR/128). Better avoided, but often met, and fairly international. Alternatvs: senmanĝe, sen manĝo, ne manĝante. ... to say nothing of the dog, sen parolo (se nenion diri) pri la hundo.

sena-o, Senna (Cassia senna). ~folio, s-leaf. ➞ kasi.

senat-o, [OA] 1 Senat/e. 2 Upper House (of parliament). ~ano, -or. ~ana, -orial. ~ejo, s-house, upper chamber.

senc-o, [UV] Sense; meaning; idea, import, purport (of word, phrase). ~o duba, klara, figura, ordinara, propra. La ~o de ambaŭ vortoj estas sama. Tio havas nenian ~on por mi, means (conveys) nothing to me. Ali~igi, alter the meaning. Du~a, dube~a, plur~a, ambiguous, equivocal. Paroli du~e, prevaricate. Kontraŭ~e (mise), with the wrong meaning. Propra-e, properly. Sam~a (kun), equivalent (to). Sen~a, -less, absurd, foolish, meaning-less. ~~aĵo, absurdity, nonsense. ~~ulo, fool, idiot. Unu~a, univocal. ~oriĉa, expressive. Rim.: Signifo is a near synonym, adding the idea of importance. ➞ sensenca, nonsensical; sensignifa, unimportant.

send-i, [UV] Send. 1 (iun): ~i servanton. ~i por helpo. ~i venigi (voki) iun, send for someone. 2 (ion), s. off, despatch, forward: ~i donacon, leteron, telegramon; remit (monon), throw (ŝtonon). f ~i amon, kisojn. Mi ~os (venigos) miajn plagojn sur ilin. ~(ad)o, despatch, transmission. ~aĵo, consignment, missive, packet, parcel. ~anto, -er. ~igi, have sent, ~ilo, means of conveyance. ~ito, bearer, envoy, messenger, representative, ~itaro, delegate, etc. ➞ agent, delegit. Dis~i, broadcast, circulate (➞ brodkast). El~i, send forth (out), emit (vaporon). For~i, s. away (off), despatch, dismiss. Re~i, s. back, return (➞ reflekt). f (atentigi). ~~i (refer) al la aŭtoro. Re~a (reflexive) pronomo. Trans~i, send on, forward, transmit. ➞ adres, direkt, eksped.

seneci-o, groundsel (Senecio). ~o Jakoba, ragwort, St James’ wort.

Senegalo SN.

senil-a, (med) Senile. ~eco, -ity.

sens-o (sentumo), Sens/e, (one of the) kvin ~oj. ~a, of sense, -ory, -ous. ~a plezuro. ~i (a. senti), perceive by the senses. ~aĵo, (phys) -ation, impression received from one of the senses. ~ebla, appreciable, perceptinle, sensible. ~iva, sensitive (to heat, etc.). Ne~ebla, imperceptible. ~ama, sensual. ~alloga, emotive, provocative. ➞ prudent.

sensaci-o, [OA] Sensation, intense commotion, emotion, or interest; strong impression on the public. ~i = fari, kaŭzi ~on, make a s. ~a, -al. ~a evento, romano. ~a proceso, famous trial. ➞ ekscit, sent.

sensitiv-o, sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica).

sensual-a (sens-ama), Sensual, carnal, voluptuous. ~ismo, ~isto.

sent-i, [UV] Feel, be conscious (sensible) of, experience. 1 (physically) (sensi): ~i dolor-(sufer-varm-)on, bloveton, odoron. 2 (mentally): ~i bezonon, feliĉon, ĝenon, plezuron. ~i lian foreston, miss him. 3 f. (to be): Ni ~is nin amikoj. Li sentis sin laea, (kiel) hejme, at home. ~o, -ing, perception, sense, sentiment. ~o de admiro, amo, timo. Spur~o, flair. Miaj ~oj estas … Esprimo de ~oj. ~a, of -ing. ~ebla, that can be felt. ~emo, sensibility. Afekta ~emo, cheap display of emotion, false sentiment, mawkishness. ~ema, -ing, impressionabl, sensitive, susceptible, tender, thin-skinned. Ofend~ema, apt to take offence, sore, touchy. Tro~ema, hypersensitive. Tiklo~ ~ema, ticklish. ~eti, be vaguely aware of. ~igi, cause (make) to feel (be felt). ~igi sian aŭtoritaton. ~iva, sentient. ~umo, ( ~~ senso). Antaŭ~o, presentiment, ~~igi, cast a shadow before, fore-bode (-shadow), portend. Ek~i, perceive. Kun~o, fellow-feeling, sympathy. Esprimi ~~on kun suferanto. ➞ konsent, simpati. Ne~ema, apathetic, cold, dull, hard. Sen~a, devoid of -ing, unfeeling, insensible. ~~igi, render insensible, harden, stun. ~~igilo, anaesthetic. ~~iĝi, lose the power of feeling. Tro~ema, oversensitive. ~ofenda, offensive. ➞ konsci, kortuŝ, palp, percept, sentimental.

sentenc-o, [UV] short pithy wise saying. (Bb) La ~oj (Proverbs) de Salomono. ~a, sententious. ➞ aforism, fraz, maksim, proverb [Ne= juĝodecid, verdikt].

sentimental-a [OA] (sentoplena), Sentimental, soulful, swayed by feelings, mawkishly tender. ~i, -ize. ~eco, -ity. ~isto, -ist. ~a kanto, junulino, melodio.

sentinel-o (gardostaranto), sentinel.

sep, [UV] Seven. ~a, 7th in order. ~obla, 7-fold. ~ono, 7th (fraction). ~opo, heptad. ~dekjarulo, septuagenarian. Ĉiu~jara, septennial. Sep- = hepta-.

sepal-o (kalikfolio), sepal.

sepi-o, [UV] 1 (zoo) cuttlefish (Sepia). 2 ~(kolor)o, sepia, colouring from this.

seps-a (infektohava), Septic. Kontraŭ~a, anti-s. Sen~a, aseptic.

sept-o (a. septimo), (intvl) seventh. ~o dominanta, minimuma. ~akordoj, chords of the 7th.

Septembr-o, [UV] September.

septet-o, [OA] septet (composition or performers).

septuagint-o, (Bb) (sepdekopa traduko), Septuagint.

sepult-i, dispose of the dead > enterig, kremat. ➞ funeral.

ser-o, serum (of blood), ~odiagnozo, ~oterapio. ➞ serum.

seraf-o, [OA] (rel) Seraph. ~a, -ic. ~oj, -im.

serak-o, serac (of glacier), ice pinnacle.

serajl-o, [OA] seraglio, Sultan’s harem, walled palace.

seratol-o, saw-wort (Serratula).

serĉ-i, [UV] Search. 1 be in quest of, look (hunt) for, seek, try to find (obtain): Kion (Kiuri) vi ~as? ~i amikon, laboron, plezuron, subtenon, vojon, vorton. ~i en siaj poŝoj, go through one’s pockets. 2 investigate, inquire into, do research work: ~(ad)o, s., re-s, quest. ~o historia, scienca. ~anto al la lumo, seeker after light. ~ata, wanted. ~ateco (populareco), demand, popularity. ~ilo, (astr) finder (of telescope), (phot) view-finder. ~isto, research-worker, detective, etc. El~i, ferret (seek) out, hunt, investigate. Pri~i (iun), search (for contraband, etc.). La doganisto min ~~is. Tra~i, s. all over, ransack, rummage. La polico ~~is la domon. ~lumilo, s-light. ~mandato, s-warrant.

seren-a, [OA] Seren/e; calm, placid, unperturbed, unruffled, untroubled. ~a animo, frunto, konscienco, rideto, voĉo. ~a ĉielo, cloudless sky. ~a tago, fine day. ~e, calmly, with composure. ~a vetero, bright (clear) weather. ~(ec)o, -ity, absence of passion, calm of soul, peace (quiet) from within. ~igi, calm, soothe. ~iĝi, bem clear. Lia frunto ~iĝis. Mal~a, agitated, anxious, disturbed, lowering, stormy, troubled. ~~igi, agitate, cast a gloom over, disturb, ruffle, trouble. ➞ hel, kalm, klar, mild, sennub, senvent, senzorg, trankvil.

serenad-o, ~i, serenade,

serĝ-o, (tex) serge, twilled worsted cloth. Maldelikata lan~o (bajeto), baize.

serĝent-o, [UV] Sergeant. Ĉef~o, staff-s, flight-s.

seri-o, [UV] Seri/es, sequence of similar things. ~o de eksperimentoj, eventoj, numeroj; line, range (de koloroj, varoj); round (de vizitoj); set (de verkoj); spell (de belaj tagoj); (gm) break, run, set. ~a, serial, -ated. ~a fabrikado, mass-production. ~e, -ally. ~igi, arrange in s., standardize.

serif-o, (typ) serif. Sen~a skribo, sanserif.

serioz-a, [UV] Serious. 1 s-minded, sober: ~a kiel juĝisto. ~a kostumo, quiet dress. ~a matrono, staid matron. 2 earnest, genuine: Ĉu vi estas ~a? Are you in earnest, Do you mean it? ~a homo, reliable (responsible, steady) person. ~a propono, bona-fide offer. 3 grave, important, weighty: ~a afero, demando, malsano, situacio. Preni ~e, take -ly. ~eco, gravity. Konservi sian ~econ, keep a straight face. Manko de ~eco, levity. Mal~a, Ne~a, fickle, irresponsible, light, volatile. ~~aĵo, piece of trifling. ~~ulo, trifler. ➞ bagatel, grav, senŝerc, sever.

serp-o, bill-hook, reaping-hook. ~eto, pruning knife.

serpent-o, [UV] Serpent. 1 snake. Akva (mara) ~o. son~o [UV] (krotalo), rattlesnake. f Dorloti ~on sur sia brusto. ~osimila, ophidian, sinuous, snaky, tortuous, wavy. ~ino, fem. s. II (min) serpentine. ~i (~iri, ~umi), curve, meander, turn and twist, wind. La rivero ~umas. 2 (as, m.i.) Serpent. ➞ angvis, boa, dres, kobr, kolubr, krotal, natrik, oftoglos, vipur.

serpentari-o, (pharm) snake-root (Aristolochia serpentaria).

serpil-o (timiano sovaĝa), wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum).

serpol-o, (zoo) Serpula annelid,

serum-o, (med) serum (for injections). ➞ ser.

serur-o, [UV] Lock. Pend~o, padlock. Risorta ~o, spring lock. Meti ~on sur pordon. ~a lango, latch. ~a truo, key-hole. ~isto, 1-smith.

serv-i (-n), [UV] Serv/e. 1 be employed by (a servant of): ~i ĉe bakisto. ~i du mastrojn. 2 (helpi, utili), be helpful, useful, of service: Akvo kaj pano ~as al sano. ~i la movadon. Kiel (Per kio) mi povas vin ~i? What can I do for you? Tio povas ~i, that may be of use. 3 (taŭgi), be suitable as (for), s. as: Tio ~os kiel tablo. La branĉoj ~os por la fajro. Tio ~u kiel preteksto. 4 dish up, distribute, supply with, wait on: ~i la tagmanĝon, ~i ĉe la tablo. Li ~is al si (helped himself). ~i buteron al kliento, klienton per butero. ~i urbon per gaso. (tennis) ~i pilkon. ~o, -ice, attendance, employment, function, help, ministry. Je via ~o, at your -ice. Vi farus al mi grandan ~on (word help me much), (mil) ~o aktiva, milita. (transport) ~o fervoja, informa, omnibusa. ~anto, ~isto, -ant, -itor, employee, valet, etc. ~antaro, staff. ~ema, attentive, obliging, kind, willing. Tro~ema, officious, obsequious, servile. ~igi, employ, utilize. Di~o, Divine -ice. Ĉeesti ~~on. Dom~istino, domestic -ant. Krom~isto, extra, jobber. ~~istino, charwoman, home help. Kun~anto, fellow-ant. Lerno~i ĉe, be apprenticed to. Preter~o, overtime. Pri~i, dedicate (devote) one’s to. ~daŭro, ~tempo, seniority of -ice. ➞ deĵor, help, servic.

serval-o, (zoo) serval (Felis serval).

servic-o, [UV] (table-)service, set of dishes, plates, etc. Arĝenta ~o, plate. ~o deserta, kafa, tagmanĝa, tea. ➞ ser v.

servut-o, [UV] Servitude, forced labour; bondage, serfdom, thraldom. ~i, labour as a vassal, f drudge, fag, toil and moil, sweat at. ~eco, bondage, drudgery. ~ulo, bondservant, drudge, forced labourer, serf. ~odeva, liable to forced labour (fatigue duty).

ses, [UV] Six. ~a, 6th in order. ~o (da), half-a-dozen, (sctg) six (6 scouts). ~obla, 6-tms (multiplication), sextuple, 6-fold. ~olo, (mus) sextuplet. ~ono, 6th (fraction). ~opo, hexad. ~ope, 6 at a time. ~dek, 60. ~~jarulo, sexagenarian. ses- = hexa-.

sesi-o, (pol) Session, sitting (kunsida periodo).

seskvi-, (ch pfx) sesqui- (3 : 2). sest-o (a. seksto), (mus intvl) Sixth. ~o major - (maksimum - minimum - minor - )a, Major (augmented, diminished, minor) 6th. ~akordoj, chords of the 6th. ~~o aldonita (Franca, Germana, Itala, Napola). . .

sestet-o (a. seksteto), sextet(te): (a) six performers, (b) music for these.

setari-o, bristle-grass (Setaria). ~o Itala, foxtail millet.

sever-a, [UV] Sever /e, hard, harsh, rigorous, stern. ~a rigardo, vetero, vintro. f rigid, strict. ~a disciplino, fasto. ~a, sed justa. ~e, -ly. ~(ec)o (Rd 29/20), -ity, austerity, rigour, strictness. Trakti kun ~eco (esti ~a por, juĝi ~e pri), be hard on. Mal~a, forbearing, indulgent, lenient, mild. ~igi, augment (penalty, etc.). ➞ akut, kruel, rigid, rigor, senced, senescept, senindulg.

sevrug-o, [OA] stellated sturgeon (Accipenser stellatus). ➞ huz, sturg.

sezam-o, Sesame. 1 (bot) (Sesamus). ~a oleo. 2 (of Arabian Nights).

sezon-o, [UV] Season. 1 La kvar ~oj. 2 Time (of the year): Ban~o, ĉas~o, pluv~o, sem~o. 3 (ĝusta tempo). Por ĉio estas ~o (Pr 3/1). ~a, -al. Ekster~a (ŝerco, vetero), out of s., unseasonable, illtimed, inopportune. Laŭ~a, -able, in s. Fru~a floro.

sfagn-o, (marĉa musko) bog-(peat-)moss, packing-moss (Sphagnus).

sfenodont-o, tuetera (N.Z. reptile) (Sphenodon).

sfer-o, [OA] Spher/e. 1 globe, ball, orb. f La ĉiela ~o, celestial s. 2 (medio), field of action (existence), place in society. ~o de influo, laboro. ~o pedagogia. ~a (~eca, ~forma), -ical. ~a geometrio. ~ojdo, -oid. Duon~o (hemisfero), hemi-s. ➞ glob, kamp, region, rond, teren.

sfing-o, Hawk-moth (Sphinx). Kolibra ~o, humming-bird h-m. Ligustra ~o, privet h-m. ~edoj, sphingidae, h-m fam.. ➞ atropos.

sfinks-o, [OA] Sphinx (ant) (myth), various fabulous animals, f enigmatic person. ~a, enigmatic. ➞ enigm, mister, problem.

sfinkter-o [OA] (ringa muskolo), sphincter muscle.

sforcand-e, (mus) sforzando, with sudden emphasis.

si, [UV] (reflexive pron). Refers to the subject of the sentence (expressed or understood), but only if this is in the 3rd person. Si, sin, = him-(her-it-one-)self, themselves. sia [UV] = his-(her-its-their-one’s) own. Li amas sin kaj /in = himself and him (the other person). Rim.: Si cannot be the subject P. kantas kun sia (his own) edzino. But Lia (not: sia) edzino kantas kun li. Rim.: An infinity or participle, being a verb, forms a new subject understood. P. petis M viziti (=ke M vizitu) lin. Mi aŭdis viron kantantan (=kiu kantas) (a) al si (himself), (b) al li (= to him, the other man). (PFX) Sin- = self- (reflexive). ~defendo (oni defendas sin). ~rego, ~trompo. ~gardo, caution. ~mortigo, suicide. ~teno, attitude. ➞ mem-. Rim.: In the following cases si is not reflexive, so the above rules do not apply, (a) "Si" (noun) estas utila vorto. (b) Sia (=propra, one’s own). Ĉio sia estas plej ĉarma. Metu ĉion en sian lokon ( = its own, the right place). Rim.: See siatempe at TEMP, (c) With the stereotyped phrases inter si, per si. Ili parolis inter si (= reciproke). Tion li faris per si mem (= propramove), off his own bat. (d) With a si-compound. Lia sinteno estis heroa. Siaĵo, something of one’s own. ➞ mem.

sial-o, (ent) alderfly (Sialis).

sibarit-o, ~a, sybarit/e, -ic (luxurious and effeminate). ~ismo.

Siberi-o.

sibil-o, sibylline, oracular.

sibl-i, [UV] Hiss (nt), sizzle (arklampo, fritaĵo); sough, whistle (vento); swish (vipo); wheeze (astmulo); whizz (sago). ~o (s-sono), hiss(ing), etc. ~o de ansero, gaso, serpento, vaporo. ~a, sibilant. ~a spirado. (phon) ~aĵo, ~a litero, sibilant (s, Ŝ). (th) (Pri)~i (-n), hiss, (to express disapproval or derision), boo, hoot, give the bird to. ➞ muĝ, suspir, susur, zum.

sid-i, [UV] (nt) Sit. 1 Be sitting, perched, seated: ĉe la tablo, sur branĉo, trono. Forte ~as, kiu Dion fidas. 2 Be in session: La parlamento nun ~as. 3 Remain inactive, motionless: ~i kiel muŝo sub balailo. Dion fidu, sed senfare ne ~u. 4 (troviĝi), be situated: Malico ~as en lia koro. Kiel solece ~as la urbo! Verda stelo ~is sur lia brusto. 5 (cl) fit, set: La vesto ~as bone sur li. ~a, sedentary. ~a laboro. ~(ant)a, sitting, seated, (bot) sessile. ~aĉi, lounge, sprawl. ~adi (pore) super libro. ~ejo, ~loko (Ob/3), seat, perch, pew, setting, site. ~ejo de administro, de la emocioj. Ĉef~ejo, headquarters. ~igi, seat (iun). ~iĝi, [UV] s. down., settle, take a seat. ~iĝu! s. down! Fale ~iĝi, drop (flop) into a seat, plump down. Ek~i, alight, perch, s. down (momentarily). kun~i [UV] (kunveni), hold a meeting. ~~o, session, sitting. Re~iĝi, s. down again, resume one’s seat. Tra~i, s. out (through). Du~a, two-seated. Duon~a (reclining) pozicio. Fork~i, bestride, straddle. Hejm~i, stay-at-home. Star~i, squat. ➞ kov, kuŝ, seĝ, seanc, sesi.

sider-a, (astr) sidereal. ~a horloĝo, jaro, tago.

siderit-o, siderite. 1 mineral. 2 nickel-iron meteorite.

sieĝ-i (-n), [UV] Besiege; beleaguer. urbon. f ~i (beset, crowd or throng around ) ies pordon. Danĝero ~as (menaces, threatens), al Dio ni preĝas. ~(ad)o, siege. Ĉesigi (raise) ~on. Stato de ~o, martial law. ~anta, besetting. ~ata, -ed. Ĉirkaŭ~i, hem in. Ek~i, lay siege to.

sien-o, Sienna, ~o brunflava (kruda), raw s. ~o ruĝbruna (rostita), burnt s.

siest-o, Siesta, midday nap. ~i, take a s.

Sieraleon-o SL.

sifilis-o, [OA] (med) syphili/s. ~a, ~ulo, -tic. Kontraŭ~a.

sifon-o, [OA] syphon. 1 (chem) apparatus with U-tube. 2 (~botelo), for aerated water. ~i, s.

sigel-o, [UV] Seal. 1 (a. ~aĵo), s., impression or wafer: Surmeti ~on. 2 (certigilo, indikilo): Tio metis la ~on al lia elekto. 3 (fermilo): Meti ~on sur la lipojn. Sub la ~o de silento. 4 (distingilo): tio portas la ~on de vero. (bot) ~o Salomona (poligonato). ~a ringo, signet ring, ~i, seal. 1 Affix a seal: ~i dokumenton. 2 Close, seal up: ~i leteron, pordon. Mia buŝo estas ~ita per promeso. 3 confirm, prove: ~i amikecon, reputacion. ~a, sigillary. ~ado, sealing, ratification. ~ilo, seal, signet. Ŝtata ~ilo, privy seal. Mal~i (Sen~igi), open, unseal.

sigl-o (vortsigneto), (sten) grammalogue, word-sign.

sign-o, [UV] Sign, Mark. 1 indication, token, portent: Bona ~o, good s. ~o de ĝojo. Malbon~a, ominous. ~o de malsano (simptomo), sign of disease; de respekto, mark of respect; de vero, stamp of truth. Lego~o, paĝ~o, book-mark, page-marker. Lim~o, land-m. Memor~o, memento. Paŝ~o, pied~o, footprint. post~o, [UV] evidence, trace, vestige. ~~aro (spuro), spoor, track, trail. Prem~o, impression. Pruv~o, sign (Ps 105/27; Jes 38/7). 2 symbol: ~o de amikeco, token of friendship. 3 gesture, motion: Kap~o, nod. Man~o, wave of the hand, (mus) hand-s. Okul~o, wink. Vok~o, call sign(al). 5 (typ) ~oj matematikaj, tipografiaj. Demanda ~o (?); Ekkria ~o, Mir~o, (!); Kaj~o (&). 6 (mus) Gam~o, key signature. Krom~o, accidental. Spir~o, breath-m. Takto~o, time signature. 7 (supersigno). accent-m; akuta (´); cirkumfleksa (ˆ); malakuta (`); onda (tildo) (˜); libera, floating accent, ~i (-n), 1 indicate, show: ~i ideon, progreson, vojon. 2 (= doni, fari, ~on), make a s., ~i al fiakristo, taksiisto. ~ado, marking. ~aĵo, indication, token. ~aro, system of signs, code. Krajona ~eto, pencil-mark, tick. Vort~eto (siglo). ~ilo, (gm) m-er, peg, etc. Antaŭ~i, portend. Kruco~i, sign with a cross. Sin ~~i cross one’s. Lim~i, delimit. ~olingvo (mimiko). ➞ akcent, indik, insign, mark, montr, signal.

signal-o, [UV] Signal, preconcerted sign of communication, information, warning. 1 (eca): rond-(sag-triangul-)a; ~o tyialtiga, limiga (pri alto, larĝo, pezo, rapido). 2 (pera): ~o aŭda, diska, fajf-fajr-flag-man -vid-)a. 3 (pria): ~o danĝera, fervoja, ĝiba, hospitala, kruciĝa, lerneja, obstakla, trafika, transtraka, ŝtorma. Krak~o, petard~o, detonator, fog signal. Vek~o, reveille, -i (-n), s. (a train, etc.). ~a lanterno, s-lamp. ~aro, code of signals. ~ejo, s-box. ~isto, s-man. ~izi (route), mark out by ss. Voj~oj, road signs, ~diro, ~vorto, password, watchword, slogan. ➞ sign.

signif-i (-n), [UV] Mean, Signif/y, betoken, denote, represent. Tiu diro ~as nenion. Kion ~as tiu bruo? ~o, 1 m-ing, s-icance, s-ication: La ~o de signo, vorto. 2 Importance, weight, value: Tiu deklaro havas grandan ~on. Kian praktikan ~on havas tio? ~o(plen)a, Multe~a, s-icant, eloquent, telling, that speaks volumes. ~a demando, rideto, Li levis la fingron ~e. Sen~a, insignificant, of no significance, meaningless. ~~ulo, person of no account, nonentity. ➞ senc, q.v.

sikl-o, (Bb) shekel (coin and weight).

sikomor-o, sycomore-fig, fig-mulberry (of Egypt) (Ficus sycomorus). ➞ acer, platan.

sil-o, (agr) Silo, fodder pit. En~igi, s. ~~o, ensilage.

silab-o, [UV] Syllab/le. Ĉiu vokalo prezentas unu silabon. ~a, -ic. ~i, -ify (➞ literi = spell). Vorto du~a, plur~a, unu~a.

silen-o, (bot) catch-fly (Silene). Mar~o, sea campion. Puf~o, bladder campion. ➞ liknid.

silent-a, [UV] Silen/t, tacit. ~a interkonsento. Noiseless (tajpilo, paŝo); quiet (vespero). ~o, -ce. ~o absoluta, dead -ce. Subita ~o, sudden hush. ~o estas konsento. Gardi, rompi la ~on. La ~o de la morto, nokto, tombo. (mus) rest. Plen(not)a ~o, semibreve rest. Foriri, suferi ~e. ~i, (nt) be s. 1 hold one’s tongue. Saĝulo ~as. 2 make no sound. Se ~as draŝejo, malpacas loĝejo. f ~as nun ĉiu disputo. ~on! ~u! silence! Be quiet! Hush! ~adi, hold one’s peace. ~eco, hush, peace, stillness. ~ema, discreet, quiet, reticent, taciturn. ~igi, reduce to -ce. ~igi kalumnion. ~iga mono, hush-money. ~igilo, (mec) -cer. ~iĝi, become s., La muziko ~iĝis (ceased). Ek~i, pause, stop speaking. Pri~i (-n), pass over in -ce. ➞ damp, mut, senbru, senparol, senson.

sileps-o, (rh) syllepsis (2 Kr 31/8).

silf-o, Sylph, spirit of the air. ~(osimil)a, s-like.

silic-o, silica (Si 02). ~a, siliceous.

silici-o, silicon (Si).

silik-o, [UV] (min) Flint. Malmola kiel ~o, hard as f. ~eca, f-y. ~ato, silicate. Alkalia ~ato, water glass. ~ero, speck of f. ~ozo, (med) -osis.

silikv-o, siliqua, pod of cruciferae, e.g., mustard, wallflower. ➞ semuj, ŝel. ➞ guŝo, pod of fabacoj, e.g., pea, bean. IT 3 FA 67/27 however says "kvin pizoj en unu silikvo".

silk-o, [UV] 1 Silk. 2 material from s. f Vivi en ~o kaj veluro (lukse). Kruda ~o, raw s. ~(ec)a, -en, -y, like s. ~aĵoj, silks, -en goods. ~aĵisto, s-merchant. ~raŭpo, -worm. ➞ atlas, bombicel, kokon.

silogism-o, [OA] (log) Syllog/ism. ~a, -istic. Rezoni ~e, -ize.

siluet-o, [OA] silhouette, outline-(shadow portrait, picture by contour, profile, or shadow, f form, outline, profile. ~o de la urbo. ~i, outline. ~iĝi (sur), show in outline, show up against (horizon, etc.), stand out. La turoj ~iĝis kontraŭ la ruĝa ĉielo.

silur-o, [UV] cat (sheat-)fish, etc. (Silurus). siluri-o, (geol) Silurian. ~a periodo.

silvi-o, [UV] Warbler (Sylvia). ~o blank- gorĝa, white-throat. ~o ĝardena, garden w. ~o nigroĉapa, black-cap. ~o Orfea, orphean w. ~o rulĉirpa, lesser white-throat. ~edoj, warblers in gen; ➞ akrocefal, ĉifĉaf, filoskop, fitis, hipola, lokustel.

simbioz-o, (bio) Symbio/sis. ~a, -tic.

simbol-o, [OA] Symbol, object. conventionally standing for (representing) an idea, e.g., pesilo = ~o de justeco. ~a, -ic. ~a signo (skribado). ~i, be a s. of. Ruĝa rozo ~as amon. ~ismo, -ism. ~igi (prezenti), -ize. ~igi amon per ruĝa rozo. ➞ emblem, figur.

simbrank-oj, order of eel-like fishes (Symbranchia).

simetri-o, [OA] ~eco, Symmetr/y. ~a, -ical (Jeĥ 41/21). ~a aspekto (konstruo). Aranĝi ~e. Ne~a, a-ical, lop-sided.

simfit-o, (bot) comfrey (Symphytum).

simfoni-o [OA] (orkestra sonatego), Sym- phon/y. ~a, -ic.

simforikarp-o, snowberry (Symphoricarpos).

simi-o, [UV] Ape, Monkey. ~(ec)a, a-like, simian. ~i (agi ~e), ape, imitate like a monkey. ~i nobelan sintenon. ➞ aluat, atel, ceb, cerkopitek, ĉimpanz, gibon, goril, kolob, lagotrik, makak, mandril, orangutang, pavian.

simil-a (al, je) [UV], Simil/ar (to), (a)like, with same qlties. (geom) ~aj trianguloj. ~e, -arly, likewise, the same. ~i (esti ~a), be like (s. to), match, resemble. Ili ~as unu la alian kiel du rosgutoj. ~aĵo, something similar ~eco, -arity, -itude, likeness. ~igo, (rh) simile. ~igi, iĝi, asate, make (get) like. ~ulo, double. Mal~a (diferenca), dis-s, unlike. ~~eco, contrast, diffce. Sen~a, unique, without a fellow. Fulmo~a, like lighting. Sonĝo~a, dreamlike. Ver~eco, veri-itude. ➞ analog, parenc, proksim, sam.

simoni-o, (ecc) simony.

simpati-o, [OA] Lik/e, -ing; Congenial/ity, Sympath/y (in this sence only), affinity, fellow-feeling, instinctive attraction [Ne= kunsento]. Havi ~on por, like, feel drawn (cotton, take, warm) to (Es 2/17; 8/5). ~oj kaj antipatioj, likes and dislikes. Plena de kunsento kaj ~o, with similar feelings and tastes. La du ideoj (virinoj) ne estas en ~o, don’t go together, have nothing in common. ~a (al, por), likeable, with tastes in common, in s. with, kindred-souled, to one’s liking. ~a homo, junulo (Da 10/19). ~a medio, c. surroundings. ~a vizaĝo, attractive face. Por mi la tasko estas tre ~a (c.). Por mi ŝi ne estas ~a, I don’t like. (care for, feel drawn to, take to) her, am not at ease (don’t feel at home, have little in common) with her. (anat) ~a nervo, s-etic nerve, (ac) ~a vibrado, s-etic vibrato. ~i, be in accord with, feel a liking (have a fellow-feeling) for. Ni ne ~as, don’t see eye to eye. Li ~as nian movadon (al nia movado). ~e, c-ly. Mal~a (antipatia), repugnant. ~~o, antipathy, aversion, repugnance. Ne~a, unattractive. ➞ kompat, kondol, konsent.

simpl-a, [OA] Simpl/e. 1 not compound: ~a vorto, (gram) ~a tempo, simple tense. 2 plain, uncomplicated: ~a prudento, elementary commonsense. ~a maŝino. ~aj faktoj, broad (plain) facts. 3 easy to understand: ~a metodo, problemo, procedo, rimedo, tasko. 4 unembroidered, without affectation or ornament: ~a stilo, vesto. ~a manĝo, homely meal. La vero pura kaj ~a. 5 (nura), common, ordinary, mere: ~a homo, plain man, man in the street. ~a soldato, private. ~a tago, week-day. 6 Artless, naive: ~a kiel kolombo. ~e, 1 –y > just, merely, only: Mi ~e diris, I merely observed. La decido restas ~e malviva litero. 2 Plainly: Vivi (sin vesti) ~e. ~eco, -icity. ~igi, -ify. Tro~igi, over s-ify. ~ulo, s-minded person. Mal~a, complex, complicated, compound. ➞ facil, naiv.

simpozi-o, symposium, discussion of a subject by various authors.

simptom-o, [OA] Symptom, indication, sign, token. ~a pri, -atic of. ➞ antaŭsign, indik.

simul-i, Simul/ate, counterfeit, feign, sham. ~i malsanon, malinger. ~ado, -ation. ~ita, bogus. ➞ ŝajnig.

simuli-o, (ent) sand-fly (Simulium).

simultan-a, simultaneous (funkcianta, okazanta, samtempe). ~a tradukado. ~aj ekvacioj.

simun-o, (met) simoon (Araba polvovento).

sin-o, 1 Bosom, breast (Se 6/27; 21/14; Ps 79/12). Si premis la infanon al sia ~o. Sur la ~o de Abraham (Lk 16/22). 2 clothing covering this (El 4/6). f (internaĵo). Mi estis ankoraŭ en la ~o de mia patrino. La ~o de la estonteco, familio, tero. ➞ brust, genu, mam, ventr.

sinagog-o, [OA] synagogue.

sinap-o, [OA] Mustard-plant (Sinapis). ~o blanka, white m. ~o nigra, black m. ~o sovaĝa, charlock. ~a faruno, m-powder. ~a semeto, semero de ~o, grain of m-seed (Mt 13/31; 17/20). ➞ iperit, kataplasm, mustard. Rim.: Blanka ~o is the m. of "mustard and cress".

sincer-a, [UV] Sincer/e. 1 (iu): candid, frank, honest, without hypocrisy. ~a homo. 2 (io): genuine, truthful, unfeigned. ~a amo, bedaŭro, deziro, konvinko, opinio, respondo. ~eco, -ity, candour, good faith. Mal~a, deceitful, double-deahng, false, two-faced. ~~aĵo, in-ity, piece of hypocrisy. ➞ diafan, pur, verem.

sindik-o, syndic (wide sense), especially authorized representative of corporate body, (jur) trustee, receiver in bankruptcy.

sindikat-o [OA], syndicate. 1 = sindikaro. 2 Union to defend corporate interests. Financa ~o. Industria ~o, pool. Profesia (laborista, metiista) ~o, Trade Union. ~o de fabrikistoj, union of manufacturers. ~ano, trade-unionist. ~aneco deviga, closed shop. ~iĝi, combine into a u. ~ismo, ~isto. Ekster~a, non-u. ➞ kolektivism, komunism, socialism [Ne= kartel, trust].

sinedri-o, [OA] (hist) Sanhedrim, Jewish tribunal.

sinekdoke-o (ideoŝanĝo), (rh) synechdoche = (a) the whole used for a part, or the genus for the species; (b) the part used for the whole, or the genus for the species (Vd Klasifo de Esperanto. Temoj, pp. 99-100).

sinekur-o, sinecure, office with salary but no duties.

Singapur-o SG.

singnat-o (mar-aleno), (ich) pipe-fish,

seahorse (Syngnathus).

singular-a (ununombra), (gram) singular (number).

singult-i, [UV] hiccough, have hh. Plor~i, sob convulsively.

sinjor-o, [UV] 1 gentleman. 2 (title) Esq., Mr. S-ro B. 3 master. Li estas sia propra ~o. 4 (rel) La S~o, The Lord (Ge 18/27, El 15/17, Jes 30/15). Rim.: In early writings Z. avoided this form (OV/52). ~(ec)a, lordly. La ~a preĝo. Lia ~a moŝto, his lordship. ~aro, gentry. ~eto, ~ido, (young) master. ~ino, lady, madam, mistress. ~inoj kaj ~oj! S~ino, Mrs. Ŝia ~ina moŝto, my lady. Ge~oj (Ges.), Mr. and Mrs. Grand~o, lord (of manor), seigneur. ➞ kavalir, lord.

sink-i, Sink, fall slowly. 1 descend to below horizon or surface of fluid, go down., set (la suno, ŝipo, ~is). 2 settle, subside (rivero, tero). f decline, become weaker (koro, malsanulo, vivo). ~igi, (cause to) sink, scuttle (ŝipon). ➞ malflot, penetr, sorb, subsid, vrak.

sinkop-o, [OA] 1 Syncop/e, fainting, loss of consciousness from fall of blood-pressure. 2 (mus) ~i, -ate. ~ado, -ation, intentional misaccent. 3 (phon) = haplologio.

sinkron-a (sammomenta, samtempa), Synchronous, occurring at the same time, simultaneous. ~igi (samtempigi), -ize. ~igo, -ization.

sinod-o, [OA] (ecc) synod, council.

sinonim-o, [OA] synonym, word with same meaning. ~a, -ous. Preskaŭ ~a.

sinoptik-a, [OA] synoptic, giving a comprehensive mental view. ~a tabelo. ~aj evangelioj (Mt, Mk, Lk).

sinovi-o, (anat) synov/ia. ~a, -ial. ~ito, -itis.

sintaks-o, [OA] (gram) Synta/x, sentance constructs. ~a, -ctic.

sintez-o, [OA] Synthe|sis. (chem) artificial production of compound. Foto~o. (gram) con- struction of compound word. ~a, -tic. ~a rezonado (de kaŭzo al efiko). ~i, -size. ➞ kunmet. Opp analiz.

sinus-o, [OA] 1 (trig) sine (sin). 2 (anat) sin/us. ~ito, -itis.

siren-o, [OA] Siren, 1 (myth). 2 dangerously fascinating woman. 3 (ac) (mar) hooter, e.g., ĉe aeratako, fabrikejo.

sireni-o (marbovo), sea-cow (Sirenia) > dugong, manat.

Siri-o [OA-8] SY, Syria.

sirik-o, (ent) horntail, wood-wasp (Sirex).

siring-o, [UV] lilac (Syringa). ~obruna, puce. ~(viol)a, lilac. ➞ filadelf, lil. Rim.: On various pp of 4 FA ~o should be sambuko.

sirok-o, (met) sirocco, hot Sahara wind (Jes 49/10).

sirop-o, [UV] syrup, solution of sugar. ~(ec)a, -y. Rafinita ~o (melaso), golden syrup.

sisal-o, Sisal-grass (Agave sisalina). ~a fibro, s-hemp.

sism-o = seismo.

sistem-o [F], System. 1 complex whole, harmonious combination, group. ~o digesta, fervoja, lumiga, serva, suna. 2 orderly arrangement, plan, scheme: Metra ~o. ~o de klasifo, regado. ~a, -atic. ~e, -atically. ~e venki ĉiun baron. ~eco, -atization. ~igi, -atize.

sistol-o, Systol/e, contraction of heart. ➞ distol.

sistr-o, (ant) sistrum, Egyptian jinglg m.i. (2 Sa 6/5).

sit-o, (orn) nuthatch (Sitta).

sitel-o, [UV] Bucket, Pail. Lakto~o, milk- p. (Plen)~o (da), b-(p-)ful. f Pluvi ~e, ~portilo (vekto), yoke.

situ-o, Situat/ion, position, site. ~i, (nt) be -ed. Urbo bele ~anta, Nia tendaro ~is en valo. ~igi, locate, place.

situaci-o [UV], 1 Circumstances, state of affairs. ~o danĝera, komika, nova, plorinda, politika. ~o financa, financial standing. ~o malfacila, predicament. ~o socia, social status, station in life. Esti en ~o (position) ion fari. Mastri, plibonigi, savi la ~on. Klarigi la ~on, explain the circumstances, put the case. 2 (= situo), position. ➞ lok, ofic, posten, pozici, stat.

sium-o, water parsnip (Sium).

sizigi-o, (mat) syzygy. (astr) conjunction or opposition.

sizimbri-o, (bot) hedge-mustard (Sisymbrium). ➞ aliari, erizim.

skab-o, (bot) symptom of plant disease caused by bacteria or fungus. ➞ skabi.

skabel-o (piedbenketo), footstool.

skaben-o, (hist) municipal magistrate, sheriff.

skabi-o, [UV] (bt, med) scabies, itch, infection caused by mite (akaro, sarkopto) (Rd 28/27); (vet) mange. ~a, mangy. ➞ fav.

skabioz-o, (bot) Scabious, pincushion ffwr (Scabioza). ~o kampa, field (meadow) s. ~o kolomba (knaŭtio), small s. ~o mordita (sukcizo), devil’s bit, premorse s. (succisa).

skadr(on)o, [UV] squadron (of cavalry). [Ne= eskadro].

skafald-o (provizora framo, trabaro), Scaffolding. ~i, erect s.

skafandr-o, diving-suit. ~o sendependa, aqualung. ~isto, diver.

skal-o, [UV] Scale (wide sense). 1 graded series, ladder: ~o intelekta, socia. Supre de la ~o. 2 relative dimensions, ratio of reduction or enlargement: ~o de mapo, prezoj, filantropio. Grand~e, on a large s. ~o reduktita, Varia ~o, sliding s. Laŭ ~o 1/1000. 3 graduated degree-marks: ~o de barometro, termometro. Tajd~o, tide gauge. 4 (mus) s., succession of tones and semitones from a sound to its octave: ~o mafora, minora; diatona, kromata; cigana, plenduta. ~o kvinnota, penttonic s. (d r m s 1). 5 system of numeration: ~o decimala (dekuma). Laŭ~e, to s. ~papero, squared (plotting) paper. ➞ ampleks, gam, mezur.

skalen-a (triangulo), scalene (kun lateroj neegalaj).

skalp-o, [OA] ~i, Scalp. ~ilo, -ing knife.

skalpel-o (sekcilo), (surg) scalpel < bisturi.

skand-i (-n), (pros) Scan, divide (a line of verse). ~o, -sion.

skandal-o, [OA] Scandal, Disgrace, evil example. Estas ~o! ~e! (It is) d-ful! Fari (Kaŭzi) ~on, create a scene. Eviti ~on, avoid public exposure. Por dies ~o, to everyone’s horror. ~a, s-ous, d-ful, discreditable, shameful, shocking. ~a afero, konduto. ~i (-n), scandalize, cause (give) grave offence, shock. ~iĝi, be shocked. ~ulo, s-monger.

skandi-o, (chem) scandium (Sc).

skandik-o (Venuskombilo), Shepherd’s needle, Venus’ comb (Scandix).

skapol-o, [UV] shoulder-blade. ~a, scapular.

skarab-o, [UV] Beetle, scarab. ~edoj, dung-bb and chafers. ~o Kolorada (terpoma), Colorado b. Or~o (krizomelo), golden b. Salt~eto, flea-b. Sterko~o, dung-b > geotrupo. ➞ ditisk, karab, kokcinel, kurkuli, lampir, lukan, melolont, nekrofor.

skardini-o, (ich) rudd, red-eye (Seardinius).

skarif-i, Scarif/y, cut through skin. ~a kupo. ~ado, -ication. ~ilo, -ier.

skarlat-a, [UV] Scarlet.

skarletin-o, [OA] (med) s-fever, scarlatina.

skarp-o, [UV] 1 Scarf. Silka ~o. 2 chain of office, municipal s. 3 (surg) arm-sling.

skatol-o, [UV] Box, tin (various shapes and materials). Kartona ~o, carton, card-board box. Lad~o, tin. Mon~o, money-box. (mus) Muzika ~o (pinglogurdeto), musical box. ~eto, casket, jewel-case. ~eto alumeta, pilola. En~igi, pack.

skeĉ-o, (th) sketch.

skelet-o, [OA] skeleton, (anat) ostaro. f a very thin man. 2 (framo), frame(work) (of building, ship, umbrella, etc.). 3 (skiza piano), outline. ~a, bony, fleshless, thin, sketchy. ~a kesto, crate. ➞ armatur, skiz, resum.

skem-o, [OA] Schem/e, systematic arrangement, lay-out, plan of action, programme, table, (typ) Paĝa ~o, make-up. ~i, make plans. ➞ diagram, grafikaf, plan, projekt, skelet, skiz.

skeptik-a, [OA] Sceptic/al, incredulous, ~eco, ~ismo, ~ulo (Ps 119/113). ➞ dubema, senkredema, malfacile konvinkebla.

skerc-o, [OA] (mus) scherzo, light playful composition.

skerm-i, [UV] (sp) Fenc/e, fight with swords. ~ado, ~arto, -ing, swordplay. ~anto, -er, swordsman. ~ejo, -ing ground. ~isto. -ing-master.

sket-i (a. patini), Skat/e. ~ado, -ing. ~anto, -er. ~ilo (~ŝuo), s. ~vojo, s-ing track. Rul~i, roller-s. ~~ilo (rulŝuo), ~~ejo, s-ing rink.

ski-o, Ski. ~(kur)i, s. ~ado, -ing. ~anto, ~isto, -er. ~bastono, s-stick.

skien-o (aglofiŝo), meagre (Sciaena).

skil-o, (bot) Squill (Scilla). ~o aŭtuna, autumn s. ~o printempa, spring s. ➞ hiacint.

skili-o, (ich) spotted dogfish (Scyllium).

skink-o, skink (Scincus) (Le 11/30).

skip-i (ŝnursalti), (gm) Skip. ~ilo, -ping rope.

skism-o, [OA] Schism, break-up, division, separate by diffce of opinion. ~(em)a, ~ilo, -atic. ~i, fari ~on. ➞ fend, romp.

skist-o, (geol) schist. ~(ec)a, schistaceous, flaky. ➞ ardez.

skiz-o, [UV] Draft, Outline, Sketch. 1 quick drawing in a few characteristic lines. 2 d., o. Literatura ~o. 3 draft (summary) of plan. ~o teoria. Jen ~o de miaj ideoj. Unua ~o, rough d. ~(ec)a, s-y. ~i (fari ~on pri), d., o., s., rough out. ~i biografion, planon, konturon. ~i grandtrajte, give the main outlines of. ~eco, rudimentary character ➞ kontur, krokiz, malnet, skelet, skem.

skizofreni-o, (med) schizophrenia. ~ulo.

sklav-o, [UV] Slav/e. 1 (bond-man-servant). 2 subject of despotic regime. 3 person unconditionally obedient to the will of another. f ~o al kutimo (pasio), alkoholo (tabako), la modo. ~a, -ish, servile. ~e, -ishly. ~i (esti ~o, labori ~e), s., drudge. ~eco, slavery, bondage, servitude. ~emo, servility. ~ema, cringing, fawning, mean, servile. ~emulo, toady. ~igi, en-s. ~ino, bondwoman. ~isto, -er, -driver, -trader. Eks~o, freed slave. ➞ servut.

skler-a, Scler/ous, bony, hard. ~oza, -otic, with hardened blood-vessel. ~ozo, morbid hardening. Arteria ~ozo.

sklerant-o, (bot) knawel (Scleranthus).

sklerot-o, (anat) scler/a, membrane over eye-ball. ~ito, -itis.

skol-o, [OA] School (of art, philosophy, thought). La ~o Itala, Sokrata. ~ano, disciple, follower [Ne= lernejo], ➞ adeptaro.

skolastik-o, [OA] Scholastic/ism. ~a, -ic. ~a teologio. ~ulo, schoolman.

skold-i, scold, call over the coals, chide, find fault noisily with, give a wigging to, reprimand, rate. ➞ insult.

skolit-o, (ent) wood-boring beetle (Seolytus).

skolop-o, [UV] woodcock (Scolopax). ➞ galinag.

skolopendr-o, centipede (Seolopendra).

skolt-o, (mil) Scout. ~i, s., reconnoitre. ~a aviadilo. (sctg) scout, (11-15 yrs). ~ado, ~ismo, ~a movado, s-ing. ~estro, s-er (adult leader). ~ino, guide. ~inestro, guider. ➞ esplorrigard, spion.

skombr-o, mackerel (Scomber).

skon-o, (cul) scone.

skop-o, (orn) hammer-head(ed stork) (Scopus).

skorbut-o, [UV] (med) scurvy. ~a, ~ulo, scorbutic.

skori-o (erc-rekremento), scoria, cinders, clinker, dross, slag (from furnace), f (= forĵetindaĵo, senvaloraĵo): Via arĝento fariĝis ~o (Ps 119/119; Jes 1/22, 25). ~ejo, ash-heap. ➞ rekrement.

skorpen-o, scorpion fish (Scorpaena).

skorpi-o, [UV] (as, zool) Scorpion (Scorpio). ~o imperia, Imperial s. ➞ skorpen.

Skot-lando.

skorzoner-o, viper’s grass (Scor- zonera).

skovel-o, bottle-(flue-oven-)brush, bristle-brush, cleaning-brush. ~i, clean (brush) out cylindrical objs, sweep (kamentubori). ~i botelon, fornon. ➞ ŝvabr.

skrap-i (-n), [UV] 1 Scrape (terpomon); graze (haŭtori); scale (dentori). 2 make a disagreeable noise. ~i al ni la orelojn, ~i violonon, s. (saw) on the fiddle. ~aĵo, scrapings, shavings. ~egi, drag, dredge. ➞ drag. ~ilo, -er, eraser, (surg) curette. Kot~ilo, ŝu~ilo, -er. ~reta ŝipo, trawler. ~vundo, abrasion. Ĉiel~(Nub~)\Ao, sky-er very high building. De~i, for~i (koton), s. off. Pri~i (domon) (Le 14/41). ➞ frot, grat, rasp.

skrib-i, [UV] Writ/e. 1 (nt) Li scias nek legi, nek ~i ink-(legebl-)e, laŭ dikto. 2 (-n) (verki), jot down, note. ~i anekdoton, leteron, karton. Mi tion ~os al li. 3 record. Kion mi ~is, tion mi ~is. ~(ad)o, -ing. ~o oblikva, cursive hand. Diron oni neas, ~o (record in black and white) ne pereas. La Sankta ~o, Holy Writ. ~(it)a, per~a, -ten, script. ~a komuniko. (typ) ~aj literoj, script type. ~aĉi, ~aĉo, scrawl, scribble. ~anto, ~isto, -er, clerk, scribe. ~istaĉo, hack. ~ejo, -ing-room. ~enda, that must be -ten. ~ilo, -ing implement, pen, etc. ~ilaro,  ing materials. ~ilujo, pen box. ~eraro, slip of the pen. ~karaktero, ~maniero, hand. ~maŝino (tajpilo). ~tablo, -ing desk. Al~i, assign, attribute, charge, put down to. ĉirkaŭ~i, [UV] circumscribe. En~i, book, enter, inscribe, post up, record, register. Mi en~os la sumon en vian krediton. En~iĝi, enter, enrol one’s. Mis~i, miswrite. Post~o, postscript. Pri~i, describe (by speech or -ing). ~~a muziko, programme music. Re~i, re-w., copy. Sub~i, sign (one’s name) [Ne~~abon, kotiz]. Apude ~~i, countersign. Super~i, w. over other words. Sur~i, engrave, inscribe etc. Trans~i, copy out, transcribe. Man~o, hand-ing. Maŝin~i (tajpi), type. Pet~o, petition. Pun~o, imposition, lines. ➞ kaligrafi, pupitr, verk.

skrofol-o, [UV] (med) scrofula, king’s evil. ~a, -ous. ~ulo.

skrofulari-o, figwort (Scrophularia). Akva ~o, water f. skrot-o, (anat) scrotum.

skrupul-o, [OA] Scrup/le, Conscien/tious objection, doubt, or hesitation. Havi ~ojn pri, have scruples about, be troubled by qualms of conscience, boggle (demur) at. ~i, be meticulous, nice, make a point of. ~(em)a, c., s-ulous, punctilious. ~a atento, esploro, persono, pureco. ~e, s-ulously. ~e ĝusta. Sen~a, uns-ulous. Agi sen~e, stick at nothing. ➞ honest, pedant, preciz, zoring.

sku-i (-n), [UV] Shak/e. ~i arbon, skatolon, veston. ~i la kapon (nee, from side to side); wag (voston); wave (flagon), f (ŝanceli): unsettle, upset, weaken. ~ita (buffeted) de la vento, de malsano. ~i iun elrevige. La Eternulo ~as la mondon. ~u vin! S. yourself together, get a move on! ~(ad)o, -ing, shock. ~o cerba, shell-shock, etc. ~iĝi, be -en. ~iĝi (toss) sur la lito. Eĉ folio ne ~iĝis, not a leaf stirred. ~iĝi (quiver, shiver, thrill) de emocio. ~ilo (~botelo, ~maŝino), s-er. ~lavi, rinse. De~i polvon de vesto, pomon de arbo. Ek~i, jar, jerk, jolt. Ek~o, shudder (timo), start (surprizo), thrill (ĝojo), wince (doloro). El~i cindron el pipo. For~i, s. off (ĉagrenon, impreson, jugon. Ne~ebla (firma), un-able, firm, immovable, resolute. Sen~a, gently, softly, without shock. ➞ agit, balanc, ŝancel.

skual-o, (met) squall, sudden gust of wind.

skulpt-i (-n) [UV], Carve, Sculpt. ~i lignon, marmoron. ~i statuon. ~ado, s-ure, statuary. ~aĵo, piece of c-ing, s-ure. Ligna ~aĵo, woodc-ing. ~ilo, [UV] chisel, etc. ~isto, c-er, s-or. ~arto, s-ure. ➞ ĉiz, modi.

skut-i, (sp) Scoot, use a (child’s) scooter. ~ilo, -er.

skuter-o, scooter, light motor-cycle. ➞ moped.

skun-o (a. goeleto), schooner, fore-and-aft sailing-ship with two or more masts.

skunk-o, skunk fur. ➞ mefit.

skurĉ-o, [UV] scourge, birch, cat and nine tails, lash. ~i, s., flog, thrash unmercifully. ➞ knut, verg, vip. (Vd. Albault, Fundamento, p. 337).

skutelari-o, (bot) scullcap (Scutellaria).

skval-o, spur-dog shark, spiny dog-fish (Squalus) (K 377/21).

skvam-o, [UV] Seal/e, flake. ~o de fiŝo, haŭto, serpento. f Se la ~oj defalus de viaj okuloj (Rj 11/12). ~(ec)a, ~hava, ~e kovrita, s-y. For~iĝi, flake off. Sen~igi, clear of seals, desquamate. ➞ imbrik.

skvaŝ-o, (game) Squash (rackets), (sport) de rakedludo.

skvaten-o, angel shark, monk-fish (Squatina).

slab-o, slab, flag-stone, paving-stone, flooring tile. ~o betona, marmora.

slan-o, Vd lign.

slang-o, slang, argot. ~o Londona, almozula.

sled-o (glitveturilo), sled, sledge, sleigh. Sport ~o, bob-sleigh.

slip-o, [OA] slip (of paper), index card (for notes or record). ~aro, ~ujo, (kartoteko), card index. Sur~igi, card-index,

slogan-o (frapfrazo), slogan, short catchy phrase, party cry.

slojd-o, sloyd, Swedish manual-training through woodwork.

Slovak-ujo, Slovakio SK.

Sloven-ujo, Slovenio SI.

slup-o, (mar) sloop, one-masted ship with fore and aft sails,

smalt-o, smalt. 1 (kobaltvitro). 2 pigment from this.

smerald-o, [UV] Emerald. ~(everd)a, e-green. Marblua ~o, aquamarine.

smilak-o, Smilax (Smilax). Ĉina ~o, China root. ~a radiko (sarsaparilo).

smirg-o, Emery. ~a papero, pulvoro. ~i, grind, polish, rub, with e.

smut-o, (agr) smut (plant disease). ~o nuda (kovrita), loose (covered),

snob-o, Snob, person with exaggerated respect for social position or wealth, and disposition to be ashamed of socially inferior connections. ~eco, ~ismo, -bery, -bishness. ~ino, vulgar follower of fashion.

snuf-i, sniff (up), snivel, snort, snuffle, f (je io), turn up one’s nose at. En~i tabakon, snuff up tobacco. ➞ flar.

sobr-a, [UV] Sober, Moderat/e, Temperate. 1 (abstinema): abstemious, frugal. 2 cautious, impartial, passionless, restrained, sedate, well-balanced. ~a laŭdo, sinteno, takso. ~e, s-ly. ~e (quietly, unostentatiously) vestita. ~e paroli, be sparing of words. ~eco, discretion, gravity, m-ion, sobriety, restraint. ~igi, s., calm. ~ulo, t. person. mal~a, [UV] im-m., in-t., passionate [Ne= ebria]. ~~igita de amo, ĉampano, kaj dancmuziko (K 163/5). Re~iĝi, recover one’s balance. ➞ diskret, moder, seren.

soci-o, [OA] Soci/ety, body, community, the public, social system. de abeloj (formikoj). ~a, -ial, communal. ~a asekuro, demando, scienco, sfero, vivo. ~aj aranĝoj, klasoj, rilatoj. ~e, -ally. ~ano, citizen, member of community. ~igi, -alize. Kontraŭ~a, anti-ial.

sociolog-io, [OA] -o, [OA] -ology, -ist. ➞ amik, civil, komunum, societ.

social-ismo, [OA] ~isto, [OA] social-ism, -ist.

societ-o, [UV] Society. 1 community: Religia ~o.< 2 association, club, group. 3 company, firm: ~o akcia, joint stock c. ~o kun limigita respondeco, limited liability c. 4 companionship, set, social circle: fashionable world (mondumo). Vivi en bona ~o, move in good s. ~a, (of a) s., social. ~a gazeto, kunveno, s. journal (meeting). ~a babilado, social gossip. (Ne)~ema, (un)-sociable, (un-)social. ~ulo, man about town. ➞ kompani, mondum, soci.

sod-o [OA] (natria karbonato), (washing) Soda. Kaustika ~o (natro), caustic s. (natria hidroksido). Kristala ~o, s. crystals. ➞ akv, natri.

sof-o, [UV] Sofa, couch with raised ends and back, on which several persons can sit, or one lie. ~eto, lounge, settee. ~a lito, s-bed. ➞ divan, kanap.

sofismo [F], Soph-ism, -istry, fallacy, false reasoning. ~a, specious.

sofist-o, [OA] Sophist.

sofit-o, (arch) soffit, lower surface of arch, etc.

sofor-o, ornamental shrub (Sophora), coral beam, Japanese pagoda tree.

soft-a = mallaŭta.

soif-i (-n, al) [UV], Thirst (for), be -y (dry). Mi ~as. ~i venĝon (al venĝo), be eager for revenge. Mia animo ~as Dion (Ps 42/2). ~o, t. Suferi de ~o. ~o al (hankering after, hunger for). ~(ant)a, t-ly, longing for. ~igi, parch. Sen~igi, quench (slake) t. Sen~iĝi, refresh one’s. Sango~a, bloodt-y. ➞ avid, sopir.

soj-o (a. glicineo), Soya (Glycine soja). ~a fabo, faruno, lakto, oleo, saŭco. ➞ apios.

sojl-o, [UV] (Ce 2/14), threshold, doorstep; sill. Fenestra ~o, window-sill. Supra ~o (lintelo), lintel (El 12/7), entrance, outset. Ĉe la ~o de dezerto, diskuto, kariero, jarcento, vintro, vivo. Halti ĉe la ~o de, stop short of.

sok-o (plugila beko), ploughshare.

sokl-o, [OA] socle, base, bottom, pedestal, Support (flaga, masta); footing (of wall); plinth (of pillar, statue, vase); stand for object). Izola ~o, insulating base. ➞ piedestal.

sol-a, [UV] Alone, Lone. 1 by one’s, solitary: Labori, promeni, veni ~a. Nur mi ~a. 1 alone (1 Rĝ 19/10, 4 FA 64/16). 2 without aid: Mia forto ~a ne sufiĉas. 3 (unu ~a) (one and) only, single, unique: mia ~a filo. Ĝxia ~a postesigno, the only trace of it. La ~a Dio, the One God. ~e, 1 Promeni ~e (better ~a). 2 (nur), only, excluding others, no more than, nothing but: La decido dependas ~e de vi (on you a.). Li manĝis ~e panon. Tiu besto vivas ~e en Afriko. Ne ~e … sed ankaŭ; not only ... but also; both ... and ... (pleon) Sole nur (for emphasis). Ni devas obei s.n. la logikon. La domon de David sekvis s.n. la tribo de Jehuda. ~eco, isolation, 1-liness, privacy, seclusn, solitude. ~eca (~e staranta), l-ly(-some), solitary. ~eca ĉambro, domo, nokto. Esti ~eca kaj malgaja. Stari ~ece sur la monto. ~igi, isolate. ~iĝi, become isolated. ~ulo (Ps 102/7). ~ula vivo, solitary life. ~infano, o. child. ➞ apart, izol, nur, solo.

solan-o (Solanum). Nigra ~o, black nightshade. ~acoj, nightshade fam. > alkekeng, beladon, datur, dolĉamar, hiskiam, mandragor, terpom, tomat.

sold-o, [OA] 1 sou. Sen~a, beggared, destitute, penniless. 2 (mil) pay. ~ulo, mercenary.

soldanel-o, soldanella, Alpine perennial.

soldat-o, [UV] Soldier, trooper. La Nekonata ~o, the Unknown S. Mar~o, marine. Pied~o, foot-s., infantryman. Pik~o, pikebearer. Plumb~o, stan~o, tinsoldier. Serv~o, orderly. Simpla ~o, private. ~(ec)a, -ly. ~i, serve as s. ~aro, s-y, army, troops. Mar~aro. ~ejo (kazerno), barracks, quarters. ~iĝi, enlist. II (chs) pawn. ➞ stratiot.

sole-o, [OA] (ich) sole (Solea).

solecism-o, [OA] solecism, blunder, offence against standard. ~o gramatika, (konduta).

solen-a, [UV] Solemn, ceremonious, formal, impressive, serious. ~a aŭdienco, deklaro, promeso, silento. ~a akcepto, official reception. ~o, ceremony. Edziĝa ~o, solemnization of marriage. Memor~o, commemoration festival. ~i (~e festi, plenumi), celebrate, solemnize. ~eco, -ity. Afekti ~econ, be pompous. ➞ celebr, ceremoni, impon, majest, parad, serioz. Opp frivol.

solenojd-o, (el) solenoid.

solen-o, (zoo) razor-shell (Solena).

solfa-o (litera muzikskribo, "tonika do"), (Tonic) Sol-fa (movable doh). Skribi ~e. ~isto, -ist. ~i, s., sing to s-names.

solfeĝ-o, solfeggio, vocal exercise using "fixed-doh" syllables. ➞ solfa.

solicitor-o, solicitor (Brita juro).

solid-o, [OA] Solid. 1 Not fluid or liquid. 2 alike all through, sustained, un -broken(-interrupted): ~a arĝento, hufo, koloro, progreso. 3 firm, reliable, steady: ~a amikeco, fundamento, garantio, homo, ligilo. ~aj botoj, stout boots.< 4 serious, sound: ~a argumento. ~aj kvalitoj, sterling qlties. 5 (com) safe, solvent, steady, well-established: ~a firmo (reputacio). ~e, solidly, stoutly. ~eco, stability. ~igi, -ify, consolidate, establish. Mal~a, Ne~a, flimsy, shaky, weak. ~~eco, unsettled state. ➞ firm, fortik. Opp fluid, likv.

solidag-o (ora vergo), (bot) golden-rod (Solidago).

solidar-a, [OA] jointly and severally liable and responsible, interdependent. Liaj interesoj estas ~aj (bound up) kun niaj. (tech) rado ~a kun alia, in one piece, interlocked. ~eco, solidarity, joint responsibility, community of interests or actions, mutual dependence. Striko de ~eco, sympathetic strike. ~igi, consolidate (interests).

soliter-o, 1 (gm) solitaire. 2 (cgm) patience. 3 ring, etc., with one gem. ➞ teni.

soliv-o, (carp, mar) beam, cross-timber, joist.

solo-o = sol-aj(-kant-lud)o, Solo. ~isto -ist. ~orgeno, s-organ.

solstic-o, (astr) Solstic/e, time of sun’s greatest distance from equator. ~o somera, vintra. ~a, -tial.

solv-i (-n), [UV] 1 Dissolve, make a solution of: ~i salon en akvo, 2 Resol/ve, Solve, clear up, find a way out of, settle, unravel, untangle: ~i demandon, disputon, dubon, ekvacion, enigmon, malfacilon, problemon. (mus) disonancon, r. a discord (supren, malsupren). ~o, solution, answer, (mus) r-ution. ~a, solvent. ~aĵo, solution. ~ebla, soluble, solvable. Problemo ~inda, to be s-ed. ~iĝi, d. ~ilo, solvent, f expedient. Ne~ebla, insoluble. Diskuti sen~e. ➞ divert, malkombin.

solvent-a [OA] (pagokapabla), Solven/t. ~eco, -cy. Ne~a, in-s.

Somal-ujo, Somalio SO.

somateri-o, eider duck (Somateria). Vd anas.

sombr-a (preme malhela, malluma), Sombre, gloomy, dark (koloro); dim (lumo); dismal (vizaĝo); dull (vetero); overcast (ĉielo). Estas ~e! It is dark! ➞ morn.

somer-o, [UV] Summer. ~eca, ~simila, -y. ~e, in the s. Tra~i, pass the s.

somier-o, box-mattress, spring-mattress; plate supporting machine-parts. Drata ~o, (org) wind chest.

somnambul-o, [OA] somnambul/ist. ~i, walk in one’s sleep. ~ismo, -ism.

son-i, [UV] (nt) (make, emit, give out) Sound, be heard, resound. Lia voĉo ~is agrable, Barelo malplena ~as plej laŭte. ~i false, ring false. ~is la deka, it struck ten o’clock, f (aŭdiĝi): be expressed audibly. En lia voĉo ~is ĝojo. ~o, s. beat (tambura); blare (trumpeta); blast (sirena); chink (ora); clang, ring, tinkle (sonorila). Lip~o, (phon) labial. ~a, of s., acoustic, phonetic. ~egi, blare, roar. ~ero (sonparto), > harmonic, overtone, partial. Vd harmon, kromton, superton. ~igi (-n), (cause to) sound, make heard, utter. La birdoj ~igis sian voĉon. ~igi, clink, rattle (monon); jingle (ŝlosilojn). La horloĝo ~igis (struck) la horojn. ~igi la "r", roll one’s "r’s". ~konduki, ~porti, conduct sound. Ek~i, strike up, be heard. Ek~is paŝoj. For~i, die away. Re~i, resound, send back the s., (re)echo, reverberate. Re~o, echo, resonance. Ŝiaj vortoj trovis re~on en mia koro. ~~ilo, resonator. Sen~a, s-less. Sub~a, subsonic. Super~a, supersonic. Akre~a, strident. Bel~a, bon~a, euphonious, Malbel~a, disagreeable, harsh. Plen~a, resonant, ringing, sonorous. ➞ bru, eĥ, sonor, ton.

sonat-o, [OA] (mus) Sonat/a. ~a formo. s-form. ~eto, -ina. ➞ moviment, simfoni.

sond-i (-n) [OA], Sound, take -ings, explore the bottom, fathom, measure the depth of. Plumbo~i, s (with a plummet), (surg) probe (vundon), sound (pacienton). f feel one’s way, see how the land lies, test experimentally, try to find out the opinions of, explore (arbaron); scan (horizonton). ~i misteron. ~(ad)o, s-ing, casting the lead. ~ado akustika, radia. ~ilo, depth-finder, lead, plummet. Eĥo~ilo, echo-sounder. ~isto, leadsman. Ne~ebla, fathomless, inscrutable, unfathomable.

sonet-o, [OA] sonnet.

sonĝ-i, [UV] ~o, Dream (in sleep). ~o bela, stranga, ~o teruras, ~o forkuras. ~e, in a d. ~aĉo (koŝmaro, prem~o), nightmare. ~ado, dreaming. ~osimila, d-like. Sen~a, d-less. Tra~i la vivon, d. one’s life away. ➞ rev.

sonk-o, sowthistle (Sonehus).

sonor-i, [UV] (nt) Ring, be Sonor/ous, give out a prolonged ringing or musical sound. ~a, ringing, sonorous, cleartoned, deeptoned, musical, resonant, resounding. ~a voĉo. ~aj vortoj, high-sounding words. ~ado, ringing, pealing, reverberation. Funebre ~adi, toll. Mort~ado, knell. ~eco, s-ity. ~ego, boom, clang, clash. ~eti, clink, tinkle. ~etigi la glasojn. ~igi (-n), ring, ~igi por akvo (la kelnero). ~igisto, bell-ringer. ~ilo, bell. La ~ilo ~is ĝoje. Man~ilo, hand-bell. Mort~ilo, Signal~ilo, alarm-bell, etc. Sled~ilo, sleigh-b. Tub~ilo, tubular bell. Tumult~ilo, tocsin. ~iladi, chime, ring a peal. ~ilaro (karilono), peal of bells. ~ilejo (~ila turo, belfrido), belfry. ~ilisto, b-ringer. ~ilmuldisto, b-caster. Mal~a, dull, muffled. ➞ gong, kloŝ, son, tint, vibr. Rim.: Though sonori is nt, we meet ~i ĝojon (la komencon, liberecon) (4 FA 212/30; 3 FA 31/30; Rj 110/6).

sopir-i (-n al, je, por, pri, -i) [UV], Long, Sigh (from nostalgia or desire), pine, (thirst, yearn) for, fain word have, hanker after: ~i feliĉon (al feliĉo). Cervo ~as al fluanta akvo (Ps 42/1) (J1 1/20). ~i al la patrujo, al Dio, ripozo, trankvilo. ~i revidi iun). ~(ad)o, longing, ardent desire, yearning, etc. ~(ant)a, ~(em)a, longing, anxious, ardent, fond, wistful. Hejm~o (nostalgio), home-sickness. ~e, l-ingly. ~anto, lovesick swain, etc. ~ega, passionately desirous. ➞ aspir, avid, dezir, soif, suspir (= sigh audibly).

sopran-o, [UV] Soprano, treble (high voice of woman or child). ~ul(in)o, s. singer (Ps 46 caption). Mezo~o, mezzo-s.

sor-i (suprenglisi), (av) soar (mount on a rising current). ➞ ŝveb.

sorb-i (-n), [UV] Absorb (liquid), soak (suck) up. inkon, sukon. f (En~i), drink (suck) in, imbibe, take on. ~~i ideojn, instruon. ~(em)a, -ent. ~a papero, blotting-paper. Ne ~ema, non-ent, impermeable. ~iĝi (esti ~ita), be -ed, sucked up (by). ~igi, drench (penetrate, saturate, soak) with. ~igita de (bathed in) sango. ~ilo, -ent. Ink~ilo, blotter. Tra~iĝi, leak (sweat) out, percolate, soak through. ➞ absorb, filtriĝ, lik, ŝvit.

sorĉ-i (-n) [UV], Enchant, bewitch, practise sorcery (witchcraft), throw a spell on, use magical powers. f (ĉarmi), fascinate. ~i iun per sia beleco, elokvento. La propono min ~as. ~a, -ing, bewitching, captivating, fetching, magic, seductive, wondrous. ~a voĉo. ~(ad)o, ~(art)o, -ment, glamour, necromancy, sorcery, witchcraft. ~aĵo, charm, spell. ~isto, -er, magician, sorcerer, wizard. ~istino, e-ress, witch, ~ita, bewitched. De~i, exorcize. Fi~i, cast an evil eye on. Trans~i, change (transform) by magic. ➞ ĉarm, ĵongl, log, magi, rav.

sordid-a, sordid; base, ignoble, mean, mercenary; dirty, squalid.

sordin-o = dampilo.

sorg-o, sorghum > great millet (S. vulgare). (S. v. var durra = duTm, Indian millet).

sorik-o, [UV] Shrew(mouse) (Sorex). Arba (pigmea) ~o, tree (pigmy) s.

sorit-o (silogisma ĉeno), sorites.

sorp-o, [UV] service tree (Sorbus domestica and torminalis) (3 FA 47/19). ~a frukto, sorb (apple). ➞ aliz, aŭkupari.

sort-o, [UV] Fate, condition in life, destiny, lot, luck (present or future). Antaŭdiri, eviti, gvidi, plibonigi la ~on, Provi sian ~on, try one’s luck. Forlasi iun al la ~o, Esti kontenta pri (submetiĝi al) la ~o. La ironio de la ~o, irony of fate. Mia ~o estas decidita, my f. is sealed. La ~o estas blinda, Fortune is blind. Sam~ano, ~ulo, one in the same boat, fellow-sufferer. ~obato, blow of fate. ~oŝanĝoj, vicissitudes. ➞ destin, fat(al), fortun, lot [Ne= klas, spec].

sortiment-o [OA] (specimenaro), assortment, collection of wares (goods) of similar kind, selection. ~i, stock a wide selection (range).

sovaĝ-a, [UV] Savage, Wild. 1 rude, uncivil, uncouth: ~a aspekto, popolo, vivo. 2 untamed: ~a besto, ĉevalo, kato. 3 uncultivated: ~a floro, loko, tero. ~a arbaro, trackless forest. 4 barbarous, brutal, unbridled, unrestrained, violent: ~a gesto, pluvo, naturo. ~i, rage. ~eco, ferocity, savagery, wildness, natural state. ~ejo, uncultivated land, bush, scrub, tangle, wilderness. ~ulo, s. (wild) person. Mal~a, disciplined, tame. ~~igi, tame. ➞ barbar, furioz, impet, senbrid.

sovet-o (a. sovjeto (ark.)), soviet. Sovet-io, Sovet-Uni-o.

sovren-o, (num) sovereign.

spac-o, [UV] Spac/e. 1 area, extent, room: Okupi grandan ~on. La ~o mankas. 2 (senlimaĵo, vastego), limitless space: ~a ŝipo. Rigardi en la ~on, stare into vacancy. 3 (mus) s. between lines. ~(oplen)a, spacious, spatial, capacious, roomy. En~i (ampleksi), comprise. Inter~o, distance (interval) between. De la buŝo ĝis la manoj estas granda ~~o. ~~i, thin out (seedlings), (typ) s. out (lines of type), ~igo, spacing, clearance. Ter~o, area, superficies. ~vojaĝisto (astronaŭto, kosmonaŭto), space- traveller. ➞ are, lok, teren.

spad-o, [OA] straight sword, narrow short pointed blade with hilt (us. ceremonial, dress, state). ➞ glav, rapir, sabr [Ne= fosilo].

spadik-o, (by) spadix; thick fleshy spike, e.g., of dates, bananas.

spalir-o, [UV] espalier. 1 trellis for wall-fruit. 2 row of trees so trained. ~a arbo, wall-tree. ~i, train (trailing plants). ~aĵo, trellis work.

span-o, Span. 1 bay, width (of arch, bridge, roof, etc.), distance between two upright supports. ~o neta, clear s. ~aĵo, girder-work. 2 (manstreĉo).

spaniel-o, spaniel (dog). ➞ pudel.

spar-o, 1 (av) Spar of wings, (ry) ridgebar, side-sill. 2 (bid) round s.; ➞ ĉevr, lign. 3 (ich) = pagelo.

spargani-o, bur-reed (Sparganium).

spark-o, ~i, (el) Spark discharge. Fruigi (advance) la ~on. ~ado, -ing, ignition- ~ilo, sparking plug. ~aperturo, s-gap. ~bobeno, ignition coil. ~regulado, s-control. ~ŝaltilo, s-switch.

sparten-o, cord-grass, rice-grass (Sparlino).

sparti-o, Spanish (or rush) broom (Spartium). ➞ sarotamn.

spasm-o, [OA] Spasm. ~o kora. ~a, -odic, convulsive, spastic, f Labori ~e, by fits and starts. Kontraŭ~a, antispasmodic. ➞ konvulsi, kramf, rigidiĝ, tetan.

spat-o, [UV] (min) Spar. Fluor~o, fluorspar [Ne= spaveri\.

spatel-o (trideto), (phar, tech) Spatul/a, flat knife for mixing or spreading, palette-knife, etc. Butera ~o, butter-pat. ~(ec)a, -ate.

spatol-o, (orn) shoveller (Spatula clypeata).

spaven-o, (vet) spavin, disease of horse’s hock-joint.

spec-o, [UV] Kind, Sort; brand, variety. Nova ~o de sapo. ~aro, (sortimento) assortment. ~igi, (as)sort. Poŝtaĵoj ~~itaj (K 220/3). ~igisto, s-er. Dis~igi, s. out (type, etc.), distribute. Ali~a, of another k. Ĉiu~a, all kinds of. Divers~a, varied. ~~a literaturo. Du~a, of two kinds. MaIbon~a, inferior, bad. Plur~a, sam~a, heterogeneous, homogeneous. Unu~a, alike, of one kind. ➞ genr, ĝenr, kvalit, ras, speci, specif.

speci-o, (bio) Species < genro. ~a nomo, specific name. Sub~o, sub-s.

special-a [F], Special, Particular, especial, for a definite purpose. ~a afero, p. business. ~a maŝino (vagonaro). ~e, (e)s-ly, p-ly, in a s. way. Mi venis ~e por la festo. ~(aĵ)o, s-ity, s. feature (class of goods, function, line of service, etc.). S~igi, S-ize. s~isto, s-ist. ➞ apart, fak, precip. Opp general, komun. Rim.: Aparta denotes diffce, outstandingness, separation: Precipe denotes importance by comparison: Speciala implies definite aim.

specif-i, Specif/y; define in detail, mention definitely, name expressly. la devojn, lay down the duties. ~o, -ication- ~a, -ic. ~a pezo, varmo. ~a diferenco, kuracilo, reakcio. ~a konto, detailed (itemized) a/c. ➞ precizig, spec.

specimen-o, [OA] Specimen, Pattern, sample. Preni ~on el, s. ~aro, collection (set) of specimens, p-book, range of patterns. ➞ ekzempl, provaĵ, sortiment.

spegul-o, [UV] Mirror, looking-glass, reflector. Poŝa ~o. Rigardi sin en ~o. f De l’ koro ~o estas la okulo. ~i, image, m., reflect, f show, be the sign of. Rideto ~as feliĉon. ~a, specular. ~ego, mantel (wall) m. ~iĝi, be reflected, m-ed. La animo ~iĝas en la vizaĝo; la luno en la lago. ~umo, (surg) speculum. Re~aĵo, reflection. Retro~o, rear view m. ➞ imit, kopi, rebril.

spekt-i, be a spectator. ~aĵo, (a. spektaklo). ~anto, spectator, looker-on. ~antaro. ~ejo, place of entertainment, grandstand. ~ema, gaping, window-gazing.

spektakl-o [OA] (spektaĵo), (public) Spectac/le, entertainment, pageant, show, f (vidaĵo), sight. ~a, -ular, showy. ➞ seen.

spektr-o, [OA] 1 (opt) Spectr/um. ~o absorba, difrakta, prisma, suna. 2 (fantomo): Spectre, apparition, ghost. Elvoki ~ojn, raise ghosts, f thin lean person. ~a, 1 ~a analizo, -um analysis. 2 ghost-like, spectral, etc. ~ografo, ~oskop-o, -io.

spekul[aci]-i, [OA] Specul/ate. ~i je kaŭĉuko, s. in rubber. ~a, ~e, -ative(ly). ~ado, ~aĵo, -ation. Pura ~ado, pure gamble. ~anto, ~isto, -ator.

spekulari-o, Venus’ looking-glass, corn violet (Specularia).

spekulativ-a, [OA] (phi) speculat/ive, conjectural, hypothetical. Tio havas nur ~an (purely theoretical) intereson. ~o, theoretical study. ~i, (~e koncepti), theorize. Pri tio la filozofoj ~as.

spelt-o, spelt, German wheat (Triticum spelta) (El 9/32).

spergol-o, corn spurrey (Spergula).

spergulario, sand (sea) spurrey (Spergularia).

sperm-o, [OA] (bio) sperm, seed, semen. ~a, seminal.

spermatozo-o,

spermatofil-o.

spermacet-o, spermaceti. ~a baleno (kaĉaloto), sperm whale.

spert-a, [UV] Experience/d, adept, (cap)-able, competent, conversant (with), expert, skilled. ~a gvido. Homo ~a kaj lerta. ~o, e. (quality). ~i, (know by) e., enjoy, feel, pass through, suffer, undergo. ~i atakon, embarason, krii-, sorton. (Laŭ)~e, by e. ~(aĵ)o (travivaĵo), e. Hieraŭ mi havis interesan ~on. ~igi, coach, train. ~iĝi, gain e., become expert. ~ulo, man of e., adept, expert, old hand, past master. ~ula uzo, expert use. ~oplena, full of e., well versed (in). Ne~a, sen~a, in-ed, callow, simple, unskilled. ~~ulo, greenhorn, novice. ➞ ekspert, empiri, lert, majstr, super.

spes-o, speso, fictitious money unit introduced by R. de Saussure (1907). ~deko, = id. ~milo = 2/- (approx). Kiu ~on ne tenas, al ~milo ne venas. ~milo superflua la poŝon ne ŝiras. Kvin ~oj (4 FA 86/26). ➞ spez, stel, ekspert.

spez-o, [UV] monetary transaction, transfer, turnover. ~i, circulate (transfer, turn over) money, ~ejo, cash-desk, clearing house. Antaŭ~o, advance. el~i, [UV] expend, disburse, pay(lay)out, spend. ~~o, expence, expenditure, outgoings. Vana ~~o de tempo kaj mono. ~~libro, cash- book. Etaj ~~oj, petty expenses. ~~ema, extravagant, fond of spending. ~~ejo, pay desk. ~~iga, costly, expensive. Send~~o, cost of carriage. en~i,receive, (get, take) money. ~~o (No 18/30), income, receipts, takings. ~~e laboranta, gainfully employed. Nacia ~~aro, national revenue. ~~iga, lucrative, remunerative. Riĉigas ne en~o, sed prudenta el~o.

spic-o [UV] (bongustigaĵo), (cul) Spic/e, aromatic substance. f dash, smack. ~i, s., flavour, season. ~i kukon. f horoj ~itaj de bonhumoro. ~(oriĉ)a, spicy, fragrant, piquant, pungent, racy, f ~a romano, -y novel. ~aĵo, condiment, seasoning. ~aro, -ery, spices. ~ejo, grocer’s shop, ~isto, grocer. ~ujo, s-box. ➞ aromaĵ.

spik-o, [UV] Ear, head, spike (of corn, etc.) (Ps 72/16, Ge 41/5). ~o de tritiko. ~o malplena plej alte sin tenas. ~(ohav)a, -ed. ~iĝi, e. ~eto, spicule, spikelet. ~iĝo (Jes 37/27). ~umi (postrikolti), glean. ~oplena, grand~a, full of ears, full-eared. ➞ najleg.

spil-i (trui), spile, broach. ~i barelon. ~ilo, augur, gimlet.

spin-o, [UV] Spin/e, backbone, vertebral column. 2 crest, ridge (of mountain); shaft (of arrow); spine (of book). ~a malsano, spinal disease, rachitis. ~a paralizo. ~e malsana, rickety. Sen~a, spineless, invertebrate. f limp, weak. ➞ dorn, kontur, vertebr.

spin-o, (ph, sp) spin (secondary revolving motion), twist, whirl.

spinac-o, [UV] Spinach (Spinacia).

spinak-o, (mar) spinnaker.

spindel-o, spindle, bobbin; pin (small bar) for twisting and winding thread, revolving axis, shaft, stem. ~o de borilo, ŝraŭbtenilo, turbo. ~rado, fusee (of clock, watch). ➞ aks, boben, ŝpinil.

spinel-o, (min) spinel.

spinet-o, (m.i.), spinet, small clavichord.

spion-o, [UV] Spy, secret agent (observer). ~i, spy on (out), inspect (watch) secretly. ~aĉi, pry. ~ado, espionage. Kontraŭ~ado, counter-e. ➞ esplor-rigard, skolt.

spir-i, [UV] (nt) take Breath, Breathe, Respir/e. Dum ni spiras, ni esperas. f (el~i), ~i minacon. ~o, b. Perdi la ~on, get out of breath. f Lia lasta ~o. ~(ad)o, b-ing, r-ation. ~aĵo, b., blur (of b. on window), vapour. ~ebla, r-able. ~egi, b. deeply, gasp, pant (➞ anhel). Naz~egi, snort, ~eto, b. lightly, utter softly, whisper. El~i, 1 b. out, exhale, expire, f give out. ~~i odoron (varmon). 2 express, show. La libro ~~as malamon. Atestanto falsama ~~as mensogojn. ~~aĵo, exhalation, whiff, (mus) ~loko, b-ing place. ~manko, shortness of b. ~truo, air-hole, blow-hole. (zoo) spiracle. En~i, inhale, b. in. ~~i aeron (parfumon). Naz~i (snufi), sniff. Re~i, b. again, get a second wind.

spiral-o, [OA] Spiral, coil. Arkimeda ~o, (ry) loop. ~a, s. coiled. ~a konko, vojo. (hor) coil-spring, hair-spring. ~a ŝtuparo, winding stairs. ~i, s. La fumo ~is supren, curled up, rose in spirals. ~aĵo (voluto), scroll (of vn), worm (of screw). ~ero, turn of spiral. whorl, (av) ~fali, tailspin. ~plonĝi, descend in a spiral.

spirant-o, lady’s tresses (orchid) (Spirant hes).

spire-o (Spiraea), denotes various plants > bridewort (S. salikfolia), filipendol, ulmari.

spirit-o, [UV] Spirit (wide sense). 1 (animo), immaterial part of man, soul: (Ag 7/59; Pr 3/21). Pacon al lia ~o! 2 Incorporeal being: Dio estas ~o (Jn 4/24). La Sankta ~o (Ps 51/11, Ef 4/30). (angel, demon): (He 1/14, Ef 6/12, Mk 5/13). (ghost): Vidi ~on (Lu 24/37, 39). (H 21/16, 29/5). (elf): ~oj de fajro kaj akvo, 3 mental attitude, mode of thought, mind: Mi estos kun vi laŭ ~o (Kol 2/5). Konfuziĝis lia ~o (Da 2/1). Adori laŭ ~o (Jn 4/24). Malriĉa en ~o (Mt 5/3). Havi trankvilan ~on, be easy in mind. Pli valoras kontenta ~o, ol granda profito. Grandaj ~oj, great minds. 4 deep sense, essence, meaning, animating tendency: La ~o (genius) de E. ~o de saĝo, soul of wit. (H). La ~o de la leĝo. ~a, immaterial, intellectual, mental, spiritual. ~eco, -uality. ~ismo, spiritualism, communication with departed spirits. ~isto [OA]. Sen~a, characterless. ~ĉeesto, (~foresto), presence (absence) of mind. Opp korp, material. ➞ alkohol.

spiritual-ismo, [OA] -isto, [OA] (phi) spiritual-ism, -ist. ➞ spiritism.

spirozo-o, (bio) spirozoon.

spit-i, [UV] act in Defi/ance of, brave, defy, flout, fly in the face of, jib at, spite. Pli facile estas eviti, ol ~i. Abelujon ne incitu, amason ne ~u. ~(ad)o, d., bravado. ~(em)a, defiant, insolent, recalcitrant (Ps 37/35). ~e lin (al li) (Ps 27/11; 69/18), in d. (scorn) of him. ~e (tion), ke, in d. of the fact that, ~ulo, refractory person. For~i malamikojn (Ps 10/5). Spit! Rats! ➞ defi. Rim.: ➞ malgraŭ (weaker). Se vi malgraŭ tio ~os min, if in spite of (= notwithstanding) that you defy me (Le 26/21, 40).

splen-o, [OA] Spleen, blues, deep depression, dumps, melancholy, low spirits, vapours, ~a, hipped, peevish, splenetic. ~ema, subject to depression. ~ulo, hypochondriac. ➞ gal, melankoli [Ne = lien, malic, sarkasm].

splint-o, (surg) splint, (med) similar object.

splis-i, Splice (rope). ~o okula (maŝa), eye-s. ~o (mal)longa, retroa. ~ilo, marlinspike.

split-o, [OA] Splinter, chip, flake, shaving, shiver. ~o de ligno, fero, osto, virto. ~i, Split, break up, divide. ~i atomojn, la movadon, siajn fortojn. f ~i harojn. Har~aĵo, subtlety. Vitro ne~ebla, safety glass. ~iĝi, s. up. La lingvo ~iĝis en dialektojn; la societo en du partiojn. ~igo, fission, s. ~ita (fendita) ligno, fire-wood. ~itaj pizoj, s. peas. Dis~i, reduce to fragments, shatter. Dis~iĝi, burst into pieces, fly into splinters. ➞ fend, frakas, krev, romp, skism.

sponde-o, [OA] (pros) Spond/ee (-). ~a, -aic.

spong-o, [UV] Spong/e. 1 (zoo). 2 (toilet) ~o kaŭĉuka, metala. ~(ec)a, -y. ~(frot)i, s. ~i la tablon, ~i la okulojn, la vizaĝon. For~i makulon, s. off, remove.

spont-a, spontan-a, see spontanea.

spontane-a, [OA] Spontane/ous. ~a ekbrulo, propono, movo. ~e, of one’s own accord, ~eco, -ity. Mal~a (forced) rido. ➞ memvol, propramov. Rim.: Shorter forms (spont, spontan) are increasingly used. ➞ Lat spons, spont-is.

spor-o, (bot) Spor/e, ~ujo, -angium.

sporad-a, sporadic, occurring only here and there, scattered. ~a sunbrilo, sunny intervals. ~aj strikoj. Labori ~e. ~eco, -icity. ➞ epidemi, izol.

sport-o, [OA] Sport, out-of-door recreation. ~(am)a, ~(em)a, fond of sport. ~isto, -sman. ~ejo (stadiono), stadium. ~emo, -ing spirit. ➞ lud, petol.

sprint-i, ~o, (sp) sprint.

sprit-a, [UV] Wit/ty, bright, clever, quick, sprightly. ~(ec)o, w., sense of humour, sprightliness. Malsato donas ~on. ~(ad)i, have a ready wit., be facetious. ~aĵo, -ticism, bon mot, joke, quip, repartee, sally, ~ego, brilliant (sparkling) wit. ~ulo, wit, wag. Kortega ~ulo, court jester. ~ulaĉo, practical joker. Mal~a, inane, stupid. ~~eco, folly. ~~ulo, blockhead, fool, stupid fellow. ~~igi, besot, dull. Sen~a, witless, dull, flat, insipid, tame. Sen~aĵo, bosh, twaddle. ➞ lert, sere, vortlud.

spron-o, [UV] Spur. 1 for horse. 2 of cock, flower, mountain, f goad, incentive, stimulus, ~i, spur, f encourage, give fresh impulse to, stimulate, urge on. Premioj ~as la lernantojn, ~ita, ~hava, kun ~oj, s-red. Sen~a, spurless. ➞ incit, instig, stimul.

sprot-o, sprat (Clupea sprattus).

spur-o, spoor, footprint, mark, scent, track, trace, trail. Freŝa ~o. Sekvi ~on. Kovri la ~ojn, cover up tracks, put off the scent. Sen~e, without a trace.

sput-i (-n), [UV] spit (spew) out, cough up, eject, expectorate, vomit. ~i mukon, sangon. f ~i lafon (vulkano): morton (kanono). ~aĵo, sputum. ~eti, sputter. Akvo~ilo (gargojlo). El~o (erupto), eruption. ➞ kraĉ, ŝprucig, vom.

sputnik-o, (av) sputnik.

Srilank-o LK.

Sss! sound of sizzling roast (4 FA 232/26).

stab-o, [UV] Staff. 1 (mil) Ĉefa ~o, general s. ~a oficiro, s-officer. ~estro, chief of s. 2 directing staff, officers, ~o da instruistoj. ➞ dungitar, personar.

stabil-a, Stab/le. 1 balanced, resting firm, steady. 2 durable, permanent. ~a paco, lasting peace. ~eco, -ility. ~igi, -ilize. ~igilo, -ilizer. Mal~a, Ne~a, untrustworthy, un-s. ➞ daŭr, firm, stabl.

stabl-o, [UV] object. holding firm that on which one is working. 1 work-bench. Labori sur la ~o (Jer 18/3). ~o de potisto, teksisto. Torno~o, lathe (2 FA 32/27). Seg~o, saw-bench. 2 support, easel, frame, rest, stand, trestle: ĉapela ~o, hall-stand. Sekiga ~o, clothes-horse. ~eto, (knife-)rest, (photo-)stand. (vn) bridge. Kamen~eto, andiron, fire-dog [Ne= stabil, stal].

staci-o, [UV] Station. 1 (haltejo), s., break of journey, halt, stage, stop: ~o dogana, fervoja, landlima, omnibusa, pasaĝera, subtera. Ĉef~o, sub~o. Fin~o, terminus. Ŝip~o, landing-place. 2 (restejo): Fiakra ~o, cab rank (stand). 3 (establaĵo): Ban~o, seaside resort, watering-place. Radia ~o, Send~o, transmitting s. (mot) Benzin~o (a. benzinejo), serv~o, filling-station, service-s. ~domo, [UV] s-(building). ~estro, s-master. ➞ halt, stadi.

stadi-o, [OA] 1 Stage, period, phase (of development, disease, progress, etc.). ~o eksperimenta, fina, komenca. Ĝi trairis diversajn ~ojn, passed through various stages. En la ~o de malkresko, on the wane (2 FA 119/14). ~o sur la vojo de progreso. 2 Stadium (Gk measure). ➞ etap, faz, period, staci.

stadion-o (sportejo), stadium, sports ground.

stafet-o, despatch-rider (➞ kurier). ~kurado, (sp) relay-race.

stafile-o, bladder-nut (Staphylea).

stafilokok-o, (med) staphylococcus.

stagn-i, (nt) Stagn/ate, be -ant (at a standstill), without flow; drag, flag, (mot) stall. ~(ant)a akvo, standing water, f remain inactive, without movement. La komerco (konversacio) ~is. ~o, -ion. ~o kaj apatio. ➞ marasm.

staj-o (firmtenilo), Stay, (tech) batten, cross-bar, strut, tie-beam(-bolt-rod), trace, (mar) brace, guy, supporting rope. Posta ~o, back-s. ~aro, bracing, shroud.

stak-o, Stack, rick (of corn, hay); heap, pile (of books, branches, coal, wood). ~i, stack, pile up. ~eto, cock, shock, stook. ~e ordigi florojn.

stakat-o, (mus) staccato.

stakis-o, woundwort (Stachys). ~o heĝa, hedge w; ~o kampa, field w; ~o marĉa, marsh w. ➞ betonik.

stal-o [UV] (brutloĝejo), Stable, mews (horses), shed, sty (cattle, etc.). ~o bova, porka, ŝafa. ~o por kameloj (Jeĥ 25/5). Bovina ~o, byre, cowshed. Ŝaf~o, sheep-cot. ~a fako, horse-box. ~isto, s-man. En~igi, s., stall.

stalagmit-o, [OA] stalagmite.

stalaktit-o, [OA] stalactite.

stamen-o, [OA] (bot) stamen.

stamf-i (piedfrapi), Stamp, (horse) paw the ground. For~i (s. out) fajron. ➞ tret.

stamin-o, (tex) butter (coarse) muslin, cheese cloth.

stamp-i (-n), [UV] Stamp (impress with a blow), punch. ~i buteron, ledon, paperon. cancel (poŝtmarkon); coin, mint (medalon, moneron). f produce a lasting impression. ~i ion en la memoron. ~(aĵ)o, brand, hall-mark, impress, seal. ~o de genio, honesto. ~ado, -ing. ~ilo, s., die, punch. Data, kaŭĉuka ~ilo, date (rubber) stamp. ~maŝino, embossing press. Antau~ita, (phlt) precancelled. En~i, work in repousse, chase, emboss (cizeli). Brul~i, brand. ~~ilo, branding-iron. ➞ gravur, mark, pres, sigel.

stamped-o, Stampede: sudden rush and flight (horses, cattle; mob). ~i, ~igi.

stan-o, [UV] (chem) Tin (Sn). ~a, (of) t. ~a kulero, soldato. ~i, [UV] ~izi, (cover with) t. ~atacido, stannic acid. ~ato, stannate. ~ika, stannous, ~isto, tinker, ~ferlado, t-plate. ~folio (staniolo), tin-foil, silver-paper, silvering (for mirror).

stanc-o, (pros) stanza. ➞ strof.

stand-o, stand, stall (com. exhibition, etc.). ➞ podi, stabil, stabl.

standard-o, [UV] Standard, official flag, banner, colours, ensign. La verda ~o. La ~o de libereco. ~isto, s-bearer, colour- sergeant, ensign. ➞ flag [Ne= norm].

stang-o [UV] (No 21/8, Jes 33/20). Bar, Pole, Rod, staff, stake, stave; long thin piece of wood or metal, (vn) (bow)stick. Apog~o, prop. Barĝ~o, barge-p. Bird~o, Sid~o, perch. Boben~o, distaff. Bremsa ~o, brake-r. Dent~o, rack. Fajr~o, poker. Flag~o, flag-s. Glit~o, slide-b. Hok~o, boat-hook, gaffe. Ĵib~o, jib boom. Konekta (kupla) ~o, connecting rod. Kornica ~o, curtain-r. Lev~o, crow-b, handspike, lever. Lupol~o, hop-p. Pik~o, pike, (org) Puŝ~o, tappet, tracker. Reg~o, control-rod. Rost~o, turnspit. Salt~o, jumping-pole. Start~o, starting lever. Stir~o, steering-shaft, tiller. Telegrafa ~o, telegraph-pole. (mar) Trans~o, cross-tree. Vel~o, spar, (sail)-yard. ~eto, stick, shank (of key), pilaster (of railing). Sigel~eto, stick of sealing-wax. Son~eto (vn) sound-post, (ry) (Cel)~i, peg (stake) out a line. ➞ baston, fost, mast, palis, stilz, vering.

staniol-o = stanfolio.

stapeli-o, carrion-flower (Stapelia).

stapl-o, warehouse, repository. ~i, (put goods in) bond.

star-i, [UV] (nt) Stand. 1 be erect, in an upright position: ~i apud la fenestro, garde, sur seĝo. La arbo, domo, tablo ~as. 2 (resti) maintain position, remain unshaken: ~i forte kontraŭ malamiko. Mia decido ~as. 3 (troviĝi) be situated: Sur la tablo ~as diversaj objektoj. Tiel ~as la afero, demando. Malfacila problemo ~as antaŭ ni. ~o, s. ~(ant)a, -ing, erect, stationary, stagnant (akvo); uncut (greno). Li restis ~e, in a -ing position. ~ejo, s., footing, holding, ground, position, post. ~ema (stabila), fast, steady, stable. ~igi, erect, establish, found, raise, set up. ~igi komitaton, mejlŝtonon, metodon: pose (present) (problemon). ➞ establ, fond, kre. Libro~igiloj, book-ends, ~igi, (a) s. up, rise to one’s feet. ~iĝu! (b) Stick up, s, on end. Miaj haroj ~iĝis. ~iĝis (aperis) malfacilaĵo. ~maniero, stance. De~i, s. aside (off). Dis~igi (straddle) la krurojn. Liaj haroj dis~iĝis (bristled). Ek~i, start up, jump to one’s feet. El~i, s. (jut, stick) out. El~a, out-ing, projecting, salient. Super~o, ~~i, over-hang. El~aĵo, projection, prominence. Kontraŭ~i, oppose, militate against, resist, with-s. ➞ opon, rezist. mem~a, [UV] autonomous, independent. Mal~igi, demolish, pull down, lay low, strike (tent). Re~igi, re-establish, restore, set up again. Super~i, (over) top, excel, transcend. La monto ~~is (towered above) la urbon. Har~iga, hair-raising.

start-i, (nt) = ekiri, ekkuri, ekfunkcii, Start off, depart, drive off, leave, (mot) s. up. -o, s., departure. Kara ~o, running s. ~ejo, ~fosto, -ing post, ~igi kuron per pafo, maŝinon. ~igilo (-er), ~igisto, -er [Ne= komenc].

stat-o, [UV] Condition, State; plight, situation, station (in life), status. Anima ~o, s. (frame) of mind. Spirita ~o, mentality. ~o civila, likva. La nuna ~o de la afero. En antaŭa ~o, in statu quo. ~i, be in a state. Bon~a, in good condition (circumstances), sound, well off. Sam~ano, one in same position. ~montrilo, indication, indicator, symptom. ➞ fart, kondit, pozici, rang.

statik-o, (mech) stat/ics. ~a, -ic. ~a akvo, elektro, premo.

statistik-o, [OA] Statistic/s, numerical facts systematically presented, ~a, -al. ~isto, -ian. Asekura ~isto, actuary,

stativ-o, stand, support, tripod (of camera, etc.). ~o kunmetebla.

statu-o, [OA] Statue. ~(ec)a, ~simila, -esque. ~aro, -ary. ~eto, -ette.

statur-o [OA] (homalto), stature, height. Bel~a junulino (Es 2/7). ~mezurilo.

statut-o, Statut/e, rules of legislative body, articles of association. ~a, -ory.

staŭd-o, (bot) perennial.

staŭl-i, (mot) Stall, lose speed, stop. ~angulo, -ing angle.

stearin-o, [OA] Stear/in. ~a, -ic.

steatit-o (sapŝtono), steatite, soapstone.

steb-i [UV] (maŝinkudri), Quilt. Ĉen~o, chain-stitch. ~ita litkovrilo, q., counterpane. ~(ad)o, -ing. ~ero, (interplektita ~aro), lock-stitch. ~maŝino, sewing-machine. ➞ kudr.

stek-o, (cul) steak.

stel-o, [UV] 1 Star. Fal~o (meteoro) (4 FA 105/5), shooting-s (➞ aerolit). Helŝanĝa ~o, variable star. Mar~o (asterio), s-fish. (astr) Nov~o (novao). ~o Betlehema, duobla, matena, vespera. f Naskiĝi sub bona ~o (lucky s.). ~a, -ry, stellar, (th) ~ul(in)o, "star". (typ) ~eto (asterisko). ~umi, scintillate. ~amaso, s-cluster. ~forma, s-shaped. ~lumo, s-light. ~semita, s-spangled. Sen~a, s-less. 2 a monetary unit proposed by Cseh, = 6d. ➞ asteri, astr, gage, ilici, madrepor, stelari.

stelari-o (birdherbo), chickweed, stitch-wort (Stellarid).

stele-o, (arch) stele,

stencil-o, ~i, stencil. ➞ mimeograf.

stenograf-i, [OA] write Shorthand. ~io, [OA] ~arto, s. ~aĵo, s-script. If These long forms are usually abbreviated to sten-o, shorthand, stenography; ~i, write s., ~e, in s., ~ist(in)o, s-writer.

stenotip-o (stenomaŝino), shorthand-typing machine. ~i, stenotype. ~isto, stenotypist. ➞ stenotajpisto, shorthand- typist.

step-o, [UV] Steppe, sandy plain,„ waste land (Jes 40/3). La ~o de Jeriĥo (Jos 4/13). La ~oj de Moab (No 33/48). ➞ erikej, savan, ŝtup. [Ne= paŝ].

stereo-fonio, ~grafio, ~metrio, ~skopo, Stereo-phony, -graphy, -metry, -scope. ~tipi (kliŝigi), -type, f ~tipa (banala, rutina), -typed. ~tipa demando, frazo, rakonto.

steril-a, Steril/e. 1 barren, unfruitful; fruitless (klopodo); unproductive (tero); unprofitable (laboro). 2 (senbakteria). ~eco, -ity. ~igi, -ize. --ilo, -izer.

sterk-o, [UV] 1 animal Dung, droppings. 2 Manure. ~o likva (~akvo), liquid m. ~o minerala, mineral fertilizer. ~i teron. ~amaso, d-hill. -oskarabo, d-beetle (> geotrupo). -otruo, cess-pit.

sterkorari-o (rabmevo), skua (Stercorarius).

sterkuli-o, sterculia (tree).

sterled-o, [UV] (ich) sterlet (Accipenser ruthenus). ➞ huz, sturing.

stern-i, [UV] 1 Lay, Spread out (at full length and breadth): littukon, tablotukon, reton, tapiŝon. Kiel oni ~as, tiel oni dormas. 2 open out, unfold: Vi ~as la ĉielon kiel tapiŝon (Ps 104/2). Li ~is antaŭ ni sian tutan vivon. 3 s. over, scatter, strew: ~i sterkon sur la teron. La suno ~is siajn radiojn. 4 lay low: La pafado ~is centojn da soldatoj. La vento ~is la grenon. Sin ~aĉi, loll, sprawl. ~aĵo, 1-er, stratum. Neĝa ~aĵo. ~aĵo el folioj, bed of leaves. ~iĝi (sin ~i), lie down at full length, stretch one’s out. Sin ~i sur la razeno. f ~iĝis antaŭ ni longa valo. ~ita, extended, laid out, prone. Sub~o, substratum. ~~ita, underlying, latent. ➞ etend, kuŝ, malvolv, tavol. Rim.: sterni relates to horizontal position; etendi to space occupied.

sternum-o, breast-bone, sternum.

stertor-o, [UV] Rattle (in the throat). Mort~o, death r. ~i, rattle, be at one’s last gasp, in the throes of death, ~a, stertorous. ➞ agoni.

stetoskop-o, Stethoscop/e. ~i, test with s. ~io, -y.

stevard-o, (av, mar) Steward, passengers’ attendant or waiter, ~ino, -ess, air hostess.

steven-o, (mar) stem (of boat). ~o posta, sternpost.

stif-a (a. sti-), step-(G. Stief) = relation through the second marriage of a parent, but not by blood. ~a patr(in)o, step-father(-mother) = second husband of a mother, second wife of a father, -infano, ~a fil(in)o, step-child(-son -daughter) = child by a former marriage of the husband or the wife, -a frat(in)o, step-brother(-sister). ➞ bo.

stift-o, bolt, key, peg, pin, spindle, headless nail. Aks~o, ĉef~o, king (main) bolt, king-(linch-)pin. Fendita ~o, cotter, split pin. Fiksa ~o, stud bolt. Haltiga ~o. Kuplo~o, coupling-pin, stop-bolt. ➞ bolt, kejl.

stigm-o, (bot) (pistila supro), stigma.

stigmat-o, Stigm/a, brand, stain of infamy, (rc) -ata. ~izi, -atize.

stik-i, (hort) plant (set) cuttings.

stil-o, [UV] Style. 1 Manner (of expression, action): ~o Biblia, bruska, flua, klara, peza, telegrama. ~o baroka, gotika. 2 make, pattern, shape: laŭ la lastmoda ~o, ~igi, -ize, conventionalize. ~isto, -ist. Bon~a, -ist. Sen~a, banal. ➞ manier, metod, mod.

stilet-o, stiletto, small dagger. 2 similar object., e.g., probe. ~a kalkanumo (de virina ŝuo). ➞ ponard, kalkan.

stilobat-o, (arc) stylobate.

stilus-o, stylus, writing-implement. (bot) style. ➞ grifel.

stilz-o (stang-irilo), stilt. ~iri. f ~aj kruroj. ~birdo, wader.

stimul-i (-n) [OA], Stimul/ate, excite to action, give a fillip to, incite, prod, spur (urge) on. ~i la cerbon, digeston; iun al laboro; foster (amikecon); whet (apetiton). ~o, -ation. ~a, -ant, -ating, -ative. ~aĵo, ~ilo, -ant, -us, goad, incentive, spur. ➞ ekscit, fervorig, instig, spron.

stip-o, [UV] stipa grass (Stipa). Plum~o, feather-grass (S. pennata). ➞ espart, genist.

stipit-o, (bot) stipe; (zoo) stipes.

stipendi-o, [OA] Grant, bursary, scholarship, study-allowance, ~ulo, exhibitioner, scholar.

stipul-o, (bot) stipule.

stir-i (-n), Steer, (mot) Driv/e, guide (by helm, rudder, wheel, etc.). f direct the course of, pilot. ~ilo, handle-bar, helm, s-ing bar, tiller (➞ rudr). ~ilaro, s-ing gear, ~isto, d-er, helmsman, coxwain. ~kolono, -ing pillar, (mot) ~lernejo, motor-school, (av) ~stango, joy-stick, ~rado, -ing wheel, ~ŝnuro, rudder rope. Ne~ebla (ŝipo), disabled. ➞ direkt.

stiv-i (-n), Stow away (cargo), trim (hold), pack goods away without waste of room, ~ado, -age. ~isto, stevedore, ~ligno, dunnage.

to pain or pleasure, patient endurance. ~ulo, -al person. ➞ flegm, sinreg.

stof-o, [OA] stof, Russian measure > quart.

stoik-o, Stoic. ~a, stoic(al), of great self-control, ~eco, ~ismo, -ism, indiffce.

stok-o, (com) Stock, goods for sale, quantity in hand, reserve store. ~i varojn, s. goods, ~ata, in s. ~isto.

stol-o, (cl) stole.

stolon-o, (bot) stolon; creeping stem, runner (e.g.fraga) < ŝos.

stom-o, (bot) (zoo) Stoma, minute opening, ~a, -atic.

stomak-o, [UV] Stomach, gizzard, maw. Malsata ~o orelon ne havas. ~a, gastric. ~ito, gastritis. ➞ ventr.

stomp-i, (des) Stump, shade (soften) off with stump, f ~i (tone down) krudajn detalojn. ~aĵo, s. drawing. ~ilo, s. ~ita, blurred, indistinct. Memoroj ~itaj, dim memories.

stop! (injt) Stop! e.g., in dictation, or to a driver, ~signalo. ➞ haltig, punkt.

stoplo(j), [OA] Stubbl/e. La nudaj ~oj elstaris (1 FA 27/31). ~(ec)a, stubbly, scrubby. ~a barbo. ~ejo, ~kampo, s-field. Sen~igi (kampon), clear of s. ➞ kv.ltion.

storak-o, storax, balsam from Liquidambar orientate. ➞ benzo.

stov-o (hejtforno, hejtilo), Stove (for warming rooms). ~o longbrula, slow- combustion stove. ~tubo, s-pipe. ➞ forn.

strab-i, [UV] (nt) Squint, look obliquely (crosswise), have a cast in one eye. ~(ad)o, s., strabismus, f sidelong or stealthy glance, -c rigardi al, squint at. ~a, -ing, looking difft ways, ~ulo, cross-eyed person. Inter blinduloj regas ~uloj.

stramoni-o (dornpomo), jimson-weed, thorn-apple (Datura stramonium). ➞ datur.

strand-o (marbordo), strand, beach, margin (of sea, lake, river), seashore. ~o intertajda, foreshore. ➞ plaĝ.

strang-a [UV] (neordinara), strange, bizarre, curious, droll, odd, peculiar, queer, singular. ~a ideo, vesto, vidaĵo. ~e vestita. ~aĵo, oddity, peculiarity, singularity. ~ega, extraordinary. ~ulo, crank, eccentric, original. ➞ eksterordinar, fremd, grotesk, kurioz, ne normal.

strangol-i (-n), Strang/le, -ulate, throttle, (med) constrict, f suppress. ~ita hernio, voĉo. ~o, -ulation.

stras-o (falsbrilaĵo), paste (jewellery), brummagem goods, trash. ~a, faked, imitation, sham.

strat-o, [UV] Street, thoroughfare, road between buildings. Loĝi en strato X. Promeni laŭ (sur) la ~o. Flanka ~o, side (back) s. Sak~o (~o senelira), blind alley, cul de sac. Unudirekta ~o, one-way road. ~a pordo, front door. ~ego (avenuo, bulvardo). ~eto, alley, _ lane, row. ~ulaĉo, hooligan, loafer. Ĉambro ĉe~a, facing the s. Ĉef~o, high (main) s., main avenue. ➞ voj.

strateg-io, [OA] Strateg/y, generalship. ~ia, -ic. ~(iist)o, -ist. ➞ taktik.

stratiot-o (akvosoldato), (bot) water-soldier, crab’s claw (Stratiotes).

stratosfer-o, (met) stratosphere.

stratum-o, (geol) (min), stratum, bed, deposit, layer, measure. ~iĝo, stratification. ➞ tavol.

stratus-o, (met) stratus, sheet of cloud. Alto-(ciro-nimbo-)stratuso.

streb-i, [OA] (nt) strive; do one’s utmost, make great efforts, seek earnestly, try wholeheartedly (to attain or reach). ~i al celo (2 FA 11112); al la Eternulo (2 Kr 22/9); al malpieco (Ho 4/8); al nokto (Ij 36/20); antaŭen (3 FA 60/36; 4 FA 14/14); eniri (Lk 13/24). ~o, great effort, struggle. ➞ cel, klopod, peneg.

streĉ-i (-n), [UV] Stretch, brace, make taut (tense), screw up, stiffen, strain, tighten: ~i la atenton, okulojn, orelojn. ~i la cerbon, exert one’s wits, rack one’s brains. Sin ~i, s. ~o, stretch, strain, tension. ~o kaj premo (streso), strain and stress ~a muskolo, tensor. ~e, fixedly, intensely, narrowly. ~e laĉita, tight-laced. ~ado, (shoe) treeing. ~ilo, extender rack, tightener, (hor) key; (mar) guy-rope; (ombrelo) stretcher. Drat~ilo, brace-rod. ~ita, s-ed close, intense, strained, taut, tense, tightened, unflagging. Dis~o, distension. El~i (la brakojn), extend. Ne~ita, loose, slack. Mal~i, ease, loosen. ~~iĝi, relax, give way, unbend. Fort~o, effort. Man~o, span. Tord~i, wind up (clock). Tro~o de la cerbo, mental strain. ➞ etend, rigid, strikt, tord.

strek-i, [UV] (make a) Line (Stroke, dash), furrow, score, streak, trace, trail. ~i per la fingroj tra la haroj. ~o, [OA] s., 1., furrow, streak, trace, (typ) (halto~o), dash. Desegni per kelkaj ~oj. ~ado. ~aĵo, lining, tracing; rifling (of gun). ~eto (divida ~o), (typ) hyphen. ~ozo, (hort) streak (virusa plantmalsano). El~i, For~i, Tra~i, cancel, cross out, draw line across, run pen through, strike off. f El~i el la libro de vivantoj. Fari ~on tra la lasta jaro (wipe off the slate) (4 FA 183/25). Sub~i, underline. f (emfazi, insisti); Mi aparte ~~as, ke. Tra~o, (sten) intersection. Har~o, (cal) hair-s., fine up-s. (mus) Mezur~o, takto~o, barline. Duobla ~o, double bar. Ombro~i (haĉi), (des) shade. Rand~i, mill (edge of coin). Seg~o, saw-cut. Son~o, (film) soundtrack. Vapor~o, (met) condensation trail. Voj~o, narrow way, path, track. ➞ desegn, lini, stri, vejn.

streper-o, gadwall (duck) (Anas strepera).

streptokok-o, streptococcus

streptomicin-o, streptomycin.

streptopeli-o (Streptopelia) > collared dove (➞ kolomb, turt).

stret-o (kuntiraĵo), (fugue) stretto.

stri-o, [UV] Stripe, Band; bar, ray, score, streak, strip. ~o de koloro, lumo, papero, tero, tolo; fork (de fulmo); trickle (de akvo); weal (sur haŭto). (USA) Steloj kaj ~oj. Basa ~o, base bar (vn); Funebra ~o, mourng b; Post~o, furrow, track, wake (of ship); Zebra ~o (on street). ~i, streak, etc. ~(it)a, s-ed, streaky, striated; corrugated (iron), fluted, grooved (pillar); grained (wood), ribbed (glass). Monto ~ita de gresaj ~oj. ~ozo, (hort) stripe (virusa malsano). ➞ bandaĝ, banderol, bend, ruband, strek.

strid-i, chirr, stridulate, make jarring noise as grasshopper. ~a, strident.

strig-o, [UV] Owl (Strix). Arbara ~o, wood or tawny o. Flama ~o, short-eared o. Longorela ~o, long-eared o. Neĝo~o (nikteo), snowy o. Niza ~o (surnio), hawk-o. Pasera ~o, passerine or pigmy o. Tur~o, barn owl. ➞ guf, nikte, noktu, otus, surni.

strigl-i (-n) [OA], groom, rub down (horse). ~ilo, curry-comb, flesh-brush.

strik-o, [UV] Strike. ~i, s, cease work, f Mia memoro ~as. ~anto, ~ulo, -er. ~estro, s-leader. ~rompanto, black-leg, s-breaker. ~o loktena, stay-in s. ~o prokrasta, go-slow s. Malsato~o, hungers. Mastro~o, lock-out [Ne= frap].

strikn-o, (bot) strychnos. ~a ligno, snake-wood. ~a nukso, nux vomica.

striknin-o, [OA] strychnine.

strikt-a, close-fitting, tight-fitting, constricted. ~a kamizolo, vesto (2 Sa 20/8). f permitting no exceptions, exact, rigid, rigorous, severe, strict. ~a moro, neŭtraleco, ordono, regulo, senco. ~aj limoj. (mus) ~a tempo. ~a fugo (kontrapunkto). La kamizolo sidas sur mi ~e (1 FA 151/7). ~igo. ➞ rigor, sever, loz.

string-i (-n), draw (bind, tie) tight, tighten (knoton), embrace (as bear, or boa constrictor), clutch, grip, wring (la koron, manon). -ita, taut, (surg) ~ado, ~ilo, ligature.

strob-o (Vejmuta pino), Weymouth (Eastern white) pine (Pinus strobus).

strobil-o, cone, strobile. ~o abia, lupola, pina. ➞ konus.

strof-o, [OA] (pros) verse.

strofant-o, (bot) Strophanth/us, from which ~ino, -in.

stronci-o, (chem) strontium (Sr).

struktur-o, [OA] Structur/e, build, constructs conformation, make. ~o de domo, frazo, maŝino, poemo. ~a, -al. ~a difekto.

strum-o (koltumoro), goitre, wen.

strut-o, [UV] ostrich (Struthius). f ~a politiko (fakt-ignoro). ~e ensabligi la kapon. ➞ rtandu.

stuc-i, (hort) dress, trim, remove unsightly pts; lop (arbojn). ~i harojn, heĝon. ~ilo, hedging bill, garden shears, secateur, -orela, crop-eared.

stud-i (-n) [OA], (make a) Stud/y (of), do research work on, investigate scientifically, take pains to acquire knowledge (of). ~i filozofion, juron, muzikon. ~i sub profesoro. ~(ad)o, s., reading, research, ~aĵo, work (on subj). ~anto, person -ing. ~ejo, s (room), ~ema, -ious. ➞ etud, lern, student.

student-o, [UV] (college) Student, collegian, undergraduate. ~o medicina, teologia. ~a vivo, ~aro, s-world. ~ino, female s. ➞ studant. [Ne = kursan, lernant].

studi-o, (art, cin, rad) studio, working- room.

stuf-i (-n), Stew, braise, broil, cook by simmering in closed vessel. ~i en ĝia propra suko. ~a pato. ~ujo, s-pan. ~iĝi, (nt) s., simmer slowly. ➞ plenplenig, rembur, stop.

stuk-o, [UV] Plaster, Stucco, cement for coating wall-surface. -i (-n), coat with s., rough-cast, -isto, p-er. ➞ gips, plastr.

stult-a, [OA] Stupid; foolish, silly. ~a babilado, foolish talk, -e, -ly. ~aĵo, ~eco, -ity. -eta, feeble-minded, -ego, crass -ity. ~igi, besot, make foolish, stultify. ~ulo, blockhead, dolt, imbecile. ➞ malsprit, naiv, sensaĝ, sensenc).

stumbl-i (ekfali, faleti), (nt) Stumble, stagger, totter, trip up. ~i en la mallumo. f flounder. ~o, s., false step, f blunder, indiscretion. (pros) poetic license. Tra~i recitaĵon.

stump-o, [OA] Stump, remnant, butt, stub. 1 (of amputated limb): ~o de brak-(krur -vost-)o. 2 (of other obj): ~o de arbo, branĉ - brasik - cigar(ed) - dent - kandel -krajon-)o. -(osimil)a, -y, stocky, thickset, truncated. Lia nazo ~as. ~eto, candle-(cigarette-)end. Sen~igi teron, clear of (grub up) ss. ➞ stomp, ŝtip, trunk.

stup-o, [UV] Oakum, Tow, hemp (flax, cotton) waste (Jĝ 16/9, Jes 1/31). ~(ec)a, t-y. Disŝiri ~on, pick o. ~aĵo, caulk-plugging, -stuffing. ~umi, stuff with o. ~hara, with tow-like (washed-out) hair.

stupor-o (sens-obtuzo), stupor, dazed state, stupefaction. f hopeless amazement. ➞ torpor.

sturg-o, [UV] common sturgeon (Acei- penser sturio). ➞ sterled.

sturm-i (kurataki), Storm, assail, charge. ~o, assault, attack, onset, swoop. ~a trupo, s-(shock-) troop. ~e, at the charge. ~e preni, take by s. ➞ ŝtorm.

sturn-o, [UV] starling (Sturnus), Roza ~o, rose-colored s.

sub (prep), Under(neath), beneath (touching or not). Dormi - tegmento. Kuri - la lito(ri). Porti ~ la brako. f - la formo de, as, in the shape of. ~ tiu kondiĉo, on that conditin. ~a, lower, nether, u-(lying). ~a tavolo. ~e u-neath, below. Li iris ~en, went below. Ĉi-e, u. this, -aĵo (~ŝtofo), -lay, lining, substratum. ~igi, overcome, sub-due(-jugate). ~ulo, -ling, inferior, subordinate. (PFX) ~ir(~kuŝ~lu)i. ~mara (~tera); ~vesto (~vojo). 1T Special use ( = kas): ~aĉeti, bribe; ~aŭskulti, eavesdrop; ~bruli, smoulder; ~kompreni, infer; ~ridi, chuckle; ~voĉe, in an u-tone. ➞. malsuper, malsupr. subaltern-a, Subaltern, of inferior rank, (log) subordinate. ~a pozicio. ~ulo (suboficiro), s., sub-officer, subordinate, underling.

subit-a, [UV] Sudden, abrupt, unexpected, without warning. ~a mort-(mov-ŝanĝ-tim-)o. ~e, -ly, all at once, of (on) a s. ~e fali (veni). ➞. abrupt, brusk, neatendit, rapid.

subjekt-o, [UV] Subject. 1 (gr, log). ~o de frazo. 2 (temo): la ~o de la diskuto, eksperimento, (mus) ~o de fugo, movimento. Kontraŭ~o, counter-s. f (person) Li estas ĉefurba ~o (town character). (Rz 40/22). ➞ komplement, predikat, Opp objekt.

subjektiv-a, [OA] Subjectiv/e. 1 (phi) (opposite real, external). 2 rel. to personal idiosyncracy or individual point of view. ~e, -ly. ~eco, ~ismo, -eness, -ism, -ity. Opp objektiv.

subjunktiv-o, [OA] (gram) Subjunctive mood (none in Esp). ➞ kondiĉ, volitiv.

sublim-a, sublime, exalted, inspiring awe or lofty emotion. ~a genio, penso, sinofero, vidaĵo. ➞ majest, nobleg, superbel.

sublim-i (chem) Sublimate, refine. ~i sulfuron. f idealize. ~ato [UV] (~aĵo), s., (col) =koroda ~aĵo (hidrargika klorido), corrosive s. (Hg CU).

subsid-i, subside, abate (ŝtormo, tumulto); become less active; go down (inflamo); cave in (grundo); sink in level (akvo). ➞ sink.

substanc-o, [OA] Substan/ce. 1 (phi) (opp accident), essence, gist, pith, purport, real meaning. ~o de argumento, artikolo, parolo. 2 reality, solidity (opp shadow). 3 matter: Flava ~o. ~a, -tial (opp nominal, verbal): ~a progreso. Trans~iĝo, transubstantiation. ➞ materi(al), ŝtof.

substantiv-o, [UV] Substantiv/e, noun. ~a, -al.

substitu-i (-n), (chem) Substitu/te. ~anto, -ent. Tolueno estas facile ~ebla de kloro. ➞ anstataŭ(ig), surogat.

substrat-o, substratum, underlying basis, foundation. ~o de vero.

subtil-a, [OA] Delica/te, Subtle. 1 fine, light; ~a aero, parfumo, vaporo, pluvo (drizzle), polvo (Jes 29/5). 2 hard to grasp, pervasive: ~a arto, ĉarmo, magio, povo. 3 acute, capable of noticing, discerning, having keen perception or insight: ~a intelekto (senso). 4 d., with fine shade of diffce: ~a fantazio, ironio, nuanco, teorio. ~a diferenco, distingo, nice distinction. ~aĵo, s-ty, nicety, quibble, ~eco, d-cy. ~igi, subtilize. Mal~a, coarse, subtrah-i (depreni), (arit) subtract. ~o, -ion.

subute-o (alaŭdfalko), hobby (Falco subbuteo).

subvenci-o, [OA] (oficiala monhelpo), Sub- sid/y, bounty, grant, subvention. Ricevi ~on de, be -ized by. ~i, -ize, make a grant in aid. f defray, meet, provide for, supply. ~i bezon-(elspez-) ojn.

suĉ-i (-n) [UV], Suck. ~i botelon, marnon de patrino, mielon el floroj, dikfingr-(lakt -oranĝ-pastel-vund-)on. f ~i ies cerbon. ~(ad)o, -forto, suction, ~aĵo, dummy (for baby), sweet, etc. ~igo, lactation. ~ilo, -er. Polv~ilo, vacuum cleaner. ~ulo, ~infano (bebo), -ling, babe, baby-in-arms, infant, nurseling, f la ~infana periodo de nia lingvo. El~i, exhaust, drain. ~~i venenon el vundo. I La malsano ~~is miajn fortojn. En~i, s. in(up), absorb, draw in, imbibe, soak up, swallow. Spongo ~~as akvon, ~~iĝi, be -ed (sink) in. Mam~i, s., take the breast, (mam) ~igi, suckle, give the breast to. ~igistino, foster-mother, wet- nurse. Sang~anto (vampiro), bloodsucker, vampire. ➞ ĉerp, sorb.

sud-o, [UV] South. ~a, s., -erly, -ern, meridional. ~a poluso, vento. ~e, in the s. ~e de, (to the) s. of. De ~e, from the s. ~en, southwards, to the s. ~ano (Ob /19), ~ulo, -erner. S~afriko. Plej~a, -ernmost.

sufer-i (-n, de, je, pro) [UV] Suffer. 1 Feel distress or pain. Kapo pekis, piedoj ~as. -7 de gripo, soifo. 2 be subjected to (experience) affliction, etc: ~i atak-(perd -mankon, mizeron. La kunveno -is pro multeco de lingvoj. ~(ad)o, -ing, affliction, distress, pain, trouble. Pacience elporti -ojn. ~anto, -er, Nur -into ŝatas feliĉon. ~ebla, bearable. ~ego, intense -ing, agony, anguish, pangs. ~ema, peaky. ~igi, make s., distress, hurt, pain, trouble. Tertremoj -igas la landon. ~oplena krio, cry of distress. Ne~ebla, intolerable. Sen~e, without -ing. ➞ aflikt, angor, dolor, elport [Ne= lasi, permesi].

sufiĉ-a, [UV] Enough, Adequa/te, Suffic/ient. Apenaŭ ~a, a bare (mere), only just e. ~e! Enough! That will do! ~e da (enough) lakto, mono, tempo. ~e da tio! Have done with, (no more of, a truce to) that! ~i, be e., s., (do) for, meet the needs of, satisfy, suffice. Tio ~os por mi. ~as diri, ke. I will content myself by saying (Suffice it to say) that. ~os (Estos ~e), se, It will suffice if. .. ~eco a-cy, s-iency, ~ega, abundant, ample, copious, more than s. Mem~a, self s-ient, independent. Ne~a, in-a, in-s. Ne~e meblita, poorly furnished. Ne ~e kuirita, underdone. ➞ abund, adekvat, dec, iom, sat.

sufiks-o [F], Suffix. Pseŭdo~o.

sufle-o, (cul) souffle.

suflor-o, [OA] (th) prompter. prompt, supply wanted words. ~a kesto, prompter’s box.

sufok-i, [UV] Suffocat/e, stifle. 1 choke, smother, strangle, throttle. 2 keep back, repress, restrain: ~i indignon, koleron, oscedon, ridon, larmojn; bottle up (sentojn); stamp out (epidemion); suppress (ribelon). ~a, close, stuffy. ~eco, stuffiness, sultriness, want of air. ~(iĝ)o, -tion, asphyxia. ~iĝi, choke, ~igi de kolero, rido. ➞ brems, damp, dronig, strangol, subprem.

sugest-i, Suggest. 1 (pensigi), cause to be thought of, call up in the mind, give a hint (inklining) of: Mi ~as (put it to you), ke. 2 (proponed); propose (idea) for considerate: Mi ~as, ke vi skribu. ~i alternation. ~o, -ion, hint, insinuate. ~a, -ive, Respond~a demando, leading question.

sugesti-i, [OA] Suggest (influence) by hypnotic influence, ~ebla, -ible (open) to h.i… . Sugesti-i (used 14 times by Z.) is used with both meanings of "suggest", but now increasingly reserved for the hypnotic mg. Perhaps sugest- will finally survive with both meanings.

suit-o, (mus) suite (dancaro).

suk-o, [UV] Juic/e, organic fluid, sap. ~o de limono, oranĝo. Frukta ~o, fruit j. Stomaka -o, gastric j. Vianda suko, gravy, f vim. ~abunda, ~plena, ~oriĉa. j-y, luscious, succulent. ~arbeto, sapling. ~ligno, alburnum, sapwood. Sen~a, faded, sere, stunted, withered; insipid, ~~iĝi, dry up, wilt, wither. ➞ sekiĝ, sirop, velk.

sukcen-o [UV] (fosilia rezino), yellow amber. ~(ec)a, of a. ~a buŝpeco de pipo. ~a bido. ➞ ambr.

sukces-i (en, pri, -i) [UV], (nt) Succeed, have Success, be s-ful, accomplish one’s purpose, come off, have the desired result, pass (ĉe ekzameno), turn out well. ~i iri, s. in going. ~i pri, pull off. ~o, s., accomplishment of aim, favourable result. Ĝui, havi, ricevi ~on. Trafi grandan ~on, make a hit, "take". ~a, s-ful. ~igi, make s-ful. Mal~i, Ne~i, fail, break down, fall through, prove abortive. ~~o, defeat. ~~igi, frustrate, ruin, wreck. Sen~a, un-ful. Sen~e, without s., unavailingly, in vain. ➞ prosper. Opp bankrot, fiask, ruinig.

Sudan-o [OA 8] SD. Sud-S~o.

suker-o, [UV] Sugar. Bet~o, beet s. Kan~o, cane s. Kristala ~o, granulated s. kruda ~o, brown s. Peca ~o, lump s. Pulvora ~o, caster s. (chem) Frukt~o, fructose. Lakt~o, s. of milk (lactose), ~dolĉa, ~gusta, sugary, sweet, f honeyed. ~i (-n), (sweeten with) sugar. ~aĵo, sweet(meat), comfit, dainty. ~aĵoj, confectionery, ~~isto, confectioner. ~kanejo, s-plantation. ➞ bombon, dole, kand, konfit.

sukur-o (unua helpo), first aid. ~ejo, ~isto.

sul-o, booby, gannet, solan goose (Sula).

sulfur-o, [UV] (chem) Sulph/ur, brimstone (S). Stanga ~o, roll s. Pulvora (sublimita) ~o, flowers of s. ~(ec)a, -uric, -urous. Rim.: Combining form: sulf-. Sulf -ato, -ido, -ito, -onato, Sulph-ate (- ide - ite - onate). ~atacido (vitriolo), -uric acid, ~idacido, -uretted hydrogen, ~itacido, -ous acid. Rim.: Feroza ~ato, green vitriol; kupr(ik)a ~ato, blue vitriol; zinka ~ato, white vitriol.

sulk-o, [UV] Furrow, Wrinkle (brova); drill (agr); groove (anat); rille (luna); ripple-mark (geol); streak (luma); trough (met). La plugilo (ŝipo) tranĉis ~on en la tero (maro). Havi ~ojn (faltojn) sur la frunto. Maljunulaj ~oj (K 138/5). Rad~o, Voj~o, track, rut. La voj~o de rutino. ~(iĝint)o, f-ed, w-ed. Venteto ~etigis la maron. ~igi, f., w. ~igi la brovojn (frunton), knit the brows, ~iĝi, wrinkle, pucker, ruck up. ~umita papero, corrugated (ribbed) paper. ➞ ĉif, fald, falt, fold, ŝrump.

sultan-o, [OA] 1 Sultan, ~ino, ~a, -ess. 2 (cul) sultana. ➞ rosinet.

sum-o, [UV] sum. 1 (arit) total. 2 definite amount (quantity). ~o da mono (Ge 23/9). Pagi grandan ~on. ~e (entute), in all, all things together. ~ero, item. ~igi, add (tot) up, total. Popol~igo, census. ~igilo, totalizator. ~iĝi al, come to. ➞ adici, epitom, kompendi, resum.

sumak-o, sumach (Rhus). ~o venena, poison ivy.

sun-o, [UV] Sun. 1 Centre of solar system. Levigi kun la ~o. 2 another star regarded as a s. 3 (=~lumo, ~radioj), Estas nenio nova sub la ~o. Sidi en la ~o. ~a, solar. ~a jaro, sistemo. ~(hel)a, ~plena, -ny. ~a loko. ~brilo, ~lumo. sunlight, sunshine. ~umi, expose to the s. ~leviĝo, ~subiro, sunrise, sunset. Sen~a, sunless, dull, cloudy, overcast.

sup-o, [UV] Soup. Ne por lupo estas ~o, It’s too good for the likes of you, Aven~o, skilly. Lent~o, piz~o, viand~o. ~eca. -y. ~ejo, s-kitchen. ~ujo, s-tureen. ~ĉerpilo, s-ladle. ➞ buljon, kat.

super [UV] (prep), Above, Super-, over (without touching). ➞ sur (touching.) ~ la rivero, tero. La suno leviĝis ~ la teron. f beyond. Tio estas ~ mia povo, more than I can do (of work): Labori ~ projekto, sidi ~ problemo, ŝviti ~ la alfabeto. ~a, s-ior, higher, upper. ~a inteligento, oficiro. ~a matematiko, higher mathematics. ~i, [UV] beat, exceed, excel, surpass. ~i ĉiujn per kuraĝo. La sukceso ~is nian atendon. Ne~ebla, ins-able, unsurpassable. ~aĵo, ~eco, s-iority. ~ega, supreme, surpassing, transcendent. ~emo, emulation, desire to excel. ~ulo, s-ior. Mal~a, inferior, below, lower. PFX: Super-, super-, (a) (loka): ~signo. (b) (kvalita): ~natura. (c) (ekstra): ~flua.

superb-a (eksterordinare bela aŭ bona), superb. ➞ 2 FA 18/30.

superlativ-o, [OA] (gram) Superlativ/e degree. ~o absoluta, rilata. ~e (s-ly) bela. ➞ plej.

superstiĉ-o, [UV] Superstit/ion. ~a, -ous. ~ulo, -ous person.

supl-a, supple. ~a ganto (ledo). Adaptable (menso); flexible (branĉo, voĉo); limp (bindo); lithe, lissom (korpo); pliant (kano). ➞ fleksebl.

suplement-o (aldonaĵo), Supplement. ~a, -ary, addnl, extra, fuller, further. ~a kredito. ~a pago, excess fare, extra charge. ~aj horoj, overtime, (mat) ~a angulo. (mus) ~aj linioj (kromlinioj), leger lines. 2 (gram) (kompletigo akcesora), enlargement (of subj or obj).

supoz-i, [UV] Suppos/e, accept as true or possible without proof; assume, be inclined to think, imagine, presume, take for granted. Mi ~as, ke jes, I s. so. ~i vera (of question under discussion), beg the question. Ni ~u (let us assume, take it for granted), ke. Oni ~as (It is thought), ke. ~u vin en Romo, imagine yourself in Rome. ~o, supposition, assumption, conjecture, hypothesis. Tio konfirmas miajn ~ojn. ~e, ke, on the -ition that. ~(at)a, -ed, alleged, hypothetical, reputed, putative. ~eble, as can be -ed, presumably. Eĉ ne ~eti, not have the ghost of an idea. ~igi, cause to s., suggest. Tio ~igas, ke li mortis. Antaŭ~i, expect, pre-s. Ek~i, surmise, suspect. ➞ diven, hipotez, konjekt.

supr-o, [UV] Top, summit. La ~o de la monto, turo. f highest grade. La en- tuziasmo atingis la ~on. ~a, [UV] upper. Plej ~a, highest. ~a etaĝo, parto. ~e, above, at the top, aloft, on high, up(stairs). Vidu ~e! De ~e, from a. ~e de, on the t. of. ~e eitita, a-mentioned. ~en, up(wards). La vojo iras ~en. La ~ena vojo, upward path. ~eniri, ascend, climb (go) up(stairs), mount, rise. ~enejo, way up. ~aĵo, [UV] (surfaco), face, surface. ~aĵa, superficial, outer. ~aĵa inspekto, lego, rigardo. Juĝi ~aĵe. ~aĵema, shallow. ~aĵulo, smatterer.

Mal~o, Bottom, foot (of mountain, etc.). Plej ~a, lowest. ~e, below, at the bottom, down-stairs. Pli ~e (still) lower down. De supre ĝis ~e, from top to b. ~ena, downward, to the b. Jxeti (rigardi) ~en, throw (look) down. Iri supren kaj ~en, up and down (not of height, Batalo 8/16). (mus) -ena bato, down beat. -enigi, -eniri, go down., descend, fall. ➞ alt, kulmin, pint, sub, super, vert.

sur [UV] (prep), 1 (malsub), on, upon, (touchg): Sidi ~ la planko, seĝo, tero. Mizero ~ (added to) mizero. (direction): Fali ~ la teron. 2 (covering): Bildo ~ la muro, rideto ~ la vizaĝo. 3 (position): havi la kapon ~ la ĝusta loko. Frapi iun ~ la kapo. 4 (= en):Se mi estus ~ via loko. ~ la ĉielo, kampo, strato. 5 ( ~~ al): Rigardi ~ la kampon, ~ maron. Beno estu ~ via kapo. ~ la Danan tronon mi havas rajtojn. Efiki ~ la ovoj (4 FA 20/37) ~akva promeno, water trip. ~meti veston. ~verŝi oleon.

sur-o (tibikarno), calf (of leg).

surd-a, [UV] Deaf, hard of hearing. ~a ĉe unu orelo. ~a kiel fosto. f not wishing to hear. Resti ~a (por), turni ~an orelon, turn a d. ear, be unresponsive. ~eta, duon~a, iom ~a, a little d. ~igi. -en. ~iĝi, become d., lose one’s hearing. ~ulo, d. person. Prediki al ~uloj, ➞ damp, mut. obtuz.

surf-o (ondrosalto), surf, foam and commotion of sea breaking on rock or shore. ~rajdado. ~tabulo.

surfac-o (supraĵo), Surface, ~o glata, granda. Floti sur (leviĝi al) la ~o de la akvo. Penetri sub la ~on. ~a, on the s., shallow, superficial. ~a amikeco (ĝentileco). (mot) Rul~o, tread (of tyre).

Surinam-o SR.

surni-o (niza strigo), hawk owl. (Surnia ulula).

surogat-o (anstataŭaĵo), substitute, imitation, make-shift. Sap~o, detergent,

surplis-o, (ecc. cl), surplice. Blankaj ~oj (Rn 24/7).

surpriz-i (-n) [UV], Surpris/e, astound by unexpectedness; catch (come upon) one unawared, unprepared (off one’s guard). ~i la malamikon. La nokto nin ~is (overtook). ~o, s. Je mia granda ~o, to my great s., much to my s., to my utter astonishment. ~as min, ke, What -es me is that. Tio ne ~as min, I don’t wonder at it, I am not -ed, it is not to be wondered at. ~e, -ingly. ~iĝi, be -ed, taken unawares. ~ita, -ed, startled.

surtut-o, [UV] loose-fitting over-garment or covering = io sur la tuto, vesto super la aliaj. Tabla ~o, centrepiece. ➞ mantel, palt, redingot.

suspekt-i (-n, ke) [UV], have Suspic/ion, suspect. 1 be inclined to think, half believe, have impression without certain proof: ~i, ke li estas prava; ke li eraras. 2 distrust, doubt the innocence of, be -ious of: ~i danĝeron, komploton. ~i iun pri ŝtelo. Kiu ~us, ke li estas spiono? 2 doubt the genuineness or truth of: ~i la aŭtentecon (verecon) de; ~i ies lojalecon. ~o, -ion, doubt, question, mistrust. Veki ~on. ~o ne egalas pruvon. Rigardi ~e, look askance at. ~ato, s. ~ema, -icious by nature, mistrustful. ~igi, throw s. on. ~inda, -ious, shady, worthy of s. doubtful, questionable. Ne~ebla, above -ion. Sen~e, un-ing-ly, without mistrust.

suspend-i (-n), (mus) Suspen/d (= prokrasti). ~i solvon de disonanco. ~o, -sion.

suspens-i (nt), (chem) be in Suspension. ~aĵo, matter in s.

suspir-i (sopire ĝemi), sigh audibly. Li laŭte ~is. f Nur la ~ado de la vento respondis. ➞ ĝem, ve.

susur-i (nt) [OA] (2 FA 59/1). Rustle (papero, folio): buzz (insekto); murmur (maro); swish (silko); sough (vento). ~(ad)o, ~(ant)a, rustling, etc.

sutan-o, [OA] cassock. ➞ rob, talar, tog.

sutur-i (surg), Stitch (unite edges of) wound. ~o, suture, s-ing.

suveren-o, Sovereign, supreme ruler. ~a, s., supreme. ~a potenco, princo, rimedo. ~eco, -ty. ➞ sovren.

svarm-o [OA] (4 FA 44/34). Swarm, crowd, large number, great numbers, mass, mob, press, throng, host (of ideas). 1 s., be crowded together, cluster, congregate: ~as homoj sur la strato; kuloj super la arbo; ŝipoj en la haveno. IT 2 be alive (over-run) with, be full of. Perhaps the only example of this exceptional use is La rivero ek~is per ranoj (El 8/3). Elrampi ~e. ~adi (4 FA 44/33). ~ado, s-ing. ~ejo por fantomoj (If 31/9). Ek~i (paseroj) (3 FA 28/19). ~amaso da abeloj (Jĝ 14/8). ➞ amas, ar.

svastik-o (hokkruco), swastika.

svat-i [UV] (peri edziĝon) al, act as Marriage-agent (go-between, intermediary), negotiate a match for someone else. ~ist(in)o, matchmaker, matrimonial agent. ~ejo, m-bureau. ~iĝi (sin ~i) (Je, al), court, make suit to, pay one’s addresses to, seek the hand of. Multaj ~iĝas, feliĉulo edziĝas (P). ~iĝanto, suitor, wooer. ➞ amindum, aspir. svelta = gracila.

Svaziland-o SZ.

Sved-ujo, Svedio [OA 8] SE.

sven-i (nt), [UV] Faint, Swoon, have f-ing fit, lose consciousness. ~eto, dizziness, half-s. ~o, s., f-ing fit. Fali ~e. ~igita de la bato. f (For)~i, die (fade languishingly) away. La odoro, tago ~~is. ~eta sento, sinking feeling. La vortoj duon~e forsonis preter liaj oreloj.

sving-i (-n), [UV] Swing. 1 to and fro, backwards and forwards, in all directions: ~i la brakojn, krurojn; Brandish (glavon); beat, flap (flugilojn), twirl (bastonon); wag (voston); wave (ĉapelon, manon, tukori). Ili dancis, ~ante sin tien kaj reen. 2 swing (throw) forward, push on, se going start off: ~i martelon, piedon, pilkon.

Kiu tro forte ~as, nenion atingas. ~o, 1 swing wave, etc. ~o de mano (pendolo). 2 (mus) (dance) swing. ~iĝi, swing, dangle, hang loose, rock, sway, spin (compass), ride at anchor (ship). ~ilo, clapper, tongue (sonorila); handle (pumpila); pendulum (horloĝa); starting-handle (aŭta); (gm) (a. pendolo),children’s s. ~boato, s-boat (at fair). ➞ balanc, kirl.

Svis-lando CH.


Ŝ

Ŝ-o [F], name of letter Ŝ.

ŝablon-o, Pattern, form, model, mould, stencil plate, transfer, e.g., for lace. Desegni per ~o. f cliche, stereotyped form. ~a, formal, stereotyped, routine. Labori ~e (like a machine). Tajli ~e, cut out to p. Homo ~e edukila. ~iĝo de la homaro. ➞ gurd, stencil, stereotip.

ŝaf-o, [UV] sheep, (astr) ram (Aries), f (a) person blindly imitative. Sekvi ~e. (b) ~o meze de lupoj. ~aĵo, mutton. ~aro, flock. ~id(et)o, lamb(kin). (rel.) La Di~ido, the Lamb of God. ~ino, ewe. ~isto, shepherd, ~simila, -ish. ~bleki (bei), baa, bleat. Vir~o, ram. ➞ muflon.

ŝaft-o, (mec) Shaft, axle, revolving bar (transmitting rotary motion). Ĉef~o, main s. Kam~o, cam s. Kardana ~o, propeller s. Krank~o, crank s. ~ingo, hub. ➞ aks, ŝakt.

ŝagrin-o, shagreen, untanned skin with granulated surface. Papero ~ita, granulated (pebbled) paper.

ŝah-o, [OA] shah.

ŝajn-i, [UV] Seem. ~i (esti), s. (to be), appear (look) like. Li ~as (esti) prudenta, la vetero ~as favora. ~as, ke, It seems that. Jen, ~as, (~e), la loko. This seems to be the place. ~o, appearance, exterior, look. ~a, apparent, illusory, ostensible. ~a aŭtoritato, malŝato, potenco, valoro. ~e, apparently, judging by appearances. It looks as if, it seems (would seem) that. ~e sana, sukcesa. ~e li konas la vojon. Ili disiĝis, ~e por tiam. ~igi, make believe, pretend (2 Sa 14/2). sin freneza, pretend to be mad, feign madness. ~~u, ke vi ne aŭdas, p. not to hear. Ne ~~u vin (make yourself out to be) idioto. ~igo, pretence. ~iga, simulated. Ver~a, likely, plausible. Ver~e, presumably, probably. ➞ afabl, afekt, aspekt, ekster, hipokrit, kvazaŭ, mask, supraĵ.

ŝak-o, [UV] chess. Ŝak! ~igi, check. ~ludo, ~mato, ~peco, ~tabulo. ➞ arok, ĉel, ĉeval, dam, kurier, mat, peon, reĝ, tur.

ŝakal-o, [UV] jackal (> Canis aureus) (Mai 1/3)" Frat’ fraton atakas ~e.

ŝakr-i, huckster, carry on petty trade, deal at secondhand, cheaply, on the pavement. ~isto, petty dealer, old-clothes man, etc.

ŝakt-o, Shaft, upward vent, vertical or inclined excavation. ~o aera (ventola). ~o de lifto. ➞ galeri, put, ŝaft.

ŝal-o, [UV] shawl. ~eto (~a kolumo), fichu.

ŝalm-o, [UV] 1 (reed) Pipe, straw (for drinkg). 2 (m.i.) (shepherd’s) p. Pajn~o, Pan-pp. Sak~o, bag-pp. 3 Blov~o, blow-pipe. ➞ kan, kulm.

ŝalot-o. (a. askaloniko), shallot,

ŝalt-i = (mal)kontaktigi, Switch (turn) on or off. Al~i (En~i) s. on; For~i (Mal~i), s. off; la gason, elektron, radion, telefonon. ~ilo, s. (to make or break contact, start or stop the flow), cut-out. Duvoja ~ilo. ➞ komut, kran.

ŝalup-o, [UV] Launch, long boat. ~o kanona, gun-boat, ~o vapora, steam-1.

ŝam-o, [UV] 1 chamois leather, shammy. 2 sheepskin substitute for this, wash-leather. ➞ cam.

ŝampinjon-o, any edible fungus, especially mushroom (Vd agarik). ➞ fung. ŝampu-o, (harlavo), shampoo.

ŝanc-o, [OA] Chance, undesigned occurrence, way things turn out. 1 opening, possibility of success: Havi ~on gajni, have a c. to gain. Profiti, riski la ~on. Tio havas ~on, it is just possible. Kandidato kun ~o, in the running. La ~oj (odds) estas. ... 2 Fortun/e, Luck: Bon~on! Good luck! Kia ~o! What (a bit of) luck! What a blessing! Malbona ~o, bad luck, hard lines. Porti ~on, bring luck. La ~o turniĝis, ~a, c., casual, fluky. ~e, by c., as it fell out, fortuitously. Bon~a, f-nate, l-y. Dube~a, dubious, uncertion. ➞ hazard, sort.

ŝancel-i (-n), [UV] 1 Shake, rock, Tertremo ~is la domon. Simŝon ~is la kolonojn. 2 weaken. Tio ~is mian aŭtoritaton, decidon, fidon, kuraĝon. -iĝi, 1 be unsteady, quake,_ quiver, reel, stagger, totter, wobble. Siaj paŝoj ~iĝis. 2 be loosened, weakened. Lia decido, sano, trono ~iĝis. 3 (now usually heziti), Hesitate, dither. Ne ~iĝu! ~iĝema, irresolute, fluctuating, vacillating, wobbly. Ne~ebla, firm, resolute, unshakeable. Sen~iĝa, unflinching, unserving. Sen~iĝe, without hesitation. ➞ hezit, sku, tremig.

ŝanel-o, Channel, pass. Enira ~o, narrows. ~o navigebla, fair-way. ~meze, in mid-c. ➞ markol.

ŝanĝ-i (-n), [UV] Alter, Change, vary; 1 make a diffce, modify, replace A by B. ~i leĝon, loĝejon, monon, opinion, sidlokon, tolaĵon, vagonaron, veston. 2 (transform): ~i akvon en sangon; dezerton en lagon. ~o, alteration, c., variation. ~o de aero, okupo, vento. (mus) ~o de modalo, tonalo, c. of mode (key), (voice); La granda ~o, "great break". ~ama, fond of c. ~ema, ~anima, given to a-ing things. ~iĝi (nt), a., c., pass from one state to another. La kolor -(veter-)o ~iĝas. Mi ne ~iĝas (Mal 3/6). ~iĝo, c., a-ation. ~iĝoj de la lumo, sorto. ~iĝema, c-able, fickle, inconstant, unstable, variable. ~ilo, (el) (ŝaltilo), commutator, switch, (ry) (rel)~ilo (komutilo), points, ~~isto, pointsman. Venos mia for -o (Ij 14/14). Inter~i, ex-(inter-)c., barter, swap. ~~i ideojn, varojn, vortojn. (mus) ~~o de voĉoj (unu voĉo prenas la noton de alia). Ne~ebla, immutable, unalterable. Sen~a, c-less, fixed, unaltering, varying. La Fundamento devas resti absolute ~~a. Kolor~a, irridescent. Mon~o, c. ~~isto, moneyc-er. Trans~i, transmute. ➞ aliig, komut, metamorfoz, renvers, transform, vari. Opp firm, senmov.

ŝankr-o, [OA] (med), canker, chancre, venereal ulcer.

ŝaperon-o, chaperon, "gooseberry".

ŝarad-o, [OA] (gm) charade. Ludi ~on.

ŝarg-i (-n) [UV], Charge, Fill. ~i akumulil -(kamer-)on. ~ita pafilo, loaded gun. ~o, c. (el) ~o negativa, pozitiva. ~aĵo, re-f. (of pencil, pocket, lamp, etc.). ~ujo, chamber (of gun). Mal~i (el) dis-c. ~~ilo, wad, extractor, etc. Re~i, re-c., re-f. Ses~a revolvero, six-shooter. Tro~i, overload.

ŝarĝ-i, [UV] Burden, Charge, Load. 1 (ion): ~i breton per libroj; ŝiponper kargo; tablon per manĝoj; memoron per faktoj. 2 (iun): entrust, saddle: ~i iun per dev-(pet-respondec-)o. ~ita b-(c-l-)ed, laden, weighed down, encumbered (de Suldoj); prostrated (de febro)-, stricken (de jaroj)-, worn out (de laceco). ~ita per impostoj. Konscienco ~ita de krimo. ~(aĵ)o, b., 1., freight, lading, weight. Ciu homo havas sian ~on. ~(eg)a (peza), b-some, grievous, oppressive. -ego, heavy 1. -besto, beast of b. ~(port)isto, porter, dock hand. Mal~i, relieve of b., unload. Sen-iĝi, be relieved. Super-o, (el) overload. Trans~i, transfer. transship. Tro~i, overburden, overfill, overload, overwork.

ŝark-o, [UV] Shark. Glaŭka ~o, blue s. Malea (martela) ~o, hammerhead s. Rab~o, great. white (maneater) s. ➞ alopias, gale, lamn, ork, skval, skvaten.

ŝat-i [UV] (alte taksi pri graveco aŭ valoro): appreciate, enjoy, have a high opinion of, prize, relish, think highly of, treasure, value; like (in this sense only). honoron pli ol motion. ~i kuraĝon, ordon, prudenton, scion (Se 4/8, 8/10); sian vivon (Jĝ 9/17); la vorton de virino pli ol glavon (If 93/14). Ŝteletiston oni batas, ŝtelegiston oni ~as (P). ~i ricin-oleon kiel medikamenton. ~o, appreciation, high opinion of. ~a, appreciative. ~ata, esteemed, valued, worthy, etc. Via ~ata letero. ~ata edzino (GD 25/24). ~ateco, appreciation, esteem, good opinion. [Common misuse to be avoided: Mi ~us sugesti (= I should appreciate hinting!) instead of: Mi proponas (volus proponi)]. As an empirical rule, avoid using ŝati before an infinitive: this will obviate the worst misuses of the word. Rim.: For the meanings of ami, ŝati, see aimer, schätzen, in French and German dictionaries. For translations of "like" see agrabl, am, amet, amik, antipati, aprob, dezir, estim, frand, gust, inklin, kontent, kunsent, plaĉ, prefer, pren, simil, simpati, taks, tre, trov, us, vol, volont, in this volume. Also (LR/42); BE 1932/198, 1940/217.

malŝat-i [UV] (neglekti, malzorgi), contemn, despise, disdain, have a poor opinion (think little) of, ignore, scorn, slight, treat as if of no consequence (with indiffce). [Ne = dislike], ~i konsilon. Ne ~u la instruon de via patro. Ne ~u vian patrinon kiam ŝi maljuniĝas. Sata animo ne ~as dolĉan sukon. ~i la unuenaskitecon (sian landon) (Ge 25/34, No 14/31, Ps 107/11, Se 3/11, 5/12). ~o, disdain, depreciation, lack of a-ion. Malestima ~o, contemptuous disregard. ~a, depreciative, pejorative, indifferent. ~e rigardi la aferon (montri la dorson). ~inda, negligible, not worth considering. paltry. ~indaĵo (senvaloraĵo), thing of no worth.

ŝaŭm-o, [UV] Froth, Scum, foam, spume; head (de biero); lather (de sapo); spray (de maro). f s., dregs. ~o de la socio. ~a, f-y, bubbly, foaming; aerated, fizzy (trinkaĵo). (nt), f., effervesce, foam, seethe, f Ĉie la vivo ~is. ~ero, bubble. ~eti, effervesce, sparkle, ~igi, make froth. Miaj klopodoj dis~iĝis, for~iĝis, vanished into the air. Ne~a, Sen~a, flat, without head, still (biero, vino). Sen~igi, remove s., skim. Sen~igilo, skimmer. ➞ fee, skori.

ŝed-o, shed, outhouse; slight structure for shelter, storage, etc. Sometimes lean-to, sometimes with open front or sides.

ŝejk-o, sheik, Arab chieftain.

ŝekl-o, shackle, bow of padlock, coupling link closed by bolt.

ŝel-o, [UV] Shell (ova, helika, testuda), bark (arba); husk (grena), peel, „rind, skin (frukta); pod (faba, piza). Ŝip~o, sheathing. ~aĵo, casing, facing. ~eto, film, pellicule, scale. sen~igi, [UV] s., husk, peel, decorticate. El~iĝi, hatch out. Sen~a, shell-peeled, shell-skinned. ➞ bast, guŝ, silikv.

ŝelak-o, Shellac. ~i (varnish with) s. ~a (muzik)disko. ➞ lak, verniz.

ŝelk-o, [UV] brace(s), sling. Ŝtrumpeta ~o (ĵartelo), stocking (sock) suspender. ~ego, strap. ~eto, shoulder strap, etc. Sen~a mamzono, strapless brassiere,

ŝenopraz-o, chives (Allium schoenoprasum).

Ŝeol-o, Sheol, Hades, place of the dead; the grave.

ŝerc-i, [UV] Jok/e, banter, chaff, jest, make fun. Vi~as! You’re -ing, you don’t mean it! ~(ad)o, j., fun. ~a, jocular. ~a vorto, word spoken in jest. ~e, for fun, in jest. ~e dirite, cele pensite! ~aĵo, piece of fun, bunkum, humbug. ~ema, facetious, full of fun, jovial, jocular, waggish. ~emulo, -er, wag. Mal~a, Ne~ema, serious. Sen~e, -ing apart, seriously speaking. ➞ humoraĵ, mok, petol, sprit.

ŝere-o, (bev) sherry,

ŝerif-o, (wide sense) sheriff (English Am),

ŝeviot-o, (tex) cheviot (cloth, wool). Skota ~o, tweed.

ŝi, [UV] (pron) She. Voku ~n (al ŝi), call her. ~a [UV] libro, her book, ĉi estas ~a, It is hers. Amiko ~a, a friend of hers,

ŝibolet-o, shibboleth, pass-word, test-word. (Jĝ 12/6).

ŝik-a, chic, stylish, in the fashion. ~a ĉapelo.

ŝild-o, [UV] Shield. 1 buckler, f (Ps 3/3). 2 (elpendaĵo), s-shaped board, signboard, etc. (her) blazon~o, coat of arms, escutcheon. ~i, s., protect, screen. ~eto, targe, ~isto, squire, ~fako, quartering. ➞ aspidi, egid, ŝirm.

ŝiling-o, shilling.

ŝim-o, [UV] Mould, blight. Griza ~o, grey m. (Botrytis). Folia ~o, mildew. ~a, -y, fusty, musty, mildewy (taste or smell), blue-moulded (fromaĝo); foxed (papero, gravuraĵo). ~i, be -y. La libroj ~as sur la bretoj. f Li ~as (vegetates) en emeriteco. ~iĝi (Jos 9/5). ➞ meldu, mucid, putr.

ŝind-o, [UV] Shingle, wooden tile. ~a tegmento, s-roof. ~i, roof with ss.

ŝink-o, [UV] Ham, gammon. ~eto, knuckle of h. ➞ English shank.

ŝinto-ismo, ~isto, (rel) shinto-ism, -ist.

ŝip-o, [UV] Ship, Boat; any sea-going vessel, especially driven by machine or motor. Aera, balen(kapt)a, batala, esplora, glaciromp(ant)a, karinga, komerca, milita, posta, sklava, submara, transporta, tureta, turisma, vapora, veterobserva ~o. Helica ~o, screw-steamer. Lum~o, light-s. Pun~o, hulk. Pram~o (4 FA 129/12). Rem~o, galley. Trejn~o, training-s. Tren~o, tug-b. Vel~o, sailing-b. f ~o de la dezerto (= kamelo). ~a, naval. ~e, by water. ~(ir)i, sail (K 48/6). ~i (-n), transport by s. ~i karbon. ~ano, mariner, sailor. Sam~ano, s-mate. ~anaro, crew. ~aro, fleet, marine. ~aro komerca, merchant navy. ~aro milita (,regna), navy. ~areto, flotilla. ~estro, [UV] captain, skipper. ~eto, small s. ~farejo, s-yard. ~irado, passage, crossing. ~irebla, navigable. ~riparejo, dockyard. El~igi, discharge, unload. El~iĝi, disembark, go ashore, land. ~~~ejo (kajo), landing-stage, wharf. En~igi, Sur~igi, take aboard, load. ~~iĝi, embark, go on board. Sur~e, on board. ➞ bark, boat, jaĥt, skun, ŝalup.

ŝir-i, [UV] Tear; pull apart, rent, rip. ~i paperon, katunon. f ~u vin en du partojn, la mondo trian postulos. ~o, tear, rent, split, ~aĵo, ~peco, rag, shred, tatter. ~iĝi (nt), get torn. Muslim facile ~iĝas. ~vundo, laceration (e.g., by claw or nail). De~i, t. off. dis~i, [UV] t. up, shred to pieces. El~i, t. out. ~~i herbaĉon, paĝon, harojn, okulojn. f Mi el~os ilin el ilia lando. For~i, t. (snatch) away. Sin ~~i de, t. one’s away from. Tra~o, hole, slit, split. Kor~a, heart- rending. ~~a krio. ➞ grat, pluk.

ŝirm-i (-n, de, kontraŭ) [UV], Guard, Protect, Shelter; cover, defend, save, screen, shade, shield. Sin ~i (take cover) kontraŭ la pluvo. ~i infanon kontrau akcidento, la okulojn per la mano. ~(ad)o, s., protection, safe-guard, screening. ~(ant)a, p-ive. ~aj okulvitroj, colored spectacles. ~ata kontraŭ atako, vento, p-(s-)ed against, safe (under cover) from. ~ejo, s., cover, nook, retreat. ~ilo, g., p-or, screen, shield. 1 (~o por), p-ion (shield) for: Ĉen~ilo, chain-g. Jup~ilo, dress-g. Kandel~ilo, lamp~ilo (a abaĵuro), candle-shade, lamp-shade. Krur~ilo, leg-g. Manik~ilo, cuff-p-or, oversleeve. 2 (~o kontraŭ): p-ion, shield, against (from): Cindro~ilo, fender. Fajr~ilo, firescreen. Gut~ilo, splash-board. Kot~ilo, mud-g. Man~ilo g. (of rapier). Polv~ilo, dust-g. Son~ilo, baffle. Sun~ilo (tolmarkezo), sun-blind, awng. Vent~ilo, wind-screen. Rim.: Example of this double use: Okul~o or Lum~ilo, eye-shade. Antaŭ~o, prophylaxis. Mal~i, expose, uncover. Sen~a, Ne~ata, defenceless, exposed. ➞ baston, gard, garanti, protekt, rifuĝ, sav, ŝild.

ŝkot-o, (mar) sheet (of sail), rope for trimmg a sail.

ŝlif-i, abrade, grind, polish smooth. Sxtonoj ~itaj kaj glatigitaj de la maro (4 FA 165/34). ➞ abrad,polur.

ŝlim-o, [UV] Slim/e. 1 alluvium, mire, mud, ooze, silt, sludge, slush. ~o funde de lago, rivero. 2 ~o de fiŝo, limako. ~a, s-(mir-ooz-slush-)y. deposit s. ~ejo, bog, quagmire, morass, slough. ➞ kot, mart.

ŝlos-i, [UV] Lock. 1 close (fasten) with a lock: la pordon. 2 Lock (shut) up. Pensoj ~itaj en la brusto. ~ilo, [UV] (a. mal~iloj), lock Key: Ĉef~ilo, master-key, pass-key. Dom~ilo, Klink~ilo, latch-k. Kontakt~ilo, ignition k. ŜteMlo, pick-lock, skeleton-k. ~ilaro, bunch of kk. ~iltruo, k-hole. f ~ilo de dilemo, enigmo, problemo. 2 (elementary manual). ~ilo Ĉefeĉa, E-"key". ~ila industrio, pozicio, ŝtono. En~i (Jeĥ 3/24), lock in (up). ~~iteco, confinement, detention. Mal~i, unlock, elucidate, open. ~~o, discharge, release. ➞ klavikl, renĉ.

ŝmac-i, [UV] (nt) 1 Smack the lips, e.g., in kissing or eating. ~i per la lipoj (lango). s. one’s lips (tongue). 2 squelch, make a sucking sound, as in clay or mud. La koto ~is sub liaj piedoj. ~o, 1 loud kiss, s. 1 noise of jaws. La ~ado de kvin buŝoj = manĝantaj kun granda apetito.

ŝmink-i, (colour the face with) paint, rouge. ~i blanke, nigre, ruĝe. f disguise, fake. ~o, rouge, make-up. ~bazo, Fon~o, foundation.

ŝmir-i (-n) [UV], Smear. 1 anoint, bedaub, besmear, coat, overlay, rub in, spread over: ~i panon per butero, harojn per graso, muron per mortero. 2 (lubriki), grease, lubricate. ~i la radojn. f ~i la manojn al iu (➞ "palm-oil"). Kiu bone ~as, bone veturas, f deface, sully. ~ ies karakteron. ~o, smear, smudge. ~a, s-y, greasy, unctuous. ~aĵo, grease, lubricant, ointment, unguent. Bot~o, ŝu~aĵo (ciro), boot polish, shoe cream. ĉirkaŭ~i, bedaub, cover over with. ➞ gras, ole.

ŝnur-o, [UV] Cord, Line, Rope. Kanaba ~o, hemp r. Arka ~o, bow-string. Bu~o, buoy-r. Ĵet~o, heaving-line. Kapto~o (lazo), lasso. Konduka ~o, guide-r. Lig~o, gasket, lanyard, painter, mooring-rope. etc. Pak~o, pack-thread. Plumb~o, plumb-line. Salt~o (skipilo), Sav~o, life-line. Sonorila ~o, bell-pull. Streĉa ~o, guy-1. Ŝtala ~o, wire rope. Tir~o, tren~o, hawser, tow-rope; breast harness (horses). Umbelika ~o, umbilical cord. f Tordi ~ojn el sablo. Trostreĉi la ~ojn, overdo things. (Kun)~i, bind, cord, lace, tie. ~aro, c-age. (mar) shrouds, stays. ~ego, thick rope, hawser. ~egaro (rigilaro), rigging, tackle. ~ero, ~fadeno, strand, yarn. ~eto, string, thread, twine. ~(far)isto, rope-maker. Mal~i, Sen~igi, uncord, untie. (mar) dismantle (ŝipon). ➞ kabl, kord, laĉ.

ŝofor-o, chauffeur, (professional) car-driver. ➞ aŭtist, aŭtomobilist.

ŝok-o, Shock. 1 blow, impact: ~o elektra. ~o de kolizio. 2 (med) mental s: Obusa ~o, shell-s. ~i (-n), s. 1 give a s. to. 2 give offence to, hurt the feelings of, scandalize. Tiu blasfemaĵo min ~is. ~a, -ing, improper, offensive, revolting. ~e! -ing! ~ebla, easily -ed. ~iĝi, be -ed. ➞ konstern, skandal.

ŝorbet-o, sherbet.

ŝos-o, (hort) Shoot, sprout (elkreskanta tigo aŭ branĉeto). Flanka ~o, off-s. Suk~o, water-shoot.

ŝose-o, [OA] High (main) road, carriageway, causeway, highway, roadway (especially metalled, macadamized). Aŭto~o, motor-way. Betona ~o, concrete road. ~isto, road-mender. ➞ strat, voj.

ŝotiŝ-o, (dance) schottische.

ŝov-i (-n) [UV], Push (along a surface), shove. 1 slide: ~i keston sur planko, teleron sur tablo. ~i (shuffle) la piedojn. 2 put, slip, thrust: ~i manon en poŝon; birdon el nesto. Ne ~u la nazon en fremdan vazon. Sin ~i en, butt (poke one’s nose) into. ~a fenestro, pordo, seĝo, sliding window (door, chair). ~a knoto, running-knot, slip-knot. ~iĝi, creep (glide, slide, slip, steal) along. La ~iĝado (brushing, swishing) de robo sur la planko. Ter~iĝo, terglito, land-slide. Al~i, shove (thrust) towards. Li ~~is la seĝon al ŝi. Al~iĝi al, glide up to. De~i, brush (p., wave) aside. Dis~i la fingrojn, krurojn, spread, draw apart; open (kurtenojn). El~i. poke out (la kapon), put out (la langon). f Kaŝu kiom vi volos, la vero sin el~os. En~i, foist on, insert, interpolate, introduce, poke (slip, thrust) into. En~iĝi, creep (slide) into, intrude. For~i, displace, push aside. Ne for~u antikvajn limojn. Kun~i, close (draw) (kurtenojn); knit (brovojn). La bildo preter~iĝis (glided past) antaŭ ŝia animo. ➞ glit. Rim.: Sxovi denotes gentle sliding action; puŝi, rougher action.

ŝovel-i (-n), [UV] Shovel, ~ilo, s., scoop. Polv~ilo, dust-pan and brush. ~ileto, garden trowel. Kun~i foliojn en amasojn, shovel up in heaps. ~maŝino, excavator. Plen~o da, s-ful of.

ŝovinism-o, [OA] chauvinism, bellicose patriotism, jingoism.

ŝovinist-o, [OA] jingo, war-monger,

ŝpal-o (reltrabo), (ry) sleeper, (Am) tie. ~bolto, s-screw.

ŝpar-i (-n), [UV] 1 Save (up), keep for future use, lay (put) by, reserve, store up. ~u kiam bone, vi havos kiam bezone. ~u groŝon, vi havos plenan poŝon. 2 be sparing of, economize, husband, spare (➞ domag). Vortojn ~u, agojn faru. ~i al iu aplaŭdon. ~(ad)o, -ing, economy. ~aĵoj (~mono), -ings, economies, nest-egg. ~egi, hoard. ~(em)a, -ing, economical, frugal, thrifty. Tro~ema, parsimonious. ~emaĉa, close-fisted, mean, niggardly, shabby, stingy. Mal~i, waste, be prodigal (lavish) with, blue, dissipate, squander. Vivi ~~e, go the pace, live in lavish style. ~~ema, extravagant, prodigal, wasteful. Ne~ema, thriftless. Tempo~a, time-saving. ➞ avar, dispoti, ekonomi, rezerv, sav.

ŝpat-o [OA] (fosilo), spade.

ŝpic-o, spitz, Pomeranian dog.

ŝpin-i, [UV] Spin. 1 (into thread): ~i lanon. La araneo, silkraŭp-o ~as, 2 (fari, kunmeti): ~i projekton, rakonton. 3 purr. La kato ~as (ronronas) (onomat). ~ado, ~arto, spinning. ~ejo, -ning mill. ~ilo, -ning wheel, spindle. ~ileto, -neret (spider’s). ~ist(in)o, -nner, mill-hand. ~maŝino, jenny.

ŝpruc-i [UV] (nt), Spurt (out), gush forth, play (as fountain or fire-engine), spout (well) up. Fonto ~is el la roko. f appear suddenly. Ĉie ~as nova vivo. Ĝojo (larmoj) ~is el liaj okuloj. ~(ad)o ~aĵo, s., gush, jet, spout, f outburst. ~ego, geyser. ~eto, sputter. ~igi, make s., splash, spray, sprinkle, squirt. La fontoj ~as akvon. ~igilo, spray gun, sprinkler, squirt, syringe. Ĝardena ~igilo, garden spray. Dis~i, spatter, splash. Dis~igi, spray all over. ~~igilo, sprayer. En~igi, inject (not med), Tio ~~igis novan vivon en la societon. En~igilo, douche, irrigator. For~igi, flush. Re~i, splash back. Sur~igi, be-spatter (-sprinkle). ➞ asperg, injekt, spul, plaŭd.

ŝpur-o (trak-larĝo), (ry) gauge, wheel-span. [Ne = spuro].

ŝrank-o, [UV] Cupboard. Libra ~o, bookcase. Lit~o, box-bed. Montra ~o (vitrino), show case. Muzika ~o, music cabinet. Porcelana ~o, china c. Servica ~o, buffet. Sxtal~o, safe, (org) Ŝvel-o, swell-box. Varmiga, sekiga ~o, drying c. Vest~o, tol~o, press, wardrobe.

ŝrapnel-o [OA] (kuglobuso), shrapnel.

ŝraŭb-o, [UV] Screw. Streĉi ~on, tighten a screw. Aleta ~o, wing s. Haltiga ~o, stop s. Kap~o, cap s. Maldekstrena ~o, left-handed screw. Mergita ~o, countersunk s. Plurrela ~o, multiple s. Prem~o, thumb-s. Senfina ~o, endless (worm) s. ~i, 1 turn a screw. 2 fix with a screw. 3 f (similar movement) ~i sin en la ĉielon, aeron (aviadilo), akvon. ~(turn)ilo, screw-driver, Alĝustigebla ~ilo, adjustable s-d. Randstrekita ~ilo, milled s-d. Sesangula ~ilo, hexagon-head s-d. Universala ~ilo, monkey s-d. ~in(g)o, female s., nut. Kontraŭ~ingo, keeper, lock-nut. ~forma, ~simila, spiral, ~kapo, s-head. Al~i, s. down (on). Mal~i, unscrew. ➞ helic, spiral, tord, renĉ.

ŝrump-i (nt), [UV] Shrivel (up) (with dryness or age), crumple, shrink, wilt, wrinkle up (1 FA 27/23; 84/13; 2 FA 132/33). ~as falinta folio, maljunula haŭto. f ~inta animo. ~o de la merkato, ~igi, dwarf, reduce, straiten. ➞ sek, sulk,

Ŝŝ! Hist! Hush! Quiet! Sh! Silence!

ŝtal-o, [UV] Steel. ~o makul-imuna, stainless s. ~o trempita, hardened s. ~a klingo, plumo (= malmoderna skribilo). ~(ec)a, (hard as) s. f (necedema), inflexible. ~a decido. ~a rigardo, -y glance. ~izi, case-harden. ~blua, s-blue. ~fabrikejo, s-works. ~kolora, s-colored.

ŝtat-o, [UV] State (realm), form of government, nation. La Grandaj ~oj, the Gt. Powers. Unuiĝintaj ~oj (Usono), U.S.A. ~a, state, national. ~a banko, eklezio. ~aj aferoj, public affairs. ~a ŝuldo, National Debt. ~ano, citizen. ~estro, head of s. ~igi, nationalize. ~isto, ~ismo, statesman (-ship). De~iĝo (disestablishment) de la eklezio. ➞ naci, regn.

ŝtel-i (-n) [UV], Steal, appropriate without right or leave, purloin from, thieve. ~i monon. f ~i kison, koron. ~i de najbaro por doni al altaro. ~(ad)o, -ing, larceny, robbery, theft. ~o de kasmono, embezzlement, peculation. ~e (~move), furtivly, stealthily, by stealth, like a thief. ~aĵo, ill-gotten booty, plunder, stolen objs. ~ema, rapacious, thievish. ~emo (kleptomanio). ~eti, filch, help one’s to, pilfer, scrounge, (col) bone, pinch, prig. ~eto, petty theft. ~etiston oni batas, ~egiston oni ŝatas. ~isto, burglar, robber, thief. Poŝa ~isto, pick-pocket. Infan~isto, kidnapper. ~imuna, burglar- proof. ~iri, creep, go-stealthily, slink. Al~iĝi, creep up (H 34/19). El~iĝi, slip away, s. off. En~iĝi (enŝoviĝi), s. (creep, worm one’s) into. Perfidulo ~~iĝis en niajn vicojn. For~iĝi, s. away, abscond, decamp. Pri~i (senigi de io), pilfer from. Pri~i budon, homon. Ŝtel’! Stop thief! ➞ rab.

ŝtern-o, (orn) Tern (sterna). Arkta ~o, arctic s. Hirunda ~o, common s. Malgranda ~o, little s. Sandviĉa ~o, sandwich s.

ŝtip-o, [UV] Block, Log, billet (of wood) (Jes 44/19; Am 4/11). Bot~o, boot-tree, last. Brul~o (Ze 3/2). Ekzekuta ~o, Pun~o, b. Hak~o, (cul) chopping-block. Kristnaska ~o, Yule log. f (a. ~w/o), b-head, chump, duffer. ~aro, pile of faggots, stake. ~ejo, wood-shed.

ŝtof-o (teksaĵo), [UV] Stuff, fabric, textile, woven material. Kvar metroj da ~o. ~o kotona, lana, silka. f (materials). La ~o el kiu fariĝis niaj sonĝoj. ~resto, remnant. Sen~a, unlined. Sub~o, lining. line (4FA 81/25). Or~o (brokato), cloth of gold, gold brocade. ➞ material, teks.

ŝton-o, [UV] Stone. Tiu unua ĵetu ~on (Jn 8/7). ~o artefarita, kalka, mejla, muela, pumika. Akriga (Olea) ~o, hone. Bazangula~o, corner-s. Juvel~o, precious s. Lim~o, boundary s. Plat~o (slabo), flag-s, s-slab. Prov~o, touchstone. Puding~o (konglomeraĵo), pudding s. Rand~o, curb-s. Rul~o, boulder. Sablo~o (grejso), sand-s. Tomb~o, tomb-s, ledger. Sap~o, soap-s. Volb~o, (tapering) arch-s. Meza ~~o, key-s. ~o de falpuŝiĝo (falilo), stumbling-block. (med) s., calculus. Gal~o, gall-s. Ren~etaro, gravel. ~(ec)a, s., -y, hard. ~a koro. ~(ar)o, pile of ss. ~ego (roko), rock. ~eto, pebble. ~etaĵo, ~etaro (gruzo), gravel, grit, shingle. ~igi, fossilize, make rigid, petrify. ~iĝi, become fossilized, petrified. ~iĝi de timo. ~iĝanta lingvo, vizaĝo. ~hava, ~plena, ~oza, full of stones. ~umi (~mortigi), s. to death. ~elfosejo, quarry, ~hakisto, ~ministo, s-mason. Por~a, lapidary. ➞ fosili, gem, rok.

ŝtop-i, [UV] Stop (up). 1 close (plug) up, occlude: ~i breĉon, truon. Bung (barelon): cork (botelon); wall up (fenestron); (mar) caulk (fendon). f (fliki): darn, patch. ~i truon en ŝtofo, ŝtrumpo. Tekso~ado, fine darning, invisible mending. 2 Block (up), clog, obstruct: Neĝo ~is la elirejon. Veturiloj ~is la vojon. Bottle up (havenon); choke up (tubon), hold (nazon); stifle (voĉon); stop (orelojn). 3 (plenigi): Fill up. ~i sin, sian stomakon stuff one’s. Dika volumo ~ita per faktoj. (Krop)~i, ~nutri, cram (anseron). (Or)~i, fill (denton). ~a epiteto, vorto. s-gap. ~ado, obstruction. Junta ~ado, pointing. Trafik~ado, jam, road congestion. ~aĵo, stopping, plugging, stuffing. ~iĝi, get -ped up. ~ilo, -per, bung, cork, plug, stopple, tampion, tampon. Buŝ~ilo, gag. Dren~ilo, drain-cock, bung, plug. Kran~ilo, spigot. Pip~ilo, pipestoper. Mal~i, unstop, broach, open, uncork. PajW, s. with straw. Plen~i, pad, ram (tight down). ➞ ferm, plenig, plomb, rembur, dubi, tampon.

ŝtorm-o, Storm, violent atmospheric disturbance. ~o furiozis super la lando, ~o magneta, neĝa, sabla. Kalmigi la ~on. Vent~o (tempesto), s. of wind, f ~o en tetaso. ~o de aplaŭdo, s. of applause. ~o de batoj, hail of blows. ~o de riproĉoj, torrent of abuse. ~a -y, boisteruous, tempestuous. ~a maro, vetero. ~i, be in a fury, blow a hurricane (great guns), f rage. ~avertilo. ~centro (also figuratively). ~nubo.

ŝtreb-o (kontraŭapogilo), (bid) buttress, prop, strut.

ŝtrump-o, [UV] Stocking. ~o aĵura, openwork s. ~o provarika, elastic (surgical) s. ~a ligilo, rubando, zono (krurzono), garter. Pri la ~a truo scias nur la ŝuo. ~aĵo, ~industrio, hosiery. ~aĵ(-vend)isto, hosier. ~aro, ~oj, ss., hose. ~eto, sock. Duon~o, half-hose. Lit~o, bed sock. ➞ fartel.

ŝtup-o, [UV] Stair, step (of staircase, etc.). (mil) echelon. ~o transira, unua. f level, stage. ~o post ~o, s. by s. Tret~o, tread (on stair). Viv~o, plane of living. ~a progreso. ~e, gradually, by degrees (stages). Sam~e kun, on a level with. ~aro, [UV] s-case (flight of) ss. ~aro ekstera, interna, spirala. ~eto, rung (of ladder). ~etaro (eskalo), (adder, steps. ~etaro faldebla, portebla. Ŝnura ~etaro, rope ladder. ~igi, space out. Inter~aro, landing. Rul~aro, escalator, moving stairway. ➞ nivel, paŝ, peron.

ŝu-o, [UV] Shoe. ~o felta, laĉa, marŝa, neĝa, sabla. Bal~o, danc~o, ball-s. Ferita ~o, hobnailed s. Glitila (Sleda) ~o, runner. Haltiga ~o, Rad~o, brake s., block, drag-s, skid-pan, shoe of brake. Ligna ~o, clog, sabot. Salona ~o, court s. Senligila ~o, pump shoe. Ŝirm~o, protective footwear. Tol~o, canvas s. f Esti sub la ~o de sia edzino. Jen kie la ~o pinĉas! ~i, s. ~ita, shod, ~(far)isto, s-maker. Sen~a, barefoot (Mi 1/8). Ligna Sub~o, patten. ➞ bot, galoŝ, pantofl.

ŝuld-i (-n) [UV], be in Debt, Owe. 1 ~i motion. Riĉa estas tiu, kiu ~as al neniu. 2 owe, be beholden (indebted, under an obligation) to, have to thank for. ~i dankon, prosperon, sanon, vivon al. 3 owe, (devi fari): Mi ~as al vi klarigon. ~o, debt, obligation. Pagi ~on. Droni en ~oj. Pardonu al ni niajn ~ojn. Tio estas por mi sankta ~o. ~(ant)a, indebted, beholden, bound, obliged. ~anto, debtor. ~igi, put in d., make -or, lay under an obligation. Vi min tre ~igos, will greatly oblige me. ~oŝargita, burdened with (head over ears in) d. Sen~igi, free from d. ➞ dev.

ŝultr-o, [UV] Shoulder. Eklevi la ~ojn, shrug the shoulders. f Preni devon sur la ~ojn. Maljuna kapo sur junaj ~oj. Labori ~on ĉe ~o (akorde). ~a, scapular. ~a banto, s-knot. Sur~aĵo, s-piece. Al~igi, bring to the s. Sur~igi, s. Larĝ~a, broad-ed. Rond~a, round-ed, stooping.

ŝunt-i, (el, ry), Shunt, side-track, divert current (train) in another direction. ➞ komut, manovr, vojŝanĝ.

ŝut-i (-it) [UV], Shoot, pour out (solids). ~i karbon en kelon, rubon sur la fajron. f Kiajn vortojn vi ~as! ~e malplenigi, dump down, tip. ~ejo, chute. ~ilo, bucket (of dredger), scoop, etc. Suker~ilo, sugar-caster. Dis~i, scatter, strew in all directions. El~i, Discharge (sand, etc.), drop out. Kun~i ŝtonojn en amason. Super~i, load, overwhelm, shower. ~~ita per bonfaroj, demandoj, laboroj, plendoj. Sur~i, cover (ĉerkon per tero; teron per floroj; straton per sablo).

ŝutr-o, shutter (of window, etc.); (org) (of swell-box). ➞ (lat)kurten, obturil, persien.

ŝvabr-i, Mop, Swab, ~i la ferdekon. ~ilo, mop, swab, ~ileto, dish-cloth, (-mop). ~ileto metala, metal scrubber.

ŝveb-i [OA] = flugpendi, glitpendi (nt), 1 Hover, be poised (suspended) float (in the air), hang, soar (over) (1 FA 42/6; 102/27), Ge 1/2). La aglo, fumo, nubo ~is en la aero. Ruino ~as super ni. 2 (sentiĝi): La kanto (odoro, sento) ~is, die. Stranga famo ~is en la kunveno. 3 be pending (in suspense, uncertain), hang in the balance; ~i inter vivo kaj morto. ~i sur la lango, be on the tip of one’s tongue. ~anta demando, unsettled question. ~anta ŝuldo, floating debt. Al~i, (4 FA 60/7). La junulino preter~is (glite preter-pasis), (passed like a dream) antaŭ miaj okuloj. ➞ flirt, flot, glis, sor.

ŝvel-i (nt) [UV] (pliiĝi), Swell (out, up), dilate, expand, increase (in power, size, strength). Lia vango ~is pro absceso. La muziko, rivero, sono, velo ~is. f ~i de fiero. ~(ad)o, -ing, bulge, distension, hump, increase, inflation, tumefaction. (mus) ~(sign-)o, s., < > . (mar) s... surge caused by wind. ~(form)a, baggy (pantalono); full (jupo); puffed (maniko). ~aĉa, bloated, puffy. ~aĵo, -ling, bump, puffiness, tumour. ~igi, cause to s., blow (puff) out, distend, inflate, pump up (tyre). Ni ne tro ~igu nian vortaron. ~inta, congested, swollen, (org) ~orgeno, s-organ. ~pedalo (kresĉenda pedalo), s-pedal. ~parola (bombasta), bombastic, high-falutin-flown, turgid. Mal~i, collapse, go down. subside. Mal~a, flabby, flaccid, floppy, lank, sunken. ~~igi, bring down, deflate, reduce. ➞ plenblov, puf, tuber, tumor.

ŝvit-i, [UV] 1 Sweat, Perspir/e. 2 flow similarly: ~i per sango. La muro ~as. La vundita arbo ~is per rezino. 3 toil, work strenuously: ~i super la alfabeto. ~(ad)o sweat, sweatation, drudgery, toil. La ~o de via vizaĝo (Ge 3/19). ~a febro, s-ing sickness. ~anta, ~kovrita, covered with s. ~e farita laboro. ~egi, be bathed in s. ~eta, moist with perspiration. ~igi, cause to p. ~iga, sudorific. ~iga laboro, hot work. ~ban(ej)o, Turkish bath. El~o, exudation. Trans~iĝo, transudation. ➞ elflu, lik, saŭn.


T

T-o [F], letter T. T-anteno, ~-fero, ~-peco, ~-relo, T-aerial, -iron, etc. T-ortilo, T-square, (av) T-montrilo, landing-T.

tabak-o, [UV] Tobacc/o. 1 The plant (nicotiana). 2 Its leaves. Pipo da ~o. Fumi~on. Flar~o, snuff. Maĉ~o, chewing-t. ~ejo, t-plantation. ~isto, -onist. ~ujo, ~a saketo, t-pouch. ~(vend)ejo, t-shop. ➞ nikotin.

taban-o, [UV] gad-fly (Tabanus).

tabel-o, [UV] Table, Tabul/ar summary (catalogue, index, list, synopsis, etc.). ~o de enhavo, t. of contents. ~o alfabeta, gramatika, logaritma, multiplika. Kalkul~o, ready reckoner. Viv~o, mortality t. (expectation of life). ~a, -ar, -ated. ~aro, book of tt. Fervoja ~aro, ry time-table. ~igi, -ate. ~igilo, -ator. 2 slab of wood, stone, etc., with inscription. Stona ~o, t. of stone (El 24/12; 32/15). f Skribu ilin sur la ~o de via koro (Se 7/3; 2 Ko 3/3). ➞ indeks, registr, resum.

tabernakl-o, (Bb) tabernacle. La ~o de kunveno (El 29/4). ➞ laŭb.

tabl-o, [UV] Table. Bilarda, karta, manĝa, operacia, ronda, skriba, tualeta ~o. ~o longigebla, telescopic t. La Sankta ~o, the Lord’s T. Kovri, pretigi, primeti (lay) la ~on. Leviĝi de (Sidiĝi ĉe) la ~o. Sur~igi manĝon, kartojn. ➞ seĝ.

tablojd-o, (pharm) tabloid, tablet. ➞ lozanĝ, pastel.

tabu-o, Taboo, ban, interdict, prohibition. ~i, t. ~a temo, forbidden subject ~eco, inviolability. Sen~igi, lift the t. from.

tabul-o, [UV] Board, Plank, (chs, drs) b. Aviz~o, notice-b. Cel~o, target. Desegna ~o, drawing-b. Hak~o, chopping-board. Nigra ~o, black-b. Pas~o, gang-p. Pik~o, dart-b. Plonĝ~o, diving-b. Serv~o, counter. Ŝalt~o, switch-b. Tranĉ~o, cutting-b. ~aĵo, b-(p-floor-)ing. ~ego, beam. ~eto, cake (sapo); slab (ĉokolado), (occ) planchette. f tablet (de memoro). Lig~eto, batten. ~izi, timber (muron). ~ita, panelled (Ĥg 1 /4), ~kovri, b. over. Vd Sign.

taburet-o, [OA] stool (seat without arms or back). Fiona (pieda) ~o.

taĉment-o, [UV] detachment. 1 (mil) commando, contingent (troops). 2 gang, team (workmen etc.). ~o de anĝeloj, laboristoj, soldatoj (Ps 78/49, Ge 32/7, Ij 1/17). Nokta, taga ~o (en fabrikejo, hospitalo), night shift, day shift, Labori ~e, work in shifts, do team-work, ~estro (Ĥb 3/14), foreman, etc. ➞ rot.

tadorn-o, (orn) Sheldrake (Tadorna). ~ino, shelduck. Rusta ~o, ruddy s.

taft-o, [UV] (tex) taffeta, fine plain-woven glossy silk. Gum~o, court plaster.

tag-o, [UV] Day. 1 period of sunlight. En la ni vidas la sunon. 2 (~ nokto, diurno), 24 hours. ~o sekvas ~on. Antaŭ du ~oj, two days ago. Unu ~on, one day. ~oj antikvaj, days of old (Ps 143/5). ~o difinita, grava, pluva. Labor~o (simpla ~o), week-day. naskiĝa ~o, birth-d. Prokrasto~o, d. of grace, (respite). Ripoza ~o, day of rest. Bonan ~on! Good day! (col) Bonbon! Bon tag! (2 FA 61/14). ~a, of day(light). ~a laboro. ~e, by (during the) d. ~iĝo, d- break. ~iĝa muziko, aubade, song of dawn. ~deko, decade. Ĉiu~a, daily, diurnal, for every d. f ordinary, prosaic. La proza ĉiu~eco de la vivo. Laŭ~e, by the day. Super~o, intercalculary day. Plen~a, tut~a, day-long. Unu~a laboro, one day’s work.

taget-o, African Marigold (Tagetes ereeta). Malgranda ~o, French m. (7~. pa tula). ➞ kalendol.

Taĝik-ujo, Taĝikio TJ.

tajd-o, Tid/e, rise and fall of sea. ~o (mal)alta, high (low) t. (water). (mal)granda, spring (neap) t. ~o reflua, ebb t. f La ~o (course, flow) de progreso. ~a, -al. ~a ond-(river)o. -vojo, t-way. Sen~a (t-less) maro. ➞ flits.

tajl-i, Cut (out), fashion, shape. ~i robon laŭ la korpo. Clip, trim (arb-barb -heĝ-)on; c. (diamanton); hew (ŝtonon); sharpen (krajonon). ~o de pantalono, c. of trousers. Bone ~ita (well-c.) vesto. Ungo~ilo, nail -ter. ~isto, -ter. ➞ stuc, tond.

Tajland-o TH.

tajlor-o [UV] (vestotajlisto), Tailor. ~i (work as a) t. ~ita (t-made) jupo, kostumo. ~ino, -ess, dressmaker.

tajg-o, taiga, Siberian pine-forest.

tajp-i (maŝinskribi), Type(write). leteron. ~aĵo, t-script. ~ist(in)o, -ist. ~ilo (skribmaŝino), -writer. Steno~istino, shorthand-ist. ➞ stenotip.

Tajvan-o TW.

tak-i (zigzagiri), (velado) Tack, "go about", make progress by changing course to within about 45° of the wind on alternate sides (bringing the ship’s head to windward, then "paying off" to leeward). ~ado, tacking. ➞ ĝajb, lof.

takel-o, (mar, mec), tackle, (ropes, pulley-blocks, etc.).

taks-i, [UV] Estimat/e. 1 Valu/e, appraise, assess, judge, rate, form an opinion on, reckon the value of, ~i homon laŭ lia merito. ~i la graveeon de io. ~ita valoro, e-ed v. 2 fix, calculate. ~i la nombron de loĝantoj. Alte ~i (ŝati), set a keen v. on, prize. ~o, e., v-ation. ~aro, prices, scale of fees, etc. ~ebla, rateable. Ne~ebla, ine-able, inv-able, priceless. ~isto, assessor, v-er. Asekura ~isto, actuary. Ne~inda, v-less. Tro~i, over-rate. Sub~i, under-e. ➞ estim, juĝ, konjekt, valor [Ne= akuz, impost, trouz]. ➞ Sat.

taksi-o, taxi (cab), -isto, ~metro.

taksus-o, [OA] yew (tree) (Taxus).

takt-o, [OA] 1 (mus) Time, Rhythm, number and value of pulses in a measure: ~o (mal)simpla, simple (compound) t. ~o tripulsa, triple t., three beats in a bar. Observi la ~on, keep t. ~o de valso, waltz-t. Li havas nenian ideon pri ~o (no idea of keeping time). 2 regular beat(ing): Mia pulso batas en ~o. ~a, measured, rhythmical. La ~a batado de la remiloj. ~i, beat time. ~ero, (mus) pulse, ~bastono, ~ilo, baton. Laŭ~e, in time (step). Mis~e, out of time. ➞ mezur, puis, ritm. 3 Tact, intuitive perception of what is fitting: Manko de ~o. Montri ~on. ~(oplen)a, tactful. Sen~a, tactless. Sen~aĵo, faux pas, gaffe, indiscretion.

taktik-o, [OA] Tactic/s, art of deploying and manoeuvring forces. ~oj, devices for gaining an end. ~a, tactical. ~isto, -ian. ➞ strategi.

tal-o, (bot) thallus, plant-body without root, stem, or leaves.

talant-o, (coin, weight), talent (Mt 18/24). ➞ talent.

talar-o, official gown, robe (of judge, lawyer, professor, etc.).

talent-o, [OA] Talent, aptitude, bump, faculty, gift, high capacity, knack. ~o por muziko. Tio postulas ~on kaj inspiron. Li havas ~on … -i, he is a great hand at .... ing. Li ne havas ~on por.. ., he is no good at.. . ~(oplen)a, -ed, of talent, gifted. ~a poeto. ~e, with t. ~ulo, man of talent. Sen~a, without t. ➞ geni, talant, virtuoz.

taler-o, [OA] (ant) thaler, G. silver coin. ➞ dolar.

tali-o, [UV] Waist, Figure. ~o fleksebla, vespa. ~a mezuro, w-measure. ~a vesto, bodice. Bel~a, well-formed, with elegant figure. ➞ figur, kamizol, vest.

taliktr-o, (bot) meadow rue (Thalictrum).

talisman-o, [OA] talisman, lucky charm with magical properties; worn for protection or to bring good fortune. ➞ amulet.

talitr-o (marpulo, sablopulo) < sand- hopper (Talitrus).

talium-o, (chem) thallium (Tl).

talk-o, [OA] Talc(um). ~a pulvoro, t. powder.

talmud-o, [OA] Talmud, book of Jewish civil law: ekzegezo de la ~o. ~isto. ~eksperto.

talp-o, [UV] Mole (Talpa). Blinda kiel ~o. ~ejo, molehill. ~ĉasisto, mole-catcher. ➞ gril.

talus-o, talus. 1 ankle-bone. 2 bank, batter, embankment, ramp, tapering slope (of ditch, earthwork, excavation, wall), ~i, bank (fill) up. ➞ dekliv.

talveg-o, (geol) thalweg, valley-line: ~o difinas la enriveran limon inter du landoj.

tamandu-o, (zoo) tamandua ant-eater (Tamandua).

tamarin-o, tamarin monkey (Leontieebus).

tamarind-o, tamarind (tree) (Tamarindus). ~a arbeto (4 FA 58/9). ~a frukto.

tamarisk-o, tamarisk (shrub) (Ge 21/33, 1 Sa 22/6) (Tamarix).

tambur-o, [UV] Drum. 1 (m.i.) Bas~o (~ego). ~o milita, snare-drum, side-d. 2 similar object. (arch) tambour (cylindrical stone); (mar) gipsy (of capstan); (nwk) tambour, (circular frame for embroidery). Brems~o, brake d. ~i, [UV] drum, e.g., per la fingroj sur la tablo. ~ado, -ming. ~eto, tabor. ~isto, -er. ~(frap)ilo, d-stick. ➞ tamtam, timpan.

tamburin-o, [OA] (m.i.) tambourine (Ps 150/4). ~istino (Ps 68/25).

tamen [UV] (adv, conj) (malgraŭ tio, sed), Nevertheless, all the same, but for all that, howbeit, however, still, though, yet. Kvankam li estas riĉa, ~ li ne estas feliĉa. T~ estas bone, ke..., all the same, it is a good thing that. ➞ dum, kontraŭ, kvankam, malgraŭ, sed.

tamias-o, chipmunk (Tamias). ➞ marmot.

tampon-o, tampon, plug, tamp. ~i, bung, stop up. ➞ dubl, stop, vat.

tamtam-o, [OA] tom-tom, native African or Indian drum, ~i (distrumpeti), advertise noisily. ➞ gong.

tamus-o, black bryony (Tamus). ➞ brioni.

tan-i (-n), [UV] Tan. ~i ledon. ~i blanke, taw, dress, f (bati) ~i al iu la haŭton. ~a, -nic. ~ado, -ning. ~ejo, -nery. ~ilo, bark for -ning. ~isto, -ner. ~kolora, t-colored, bronze, tawny.

tanacet-o, (bot) tansy (Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum vulgare).

tanagr-o, (orn) tanager.

tandem-o, [OA] tandem. 1 carriage. 2 cycle. Jungi ~e, one behind the other, tang-i, 1 (av, mar mot), Pitch, sway backwards and forwards. La aŭto, ŝipo ~is. ~ado, -ing. (av) ~a angulo, angle of p. ➞ ruliĝ. 2 ~o, (dance), tango.

tangent-o, [OA] (trig) tangent of angle. ➞ tanĝ.

tangel-o, tangelo, ugli (Jamaican hybrid between tangerine and grapefruit),

Tanzani-o TZ.

tanĝ-i (-n), (geom) touch at one point; meet without intersection. f diverge suddenly from course or subject; dodge the question, go off at a tangent, dodge, graze, skim the surface, touch lightly. ~i la morton. ~anta, at a tangent. ➞ kontakt, tuŝet.

tanin-o, [OA] tannin.

tank-o, (mil) Tank. Kontraŭ~a, anti-tank: ~a misilo. ➞ cistern.

tanka-o, tanka (31-silaba utao), Japanese poem of 31 syllables (us. 5.7.5-7.7). ➞ uta.

tantal-o, (chem) tantalum (Ta).

tantaliz-i, tantalize.

tantiem-o, percentage (quota, share) of profits. Aŭtora ~o, royalty. ➞ dividend.

tao-ismo, ~isto, (rel) tao-ism, -ist.

tapet-o, [UV] 1 Tapestry, hanging(s), wall-covering (Alt 1/5). 2 (~a papero), wall-paper. ~i (-n), cover (hang) with t., paper (a room). ~i (line) skatolon per papero. Muro hedere ~ita (ivy-clad). ~isto, paper-hanger. ➞ tapiŝ, teg.

tapiok-o, [OA] tapioca. ➞ sagu.

tapir-o, (zoo) tapir (Tapirus).

tapiŝ-o, [UV] carpet. ~o kovris la plankon. Vi sternis la ĉielon kiel ~on (Ps 104/2). ~o altlana (long-pile), flordesegna (flowered). f Gresa, verda ~o (razeno), greensward, La tero est is ~ita de floroj. ~eto, rug. Preĝ~eto, prayer-rug. ➞ mat, tapet.

tapsi-o, (bot) thapsia > deadly carrot.

tar-o, tare, weight of packing, etc. ~a prezo, price with packing. Kun~a, gross. Sen~a, nett.

taraksak-o, (technical language) dandelion (Taraxacum dens leonis). Both this and leontodono are called (ordinary language) leondento from their jagged leaves.

tarantel-o, [OA] (dance) tarentella. ➞ tarantul.

tarantul-o, [OA] tarantula spider (Tarantula).

tard-a, Tard/y, slow-moving, sluggish. II ~igrado, (zoo) -igrade.

tarif-o, [OA] tariff, list (scale) of charges. Poŝta ~o. ➞ impost.

tarok-o, [OA] (cgm) taroc, tarot. -ita, chequered (of card),

tars-o, 1 (anat) tarsus, (ent) terminal segment of limb. 2 (orn) shank,

tarsi-o, (zoo) tarsier (Tarsius).

tartan-o, (cl. tex), tartan, Scottish plaid, woollen fabric with crossed stripes,

tartr-o, (chem) Tartar, deposit, fur, scale. 1 from fermented wine. rafinita, cream of tartar. 2 on teeth. ~acido, -ic acid. ~ato, tartrate. Vomiga ~ato, t. emetic, (mot) Sen~igi, scrape.

tas-o, [UV] Cup, mug; pan (of scales). Metala ~o, tin mug. Kaf~o, te~o, ov~o. ~(plen)o da teo, cupful of tea. ~ego, basin, bowl (➞ bovl). Sub~o, saucer. ➞ kalik, kup.

task-o, [OA] Task, job, piece of work. ~o malfacila, laciga. Fini, proponi ~on. Akcepti la ~on de klasifado. Hejm~o, homework. ~i (1 FA 44/1), assign task to, require from. ~aĉo, forced labour, irksm task, piece of drudgery, thankless job. ➞ dev, ofic, okup, vol.

tatu-i, [OA] tattoo. ~(ad)o, ~arto, t-ing. ~aĵo, forigi ~~on. ~isto.

taŭg-i (nt), [UV] be Fit (good, suitable) for, be of use, serve. ~i kiel edzo, por manĝo. Li ~as (kapablas) nek por studo, nek por ludo. Bone ~i, answer the purpose, do very well, Li ne ~as (is no good) por komerco. Kio ~as por somero, ne ~as por vintro. ~a, fit, good, serviceable, suitable for. ~a por la okazo. La supervivo de la plej taŭgaj (fittest). ~eco, fitness, qualification, suitability, utility. ~igi, fit, qualify. Ne~a, no good, of no use, unfit. Sen~a, good for nothing, worthless. ~~aĵo, lumber, rubbish. ~~ulo, bad lot, good-for-naught, ne’er-do-well, scamp, scapegrace. Mar~a, seaworthy. Sem~a, arable. ➞ konven, serv, util, valor.

taŭrotrag-o, (zoo) eland (Taurotragus oryx).

taŭtologi-o, (rh) tautology, redunduncy, repetition of same idea in difft words. ~a, -ical.

taŭz-i (-n), 1 (malordigi) pull abt, disorder, ruffle, rumple, tousle, tumble (harojn, veston). 2 treat roughly, hustle, jostle. La policanoj ~is la krimulon. 3 (= kardi), card, comb, tease. ~i drapon. Kun haroj dis~itaj, dishevelled, ruffled, rumpled, tangled. ~hara, shockheaded. ➞ tir.

tavern-o, tavern (slightly pej.).

tavol-o, [UV] Layer, thickness of matter spread over (covering) a surface. ~o da butero, neĝo, nubo, oranĝoj en skatolo; bed (argilo); coat, deposit (sablo); sheet (akvo, glacio); stratum, (met) Appletona ~o, Appleton layer. f ~o de antaŭjuĝoj, de la socio. ~aro, strata. ~eto, coating, film, leaf, membrane, thin flake, skin. ~igi, arrange in layers. (de)~iĝi, peel (flake) off. Sub~o, under-layer. ➞ film, foli, lamen, stratum, stratus.

te-o, [UV] Tea. 1 (folioj), t-leaves. 2 (bev) infuzi, trinki ~on, make (take) tea. ~o Ĉxina, Hinda. ~ujo, t-caddy (-canister). ~arbusto, t-shrub (Thea). ~horo, t-break. ~kunveno, t-party. ~kruĉo, [UV] t-pot. ~kultivejo, t-plantation. ~horo, ~manĝo, tea (meal). ~maŝino [UV] (samovaro). ~salono, t-room. ~vendisto, t-merchant.

team-o, (sp) team, set of players, side.

teatr-o [F], Theatr/e, play-house. ~o subĉiela, open-air t. f (drama, scene, spectators): La Angla ~o. Aperi sur la ~o. La tuta ~o aplaŭdis. ~a. -ical. ~a gesto, ~aĉa, meretricious, ~aĵo, drama, piece, play, ~amanto [F], play-goer. ➞ aktor, dram, lud.

ted-i (-n, al) [UV], Bor/e, Weary, fatigue (tire) by excessive length, importunity, repetition, etc. Al mi ~is lin aŭskulti. ~ita, b-ed with, tired of, ~o, b-dom, tedium (caused by another). Kontraŭ ĉiu ~o ekzistas rimedo. ~a, b-ing, irksm, tedious, wearism. Du ~aj horoj, two mortal (solid) hours. ~aĵo, botheration, nuisance, rigmarole. ~egi, b. stiff (to death). ~iĝi, have enough (be sick) of. ~ulo, dull fellow, ➞ enu, ĝen, lac.

tedeum-o, (mus, rel) Te Deum.

teg-i, [UV] coat, cover, face, over-lay (-spread); drape, hang, upholster (meblon); lag (tubon); patch (bendon), revet (muron). ~u ĝin per oro (El 25/11). ~o, [UV] coating, covering, facing, lining, surfacing, ticking. f cloak, pretence. Ligna ~aĵo, panelling, wainscotting. ~ilo, cover, envelope, wrapper. Kusen~ilo (kuseningo), pillow-case, pillow-slip). Mal~i, bare, denude, strip. Re~i, re-cover, retread (bendon). ➞ kovr.

tegenari-o, (ent) house-spider (Tegenaria) ➞ arane.

tegment-o, [UV] Roof, house-top. ~o ardeza, pajla, pinta, tegola. ~a defluilo, eave, gutter. ~a rando, overhang. ~a supro (firsto), ~i, (cover with a) roof. ~aĵo ondlada, corrugated roofing. ~isto, -er, slater. Pajl~isto, thatcher. Sen~a, r-less. sub~o, [UV] attic, garret, loft. ➞ first, mansard, trab.

tegol-o [OA], Til/e. ~o ardeza, argila, marmora, vitra. First~o, ridge-t. ~oj falis de la tegmento. ~i, t. ~a, tiled, ~ejo, -ery. ➞ kahel, ŝind.

teism-o, [OA] teisto, [OA] theism, theist.

tek-o, holder for documents, brief-case, file, portfolio, satchel.

teknik-o, [OA] Techni/que. ~o, -cal, ~a detalo, edukado, termino. ~isto, -ician.

teknolog-io, technolog/y. ~(iist)o, -ist. ~ia, -ical.

teks-i (-n), [UV] Weav/e. ~i kanabon, lanon, linon, silkon; drapon, katunon, tolon. f ~i komploton, w. (hatch) a plot. ~i mensogojn kaj ruzojn. ~i detalojn en historion. ~a, textile. ~a industrio. ~(ad)o, ~arto, w-ing. ~aĵo, woven fabric, tissue, f ~aĵo el maheroj. ~ejo, w-ing factory. ~ilo, ~maŝino, loom. ~isto, -er. ~aranĝo, texture. La historio estas tra~ita de katastrofoj. ➞ hist, plekt, spin, trik, varp, veft.

tekst-o, [OA] Text, wording, words (of music), legend (of picture). 1 exact words of author (document), La originate ~o. Sxanĝi la ~on (preface to Psalmaro). Reveni al sia ~o, to one’s subject 2 text of sermon, ~a, -ual. ~a eraro. ~i (nt), be formulated in words, run. La decido ~is jene. ~aro ~libro, book of words; (korpuso), collection of texts, corpus. Ĉirkau~o, Kun~o, context. Laŭ-e, textually, Sen~a, without words.

tekton-o, Teak (Tectona). ~a ligno, t-wood.

tele- (international pfx), tele-, distant.

-aŭto, -grafi, -aŭskulti, ~desegni, -filmi, -fotografi, -komuniki, -mekaniki, -paroli, -presi,

telerespond-i, ~(ad)o, ~ilo.

telemetro, rangefinder.

teleobjektiv-o, telephoto, telegraphic lens.

telegvido, telerego, remote control. ~ilo.

televid-o, television.

telefon-o [OA] (col. abbreviate fon-), Telephon/e, phone. ~o aŭtomata. ~a centralo, libro, linio, numero. ~i, t. ~i mendon. Mi ~os al vi, I’ll ring you up. Paroli ~e. ~ado, telefoni-o, -y. ~aĵo, -ic message. ~ejo, ~budo, t-box. ~istino, t-girl.

telegraf-i [F], Telegraph, wire, ~ado, telegrafi-o, -y. Senfadena ~io, wireless, ~a, -ic. ~a adreso, drato, fosto, reto. ~aĵo (~a depeŝo), telegram.

telegram-o, [OA] telegram. ~o submara, cablegram. Radio~o. ~a kodo, stilo. ~(port)isto.

telekinez-o, (ps) telekinesis,

teleologi-o, (phil) teleologio, doctrine of final causes.

telepat-io, telepath/y, thought-transferee. ~(iist)o, -ist.

teler-o, [UV] Plate. Pan~o (ligna ~o), platter, trencher. Lavi la ~ojn, wash up. ~o pesila, monkolekta. ~a rako, p-rack. ~aro, table-service, crockery, plates and dishes, ~eto, small p., bottle mat. ➞ plad, plet.

teleskop-o, [OA] telescop/e. ~a. -ic. ➞ lorn.

telipter-o, (Thelypteris) > beech (marsh mountain) ferns.

telur-o, tellurium (Te) ~ato, ~ido, ~ito.

tem-o, [UV] Subject, Them/e, topic. La ~o de la parolo, tezo, verko. ~o aktuala, topic of the day. Mia ~o estas… Ŝanĝi la ~on. (mus) ~a ellaboro, thematic development. ~i, have as a s., touch on, treat of. La diskuto ~is pri… ~as pri, the s. (matter under discussion) is. ~aro, curriculum, syllabus, (mus) ~ero (figuro), figure. Ekster~a (demando), digressive, extraneous, outside the s. ➞ enhav, kamp, objekt, pri, punkt, subjekt.

tembr-o (sonkoloro), timbre, distinctive quality of instrument or voice.

temp-o, [UV] Time. 1 (continued existence): ~o estas mono. Konsolon ~o donas al la koro. 2 (date, period, times): Aliaj ~oj, aliaj moroj. ~o feliĉa, nuna, pasinta. ~o de milito, rikolto. Post kelka ~o. Antaŭ longa ~o, a long time ago. Dum la tuta ~o, all the t. De ~o al ~o, ever and anon, every now and then, from t. to t., off and on, occasionally, on occasion. Signoj de la ~o. 3 definite (right, suitable) moment: Jam estas ~o iri domen. Estas ~o por plori kaj ~o por ridi. 4 (t. to spare, leisure). Gajni, okupi, ŝpari ~on. Mi ne havas ~on por tio. 5 (gram) ~(form)o. (a. tenso). tense. As~o, (prezenco); is~o (preterito); os~o, (futuro). 6 (= horsistemo); ~o loka, sidera. Brita Somera T~o. ~ero, ~eto (momento), moment, short time. Ali~e, at another time. Antaŭ~a, premature, untimely. Ĉiu~e, at all times. En tiu ~o amiko amas (Se 17/17). De~e de, ever since, from the t. of (Ij 31/18, Ps 71/17). Ĝusta~a, at the right time, timely, opportune, seasonable. Veni ~~e. Inter~o (intervalo), interval. ~~e, meanwhile. Labor~o, working hours. Lasta~e, lately, of late, recently. Lerno~o, apprenticeship, schooldays, time of study. Liber~o, free (spare) t., leave, leisure. ~~i, have a holiday. Lim~o, term, t-limit. ~~o de du tagoj, two days’ grace. Nun~a, modern, present-day. ~~e (nia~e), nowadays. Por~a, temporary, Post~a, behind t., delayed, expired, out of date, over-due, tardy. Pra~a, primitive. Prov~o, t. of testing (trial), probate. Sam~a, coeval, contemporary. ~~eco, coincidence. ~~igi, synchronize. ~~ulo, contemporary. Unua~e, at first. ➞ epok, foj, hor, mezur, obi, period, puis, sezon, takt. Rim.: Sia~e, en sia ~o. These locutions are used non-reflexivety, for "in his (its) t., in due (the right) t., duly, seasonably, ĝustatempe." The use of the appropriate pronoun can remove ambiguity. Dio donas al ni pluvon en sia ~o (in his time); en ĝia ~o, in its t. Ĉion li kreis bela sia~e (in his t.); ĝia~e, in its t. Mi sia~e (mia~e) leviĝos. This is not the place for exhaustive discussion. Both uses are Z, and legitimate.

temper-i, 1 (mus) temper, adjust tuning. ~ita skalo. La piano estas agordita laŭ egala ~(ad)o. 2 (bid) Distemper, size-colour. 3 (painting) ~o, tempera.

temperament-o, [OA] Temperament, individual character, spirit. ~o artista, flega, melankolia, nerva, sangvina. ~a. -al. ~a difekto.

temperatur-o, [OA] temperature. ~o de ĉambro. (med) Havi altan ~on. ~a kurbo.

tempest-o (venta ŝtormo), Tempest. ~a, -uous. ➞ ciklon, storm, uragan.

tempi-o, [UV] (anat) temple.

templ-o, [OA] 1 Temple, fane, holy place, place of worship, f Via korpo estas ~o de la Sankta Spirito (1 Ko 6/19). 2 Freemason’s lodge, etc. Bon~ano, Good Templar.

ten-i, [UV] Hold, Keep. 1 Hold (in hand), grasp: ~i bastonon, ies manon. Sin ~i (cling, h. on) je la ŝnuro, strap-hang, etc. 2 Keep (in a place): ~i krimulon en karcero: monon en banko. 3 k. (in a position, state): ~i la buŝon fermita: la kapon rekta; la langon silenta. ~i sin trankvila, sur la piedoj. 4 (not let go or lose): maintain, preserve, retain. ~i instruon, memoron, oficon, promeson, sekreton, sian opinion, (mus) ~i la piĉon, k. the pitch. ~o, h., custody, grasp, grip. Pied~o, foot-hold. ~ado, holding, retention. ~aĵo, h-ing, deposit, etc. ~anto, holder, keeper. ~ebla, tenable. ~ejo, depository, store, warehouse. Cigar~ejo, libro~ejo, ~ema, retentive, tenacious. Kun~iĝemo, cohesion. ~iĝo, sin~o, attitude, bearing, carriage, deportment, posture. ~~o digna, prudenta, trankvila. ➞ poz. ~ilo, [UV] haft, handle, grip, hilt (➞ ans). ~o de fritilo, martelo, ombrelo, pordo. (nwk) maŝ~ilo, stitch holder. (vn) Kord~ilo, tailpiece. Pinĉ~ilo, pliers. ~ujo, reservoir, etc. Al~iĝi, adhere, be attached to. de~i, [UV] check, curb, detain, hold back, keep (stop) from, e.g., de alkoholo, edziĝo, movo, vojaĝo. (Ps 19/13; 1 Sa 3/13; Ij 7/11; Ps 119/101). Sin~~i de, abstain (refrain) from. El~i, endure, h. out against (Jer 10/10). ~~i malfeliĉon, provon, suferon; batojn de sorto; forton de vento. ~~ebla, endurable, supportable. Ne~~ebla doloro. En~i (➞ enhav, implic, inklud), h., contain, enclose. La libro ~~as bildojn. For~i, avert, k. away (at bay), ward off. Kun~iĝi, cohere. Re~i, 1 hold in, keep back, retain, withhold (Ge 39/9; El 9/17; Se 11/26). 2 (deteni, restrain): ~~i koleron, larmojn) (Ps 74/11, Jer 2/24, 1 Sa 25/26, H 30/31). Rim.: Sometimes deteni and reteni are equally applicable. Li apenaŭ detenis, retenis rideton. sub~i, [UV] 1 hold up, maintain, bolster (prop) up, support, underpin. ~~i tegmenton; muron per traboj. 2 ~~i malriĉulojn, Esperanton, proponon. 2 continue, sustain. amikecon, familion, komunikon, korespondon, opinion. ~~o, stay, support; (piano) ~~a pedalo, sustaing pedal. ~~anio, supporter. Rim.: ➞ teni sube, keep under, suppress, e.g., in drowning a cat. libro~anto, [UV] bookkeeper. ➞ gard, konserv. prezerv.

tenac-a, tenacious, holding fast, keeping firm hold, sticky; clinging (planto, odoro), dogged (volo); fast (koloro); retentive (memoro); stiff (tero).

tenajl-o, forceps, nippers, pincers, tongs. ➞ prenil, tenil.

tend-o, [UV] Tent. Starigi -on pitch t. f Aparteni al malsamaj ~oj. Ferdeka ~o, deck awning. Fram~o, frame t. ~a najlo, t-peg. ~aro, (en)camp(ment). ~ejo, camping-ground. ~ego, marquee, etc. ~umi (kampadi), camp. ➞ markez, ŝirm.

tenden-o, [UV] sinew, tendon. ~(oplen)a, sinewy. ➞ kartilag.

tendenc-o, [OA] Tenden/cy, bias, inclination, leang, propensity, trend, turn. Gazeto kun reakcia ~o. Rakonto kun morala ~o. ~a, -tious, biassed, propaganda. ~a dramo, raporto, romano, verko. ~a demando, leading question. ➞ cel.

tenebri-o, ground beetle (Tenebrio). ~a larvo, mealworm.

tener-a, tender, affectionate, fond, loving. ~a kareso, manpremo, parolo, prizorgo. ~e (prizorgi), with loving care. ➞ amen, kares, molkor.

tenesm-o, (med) tenesmus.

teni-o, [OA] tape-worm (Taenia).

tenis-o, (lawn) Tennis. Salona (Tabla) ~o, table-t., ping-pong. ~ejo, t-court (-ground).

tenon-o, (carp) Tenon. ~o hirundvosta, dovetail. ~a junto, mortise-and t. joint. ~ilo, t-saw. ➞ mortez.

tenor-o, [OA] Tenor 1 voice. 2 (-ulo), singer.

tenrek-o, tenrec shrew (Tenrec).

tens-o, (gram) tense. (= tempo 5).

tensi-o, 1 Tension (tirstreĉo), strain, stress, tenseness, tightness. Forta ~o. 2 (el) Voltage. ~o kontinua. (Mal)alta ~o, high (low) v. ~a falo, v-drop. Sub~o, hypo-t. Super~o, hyper-t. (el) boosting, over-v. (med). ~~o arteria, high blood pressure.

tensor-o, (anat) tensor.

tent-i, [UV] Tempt, try, entice (incite) (usually to evil). Vane vi ~as, mi ne konsentas. ~o, -ation, enticement, seduction, trial (action). Cedi (succomb, yield) al ~o. Rezisti ~on. Malfermita kelo ~as al Stelo. ~a, -ing, alluring. ~anto, -er. ~iĝo, -ation (experienced).

tentakl-o, (zoo) tentacle.

teobromin-o, (chem) theobromine.

teodolit-o, theodolite.

teokrati-o, [OA] theocra/cy. ~a -tic.

teolog-o, [OA] Theolog/ian, divine. ~IO, -y, divinity.

teorem-o, [OA] theorem.

teori-o [F], Theor/y. ~o de gravito, muziko. Tio estas nur ~oj. ~a, -etical, speculative. ~a skizo. ~e ĝusta, sed praktike nerealigebla. ~i, -ize, ~isto, -etician.

teozof-io, Theosoph-y. ~ia, -ical. ~(iist)o, -ist.

ter-o, [UV] Earth. 1 (~globo), (astr) the world. Esti sola sur la ~o. Mondo~o (Se 8/31). 2 Ground, land. ~o firma, sankta. Kuŝi sur la ~o. Vojaĝi sur ~o kaj maro. 3 ground, soil. Fosi, kultivi la ~on. ~o argila, riĉa, sabla, seka. ~a, earthen, of the e. ~a poto, surfaco. Fali ~en, (down. to the g.) Rigardu ~en, landward. ~en! Down! ~aĵo, e-work. ~ulaĉo, clodhopper. ~amaso, hillock, knoll, piece of e. Al~iĝi, land. Vizaĝ~~e, prone. ekster~ulo. El~igi, dig up, disinter, exhume. ~~iĝi (tra~iĝi), come up. en~igi [UV] (Jeĥ 39/15), bury, inter. ~~igi mortinton, trezoron. ~~igita, done with and forgotten. ~~iga soleno, obsequies (➞ funeral). ~~igejo, burial-ground, cemetery, grave-yard. ~~igisto, grave-digger. ~~iĝi, burrow, go to e. Ne~a, unearthly. Sub~a, under-g., subterranean. ~~a fervojo (metroo). Super~a, ethereal, supermundane. Sur~a, e-ly, on the e., terrestrial. ~~a vivo. Kuŝanta ~~e, prostrate. ~~iĝi, run aground, land. Trans~a, from beyond, ultra-territorial. ➞ grund, hum, kamp, land.

terakot-o, ~a, terracotta.

terapen-o, terrapin (Terrapene), various species of pond-tortoise or box-turtle (~o aligatora, Eŭropa, pentrita).

terapi-o [OA] (kuracarto), Therap ly, -eutics, curative treatment. ~a, -eutical.

teras-o, [UV] Terrace. 1 raised level space. 2 Row of houses along this. ~e, in terraces. ➞ altan, balkon.

teratologi-o, teratology, study of monstrosities.

terbi-o, (chem) terbium (Tb).

terc-o ( = trito), (mus) third (intvl). ~o majora (minora).

tercet-o, [OA] 1 (pros) tercet. 2 (mus) (= triteto), trio, three performers, or music for them.

terciar-a, ~o (geol) Tertiary era.

terebint-o, [OA] Turpentine, resin from various conifers. ~arbo, terebinth (Pistacia terebentha) (Jes 1/29; Ho 4/13). ~oleo, t-oil, turps.

tered-o, teredo, ship-borer(-worm) (Teredo).

teren-o, Ground, plot, terrain, tract of land, (sp) pitch. Favora ~o, vantage-ground. Akiri, gajni, okupi, perdi ~on, gain (lose) g. (territory), f (agokampo). Koni la ~on, be sure of one’s g., know the ropes. ~o komerca. ~o de dispute. ➞ are, aren, kamp, ter, teritori.

teritori-o, [OA] Territor/y, district, region, land (under jurisdiction or operate). ~a, -ial. ➞ distrikt, kanton, provinc, region, subŝtat, ŝtat, teren.

term-o, 1 (mat, log), term (element of formula or reasoning). ~o de ekvacio, silogismo, 2 (ph) ~a, thermal, thermic.

termin-o, [UV] (technical) Term, expression, name. ~aro, nomenclature. ~ologio, terminology. ➞ finstaci.

termit-o, [OA] termite, "white ant" (Termes). ~ejo.

termo- (Gk pfx = varm), Thermo-. ~dinamiko, ~elektro, ~kemio, ~metro [OA], ~nukleo, ~stato, ~terapio. ~botelo (termoso), vacuum flask.

tern-i, [UV] ~o, Sneeze. Ne ekzistas ~o sen nazo. ~igi, make s. ~iga, sternutatory. ~iga pulvoro, -ing powder.

teror-o, (pol) Terror/ism, reign of terror. ~i, -ize, frighten into submission, use coercive intimidation. ~isto, -ist. ➞ terur.

terur-o, [UV] Terr/or, fright, intense fear. Atakis min ~o. ~a, terrible, terrifying, awful, dire, frightful, horrid, horrible. ~a akcidento, stato. f (ega), ~a malamo. ~e (treege) malorda, malbona vetero, suferi. ~(eg)i, -ify, appal, dismay, fill with terror, horrify. Vi ~as min (Ij 7/14, Ps 27/1). Kuri ~ite (2 Sa 22/46; Ps 18/45). ~ata de, -ified at. ~aĵoj de milito, horrors of war. ~igi, make -ible. ~iĝi, be -ified. ➞ abomen, teror, timig.

test-o, test, critical examination (trial) of qlties (of person or thing). ~o pri inteligento. ~i, put to the test, make trial of. ➞ prov.

testament-o, [UV] Testament. 1 (jur) will, death settlement. ~a, -ary. ~i, bequeath, leave (by will), f pass on, e.g., from one generation to another. ~aĵo, bequest, legacy. ~into, testator. Sen~a, intestate. ➞ hered, postlas. 2 (Bb) (covenant, dispensation): La (Mal)Nova ~o (MT, NT).

testik-o, [UV] testicle. ~ujo, scrotum.

testud-o, [UV] Tortoise (Testudo). Mara ~o (kelonio), turtle. ~a ŝelo (karapaco), t-shell. Paŝi ~e. Bona famo sin trenas ~e, malbona kuras rapide.

tetan-o, [UV] Tetan/us > lockjaw. II ~io, -y.

tetr-o, [UV] black cock (grouse) (Lyrurus tetrix). ~ino, gray hen. ➞ lagop, urogal. [Ne= tetra].

tetra- (Gk pfx = kvar), tetra-. ~gono, ~klorido, ~metro, ~oksido. (mus) ~kordo, -chord = each half of a major scale, e.g., C-F, G-C.

tetra-o, [UV] hazel grouse (Tetrastes). ~ino, hazel hen. ➞ lagop, urogal.

teŭg-o, (mar) forecastle, deck.

teŭkri-o, (bot) wood-sage, germander (Teuerium).

tez-o, [UV] thesis, proposition to be maintained (esp in university exam). Senpruva ~o estas nur hipotezo. Submeti (uphold) ~on.

tia [UV] (tiuspeca), of that kind, that kind of a, such a, like that. Ne skribu ~jn longajn leterojn. Mi ne amas ~jn homojn, Ni ne estas ~j (people like that). Li kreis ion ~n, kio ankoraŭ neniam ekzistis (the like of which till then had never existed). Kia patro, ~ filo, like father, like son. Venu ~a, kia vi estas (as you are). Tia-tia (Rut 4/1). ~ĵoj, such things. ~maniere, ke, so that.

tial [UV] (tiukaŭze, pro tio, strong form of do), accordingly, for that reason, therefore, that is why. Li ne volas lerni, kaj ~ mi batas lin. ~ ke, because, for the reason that (strong form of ĉar). La bebo ploris nur ke ĝi malsatis. ~o (kialo). ➞ sekve.

tiam, [UV] (adv) (tiumomente, tiutempe). 1 Then, at that time: ~ mi estis juna. Venu morgaŭ; ~ mi estos libera. De ~, from that time, since then, thenceforward, thereafter. 2 (tiuokaze): In that case, under those circumstances. La artikolo "la" estas uzata kiam ni parolas pri aferoj konataj. Se vi ne komprenos, ~ mi parolos pli malrapide. ~a, of that time (those days), contemporary. La ~aj moroj. La ĝis~aj sistemoj (K 261/32). ~ulo, contemporary, man of that time (living then).

tiar-o, [OA] tiara, papal crown, ornamental coronet.

tibi-o, [UV] tibia, shin-bone, drumstick. ~o de akrido (4 FA 10/25). ~ingo, upper of high boot. ~umoj, leggings. ~karno (suro), calf of leg.

tie, [UV] (adv) (tiuloke), There, in that place, over t., yonder. ~ kaj aliloke, here and there. Kion vi faras ~? De thence. Ne iru ~n (to t., thither). Kie dento doloras, ~n iras la lango. Paŝi ~n kaj reen, hither and thither, t. and back, to and fro. ~a, local, of that place. ~ulo, local person. Ĉi ~, here, in this place, on this point. Proksimume ĉi ~, hereabouts. For de ĉi ~! Hence! Ĉi ~en, hither, to here.

tiel [UV] (adv). 1 (MANNER = tiumaniere): as, in such a (that) way, like that, so, thus. ~ ni kontentigis ĉiuj. tr. ~ estu, so be it. ~ ke, so that. Por ~ diri, so to speak. Kaj ~ plu (k.t.p., ktp.), and so on, etc. Se ~ estas, if that is the case. 2 (COMPARISON): ~ bona, kiel vi (just) as good as you. Kiel oni sternas, ~ oni dormas. Estu ~ afabla, kiel… Be so kind as to. 3 (DEGREE): La nokto estis ~ malluma, ke ni nenion povis vidi. Li estas ~ malsana, ke li verŝajne mortos. ~a, ~e, emphatic pleonastic forms of tia, tiel (Jeh 17/19, 26/7).

ties [F], 1 (de tiu, de tio, de tiuj), Of that (those), that one’s, his, etc.: ~ opinio ne multe valoras. Kies panon oni manĝas, ~ vorton oni parolas. 2 (the latter’s): Ili promenis kun sia amiko kaj ~ (= lia) kuzo. La infano ludis kun sia pupo, kaj subite ~ (its) kapo rompiĝis.

tif-o, [OA] Typh/us. ~(ec)a (~ojda) febro. ~ulo, sufferer from typhus.

tifa-o, reed mace, false bulrush (Typha).

tifon-o (Pacifika uragano), (met) typhoon,

tig-o, stem, stalk (of plant): shaft (of column); shank (of key); straw (of corn); (mus) stem (of note). ➞ trunket.

tigr-o, [UV] tiger (Panthera tigris). ~ino, tigress.

tik-o, 1 (med) tic, twitch(ing). 2 (tex) ticking (of mattress).

tikl-i (-n), [UV] Tickl/e. Ne ~u min. f Tiu muziko simple ~as la orelon. ~o, tickle. ~a, that -s. f -ish, awkward, delicate, thorny. ~a demando, punkto, weak spot. Tio ĉi estas ~aj aferoj (GD 13/9). ~eti, titillate. ~osentema, -ish.

tikodrom-o (murbirdo), wall-creeper (Tichodroma).

tiktak-i, Tick, go tick-tock (horloĝo); click-clack (teksilo); pit-a-pat (koro). ~ado, -ing.

tild-o (ondosigno), (typ) tilda (~).

tili-o, [UV] lime (linden) tree (Tilia). Amerika ~o, basswood (T. Americana). ~a floro, teo.

tim-i, [UV] Fear, be afraid (frightened) of, anxious (apprehensive) about. dread, ~i doloron, mokon, morton, punon. ~i diri, konfesi, morti. Mi timas, ke jes (ne). I am afraid so (not). ~i, ke pluvos, ke ne pluvos. ~o, fear, anxiety. Perfekta amo elĵetas ~on (1 Jo 4/18). Paliĝi de ~o, ~o pri (fear of) fiasko. Pro ~o ke, lest, for fear that. ~o antaŭ la Eternulo (Se 1/7) ~(em)a, fearful, apprehensive, nervous, tim-id-orous. ~a krio, cry of fear. ~emo, faint-heartedness, pusillanimity, timidity. ~(em)ulo, coward, poltroon. ~ego, abject f., fright, terror. ~igi, affright, alarm, frighten, intimidate, scare. ~igilo, bug-bear, scarecrow. Ne~igebla, dauntless, imperturbable. Parol~igi, browbeat. ~iĝi, become afraid. ~inda, formidable, ~eginda, awesome, terrific. Antaŭ~o, apprehension, foreboding. Ek~i, be startled, take fright. For~igi, frighten away (off), repel. ~~iga, forbidding, horrible, repellent. Mal~i, have courage, brave, dare, risk. ~~o, boldness, daring, intrepidity, pluck, temerity. Ne~igebla, undaunted. Sen~a, fearless, bold, unconcerned, ~~eco, coolness, composure, sang-froid. Tro~~a, rash. Akvo~o (hidrofobio). Dio~a, God-fearing, Hom~a, coy, shy, timid. Tuŝo~a, fragile, shivery, sore, tender. ➞ aŭdac, kuraĝ, terur. Rim.: The form Mi timas, ke ne pluvu (= I f. lest it rain) is a combination of Mi timas, ke pluvos and Mi deziras, ke ne pluvu. It is classical and Z., but liable to be misunderstood, so may well be avoided.

timal-o, (ich) grayling (Thymalus).

timian-o, [UV] Thyme (Thymus). ~o sovaĝa (a. serpilo), wild t.

timol-o, (chem) thymol.

timon-o, [UV] Shaft; beam (of plough); pole (of carriage); trail (of cannon). ~a paro, pair of shafts.

Timor-o, Orienta T~o TL.

timpan-o, 1 kettle-drum. ~isto. 2 (anat) tympanum, ear-drum.

timus-o, thymus-gland, sweetbread.

tin-o, Tub, tank, tun, vat (J1 3/13). Lav~o, wash-tub. ~eto, firkin, wooden bucket. Inka ~eto (4 FA 134/18). ~isto, cellar-man, wet cooper. [Ne= lad, stan, tinus].

tinam-o, (orn) tinamou.

tindr-o, [OA] tinder, touch-wood.

tine-o, [UV] (clothes-)moth (Tinea) (Ps 39/11, Mt 6/19). ➞ lepidopter.

ting-tang! (onom) ding-dong (4 FA 67/1, 70/2).

tink-o, [OA] (ich) tench (Tinea).

tinktur-o, [OA] Tinct/ure. 1 Dye, hue, stain. ~i, d., colour, stain, tone, tint, tinge. ~a, t-orial. ~ado, d-ing. ~ejo, d-works. ~isto, d-er. 2 (pharm) = tintur.

tint-i, [UV] (nt) Tinkl/e, chink, clink, (bells, glasses); jingle (coins, keys); rattle (windowpanes). Ŝi povas iom ~i (strum a little) per gitaro; sur piano. ~a, tinkling, silver-toned, ~ado, -ing, tintin-nabulation. ~ado de armiloj. Klak~i, krak~i, clash, jingle, etc. ~igi (-n), chink, jingle (glasojn, ŝlosilojn). ~ilo, small bell.

tinimkol-o (turfalko), kestrel (Falco tinunculus).

tinus-o, (ich) tunny (Thynnus).

tintur-o (a. tinkturo), (pharm) tincture, essence, solution in alcohol. ~o joda (kinina), t. of iodine (quinine).

tio, [UV] (pron) that (thing) (affair, object), it. De kie ~ venis? Where did that come from? Kion vi promesis, ~n plenumu. Cu ~ estas vi? ~ (tiu bruo) estas hundoj, kiuj bojas. Poste venis nigra hundo; ~ (ĝi) estis … ~ (tiu listo) estas la filoj de Jehuda (No. 26/22 …). ~ (kion mi ĵus diris) estas miaj pensoj. Ĉi ~, this thing. ➞ tiu.

tiom (da), [UV] (adv) (tiu kvanto), that amount (number, quantity), so many (much). ~ estis la jaroj de Sara (Ge 23/1). Ne estis necese fari al mi ~ da lecionoj, kaj ~ skandaliĝi (GD 15/24). Kiom da kapoj, ~ da opinioj. Ĝia longo estas kiom la largo (Ap 21/16). Li ~ drinkis, ke li ebriiĝis. ~ (des) pli bone, so much the better. ~ pli, ke (car), all (so much) the more that, especially as. ~ (so far, to that extent) mi konsentas. ~a, of so much (great). Ho, ~e! (col, pleon) Oh! ever so much! (Aline 15). ~aj (tiel multaj), of so many, such a number of. ➞ kiom, tia, tiel.

tip-o, [OA] Typ/e, character, specimen, (thl) symbol (Ro 5/14). ~o de aglutina lingvo. (col) Li estas vera ~o (quite a character). (laŭ)~a, -ical, to t. ~a Franco. Vizaĝo ~e Itala. (typ) (preslitero). ~aro, fount. ~fandisto, t-founder, Laŭ~igi, standardize. Pra~o (prototipo), proto-t. ➞ emblem, figur, model, norm.

tipofon-o, (m.i.) dulcitone.

tipograf/io, [OA] Typograph/y. ~(ist)o, printer, ~ia, -ical.

tipol-o (longkrurulo), daddy-long-legs, crane-fly (Tipula). ~a larvo, leather- jacket.

tir-i, [UV] Draw, Pull: ~i kurtenon, manikon; harojn, ŝnurojn. ~i iun el la lito. Fiŝo ne iras, sed hoko ĝin ~as. (vn) ~«/ = down- bow. f (logi): Tio min ~is al ŝi. Ili provis ~i min en la disputon. 2 drag, haul, tow: ~i sledon. Ĉevalo ~as plugilon, 3 (ĉerpi): get (out of), obtain. ~i instruon, konkludon, utilon el io; profiton (lecionon) el la sperto.< 4 lengthen, eke (spin, stretch) out: ~i draton. ~o, pull (org) ~a mekanismo, tracker action. ~ado, draught, haulage, traction. ~ata, drawling (voĉo); shambling, slouching (paŝado). ~egi, heave, tug. ~ilo, bell-pull, door-handle, etc. Bot~ilo, Ŝu~ilo, boot-jack. Buton~ilo, button-hook. Dent~ilo, forceps. Kork~ilo, corkscrew. Najl~ilo, nail-claw. Al~i, attract. ~~i atenton. ~~a muskolo, adductor. ~~iĝi, be d-n to. Ek~i, jerk, (mot) pick up. El~i, draw (pull) out, extract. ~i konfeson, promeson, sangon, sekreton; larmojn el la okuloj; oron el la tero. En~i, d. in, furl. For~i (De~i), draw (pull) away, with-d. ~~i la botojn. ~~a muskolo, abductor. kun~i, [UV] draw together, astringe, contract, tighten, knit (brows). Re~i, draw back, recall, with-draw. ~~i manon, vorton. Sin ~~i de, cry off. ~~iĝi, retire, step back. Supren~i, draw (p.) up, raise. Sur~i, d. (p.) on. ~ ~ ganton, boton. ➞ tren.

tiraljor-o, sharp-shooter, skirmisher.

tiran-o, [OA] Tyran/t. 1 of Gk history. 2 ruler or person. ~a, -nical. ~a ordono, povo. ~i, tyrannize, rule with a rod of iron, ~eto, petty t., bully. ~eti, hector, -icido, -nicide. 3 ~(bird)o, t-bird (-flycatcher). (Tyrannus).

tiravir-o, (mar) parbuckle, rope for raising or lowering objs. ~i barelon.

tirojd-o, ~a, thyroid. ~a glando.

titan-o [OA], (myth) Titan. ~a, -ic, colossal, superhuman, vast. ➞ kolos.

titan-io, (chem) Titan/ium (Ti) (combining form titan-). ~ato, ~ika, ~oza.

titol-o, [UV] Title, designate, heading, name. 1 official: Havi la ~on prezidento, princo. ~o sen mono, sensignifa sono. 2 of article, book, etc. 3 claim to merit, ownership, etc., deed, diploma: Skribu viajn ~ojn. ~i, call, designate, name, (en)title, style. Ne ~u min "Majstro". ~a, of title, brevet, honorary, nominal, titular. ~uloj, people of title. ➞ epitet, honor, nom, rubrik.

titr-o, (chem) Titr/e, strength of solution (alloy). ~i titrate, assay, standardize.

tiu, [UV] 1 (pron), That one (thing or person), the one (he, she, it) over there. Provu ~n (~jn), try that (those). Kiu vivos, ~ vidos. Kiu rompis, ~ pagu. Mi estas kiu parolis al vi hieraŭ. 2 (adj) That (particular, individual). Mi ne konas ~n homon (that man); ~ujn homojn, those men. Ĉi tiu, this (one). ~~ au alia, this or that. Ĉi tiuj, these,

tizan-o, decoction, infusion. Kamomila ~o, camomile tea.

tju! boo! shoo! Fortimigi lupon per forta ~.

tlasp-o (monherbo), penny-cress (Thlaspi).

tmez-o, (rh) tmesis, insertion of another word in middle of a compound word (e.g.) to us ward, what things soever.

toast-o (rostita pano), toast. Fromaĝita ~o, Welsh rabbit. ~rako. ➞ tost.

tobogan-o, toboggan.

tof-o, tuff, tufa, tophus (stone deposit, chalky sub-soil).

tog-o, [OA] toga. Roman flowing robe over whole body except right arm.

Togoland-o TG.

tokat-o, (mus) toccata.

toks-a, Tox/ic. ~i, affect by poison or -in. ~iĝo, -aemia. ~ologio, -ology.

toksin-o, toxin.

tol-o, [UV] (tex) Linen (Cloth), sheeting. Pala, kiel ~o, white as a sheet. Ĉemiz~o, shirting. Delikata ~o (Se 31/22). Drata ~o, wire gauze. Flag~o, bunting. Gum~o, buckram. Katuna ~o (kalikoto), calico. Lak~o, vaks~o, [UV] oil-cloth. Pak~o, pack-c. Pentrista (vela) ~o, canvas. Sak~o, sack-cloth. ~a, (of) 1. ~a antaŭtuko. ~a bindo, c-binding. ~aĵo, [UV] linen-goods, washing. Brust~aĵo, (men) shirt-front; (woman) modesty-vest, front-vest. Dom~aĵo, house-linen, napery. Lit~aĵo, bedding, sheeting. Tabla ~aĵo, table-linen. Virina ~aĵo, lingerie. ~aĵisto, draper. ➞ drap, lin, linoleum, tuk.

toler-i (-n), [UV] Toler/ate. 1 bear, endure, suffer (varmon, etc.). Mi ne povas ~i (I can’t bear, endure, stand) tion. (med) ~i drogon. 2 allow, abide, brook, excuse, overlook, pass over, put up with, wink at. ~i kapricon. ~u, ke mi parolu. f Tiu regulo ne ~as escepton. ~(ad)o, -ation, patience, forbearance. Longe ~a, long-suffering. ~ebla, tolerable, not so very (too) bad, venial. Ne~ebla, intolerable. ~ema, tolerant, broad-minded, compliant, easy-going. Ne~ema, intolerant. ➞ elport, las, permes, sufer.

tolu-o, Tolu. ~arbo, t-tree (Myroxylon). ~a balzamo.

toluen-o, toluene.

tomahok-o, tomahawk. ➞ hakil.

tomat-o, [OA] tomato (Lycopersicum). ~a saŭco.

tomb-o, [UV] Grave, Tomb, vault. Familia ~o. La Sankta ~o. f havi unu piedon en la ~o, be on the point of death, on the edge of (have one foot in) the grave. ~a (sepulchral) paleco, voĉo. ~a kavo (kripto), vault. ~a ŝtono, t-stone. ~a tolaĵo, g-clothes. ~ejo, [UV] g-yard, cemetery, necropolis. Preĝeja ~ejo, church-yard. ~isto, g-digger. ~ujo, ~loko, sepulchre (Ge 23/6). El~igi, exhume. En~igi, en-t., bury, inter, lay in the g. (enterigi). Sen~a, unburied. Sur~aĵo, g-mound, barrow, tumulus (tumulo). Trans~a, beyond the g. ➞ ter.

tombak-o, [UV] pinchbeck, tombac. Cu and Zn alloy for ~aĵo, cheap jewellery.

tombol-o, tombola, (charity) lottery, raffle. ➞ loteri.

ton-o, [UV] Tone. 1 (= sono), sound, "note" heard: ~o simpla (pura), malsimpla. 2 intonation, modulation, of voice: ~o amika, aŭtoritata, kolera. Paroli kun ~o de riproĉo. ŝanĝi la ~on, change one’s tune, sing another song. Naza ~o, nazal twang. 3 prevailing char: La ~o de la dramo (diskuto) estis gaja. Doni la ~on, set the tone. Bon~o, breeding, good form (manners), etiquette of good society. ~~a, elegant, refined. 4 (art, phot) (kolor~o), gen. effect (of colour, light and shade): hue, nuance, tinge, tint. Varmaj ~oj. ~igi (phot) tone. ~iga bano, toning bath. 5 (med) -icity, healthy elasticity of muscles. ~igi, t. (brace) up, invigorate. (phot) Duon~o, half-t. 6 (ac) Krom~o, > over-t, harmonic, partial. Sub~o, differential. Sum~o, summation tone. Super~o (harmono), harmonic, upper partial. Sen~a, toneless. Unu~a (monotona), monotonous. ~~a rakonto, stilo, voĉo. 7 (mus intvl) Tone, major second = (plen)duto. Duon~o, kvaron~o, tri~o, semi-(quarter-tri-)t. Rim.: These terms are international. But as ton has many meanings, the use of dut (which see) seems preferable here. ➞ harmon, interval, not, nuanc, piĉ, son(er), tonal, tonik.

tonal-o, (mus) Key. ~o maj or a (minora).; proksima (related, attendant); relativa (e.g., C. maj. kaj A min.); samtonika (e.g., A maj. kaj A min.). ~a, tonal. ~a fugo = fugo kun ~a respondo (opposite reala). ~eco, tonality. ~signo (gamsigno), k-signature. Ne~a (sentonika), atonal, in no key.

tond-i (-n) [UV], Clip, Shear, snip. ~i barbon, drapon, heĝon; harojn. ~i ĉevalon, hundon, ŝafon. Por ŝafo ~ita Dio venton moderigas. ~aĵo, clipings. ~ilo, [UV] scissors, clippers, s-s. Heĝ~ilo, hedge c-per. Meĉ~ilo, snuffer. Razen~ilo, lawn-mower. Ungo~ilo, nail-scissors, ~isto, s-er. ~fasono, cut. ~maŝino, s-ing machine. De~i, cut off. El~i, cut out (wide sense). Pri~i (arbon), prune. ~~ilo, secateurs. ➞ stuc.

tondr-o, [UV] Thunder. Fulm~o, t. and lightning, t-storm. f kvazaŭ frapita de ~o, t-struck. ~o de aplaŭdo, ~a aplaŭdado. ~as, it is t-ing. ~i, boom, reverberate, roar (kanono, tamburo). f ~i kontraŭ, inveigh against. ~is kolera voĉo. ~eca, ~era, -y. ~ado, rolling, ‘etc. (of t., drum). Ek~o, clap, peal, of t.

tonel-o, (mar) measure of capacity, unit of registered tonnage, space of 100 cubic feet (2.83 m3.) Frajta ~o, 40 cubic feet (1,44 m3). ~aro, -nage (weight). ~aro kruda (gross), neta (net). ➞ tun, volumen.

Tong-o TO.

tonik-o (gamnoto), Tonic, key-note. ~a, t. ~a do (solfao), Tonic Sol-fa. Sen~a (netonala), atonal. Super~o, super-t.

tonsil-o, Tonsil. ~ito, -itis.

tonsur-o, [OA] -i, Tonsure. ~a, -ed, shaven (as a priest),

top-o, (mar) Top. ~masto, ~velo, top-mast, top-sail.

topaz-o, [UV] topaz, aluminium silicate (Ij 28/19).

topinambur-o = terpiro, Jerusalem artichoke. ➞ pir, heliant.

topograf-o, [OA] ~io, [OA] topograph-er, -y. ~ia, -ical.

torak-o, thorax, chest.

torĉ-o, [UV] Torch, link. ~o elektra. (av) ~o alteriga, landing-flare, f ~o de religio, scienco. ~(lum)a (t-light) procesio. ~isto, t-bearer, link-boy. ~ujo, t-holder.

tord-i (-n) [UV], Twist, ~i brakon, draton, piedon, vizaĝon, la lipharojn: wring, kolon, tukon, manojn, vestojn. ~(it)a, -ed, buckled, contorted, distorted, wry. Arbo ~ita de vento. ~o, twist, sprain. Kol~o, crick in the neck, ~ado, ~eco, torsion. ~aĵo, t., coil. ~eca, devious, circuituous, tortuous. ~ilo, garrot, tightener, wringer, etc. ~iĝi (sin ~i), become t-ed (convulsed), squirm, wriggle, writhe. ~iĝema, wriggly. El~i, extort, squeeze out. For~i, wrench (wring) off. ~~i la kolon de birdo. Kun~i (coil) la harojn. Mal~i, un-t, disentangle, unravel. Lang~ilo, tongue-twister. Prem~i (~elpremi), mangle, squeeze, wring out (1 FA 149/28). Streĉ~i, wind up (2 FA 28/13). ~premilo, tourniquet. ➞ elprem, plekt, streĉ, volv.

toreador-o [OA], toreador, mounted bull-fighter.

torent-o, [OA] Torrent, swift rushing stream. ~o da pluvo. Akvaj ~oj (Ps 1/3). f violent flow. ~o da larmoj, riproĉoj, vortoj. ~(ec)a, -ial. ~a pluvo. Pluvi ~e, rain in torrents (buckets, sheets), cats and dogs. ~eco, impetuousity. ~ego, deluge, down-pour. ➞ lavang, uragan.

torf-o, [UV] Peat, sod, turf. Fosi ~on, cut p. ~(ec)a, -y. ~a grundo. ~a bulo, slab or block of p. ~ejo, p-bog.

tori-o, (chem) thorium (Th).

torilid-o, (bot) bur-(hedge-)parsley (Torilis).

tormentel-o, (bot) tormentil (Potentilla erecta).

torn-i (-n), [UV] (carp) Turn (fashion, shape) in a lathe. Argilon, eburon, lignon, metalon. ~i poton, vazon. f ~i belsonan frazon. ~aĵo, -ings, -ed work. ~ejo, -ery. ~ilo, lathe. Sraŭb~ilo, screw-cutting lathe. ~isto, -er. ➞ turn.

tornad-o, (met) tornado, violent storm.

tornistr-o, [UV] haversack, knapsack. ~eto, satchel, wallet.

torped-o, [OA] 1 (mil) Torpedo. ~a ŝipo, t-boat. 2 (ich) (elektra rajo), (sku-rajo), electric ray t.

torpor-a, Torp/id, without power of motion or feeling. f apathetic, benumbed, dormant, inactive, sluggish. ~(ec)o, -idity. ~igi, benumb, -ify. ➞ letargi, sensenc, stupor.

tors-o, [OA] (anat) torso, trunk. Nur la ~o restis (1 Sa 5/4).

tort-o, [UV] (cul) 1 (covered, puff, raised) fruit pie, tart. ~o ĉeriza, poma. 2 flat pastry with jam, jam tart. ~eto, tartlet. ~ujo, baking-tin, pie-dish. ➞ pasteĉ.

tortrik-o, leaf-roller moth (Tortrix).

tortur-i (-n) (turmentegi), Tortur/e, e.g., (to produce confession); inflict severe pain. ~o, t. ~o fizika, morala. ~ejo, t-chamber. ~ilo, e.g., rack.

tost-i, [OA] Toast, propose (drink to) the health (success) of. ~o, t. Respondi al ~o. Rim.: In Z’s Russian and German dictionaries, and his own writings, Z. used toast-i. But in a reprint, by an obvious printer’s error, the "a" fell out. Now tost-i is official. ➞ toast.

total-a (ĉioma), Total. ~a eklipso. ~a milito. ~ismo, -itarianism. ~isma reĝimo.

totan-o (orn) (ruĝkrurulo), redshank (Tritiga totanus) < tringo.

totem-o, Totem. ~ismo, -ism.

tra [UV] (prep), through. 1 from one end to the other: ~ la ventego lia voĉo ne aŭdiĝis. Serĉi ~ (all over) la urbo. 2 through and past: Pelu mizeron ~ la pordo, ĝi revenos ~ la fenestro. ~ unu orelo ĝi eniras, ~ la dua ĝi eliras. Rim.: The accusative is sometimes used for greater precision. Brili ~ kurtenon; pasi ~ urbon; salti ~ fenestron. 3 (dum) during. Mi dormis ~ la tuta nokto. ~a (~e), thorough(ly). PFX: ~bori, ~dormi, ~guti, ~legi, ~vivi, etc. ➞ al, per, trans.

trab-o, [UV] Beam, Girder, Joist (Mt 7/3, Alt 1/17). Prenu ĉiu po unu ~o (2 Rĝ 6/2). Apog~o, prop, shore, stay. Ĉef~o, main g. Flanka ~o, side-g. Krad~o (Trus~o), trussed g. Lig~o (Tir~o), binding-joist, tie beam. Ligna ~o, wooden b. (ry) Rel~o (ŝpalo), sleeper. Rul~o (1 Sa 17/7). Sub~o, bearer, bridging j. Tegola ~o, rafter. Trans~o, cross-bar, tie, transom, traverse-beam. ~aĵo, ~aro, frame-work, timber-work, scaffolding, etc. ~eto, tie. ~izi (timber) minon, muron, panelon. ➞ ĉevron, ŝtip, tabul, trus.

trad-o, (met) trade (wind). ➞ muson.

tradici-o, [OA] Tradition. ~a, -al. ~a festo, instruo, kutimo, melodio. ~ismo, ~isto, -alism, -alist. ~aro, body of t.

traduk-i (-n), [UV] Translat/e. ~i estas malfacile. ~i el unu lingvo en alian. ~i Esperanten (en Esperanton) (= Esp-igi). f interpret, realize. ~i teorion en praktikon. ~(ad)o, ~(art)o, -ion. ~(aĵ)o, -ion, rendering, version. Esperanta ~o de Hamleto. ~anto, ~isto, -or. Mis~i, mis-t. Ne~ebla, un-able.

traf-i (-n) [UV], 1 Hit the goal (mark), attain (reach) one’s aim, strike home. Homo pafas, Dio ~as. ~i du birdojn per unu ŝtono. ~i (catch) la poŝton, vagonaron. Se fajro ~os (catch in) dornojn (El 22/6). f befall, come (fall) upon. La gripo. Kuglo. morto lin ~is. La mateno ~is ilin en Ĥebron (2 Sa 2/32). Povus min ~i (overtake) malfeliĉo (Ge 19/19). ~i laŭmerite, serve (one) right. 2 contact, fall foul of, hit against, meet. ~i meblon kaj sin vundi. ~i per la vizaĝo en koton. ~i (find one’s) en la manojn de la polico; ~i en sablan trombon (4 FA 29/33). f experience, ~i embarason, malfeliĉon, rezulton. ~i bonan akcepton, meet with a good reception. ~o, hit, good shot, home thrust. ~o blinda, okaza, chance hit, fluke. ~a, apposite, pat, pertinent, shrewd, telling, to the point. ~a argumento, respondo, rimarko. ~e priskribi la situation. ~e-maltrafe, hit or miss. ~e! hear! hear! you’ve hit it! ~ebla, within range. ~eco, pertinence, ~ema pafisto (K 72/28) ~ite! a hit! (H 169/28). ~povo, range. Mal~i (fiaski, malsukcesi), Miss, fail to hit the mark, fall flat, lose. ~~i la okazon, vagonaron. ~~o, m., wide. Ne~~ebla, inevitable, certain to be hit. ~~igi, baulk, cause to m. ➞ ating, fat, frap, renkont, tuŝ.

trafik-o [OA], traffic. ~o fervoja, havena, strata, turista.

tragakant-o, (bot) tragacanth (Tragacanthus). ~a gumo. ➞ astragal.

tragedi-o [F], Traged/y. 1 (th) drama in prose or verse, with an unhappy ending. 2 calamity, sad event. ~o familia, nacia, persona. ~a, 1 of t., 2 tragic, calamitous, distressing, sad. ~a rolo, poeto, sceno, voĉo.

tragelaf-o, (zoo) > bushbuck, nyala, and kudu antelopes (Tragelaphus) (Rd 14/5).

tragik-a [OA] (= tragedia 2), tragic.

tragikomedi-o, [OA] tragicomedy, tragedy with happy ending.

tragol-o, (zoo) mouse-deer, chevrotain (Tragulus).

tragopog-o, goat’s beard, Jack go to bed at noon, shepherd’s cloak. (Tragopogon). > salsify (T. porriforius). ➞ skorzoner.

traĥe-o [UV] (a. keo), trachea, wind-pipe.

trajektori-o, trajectory, path of comet, projectile, etc. (av) flight path.

trajn-o (trenaĵo), Train, string, tow. 1 line, series, succession of objs one behind another: ~o da aviadiloj, boatoj, eventoj, kameloj, servantoj, venturiloj. ~o artileria. (av) ~o glisila glider t. 2 fervoja ~o = vagonaro.

trajt-o, [UV] Feature, characteristic, line, trait; liniament (de vizaĝo). ~o de karaktero, situacio, de Angla vivo. La ĉefaj ~oj (main out-lines) de temo. Sever~a, grave f-ed.

trak-o (relparo), Track, line, permanent way, road. Ĉefa ~o, main line. Flanka ~o, siding. ~o libera, okupita, empty (occupied) line. ~o duobla, simpla, double (single) track. ~o al-(de-)ĉefurba, up (down) line. ~o etŝpura, narrow-gauge track. De~iĝi, leave the rails. Vojo du~a, unu~a. ~forko. ~krucaĵo, scissor-crossg. -largo (spuro), gauge. -metado, plate-(t-)laying.

trakeli-o, nettle-leaved bell-flower (Campanula traehelium).

traken-o, (ich) Weever (Traehinus). Vipura ~o, lesser w., sting-fish.

trakt-i (-n., pri) [UV] 1 (ion), Treat of, deal with, describe, discuss, handle: ~i demandon, problemon, situacion, taskon, temon. ~i negocon, negotiate, transact business, ~i diversmaniere, serioze, supraĵe. 2 (iun), act (behave) towards, deal with. ~i malbone, be unkind to, t. badly. ~i afable, frate, laŭmerite, perfide, kiel amiko. Li indignis, ke oni ~is lin tiel (at being -ed so), (med) ~i malsanon, pacienton (kuraci). ~o, -ment. ~ado, negotiates. ~aĵo, t-ise (systematic composition). ~aĵo pri elektro, vegetarismo. Religia ~aĵo, tract. Ek~i, touch on. (mil) ek~o, parley. Inter~o, conference, discussion. Pri~i, deal with, set forth, unfold. ~~o, full account, statement. ➞ traktat.

traktat-o [OA] (traktaĵo), (pol) Treaty, agreement, compact. ~o inter du landoj. ~o de paco, peace t. Fari ~on, conclude a t. ➞ trakt.

traktor-o, (mec) tractor. Haŭla ~o.

tram-o, [OA] Tram. 1 (survoja relo), rail. 2 (~veturilo), tram(car). ~o kabla, trolea. ~(vetur)i, travel by t. ~eto, (min) truck, ~isto, t-driver. ~konduktor-o, t-conductor. ~trako, t-lines. ~vojo, t-way.

tramp-o, Tramp. 1 vagrant. t. the streets, be on the road, out of work. 2 (mar) t-ship, freight vessel on no regular line.

trampl-i = surtreti.

trampolin-o, (sp) trampoline.

tranc-o, (ps) trance. ~i (esti en t.). Ek~i (entranciĝi).

tranĉ-i (-n) [UV], Cut, cleave: ~i drapon, kukon, paperon, carve (viandon), fell (arbon); pierce: la krio ~is la aeron, silenton. ~o, cut(ting), c. (of coat). ~a, -ting, piercing, piquant, trenchant. ~a krio (parolo); biting, bitter, nipping, sharp (frosto, vento). ~(aĵ)o, rasher (lardo); slice (pano). ~egi, slash. ~eti, c. (s)lightly. ~ilo, Knife. Pajl~ilo, chaffter. Pan~ilo, bread-slicer. Paper~ilo, poŝ~ilo, paper-knife, pocket-k. Rul~ilo, -ting wheel. ~ilaro, c-lery. ~ilego, carving-knife, cleaver, cut-lass. ~ileto, pen-knife. ~ilakrigisto, knife-grinder. ~ilfaristo, -ler. al~i [UV] (tajli), (cl) cut out. De~i, curtail, deduct, reduce. Dek fojojn mezuru, unu fojon ~~u. Dis~i, c. up (in pieces). El~i, c. out. ~~o, excision (med). ~~aĵo, (paper) cutting. En~o (med) incision. For~i, amputate, cut away (off), intercept. armeon, (gas-kap-komunik-retret-)on. Fuŝ~i, cut about, gash, hack, mangle, mutilate. Pri~i (pritondi), prune. ~~i krucon (1 FA 36/22), flugilon, (4 FA 56/27). Tra~i, cut through (gorgon), cross, intersect. Lando ~~ita de kanaloj. Ambaŭ~a (glavo), two-edged. Bat~i (haketi), (cul) chop. ➞ falĉ, gilotin, sekc, tond.

tranĉe-o, (mil) (tech), trench, cutting, ~o fronta, komunika.

trankvil-a, [UV] Tranquil, not agitated or disturbed, free from anything inimical to quietude, unruffled, untroubled. ~a humoro. ~a (peaceful) formo (morto). Estu ~a, set your mind at ease (rest), mi baldaŭ pagos. Konscienco ~a estas bona dormilo. Lasu lin ~a, let him be. 2 free from commotion, quiet, still: ~a rivero, placid river. ~a arbaro, lando, maro, surfaco, urbo, En ~a vetero ĉiu remas sendanĝere. ~e, calmly, composedly, quietly, in peace. Dormi, labori, respondi ~e. ~e! Quiet! Calm down! Steady on! Ĉu ni ~e tion toleru? ~(ec)o, -ility, peacefulness, quiet. Momento da ~o. ~igi, -lize, make easy, reassure, set at rest, soothe, still; quench (soifon). ~~i animon, ĉagrenon, pacienton. ~iĝi, become calm, pull one’s together, quieten down. Mia animo grade ~iĝis. ~iĝu pri tio, make your mind easy as to that. Mal~a, agitated, anxious, apprehensive, disturbed, troubled, uneasy, unquiet. ~~a movo. Ho mia kor’! Ne batu ~~e! ~~o, agitata, disquietude, trouble, worry. ~~iĝi, get anxious (grow uneasy) about, fret (worry) over. Re~iĝi, recover one’s equanimity. ➞ kalm, kviet, pac, silent.

trans [UV] (prep), Over, across. Stari ~ la strato (=on the other side). Iri ~ la straton = to the other side. Belaj rakontoj el ~ la montoj, pretty stories from o. the hills (traveller’s tales). ~a, on the farther (other) side. ~a vivo (Rj 114/28). ~e, athwart. ~e de Jordano, beyond J. (Ge 50/10). De ~e, from beyond. ~(ej)o, (~a mondo), the beyond, world to come, etc. ~igi, trans-fer (-mit-port). ~iĝi, cross -o, to the other side. ~uloj, people from o. the way. PFX: Trans-= trans-. ~alpa, ~atlanta, ~mara; ~figuro, ~migro, ~planto, ~porto, ~skribo ~iro, ~veturo, crossing, passage, transit. ~ira boato (pramo), ferry. ~irejo, crossing, ford. ~monda, ultramondane. ~ruĝa, infra red. ~viola, ultraviolet. ➞ form, post, preter, super, tra.

transakci-o, (com) business done, deal, proceedings, transacts

transcend-a, Transcend/ent, outstanding, pre-eminent, surpassing ordinary limits. ~i, t., exceed. ~i ĉian rezonadon. (mat, phil) ~a -ental.

transept-o, [OA] (arch) transept,

transfuz-i, Transfus/e, e.g., sangon. ~o, -ion.

transistor-o, (el) transistor.

transit-o, [OA] (com) Transit, passage through a country without payment of duty. ~a komereo. t-trade. ~e, in t. (bond). ~tenejo, bonded warehouse. ~varoj, t-goods. ~vizo. ➞ trans-ir-pas.

transitiv-a, [OA] (gram) Transitive, ~igi, make t. Ne~a, in-t.

transmisi-i, (mec) Transmi/t (communicate) energy from one machine to another. ~o, -ssion, drive. Ĉen~o, chain -ssion. ~a, of -ssion. ~ilo, -ssion gear,

transmut-i (-n), Transmut/e, change form (nature, substance). ~o, -ation.

transpir-i, (bot) transpire, emit moisture, ooze.

transpon-i, (mus) = ali-gam(-piĉ)igi, Tran- spos/e (3 FA 120/29), put into another key. ~o, -ition.

transvers-a, Transvers/al, -e, athwart, cross-, in crosswise direction. ~a linio, muskolo, trako. ~a strato, side street (1 FA 136/7). ~aj strioj. ~e de, right across. ~i (lie across) la ĉambron, riveron. ➞ laŭlarĝ.

trapez-o [OA] 1 (sp) Trapez/e. -isto, -ist. ~ojdo, -oid. 2 (geom) -ium.

trat-o, (com) bill, draft. ~i, Draw (a bill on), ~anto, -er. ~ato, -ee. ➞ ĝir, kambi.

traum-o, (med, ps) Trauma. ~a, -tic.

travertin-o, (min) travertine, crystalline limestone.

travesti-o, ~i, travesty, gross parody, ridiculous imitation, misrepresentation. ➞. burlesk, parodi.

tre [UV] (altgrade, forte) (adv) very (much) strongly. ~ bela, grava. ~ multe, a great deal. Mi ~ (multe) timas, ke … ~ povus esti, it might well be. .. . ~ volonte mi lin aŭskultus, I should very much like to hear him. ~ege, exceedingly, extremely. ➞ eg, ekstrem, mult, tro.

tred-i, (mec) thread (entruigi). ~i fadenon, elaston, ŝnuron, k.s., tra kudrilon, tubon, bidojn, ringojn, k.s. ~ik>, bodkin. (porku- drila) ~ileto, needle-threader. ➞ kudril.

tref-o [UV] (cgm) Club. ~a aso (damo), ace (queen) of clubs.

trejn-i, Train, coach, drill, school, perfect by instruction and practice. ~i kandidaton, orel-rekrut-servant-soldat-)on. ~ejo, -ing centre (ground). ~isto, -er, coach. ~ita, -ed, experienceed, practised, seasoned. ~ita okulo. ➞ dres.

trem-i, [UV] (nt) Trembl/e, quake, shake, shiver, flicker (lumo); simmer (bolanto akvo). La tero ~is. ~i de malvarmo, timo, kiel folio, per la tuta korpo. ~(ad)o, -ing, tremor, (med) fremitus. Ter~o (seismo), earthquake. ~a paralizo, Parkinson’s disease. ~e (in singing) tremolo. ~ego, trepidation. ~ema, tremulous. ~eti, flutter, palpitate, quiv-(shiv. wav-)er, wobble. La flugil-(lum-voĉ-)o ~etis. La ~etanta brilo (flickering glow) de la flamo. ~igi, make t. (shiver), give the shivers to. ~igi la fenestrojn. ~iga (fearsm, terrifying) sperto. ~ilo, (el) vibrator (of coil), (org) tremulant, tremolo stop. Ek~i, (give a) start, shudder. Tra~i, be thrilled. Frost~i, have a cold fit (the shivers), shudder. ➞ sku, ŝancel.

trema-o, (typ) diaeresis (").

trematod-o, trematode > flatworm, fluke, tapeworm, etc. (Trematoda).

tremol-o, [UV] aspen (Populus tremula) < poplo. Sxia mano iremis, kiel folio de ~o (M 227/30).

tremp-i [UV] 1, dip, immerse, plunge: ~i panon en lakton; plumon en inkon; tukon en akvon. 2 Soak, steep. ~ita de pluvo, s-ed, drenched, wet to the skin, sodden (tero). ~ita de ŝvito, bathed in perspiration. f ~ita en antaŭjuĝoj, steeped in prejudice, 3 harden, chill, temper (metalori). ~ita ŝtalo. ~e moligi, macerate. ~adi, s., steep, f imbue, impregnate, permeate. ~iĝi, be s-ed. ➞ ban, enakvig, sorb.

tren-i (-n) [UV] (pene posttiri), Drag, haul, pull, tow. ~i ankron, aŭton, sakon, ŝipon. drawl (vortojn), d. on (out) (sian vivori). Sin ~i (~i la krurojn), d. one’s (crawl, shuffle, traipse) along, walk wearily. Tago post tago ~e pasis. ~ado, haulage. ~aĵo tail (kometo), trail (fumo, limako, nubo), train (robo). ~aĵportisto, train-bearer. ~iĝi, d. on, flag, slacken (aferoj, konversacio). ➞ haul, tir.

trepak-o, trepak (Russian dce).

trepan-o, Trepan, surgical crown-saw. ~i, t., perforate the skull. ~ado, -ning. ➞ dril.

tret~i, Tread (Jes 63/2, 3; 2 FA 36/5). ~i en vinpremejo (Ij 24/11). ~i vinpremilon (Ne 13/15). Atentu, ke neniu ~u sur vin. Regiono ankoraŭ ne ~ita de homoj. Sur~i, t. (trample) on, crush under foot. ~~i iun, ies piedon. ➞ trampl. f Sur~u vian antaŭjuĝon. ~detrui ĝardenon. ~makuli plankon. ~platigi ŝuon.

trezor-o, [UV] Treasur/e, hoard, savings. Enterigita ~o. ~o trovita, t. trove. Vort~o, thesaurus, f something prized or loved, prize. Tiu verko estas por mi vera ~o. (someone) Si estas ~ol Mia ~o (darling), ~ejo, -y. Ŝtata ~ejo, Exchequer, -isto, -er, paymaster. ➞ kas.

tri, [UV] three. Dek 13. -dek, 30. En la ~dekaj jaroj, in one’s thirties (4 FA 128/36). ~a, 3rd. ~o, trio. ~foje, 3 times (repetition). ~obla, triple, 3-fold. ~oble, 3 times (multiplication). ~obligi, treble. ~ono, 1/3. ~onigi, trisect. ~ope, 3 by 3, in 3’s. ~opo, group of 3. ~opa, 3-fold, 3-ply. ~opa kopiado (in triplicate). Fadeno ~opigita (Pr 4/12). Ĉiu~jara, triennial. ➞ pense, tercet, trifoli, viol.

triad-o (kvintakordo), (mus) triad. ~o majora, (maksimum-minimum-)a.

trias-o, (geol) trias.

trib-o, Tribe. La dek du ~oj (Ge 49/28, Ja 1/1), La ~o de Jehuda. ~a, tribal. ~ano, -sman. ~estro, ➞ gent, klan.

tribord-o = dekstra(verda) Sipflanko, starboard.

tribrak-o (pros) tribrach (oou).

tribun-o, [UV] tribune. 1 (Roman hist), f popular leader, demagogue. 2 (podio), speaker’s platform. ➞ estrad.

tribunal-o [OA] (juĝejo, juĝistaro), tribunal, bench (of judges), court (of justice, f judgment seat.

tribut-o, [OA] Tribut/e. 1 t-money. 2 mark of dependce or homage. ~o de admiro, respekto. ~i, pay t. (dues). ~u al la Eternulo honoron (Ps 96/8). ~(dev)a, -ary. ~a regno. ~ulo. ➞ impost.

triceps-o, (anat) triceps.

tricikl-o, tricycle. Motor-t.

tridakn-o, (zoo) giant clam (Tridacna).

triel-o, (orn) stone-curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) (G. Triel).

trifoli-o, [UV] (bot) clover, trefoil (Trifolium).

trifori-o, (arch) triforium.

trigl-o, (ich) gurnard (Trigla) (various species). ➞ gurnard.

trigon-o, sting-ray (Trygon).

trigonometri-o, [OA] trigonometry.

trik-i (-n), [UV] Knit. inverse (purl), rekte (plain). ~aĵo, -ting. ~ilo, -ting- needle. ~istino. ~maŝo, stitch. ~maŝino, -ting machine. Kun~i, k. together. Mal~i, unravel. Kroĉ~i (kroĉeti), crochet.

trikin-o, parasitic worm (Trichina).

trikolom-o (Tricholoma) blewit toadstool.

trikot-o, [UV] 1 (tex) knitted fabric, stockinet. 2 (trikitaĵo), cardigan, jersey, singlet, woolly jacket or undervest. ~a bluzo, jersey blouse. ~a veŝto, knitted waistcoat.

triktrak-o, (gm) backgammon.

tril-i, [UV] 1 (mus) trill, shake. 2 warble. La ~ado de alaŭdoj. (mus). Ek~o (~eto), (mordento).

trili-o, (bot) wood lily, wake-robin (Trillium).

trilion-o, trillion (Eng-G=1018; Am-Fr = 1012).

trilobit-o (pal) trilobite.

trilogi-o, (lit) trilogy.

trimestr-o, quarter, term. ~e, every t., quarterly. ~a gazeto.

tring-o (orn) Sandpiper (Tringa). ~o blankventra, common s.; griza, green- shank; grizkrura, green s; malhela, spotted redshank; tereka, terek-s; verdkrura, wood-s.

Trinidad-o kaj Tobag-o TT.

trink-i (-n) [UV], Drink, imbibe, quaff. ~i el glaso, kiel fiŝo, pro ies sano (tosti). Donu al mi (ion por) ~i, something to d. f (plants) absorb, soak in, suck up (water). ~o (da), d., draught. ~aĉi, guzzle. ~aĵo, beverage, d. ~aĵo ebriiga, varmiga. ~a]ejo, refreshment-room. ~ema, dry, thirsty. ~eti, (ek~i) nip, taste, sip. ~igi, give d. to, water (bestojn). Mi ~igos viajn kamelojn (Ge 24/14). ~ujo, d-ing trough, horse-pool. El~i, d. up, drain, empty (finish) the cup. ~~i per unu gluto, drain at a draught, swig (toss) off. Lang~i, lek~i, lap up. ➞ drink, sorb.

triod-o, (el) (trielektroda lampo), triodo.

triol-o, (mus) triplet.

triolet-o, (pros) triolet.

trip-o, [UV] Tripe (for food), bowels, entrails. ~ejo, t-stall. Sen~igi, gut (fiŝojn). ~istino, gut-girl. ➞ ekfal, ekskurs.

tripang-o, trepang, beche de mer (Holothuria edulis).

triplikat-a, Triplicate. ~a letero. ~e, in t.

trips-o, (ent) thrips. triptik-o, (arch) triptych,

trist-a = malgaja, melankolia.

trit-o, 1 (myth) triton. 2 (mus) third (intvl). Dek~o, 13th. triteto (a. terceto), (mus) trio.

tritoni-o, triton (sea slug) (Tritonia). ➞ holoturi.

tritik-o, [UV] wheat (Triticum). ~a faruno, pano.

tritur-o, (zoo) eft, newt (Triturus).

triumf-o, [OA] Triumph, victory. La kampanjo rezultis en vera ~o. ~a, -al, -ant, exultant. ~a kanto, krio, son-)o. t., carry the day, get the better of, master, overcome, prevail over, vanquish. ~i kontraŭ (super) ĉio.

trivial-a [UV]. 1 Vulgar, base, common, coarse, gross, low, mean, ribald. Homo ~a kaj malsobra. ~a krio (spritaĵo). ~aĵo, low jest. ~eco, v-ity. 2 paltry, petty, trifling, trivial. ~ulo, a nobody. 11 As internationally this root has various meanings, it is safer to use 1 maldelikata, vulgaraĉa; 2 bagatela, negrava. ➞ vulgar.

tro [UV] (adv), 1 Too. ~ grand-(long -malfacil-)a. ~ frua, premature. ~ rapida, precipitate. ~ sinfida, headstrong, overweening. La sono estis ~ malproksima, ke oni povu ĝin audi, t. far off to be heard. ~ (multe) da, t. many (much), more than needed. ~ da libroj (mono). ~ da tempo, time to spare. ~ da kuiristoj kaĉon difektas. 2 (with vb): over(much), t. much, unduly. - (multe) ami, love t. well. ~ labori, work t. hard, ~ paroli, be t. talkative. ~a, excessive. ~a festeno estas yeneno. ~a karto, a card t. many. ~e, to (in) excess. Estas ja ~e! It is really t. bad (a bit thick)! ~(aĵ)o, excess, superfluity, surfeit, surplus. ➞ eksces. ~igi, exaggerate, overdo. ~igo, exaggerate, hyperbole. Mal-igi, understate. ~igo (litoto). PFX over-. -laborig(-pez-pro- dukt)i. -uzi, abuse. ➞ preter, super, trans.

trobador-o, (hist) troubadour.

trofe-o, [OA] trophy, captured arms, spoil, or other evidence, memorial, or token of victory.

trog-o, [UV] Trough (El 2/16), Bucket (of noria or waterwheel), (bricklayer’s) hod, scoop, skip (of dredger). Erc~o, (min) cradle, sluice-box. Gudro~o, tar-b. Lav~o, sink. Manĝ~o, feeding-t, Stal~o, manger (Lk 2/7), -eto, (bird) seed-tub. (bid) ~ĉeno, b-chain. ➞ kuv, ttori.

troglodit-o, 1 troglodite, cave-dweller. 2 (orn) (Jenny) wren. (Troglodytes). ➞ regol, silvi.

trogon-o (orn) trogon (Trogon).

trok-o, (zoo) top-shell (Trochus).

trokar-o, (suring. instrument) trocar.

troke-o, (pros) Troch/ee. (-u). ~a, -aic.

trol-o, 1 (myth) troll. 2 (skrap-reto), drag-net, trawl. ~ŝipo, trawler.

trole-o, ~a, (el) trolley ~a buso, drato, rado, stango, tramo.

troli-o, globe flower (Trollius).

tromb-o, waterspout. Polva ~o, (met) dust devil. Venta ~o, whirlwind, f En-(El-)iri ~e, burst (sweep) in, dash out. ➞ kirl.

trombon-o, [OA] Trombone. ~o bas-(tenor -valv-)a. ~i, play the t. ➞ bastrumpet. tromboz-o, (med) thrombosis, localized bloodclotting. ➞ emboli.

tromel-o, (min) trommel, revolving screen.

tromp-i (-n) [UV]. Dece/ive, 1 cheat, delude, dupe, gull, impose on, take in, victimize. ~i aĉetanton, la publikon. ~i per belaj promesoj. La ŝajno ~as, appearances are -itful. 2 disappoint, elude, frustrate. ~i esperon, disappoint one’s hope. Mia lasta espero min ~is, has failed me (let me down). 3 betray, be unfaithful. ~i edz(in)on. ~(aĵ)o, -it. -ption, fraud, imposture, swindle; bluff, eye-wash, hanky-panky, window-dressing. -a. -ptive, disappointing, false, fraudulent, illusory. -anto, -isto, d-iver, cheat, double-dealer, impostor, sharper, trickster. -ito, dupe, victim, ~ema, -oplena, -ptful, tricky, -iĝi (esti -ita), be -d, disappointed, led astray, mistaken, taken in. -logi, ~ilo, bait, decoy, lure. Ne-a, Sen~a, genuine, sincere, sound. ➞ fraŭd, fripon, kokr, perfid, ruz.

tron-o, [UV] Throne, f seat of sovereign power. Meti iun sur la ~on. ~i (nt) sit enthroned, in state, f lord it. La kastelo fiere ~is sur la alta roko. ~ejo, t-room. -heredonto, heir-apparent. De-igi, sen~igi, de-pose, (-t.). El~iĝi, abdicate. Sur~igi, (en)t. Sur~iĝi, ascend the t.

trop-o [OA] (parolfiguro), (rh) trope, figure of speech.

tropeol-o, "nasturtium", Indian cress (Tropaeolum). ~o kanaria, canary creeper (T. peregrinum). ➞ kres.

tropik-o, [UV] tropic, ~a, -al. ~a klimato, lando, planto, suno, varmo. ~a (torrid) zono.

tropopaŭz-o, (met) tropopause.

troposfer-o, troposphere.

trot-i (nt), [UV] Trot, jog along. La ĉevalo ~is sur la strato, la infano ~is apud la patro. ~i altpaŝe, be a high-stepper. ~i hundosimile (Rn 21/30). ~adi, be on the go. ~eti (child), toddle, ~ulo, trotter. Ek~i, break into a trot. For~i, trot off. ➞ ambl, skut.

trotuar-o, pavement, foot-path (-way), side-walk, (ry) platform, ~a artisto. ~a bordo, kerb. Rul~o, travelator, continuous moving platform. ➞ pavim, rulŝtupar.

trov-i (-n), [UV] Find. 1 come across (upon), discover, fall in with, hit (light) upon: ~i amikon, trezoron. Kie vi ~is tion? 2 meet with, obtain, receive: ~i akcepton, aprobon, atenton, helpon, plezuron, reziston. 3 succeed in getting, obtaining: ~i kuraĝon, momenton, solvon, taksion, tempon. 4 consider (deem, think) to be: ~i iun (ion) bela, bona, fidinda, honesta. Ĉu vi ~as konvena, necesa = ke estas konvene, necese, tion fari? Kiel vi ~as (How do you like) mian ĉapelon? 5 Sin ~i, find one’s (to be): Li sin ~is en Parizo. Mi ~is min feliĉa, senamika. ~aĵo, f., godsend, windfall. ~ebla, to be found, ~ema, ingenious, inventive, resourceful. ~iĝi, be found, (met with, situated), exist, occur. Ne ~iĝas serpentoj en Irlando. Trans la rivero ~iĝis (were to be seen) hirundoj. Ne ~iĝi, be missing, not to be found. ~iĝi, like kuŝi, sidi, stari, helps to avoid the monotony of a repeated estas. ~it(in)o, foundling. ~itejo, foundling hospital. El~i, f. out, discover, novan metodon. El~oj de seieneo. Re~i, find again, recover. ~~i ringon, sanon, trankvilon. Perditan tempon oni ne povas ~~i. Bon~o, choice, good pleasure. Agu laŭ via bon~o (as you think best). Bone ~ita (ekzemplo, ideo), apt, felicitous. ➞ akir, konstat, opini, ricev; elpens, malkovr.

tru-o, [UV] Hole, break, breach, gap, opening. ~o en heĝo, muro, ŝtrumpo. ~o de fluto, kudrilo,seruro. Bori, fliki, plenigi, ŝtopi ~on. f Fari ~on en sia kapitalo. Aer~o, (av) air-pocket. Brak~o, arm-hole. Buton~o (button-h). maŝinkudrita (worked), pikita (stabbed). Cel~o, sight-hole. Elflua ~o, vent. Forn~o, draught-hole. Hom~o, man-hole. Laĉ~o, lace-h. Lubrika ~o, oil-hole. Naz~o, nostril. Paf~o (embrazuro). Son~o, (vn) sound-hole. Vd (4 FA 69/33). Ŝlosil~o, key-h. Spir~o, blow-h, spiracle. Vid~o, peep-hole. Voj~o, pot-h. ~a, in (full of) holes, leaking. ~aj platidoj (K 117/9). ~i (-n), make a hole in, punch, puncture. Vesto ~ita de tineoj. ~ita ĉe la kubutoj, out at elbows, f ~aĉo, dirty hole, hovel, pigsty. ~eto (poro). ~eti, tra~i, perforate. ~ita linio, perforated line. ~iĝi, wear into holes. ~ilo, punch, perforator, ➞ aĵur, apertur, bor, breĉ, fend, luk, perfor.

trud-i (-n), [UV] Intru/de, Obtru/de, foist, impose, thrust (up)on. ~i al iu kondiĉojn, opinion, tedan taskon. Ne ~u, kion devus mi rifuzi (If 71/20). Sin ~i (al~iĝi, en~iĝi), intrude, encroach, force (thrust) one’s on, interfere, poke one’s nose in. Sin ~i en societon. La demando sin ~is al mi (was borne in on me). Sin ~is al mi (I was assailed, beset by) duboj. ~(ad)o, i-sion, constraint, pressure. ~a, ~(iĝ)ema, importunate, insistent, obsessing,! pushing, troublesome, urgent. ~iĝema klientino (M 74/2), gasto, penso. Ne~ema, unobtrusive. Al~i, impose (inflict) on, force to accept, press to take. En~ulo, intruder. Prem~i, exert pressune on (to attain one’s end).

truf-o, [UV] (bot) Truffle, ~i, t., stuff with truffels. ~ejo, t-bed.

truk-o, Trick, knack. Havi la ~on. ~i, get the hang (have the knack) of … ing. La ~oj de la metio, the tricks (dodges) of the trade, (th) stage device (effect). Ŝerĉ~o, conjuring trick. ~i, f cook (account); fake (antique, experiment, photo); gerrymander (election). ➞ artifik.

trul-o, [UV] trowel, (mason’s) smoother. ~eto, fish-slice, etc. ➞ spatel.

trumpet-o, [UV] 1 (m.i.) Trumpet. ~o natura (senvalva). ~o valva (kromata), valve t. ~o glita, slide t. Bas~o (valv- trombono). 2 similar object. ~o de floro. Orel-o, Parol~o. blow the t. ~ado, t-blast. ~isto, -er. f Dis~i, t. abroad. Oni ~is al la mondo, ke … korn.

trunk-o, [UV] trunk (de korpo, arbo, etc.), bole, shaft (of column); stick (of candle). Centra ~o, (bid) crown -(king-) post, (hort) Baz~o (grefta bazo), parent (wild) stock, wilding. ~eto, [UV] (gren~o, spik~o) (Ge 41/6), corn stalk, haulm. Dik~a, dumpy, squat, thick-set. Sen~a, stemless. ➞ kofr, lign, rostr, tig, tors.

trup-o, [OA] (mil) troop, band, company, team, (sctg) troop (30 scouts). ~estro, scout leader, (th) troupe. ➞ ar, band, greg.

trus-o, (bid) truss (supporting structure or framework).

trust-o, [OA] (com) trust, combine, organized syndicate. ➞ kartel, sindikat, (Ne=esper, fid).

trut-o, [UV] trout (Salmo trutta).

ts! Hist! Here! (to call attention).

tsetseo = glosino.

tualet-o, [UV] Toilet, attire (make-up). ~o ceremoni-(elegant-simpl-)a. ~a tablo. ~i (fari sian ~on), make one’s t., have a wash and brush-up, tidy one’s, titivate. ~aĵoj, articles of t. ~ejo, dressing-room. ~ujo, dressing-case. ➞ necesej.

tub-o, [UV] 1 Tube, Pipe; flue; barrel (of gun); leg (of boot, trousers); stem (of pipe). ~o de dentkremo. ~o plumba, vitra. Akvo~o, anĉ~o, blov~o, dren~o, orgen~o, pluv~o, stov~o, suĉ~o, water-pipe, reed-, blow-, rain-, organ-, rain-, stove-, suction-pipe. Gum~o, rubber tube. Fleksebla ~~o, hose (hoso). kamen~o, [OA] chimney. Krom~o, glit~o (of m.i.), crook, shank. Lamp~o, lamp-glass. Parol~o, son~o, voĉ~o, speaking-tube. Prov~o, test-t. Ren~o, ureter. Serpenta ~o, worm (of piping, tubing) 2 Increasingly used for (rad) "valve". ➞ valv. ~(ar)a, tubular. ~a poŝto, pneumatic post. ~aro, p-(t-)ing. Varm~aro, radiator. ~eto, cannula, duct. ~isto, plumber. Gas~isto, gas-fitter. Du~a (double-barrelled) pafilo. ➞ pip.

tuber-o, [UV] Tuber. 1 Bulge, bump, protuberance, swelling. 2 joint, knot in grass stalk, (bot) ~o (tubera radiko), e.g., terpiro, terpomo. f Estas ~o en la afero, there is a difficulty, things are not running smoothly. Har~o, bun, chignon. Lig~o (a. knoto, nodo), knot. Seb~o, wen. Ŝvel~o, boil, tumour. ~aĵo, -osity, nodosity (artrita). ~eca, knarled, knotty. ~eto, small t. ➞ bos, ĝib.

tuberkul-o [OA] (tubereto), (med) Tuberc/le. ~a, -ulous. ~ino, -uline. ~ozo, [OA] -ulosis. ➞ ftiz.

tuberos-o, (bot) tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa), < poliant.

tubj-o, Tuba (any bass brass m.i. other than a trombone) > basa sakskorno, suzafono. Bas~o = bombardono. Tenora ~o, ~~eŭfoniumo.

tuf-o, [UV] Tuft, plume, tussock; wisp (Jojno, pajlo, lano). Har~o, forelock, toupee, etc. Plum~o, tuft, crest. ➞ egret, fask, garb, kvast, spik.

tuj, [UV] (adv) 1 (of time) (senatende, senprokraste): Just = at once, forthwith, immediately, instantly. Iru ~. Li ~ iris (Mi ~ iros), He went (I shall go) at once. Li ~ venos, he is just coming. ~ kiam (or, Ĝuste kiam [Ne: ĵus kiam], at the precise moment when, just when, directly. ~ kiam li venos, as soon as (directly) he comes. ~ forironta, j. off, ready to sail. 2 (of place) (tute apude): j. right. ~ antaŭ via nazo, j. in front of your nose. ~ apud la muro, quite close to the wall. ~ post la pordo, j. behind (inside) the door. ~ sur la unua ŝtupo, on the very first stair. ~a (immediate, instant) respondo. ~e, in a trice,

tuj-o, thuya, arbor vitae (Thuja).

tuk-o, [UV] Cloth (made or used for a purpose). antau~o, [UV] apron, pinafore. Brust~o, front, tucker. ~~eto, bib. Buŝ~o, napkin, serviette. Gudro~o, tarpaulin. Kol~o, foulard, muffler, neckerchief, scarf. Kovro~o (No. 3/26, Alt 5/7), cover-cloth, veil. Lav~o, washing-up c. Lit~o, sheet. Lumb~o, loin-c. Mort~o, shroud, winding-sheet. Poŝ~o (pocket) handkerchief. Sak~o, sack-c. Saliva ~o, bib (baby’s). Ŝultra ~o, fichu. Tablo~o, table-c. ~~eto, tray-c. Teler~o, dish-c. Tualeta (Man~) ~o, towel. Vind~o, baby’s napkin, pilch, roller, swaddling- band. Viŝ~o, tea-cloth. Vizaĝ~o, face flannel. ~aĉo, rag. ~peco, piece (scrap) of c. ➞. drap, tol.

tukan-o, (orn) ordinary language for toucan = ramfasto.

tul-o, [UV] (tex) tulle, thin soft fine silk net.

tuli-o, (chem) thulium (Tm).

tulip-o, [UV] Tulip (Tulipa). ~arbo, t-tree (Liriodendron tulipofera). ➞ magnoli.

tumor-o, (med) tumour, abnormal or morbid swelling.

tumul-o (tombomonteto), Tumul/us, barrow, sepulchral mound. ~a, -ary.

tumult-o, [UV] Tumult; commotion, din, hullabaloo, public disturbance, uproar. ~o (clash, outbreak) de pasioj. ~(em)a, -ous, noisy, riotous, rowdy, stormy, turbulent. ~a aplaŭdo, kunveno. ~i, rage, riot. Kial ~as popoloj? (Ps 2/1). ~igi, stir up. ~iĝi, be agitated, etc. ~ulo, roisterer, rowdy. ➞ agitiĝ, brueg, ekscit.

tun-o, (metr) Ton (weight) ~o Angla, metra. ~aro, -nage (weight). ➞ tonel.

tundr-o, tundra, vast level treeless region with arctic climate and vegetation.

tunel-o, [OA] tunnel, subterranean passage. (Tra)~i, t., e.g., through a mountain.

tungsten-o = volframo.

tunik-o [OA] tunic, (ant) shirt-like garment worn by Romans and Greeks, (mod) Outer garment gathered at the waist, as short overskirt or blouse.

Tunizi-o [OA 8] TN.

tur-o, [UV] Tower (Ge 11 /4). (chs) Castle, rook. La ~o de Londono. Preĝeja ~o, steeple. Akvo~o (ry) water-t. Ĉef~o, keep, stronghold. Gard~o, watch-t. lum~o, [UV] light-house. Pint~o, spire. Sonorila ~o (belfrido), belfrey. ~(hav)a, -ed. ~e altega, -ing, ~eto, pinnacle, turret. ➞ falk.

turb-o, [OA] (peg-spinning-whipping-) Top. Zum~o, hummg-t. ~i (nt) spin (eddy, swirl, wheel, whirl) as a t. ~ludi, spin a t. ➞ trok.

turban-o, [UV] turban.

turbin-o, [OA] turbine. Vapor~o, ~a, turbo- e.g. turbine, alternigilo, dynamo, generilo, kono, ventilo, kunpremilo, motoro, pumpilo.

turbulent-a, turbulent, disturbed, in commotion. (met) ~o (flukirlo), disturbance.

turd-o, [UV] Thrush, mavis. (Turdus). Kanta ~o, song-t. Kolringa ~o, ring-ousel. Muzika (ruĝa) ~o, redwing (T. musicus). Sorpa ~o (litorno), fieldfare (T. pilarus). Viska ~o, missel-t. ➞ merl.

turism-o, [UV] turist-o, [UV] tour-ism, -ist (globe-trotter), turisma aŭto (oficejo).

turkis-o, [UV] (min) turquoise,

turmalin-o, (min) tourmaline.

Turkmen-ujo, Turkmenio TM.

Turk-ujo, Turkio [F] TR.

turment-i (-n), [UV] Torment, cause severe suffering, f afflict, distress, ~is min duboj, moskitoj, postuloj. ~ita, stricken (racked) de timo. ~ado, t., etc. ~oj de amo rifuzita. ~(oplen)a, t-ing, harassing, painful. ~a dubo. ~anto, ~isto, -er. ~adi, harass, harry, pester, plague, worry the life out of. ~ego, agony, anguish. ~eti, tease, vex, worry, ~ilo, rack, etc. ➞ aflikt, dolor, martir, suferig, tortur.

turn-i (-n), [UV] Turn. 1 t. over (round): ~i fojnon, paĝon, radon, ŝlosilon, la dorson, la kapon (also figuratively). Sin ~i dekstren, sur la kalkano. 2 turn to, direct: ~i la fortojn, okulojn. ~i rigardojn, attract attention, be conspicuous. Vin ~u (apply, have recourse) al. Sin~i al iu por helpo. f Kien ajn li sin ~os, li sukcesos. Kontraŭ min mem sin ~is mia ruzo. 3 turn into, change, metamorphose, transform. ~i lignon en ŝtonon (H 134/22) akvon en vinon. ~o, turn, change of direction (mus). turn (normala, invertita). ~o de la vojo, bend, corner, turn. ~a, gyratary, rotary. ~igi, 1 turn, (nt) turns, round, pivot, rotate, spin: La rado ~iĝis. 2 change the direction: ~iĝadi (wriggle) kiel serpento. 3 enter new state: Lia amo ~iĝis en malamon. Demono povas ~iĝi en anĝelon (H 108/34). ~iĝi en polvon. ~iĝo, eddy, swirl. ~ilo, crank, reel, winch, etc. Ŝraŭb~ilo, screwdriver. Ĉirkaŭ~o, (knitting) t., (simpla, duobla). De~i, For~i (Se 13/19), t. aside (away from), avert, deter, divert. De~o, diver sion (of stream, traffic). Sende~e, without flinching (turning a hair). ➞ delog, devojig. El~iĝi, extricate one’s from, evade, get (shuffle, wriggle) out of. Ne vin el~u! Don’t beat abt the bush! El~(aĵ)o, el~(ig)o, evasion, subterfuge. ~iĝema, adroit, artful, evasive, shifty, slippery. Re~e. 1 (reen, retro-), back, in reverse direction. Josuo iris ~e (went back, returned) hejmen. Re~u vin de malbono, ~~ebla, reversible. 2 in return. Doni re~e. Re~iĝi, t. right abt. Trans~i, t. over (page, etc.). Kap~(iĝ)o, dizziness, gjddiness, vertigo. Parol~o, t. of speech, locution.

Ŝton~ulo (orn) t-stone (Arenaria). Voj~(iĝ)o, -ing (of road). ➞ aplik, cel, direkt, kirl, rul, tord, torn.

turnir-o, [UV] Tournament, assault at arms, joist, tilt(ing), (whist) drive. Ŝak~o, chess-t. ~i, contest, enter into the lists, play. ~ejo, lists. ➞ konkurs, lukt.

turt-o, [UV] (orn) turtle dove (Strepto- pelia turtur). ➞ kolomb.

tus-i, [UV] Cough. Amo kaj ~o ne estas kaŝeblaj. ~adi, keep on -ing. ~igi, make c. Ek~i, Kraĉ~i, clear the throat.

tusilag-o (ĉevalpiedo), (bot) coltsfoot (Tusilago).

tuŝ-i (-n), [UV] Touch, finger, handle, taste (dish). 1 lay hand (finger) on: Ne ~u! Hands off! Liaj lipoj apenaŭ ~is la glason. Ne ~u min! 2 contact, reach to: Sia jupo ~is la teron. 3 alter: La Fundamento estas ne~ebla (inviolable, untouchable). 4 allude to, deal with, mention, grapple with, tackle: ~i la aferon, demandon, problemon, temon. 5 affect, impress, move: ~i la koron. ~ita ĝis larmoj, moved to tears. 6 concern, relate to: Min ne ~as tio, mi staras ekstere. ~o, t., feel, (med) ~o de malsano. (mus) (piano) (a) touch (of player) (b) (~respondo) t., response (of instrument). ~ebla, tangible. ~egi, barge into, bump, collide with, knock against. ~eti, (ek~i, ~i delikate), graze, run lightly over, skim, tap. f just mention. Inter~i la glasojn (1 FA 49/18). Kun~o, contact, (el) short circuit. Re~i, correct, re-t., t. up. foton, pentraĵon. Kor~i (emociigi), affect, go to one’s heart, move, stir. ~~a, affecting, moving, touching, pathetic. Paroli ~~e. ~~iĝi de. ~~iĝema, emotional, softhearted, tender. Afero~a, relevant. ➞ kontakt, palp.

tut-a, [UV] (Complete, entire): the Whole, all the, intact. La ~a popolo, all the people, the entire nation. La ~a tago, all (the w. of the) day. Mi jam legis la ~an libron, the w. book. La ~a mateno, nokto, tago, tempo, vojo. Dum la ~a (all through the) jaro, somero, vivo. Tra la ~a (all through the w.) lernejo (urbo). ~e, quite, completely, entirely, totally, utterly, wholely. ~e alia, altogether difft. ~e plena, quite full. ~e nova, brand new. ~e nuda, stark naked. ~e egale! all the same! ~e ne (neniel) (= quite not), by no means, certainly not, not a bit (jot), not at all, not in the least, by no means. Mi ~e ne estas sana, I am not at all well. Ne ~e (= not altogether, not quite). Mi ne estas ~e sana, I am not quite well. ~e same, kiel, just (the same) as. ~(aĵ)o, whole, aggregate, general effect, totality, sum total. ~eco, c-ness, entirety. En~e, as a (on the) whole, in general, in short. ~~e mi konsilas, ke. 2 in all. Mi havas ~~e du pundojn. Ne~a, in-c, partial. ~monda, (world) kongreso. ➞ ĉio, ĉiuj, komplet, plen, sum.

Tuval-o TV.


U

U [F], Letter U. U-fero, U iron. U-tubo, U tube, (gram) U-modo, imperative (volitv) mood.

-u [UV] (gram) ending of volitive mood: denotes wish, desire (of any degree, expressed or not); command, order; request; necessity; advice, permission. (Ki)Venu! (You) Come! Ne venu! Don’t come! Li venu! Let him come, he must come. Tiel estu! So be it! Dio vin benu! Mi skribis al li, ke li iru, (telling) him to go. Voku, por ke li aŭdu (so that he may hear). Ho, ke li venu! Oh (Would) that he might come! Ĉu mi iru? Shall I go? Am I to go? Kiom li pagu? How much is he to pay?

ubliet-o (forgeskelo), oubliette.

Ugand-o UG.

-uj [UV] (sfx), denotes 1 container, holder, receptacle: Abel~o, hive. Ĉapel~o, hat-box. Ink~o, ink-pot. Mon~o, purse. Sup~o, soup-tureen. Violon~o, violin- case. 2 (with verbal root) object. in which an action is performed: Ban~o, bath. Bol~o, boiler. Bapt~o, font. Kned~o, kneading-trough. 3 Land of.: Angl~o, England. Patr~o, fatherland. 4 Fruit-bearing plant or tree; Frag~o, strawberry plant. Pom~o, apple-tree. If Better fragplanto, pomarbo, to avoid ambiguity. ~o, container, receptacle. Kiom ĝi ~as (enhavas)’? How much (many) does it hold? ➞ ing. over the.

ukaz-o, [OA] ukase, edict of Czarist government, f any arbitrary order.

Ukrain-ujo, Ukrainio UA, Ukraine.

ukulel-o, (m.i.) ukulele; Hawaiian 4-stringed guitar.

-ul [UV] (sfx), den individUaL. 1 (with adj. root): person characterized by the quality: Bel~o = bela ulo (persono). Avar~o, miser. Bel~ino, belle. Jun~(in)o, youth (maiden). Kar~(in)o, darling. Sankt~o, saint, (b) (with other roots): Ali~o, someone else. Azen~o, ass, dolt. Kontraŭ~o, adversary, opponent. Lepr~o, leper. Tiam~o, contemporary. 2 (animal): Mam~o, mammal. Ramp~o, reptile. Vertebr~o, vertebrate. 3 (inanimate obj): Neĝbor~o (galanto) (1 FA 23/26). Triferdek~o, threedecker (4 FA 79/11). Trimast~o. Rim.: La propono de K. Picx uzi -al anstataŭ -ul por aĵoj aŭ objektoj (neĝboralo, triferdekalo, trimastalo) kaj limigi la uzon de -ul al personoj ne disvastiĝis. Blind~igi, blindfold. Ulo (somewhat contemptuous) = bloke, creature, fellow, person, wight. ➞ an, ist, person.

ulan-o, [OA] uhlan (cavalryman with lance).

ulcer-o, [UV] Ulcer, open sore. ~o stomaka. f moral blemish. ~(ec)a, ~ita, -ated. f embittered. ~iĝi, fester, gather.

uleks-o, gorse, furze, whin (Ulex). ➞ genist.

uliginos-o, bog whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum).

ulm-o, [UV] elm (Ulmus). ~o glabra, wych-e. ~ejo, e-grove. ➞ jard.

ulmari-o (herbeja reĝino), meadow-sweet, queen of the meadow (Filipendula ulmaria). ➞ filipendol, spire.

uln-o, [UV] 1 ell (obsolete measure), cubit. 2 arm’s length (Ge 6/15, Da 3/1, K 114/18). Mezuru ĝin per la ~o de racio. 3 (anat) ulna, bone of forearm. ➞ jard.

ultimat-o, [OA] (pol) ultimatum.

ultra-, (sc. pfx) ultra-, in extreme degree, -mikroskop (~ruĝ~son~viol)a. ➞ prefer, trans.

ultramar-a, ultramarine (blue). Natura ~o, lapis lazuli.

ulul-i (bleketi), 1 howl, wail (as dog or wolf). 2 hoot (as owl). ~ado, ululation, tu-whoo.

-um [UV] (sfx): has no definite meaning., but forms related words whose sense is defined by usage or suggested by context. The following are in the Fundamento. Aer~i, aerate. Amind~i, woo, court, make love to. Brul~o, inflammation. Buŝ~o, muzzle. Buton~i, button. Gust~i, taste (tr). Kol~o, collar, Komun~o, community. Kruc~i, crucify. Lakt~o, soft roe. Lot~i, dispose of by lot. Malvarm~i, catch cold, take a chill. Man~o, cuff. Mastr~i, keep house, manage. Naz~o, pince-nez. Palpebr~i, blink, move eyelid. Plen~i, fulfil, accomplish, perform. Vent~i, fan, winnow. Numerous other forms have been used: some have taken root. (See Step by Step par. 1139). But in general, um-words had better be formed only (a) in case of real necessity, or (b) as "nonce-words" coined for the occasion; not as permanent additions to the dictionary: e.g., ~ilo, gadget; ~dek (dek ~), ump-teen.

umbel-o, (bot) Umbel. ~a, -late. ~acoj.

umbilik-o [UV]. 1 Umbilic/us, navel, belly-button. ~a hernio. ~a ŝnuro, -al cord, n-string. 2 (bot) (hilumo), hilum.

umbr-o, umber.

unc-o, [UV] ounce (weight).

unci-o, (zoo) ounce, mountain panther, snow leopard (Panthera uneia).

ung-o, [UV] nail (of finger, toe); claw (of cat); (bot) claw of petal. ~o enkreskanta (ingrowing). Krur~o, spur (of cock). Fajli, purigi, tajli, tondi la ~ojn. Mordi la ~ojn. ~a, ungual. ~a haŭteto, agnail. ~e grati, scratch. ~ego, [UV] claw, talon (de agio, leono). ~ilaro, manicure set. ➞ najl.

ungvent-o, (phar) (medicina ŝmiraĵo), ointment, salve.

uni-o (unuiĝo), union, coalition. La Poŝta ~o.

uniform-o, [UV] (cl) uniform, distinctive dress of members of an organization. ~o lerneja. (mil) Parada, plena ~o, full regimentals. Sen~e, in plain clothes (civvies, mufti).

unik-a, [OA] unique. 1 (unu sola), the only one, single, sole; ~a filo, vojo. 2 (sensimila), unlike anything else, unequalled, unmatched, unparalleled, unrivalled. ~a ĉapitro en la historio. ~a pejzaĝo, pozicio, spektaklo, sperto. ~aĵo, ~eco.

unikorn-o = unukornulo.

unison-o, [UV] unison, coincidence of sound or melody, f agreement, concord, f en ~o kun, in keeping (harmony) with. ➞ unut.

unitarian-o, ~a, ~ismo, unitarian (-ism).

univers-o, [UV] Universe, all existing things, the whole creation (Ps 18/15, 19/4). ~a, of the universe, cosmic.

universal-a [UV] (ĉies, ĉiua, senescepta), universal, world-wide, ecumenical. ~a (tutmonda) diluvo. ~a aplaŭdo, lingvo, voĉdono. ~a kuracilo, panacea. ~eco, ~igi, ~ismo.

universitat-o, [UV] university, ~a profesoro, studento, urbo.

unu, [UV] One, single. 1 (numeral) One. ~ kaj (aŭ: plus) ~ estas du. Du homoj povas pli multe fari, ol ~. Eĉ ne ~, not even one. Pli ol ~ (pluraj), several. Ili kuris, ~ post la aliaj (one after another). 2 (adj) One and the same: Ĉiuj havas ~ celon. 3 (indefinite pron = iu): ~ el la knaboj. ~j (some) estis bonaj, aliaj ne [FE]. 4 a certain. ~ tagon, one day. ~ vidvino havis du filinojn [FE]. En la ĉambro de ~ poeto (4 FA 133/1). ~o, unit. Mon~o, monetary unit. Pez~o. ~o de longo. tri~o, [UV] Trinity, (arit) La kolumno de ~oj. ~e, in the first place, first(ly). Veni ~e. ~e naskita. ~eco, unity, unanimity. ~eco donas forton. ~ecigi, unify. ~igi, unite. 1 (kunigi); join: ~igi la fortojn. 2 (kunligi, kunfandi): Por re~igi la homaron. ~igitaj per edziĝo. ~igilo, bond, tie. ~iĝi, (kuniĝi), coalesce, unite. ~iĝo, union. La re~iĝo de la eklezioj. ~obla, single (not complex). ~ope, in single file, one by one ~forma, uniform. ~homa, ~mana, single-handed. ~kolora, monochrome. ~loka (lito), single. ~taga, of one day. ~valenta, monovalent. ~voĉa, unanimous.

unua, [OA] First (a) (order, rank): La ~ en la klaso. La lastaj estos la ~j. (b) (time): early, earliest. La ~j Kristanoj. ~ helpo, first-aid. ~ parolo (vojaĝo), maiden. ~aĵo, frist fruits. ~eco, priority, ~ulo, f. one (Am 6/1). ~foje, for the first time. ~grada, elementary, primary. ~klasa, f-class, A 1. ~taga, on the first day. ~vide, at first sight.

unut-o (piĉa koincido), (ac) absolute coincidence of pitch (by analogy with the intvls kvarto, kvinto …, though a unuto is hardly an intvl!). Kanti ~e (sampiĉe), sing precisely the same sound. ➞ Kanti unisone, sing in unison. (= unute, okte, aŭ plurokte). Dek~o, eleventh (intvl). Akordo dek~a, chord of the eleventh.

upas-o, upas-tree (Antiaris toxicaria). ~a suko.

upup-o, (orn) hoopoe (Upupa).

ur-o, [UV] aurochs, extinct wild ox (Bos urus) (Re 14/5).

uragan-o, [OA] Hurricane (Se 1/27). f ~o de pasio, rido, de aplaudoj, krioj, prooj, testoj. ~a, furious, violent. ~i, have the fury of a h. ➞ venteg.

urani-o, (chem) uranium (U). ~a peĉ-erco, pitch-blende.

urb-o, [UV] Town. ~o havena, hejma, lima, seaport (native, frontier) town. Ban~o, spa, watering place. Ĝarden~o, garden city. ~a, ~eca, ~maniera, urban. ~ano, -sman, burgher. ~anaro, -sfolk. Sam~ano, fellow-sman. ~ego, great city. ~estro, mayor, provost. ~estraro, municipal corporation. ~eto, small town. ~domo, t-hall, mansion-house. ~oplanado, t-planning. antaŭ~o, [UV] outlying district, suburb. Antaŭ~a, apud~a, sub~a, suburban. Ĉef~o, capital, metropolis. Ĉirkaŭ~o, environs, outskirts, suburbs. Ekster~a, country, outlying, rural. Sub~aĵoj (Jos 21/11). ➞ civit.

urat-acido, uric acid,

ure-o (urinaĵo), urea.

uremi-o, uremia.

ureter-o, ureter, urinary duct.

uretr-o, (urintubo), urethra,

ured-o, uredo fungus.

urĝ-i, [OA] 1 (-n), Urg/e, drive, impel, press upon: ~i argumenton, ĉevalon. Ne ĉesu ilin ~i (GD 39/23). La Egiptoj ~is (were urgent upon) sur la popolon (El 12/33). 2 (nt) be urgent (pressing), not brook delay: (La afero) ne ~as, There’s plenty of time. ~a (neprokrastebla), urgent, calling for immediate attention, instant, pressing. ~a bezono, laboro, letero, peto, voko. ~(ec)o, -ency, emergency, hurry, pressure. Kia ~o! What a hurry! ~e bezoni ion. ➞ brul, hast, insist, instig, rapid.

uri-o, (orn) Guillemot (Uria). Nigra ~o, black g.

urin-o, [UV] Urin/e. ~i (col. pisi, fac. maltrinki), urinate, make water. lit~ado, bed-wetting. Malfacila ~ado, strangury, ~ejo, convenience. ~iga, diuretic. ~ujo, urinal, chamber-pot.

-uri-o (med sfx) = enurina. Fosfat~o. Glukoz~o.

urn-o, [UV] (ant) Urn, large vase. Funebra ~o, cinerary u. [Ne= tekruĉo].

urogal-o, [UV] (tetraego), capercailie (Tetrao urogallus).

urs-o, [UV] Bear (Ursus). ~o Blanka, Bruna, Nigra, Polusa. Formik~o (mirmekofago) (astr) (Mal)Granda ~o, Great (Little) bear (a. ~ino, ~eto). ~a, bearish, ursine, f clumsy. ~a kareso, b-hug. ~ejo, ~kavo, bear-garden, bear-pit. ~ido, b-cub. ~ino, she-b. ~felo. ~graso. ➞ aŭrikol, arktostafil, melurs.

urtik-o, [UV] Nettle (Urtica). ~on frosto ne difektas. ~i, sting as a n. ~acoj. ➞ incit, juk, pik. (med) ~ario, ~ozo. (urtika ekzantemo), n-rash.

Urugvaj-o [OA 8] UY.

-us [UV] (gram. ending), denotes hypothesis, supposition. It speculates about a state of affairs doubtfully existent. It has no time value. Supposing that (in the past, present, or future) something were (-us) the case (which is not known), then something else would be (-us) the case. The supposition and its consequence form a pair (If -us, then -us). Se li venus, li pagus. Supposing he were to come, he would pay. Or, Supposing he had come, he would have paid. Se vi kantus morgaŭ, mi ĝojus. If you sang (supposing you were to sing) tomorrow (which may not occur) I shoud rejoice. Morgaŭ (li) finus (would have finished) kvin jarojn, se ni povus lin konservi (4 FA 162/6). Rim.: Sometimes the second -us is not expressed, though understood. Mi ĝojus iri, I should be delighted to go (if…). Mi volus iri. I should like to go (if …). Eble estus bone iri, It might be well to go. ~modo, conditional mood.

usne-o, beard lichen (Usnea).

Uson-o [OA 9] US.

ustilag-o (a. smuto). blight, loose smut (of cereals) (Ustilago).

uta-o, uta, Japanese poem with 5- and 7-syllable lines. Various species The 31-syllable uta is a tanka (tankao).

uter-o, [UV] womb, uterus. Kial mi ne mortis tuj el la ~o? (Ij 3/11). ~a cerviko, falo, tubo (salpingo). Sam~a (sampatrina), uterine.

util-a, [UV] of Use; advantageous, beneficial, profitable, useful. ~a arto, instruo, mento, libro. ~aĵo, ~eco, usefulness, advantage, service, utility. ~i (esti ~a, liveri ~on), be of use, avail, help, serve. Ne ĉio ~as, kio brilas. Tio neniel ~us al vi (word avail you nothing). ~igi, avail one’s of, employ (for a purpose), exploit, put to use, turn to account, utilize. ~~i la okazon. Ne~ebla, useless, unserviceable. ~ismo (utilitarismo), utilitarianism. mal~a, [UV] baneful, harmful, hurtful, detrimental, disadvantageous, injurious, noxious, pernicious, prejudicial. ~~o, detriment, etc. ~~i (esti ~~a), harm, hurt, injure. Ne~a, Sen~a, useless, bootless, of no use, unavailing. Nemal~a, inoffensive. Sen~aĵo, lumber, refuse, rubbish, waste. Sen~eco, futility. ➞ difekt, help, profit, serv, taŭg, uz.

utopi-o, [OA] Utopia, ideally perfect place or state of things, castle in Spain. Labori por ~o. ~a, -n. ~a projekto. ~ismo, -nism.

utrikl-o, (bot) (zoo), utricle. ~a, utricular.

utrikulari-o, (bot) bladderwort (Utricularia). ➞ ascidi.

uvertur-o, [OA] (mus) overture. ➞ antaŭlud, prelud.

uvul-o, (anat) Uvula. ~a, uvular.

uz-i, [UV] Use, employ (to gain end, meet need), utilize. ~i multe da salo, la fingrojnla okazon, ruzon. Ni ~u bone la vivon. Cesi ~i, dis-u. ~(ad)o, use, usage, wear. Fari ~on el, make use (avail one’s) of. Ĝui la ~on de, have access to. ~ado pli gravas, ol simpla teorio. ~aĵo, [UV] contrivance, device, requisite, utensil. ~ata, komun~a, in everyday use, current. ~ata (beaten, trodden) vojo. Ne plu ~ata, discarded, obsolete, disused, out of date. ~ateco, currency, vogue. Ne~~aĵo, lumber. Ne~ita, unused, fresh, new. ~ebla, unavailable, unserviceable, valid. Ne~ebla, unusable. El~i (~difekti), consume, spend, wear out. ~~i sian vivon per vana penado. ~~i pantalonon. ~~itaj okuloj. Kalkanoj stump~~itaj, down at the heel. Rapide ~~iĝi, wear badly. Fi~i, maltreat. For~i (~konsumi), use up, waste. Man~i, handle, manipulate, wield (➞ manumi). Mis~i, misuse. Re~i, re-employ. ~~ebligi, renovate, put into service again. tro~i, [UV] use to excess, abuse, over-use. ~~i kunmetitajn tempojn. Ne skrib~ita papero (4 FA 148/2). ➞ konsum, kutim, serv, utilig.

Uzbek-ujo, Uzbekio UZ.

uzin-o (< fabrikejo), factory dealing with raw materials; mill, works.

uzur-o [OA] (procentego), Usur/y. ~isto, -er.

uzurp-i (-n), [UV] Usurp, seize, wrongfully assume. ~i aŭtoritaton, oficon, pozicion, povon, titolon. ~ado, -ation. ~into, -er. ➞ arog.


Ŭ

Ŭ-o [F], letter Ŭ.

ŭat-o, (a. vato) watt. Kilo~, -metro,

ŭa, (interjection). Ĉiam la bubeto krios ŭa! ŭa! ŭa! (Rz 87/26), the little chap will keep compass direction on crying Wah! wah!

ŭest-o (okcidento), west, proposed.

ŭuf! (onom), woof! bark of dog. ➞ boj.


V

V-o [F], letter V. Duobla vo = W. V-fero, V-junt, V-noĉo, V-tegment-o, V-iron (-joint -notch-roof). ➞ angul.

vaĉ-o, (mar) Watch. ~i, be on w. ~anaro, w. Duon~o, dog’s w.

vad-i, [OA] Wade (4 FA 186/27), splash, squelch. ~i en koto, sablo, sango, la maro. Iri ~aĉe, flounder, waddle. (Trans)~ejo, crossing, ford (Ge 32/22). ~eti, paddle. ~uloj, ~birdoj, -ers. Tra~i, Trans~i, w. through.

vafl-o, [UV] Wafer, thin cake, waffle. Maca ~o. ~a fero, waffle-iron. ~eto, coneshaped w., cornet, for ice-cream.

vag-i (nt), [UV] wander (aimlessly), drift, ramble, roam, rove, stroll (abt.), ~i en la arbaro, sur la kamparo. Ĉirkaŭ sanktuloj diabloj ~as. f Lasi la pensojn ~i. Nuboj ~is sur la ĉielo. Lia rigardo ~is sur la ĉirkaŭa pejzaĝo. ~a vivo. ~aĉi, gap~i, dawdle, hang (gad, moon) about, gallivant. Pense ~i, be wool-gathering. ~adi en la nokto. ~ado, roaming. Palpe ~adi, grope abt. ~anto, tramp (trampo). For~i de la vojo, (go a-)stray, digress. Miaj pensoj ~~is. Tra~i Germanujon (Rj 46/16).

vagabond-o, vagabond, beach-comber, prowler, tramp, vagrant. ~a vivo. ➞ nomad, vag.

vagin-o, (anat) Vagin/a, sheath. ~a, -al. ~a duŝo. ~ismo, -ism. ~ito, -itis.

vagon-o, [UV] (ry) Waggon, carriage (Am) Car, van (for goods). ~eto, Truck. Brut~o, cattle-t. Ĉeval~o, horse-box. Dorm~o, Lit~o, sleeper, sleeping-c. Karb~o, coal-w, tender (of locomotive). Manĝ~o, dining-c. Pakaĵ~o, Ŝarĝ~o, luggage–w., goods-w. Plat~o, t. Salon~o, saloon-c. Ŝut~o, tip-t. ~aro, [UV] train. ~~o ekspresa, koridora, pasaĝera, poŝta, speciala. El(~ar)iĝi, (En~)(ar)iĝi. Trans~iĝi, change trains. ➞ ŝarĝveturil.

vajr-o, (her) vair.

vak-i [OA] (nt) be Vac/ant (empty, free, tenantless, unoccupied). La posteno ~as. ~(ant)a, v. ~a loko, ofico, rigardo, seĝo, spaco, tero. ~aĵo, -ancy. ~igi, evacuate, vacate (ĉambron, urbon); blow (ovon); clear out (ŝrankon). ➞ liber, neluit, neokupit.

vakcin-o, Vaccin/e, lymph. ~i (injekti serumon). -ate. ~a terapio. ~ado, ~ilo. ~atesto. Re~i.

vakcini-o, [UV] Whortleberry (Vaccinium), especially red w„ cowberry (V. vitis idaed). Aliaj ~acoj: mirtel, oksikok, uliginos.

vaker-o, cowboy. ➞ gaŭĉ.

vaks-o, [UV] Wax. Mola kiel ~o. 1 Abel~o, bees-w. Modla ~o. Orel~o (cerumeno). 2 (similar substance): Pargeta ~o, floor polish. sigel~o, [UV] sealing-wax. ~(ec)a, w-en, -y. ~a alumeto, kandelo, pupo. ~a (palflava) vizaĝo. ~i (ŝmiri per ~o), (coat with) w. ~i meblon, plankon.

vaku-o, Vacuum. ~a purigado. ~eco, vacuity. ~igi make a v. in. ~botelo, v-flask (termoso).

val-o, [UV] Valley; dale, vale. Kruta ~o (ravino). Se neĝas sur la monto, estas malvarme en la ~o. f ~o de larmoj. ~o de mallumo (Ps 23/4). ~en, al~e, down-hill, down-stream, v-wards. ~ano, dalesman. ~eto, combe, dell, glen. ➞ talveg.

valabi-o, wallaby, popular name for various species of Macropus (kanguruo).

valent-o, (chem) valency. Du~a, bivalent. Karbono estas 4~a.

valerian-o, valerian, all-heal (Valeriana). ~a radiko. ➞ centrant.

valerianel-o, (bot) corn-salad, lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella).

valet-o (ĉambristo), valet, manservant. ~ino, lady’s maid.

valid-a, [OA] Valid, fulfilling the necessary conditions. ~a bileto, edziĝo, kialo, kontrakto, pasporto, testamento. Ne plu ~a, out of date, expired, lapsed. ~eco, -ity. ~igi, -ate. Ne~igi, Sen~igi, in-ate.

valiz-o, [UV] valise, hand-bag, small portmanteau, suit-case, (Am) grip. ~eto, attache-case. ➞ kofr, tek.

tVALOR-o, Worth, Value. 1 grade of merit: La ~o de argumento, laboro, verko. Sia ~o estas pli granda ol perloj (Se 31/10). La kompara ~o de diversaj proponoj. 2 money v: La ~o de diamanto. have w., v., by quality or merit: Tio ne multe ~as, is of little w., (col) no great catch (shakes). Pli ~as io, ol nenio. 2 be w-y of, deserve, merit: Cu ~as iri? Is it w. while to go? ~as provi, it is w. trying. La profito ne ~as la penadon. Kio multe kostas, multe ~as. 3 be equivalent to. Unu gineo ~as 21 ŝilingojn. ~a, v-able. ~a libro, objekto, tempo. ~aĵo, something v-able. ~igi, turn to accnt, exploit. Laŭ~a, ~e, ad valorem. Sen~a, of no v., v-(w-)less, trifling. ~~aĵo, rubbish, trash. ~~eco, insignificance. ~~igi (argumenton), invalidate. ~~uloj, small fry, people of no conseqce. Alt~a, Multe~a, Grand~a (Ps 139/17), precious, of great v. Egal~a, equivalent. Malpli~iĝo (Minus~o), (com) depreciation, Pli~iĝo (plus~o), appreciation, increase in v. Pen~i, be w. the trouble. Plen~e, at its full v. Sam~a, of the same v. ➞ ind, kost, merit.

vals-o, [UV] ~i, Waltz. Kun~anto, partner in w.

valut-o, (fin) (monvaloro), currency value of paper money.

valv-o, Valv/e. 1 (mec) ~o de aertubo, fluto. ~o enlasa, inlet v. ~o ellasa, outlet v. ~o glita, tira, slide v. ~o globa, ball v. ~o haltiga, stop v. ~o klapa, key v. ~o piŝta, piston v. ~o sekuriga, safety v-. ~o suĉa, suction v. 2 (anat) ~o de koro. 3 (rad) (a. tubo), lamp: ~o (mal)brila: du~(tri~)elektroda (= diodo, triodo). ~a ululo. 4 half-shell of a mollusc: ~(ohav)a, -ular. Du~a, bi-a. (el) ~ingo, contact socket. ➞ klap.

vampir-o, [OA] Vampire, ghoul. 1 (myth) blood-sucking ghost. 2 v-bat (harmless) (Desmodus). f bloodsucker, extortioner. ~ino, f vamp. ~ismo.

van-a, [UV] Vain, in v., barren, bootless, fruitless, useless, false, futile, sterile, illusory. ~a espero, klopodo, penado, triumfo. ~e, -ly, in v., to no purpose, without result. ~e labori, peti, provi. ~e vi tentas, mi ne konsentas. ~aĵo, idle dream (hope), twaddle. ~eco, futility, inanity. ~igi, baffle, defeat, foil, frustrate, thwart. ~igi atakon. ➞ senefik, senpov, senrezult, senutil, vant.

vanadi-o, (chem) vanadium (V). Combining form: vanad-.

vand-o (fakmuro), Partition. 1 dividing wall: Per ~oj dividi salonon en ĉambrojn. Vitra ~o. (mar) bulkhead. 2 (of obj): ~o de forno, kesto, ŝranko. ~eto (de frukto, koro, nazo). For~i, p. off. ➞ pari.

vandal-o, Vandal. ~a, of -ism, barbarous. ~aĵo, act of -ism. ~eco, ~ismo, -ism.

vanel-o, [OA] lapwing, peewit, green plover (Vanellus).

vanes-oj, vanessa butterflies > ~o karda, painted lady; ~o pava (nimfalo), peacock b.; ~o urtika, small tortoise-shell. ➞ antiop, atalant.

vang-o, [UV] Cheek, jowl. Propran ~on neniu batas. ~o ĉe ~o, c. by j. (mech) c. of gun-carriage, pulley-block, etc. ~osto, c-bone. Kavo~a, hollow c-ed. Puf~a, Rond~a, chubby (M 185/12). Ruĝ~a, rosy c-ed, ruddy. Sid~o (gluteo), buttocks. ~~oj, bottom, rump. Sur~o, (~frapo), box on the ear, slap on the face (K 79/17).

vanil-o, [UV] Vanilla (plant and spice) (Vanilla planifolia). ~i, flavour with v. ~a guŝo, v-bean. ~a glaciaĵo.

vant-a, [UV] Vain; empty, ephemeral, evanescent, fleeting, frivolous, futile, unavailing, valueless, without importance. ~a estas la helpo de homo (Ps 60/11). La ~aj plezuroj de la mondo. ~a babilado, ~aj vortoj, clap-trap, empty chatter, hot-air, idle words. ~aj promesoj, hollow promises. ~aj parolantoj (Tit 1/10). Nur ~e li klopodas (Ps 39/6). Ne ~e ripetadu (Mt 6/7). ~aĵo, vanity, chimera, mere nothing, vain imagining, worthless thing. ~aĵo de ~aĵoj, tio estas ~aĵo (Pr 1/2; Se 12/11; Jona 2/8). ~eco, futility, transitoriness, vanity. ~(em)ulo, empty-head, vapourer. ~iĝi, end in smoke, evanesce, become worthless (Jer 2/5). ➞ bagatel, trivial, van.

vant-o (transversa stajo), (mar) shroud.

Vanuatu-o VU.

vapor-o, [UV] Steam, Vapour; fume. ~o de akvo, etero. Malaperi kiel ~o. ~i, s., give off v. La supo agrable ~is. ~a, s-y, v-y. ~eto, mist. ~igi, ~umi, atomize, v-ize. ~igi akvon. ~igilo, v-izer, ~iĝi, evaporate. ~iĝema, volatile. La akvo (lia kuraĝo) for~iĝis. ~izi, fumigate, s. Vojaĝi plen~e, full s. ahead. ➞ elĉerpiĝ, estingiĝ, foriĝ, fum, nebulet.

var-o, [OA] article of commerce, commodity. ~oj, goods, merchandise, wares. Konsum~oj, consumer goods. Skrib~oj, stationery. Ŝut~oj, loose goods. ~aĉoj, shoddy goods. ~ejo, warehouse.

varan-o, (zoo) monitor lizard (Varanus). ➞ monitor.

varang-o, (mar) floor-plate-(-timber), dividing outer bottom from inner.

varb-i (-n, al, en, por) [UV], Enlist, enrol, gain over, recruit. ~i iun en la armeon. f al doktrino, Esperanto, partio. ~i voĉdonojn, canvass for votes. ~emo, proselytism. ~iĝi, be -ed, join, be won over. ~ito, recruit. ➞ adeptig, konvert, prozelit, rekrut.

varf-o (havena kajo), wharf.

vari-i (nt) [OA], vary, undergo change, be of difft kinds. La vetero ~as. ~o, Vari/ation. (bot) -ety, sport, subdivision of species. ~(em)a, -able, fickle, inconstant, shifting. ~ema stelo, -able star. ~ema (broken, unsettled) vetero. ~ado, -ation. ~igi, (cause to) v. Ne~a, in-able. ~ometro. ➞ divers, ŝanĝiĝ, variant.

variaci-o, (mus) variation. Temo kun ~oj.

variant-o [OA] (variaĵo), (lit) variant, difft form. ~oj de literado, parolo, poemo, rakonto, teksto. (mat) variable.

varicel-o, (a. varioleto), chicken-pox (Varicella).

variete-o, variety show. ~a teatro, music-hall, variety theatre.

varik-o (dilataĵo), varix. ~a vejno, varicose vein. ~a bandaĝo.

variol-o, [UV] small-pox. ~a marko, pock-mark. ➞ varicel.

varm-a, [UV] Warm, Hot. 1 (temperature): ~a ĉambro, forno, klimato, sango, supo, vetero. Estas ~e, It is warm. 2 (sensation): ~aj manoj, piedoj. Kapo febre ~a. ~aj ruĝoj (flushes). 3 (of taste): ~a mustardo (pipro). 4 (= ~konserva), ~a kovrilo, lano. ~a vestaĵo. f (fervora, pasia): ~a akcepto, amo, amiko, danko, koro. ~a diskuto, animated discussion. ~e vestita. ~(ec)o, heat, warmth. ~o de la fajro, suno. Kaŝita ~o, latent heat, f ~eco de disputo. ~ega, [UV] hot, ardent, f passionate. Ami ~ege. ~ejo, (~bedo, ~domo), hot-bed, hot-house. Flor~eja kreskaĵo, h-house plant (3 FA 18/9). ~eta, tepid, warmish. ~igi, warm, heat (akvon, la manojn). ~igilo, heater. Lit~igilo (varmflasko), h-water bottle. Pied~igilo, foot warmer. ~iĝi (bask) sub la suno. blank~a, [UV] incandescent, white- fa. Brul~a, burning. hot. Duon~a, luke-warm. Re~igi, warm up again. Super~iĝi, Tro~iĝi, get over-heated. Seks~eco, rut. ➞ ard, flam, stov, vigl.

Malvarm-a (a. frida), Cold. ~a ĉambro, mateno. Estas ~e, it is cold. f (senemocia, senpasia); ~a akcepto, prudento, spuro. Respondi ~e. ~(ec)o, c., coolness. Montri al iu ~econ. Seksa ~eco. ~ega, bleak, freezing, icy, intensely cold. ~eta, cool. ~igi, chill, cool. ~iga trinkaĵo. f ~igi entuziasmon, pour c. water on. ~igilo, refrigerator. ~iĝi, grow c., cool down. Lia amo ~iĝis. ~umi, [UV] catch cold, take a chill. ➞ katar, koriz.

varp-o, (tex) Warp, threads stretched lengthwise on loom. ~i, warp, plait. ~a ringo, heddle. ➞ veft.

vart-i (-n), [UV] Nurs/e (look after, take care of, tend). ~i beston, floron, infanon. Per tro multa ~o malboniĝas la farto. ~at(in)o, charge, -ling. ~ejo, dayery, infant school. ~isto, keeper, etc. ~istino, dry n., nannie, maid. ➞ fleg, gard, nutr, zoring.

vasal-o, Vassal, humble servant, liege(man). ~eco, v-age.

vast-a, [UV] vast; capacious, extensive, of wide extent, spacious. ~a ĉambro, kampo; (farflung) imperio. f (grandampleksa): ~a programo, senso, sperto; (comprehensive, allembracing): ~a scio. (phon) ~a (open) vokalo. ~e, at large. ~aĵo, broad, expanse. ~eco, immensity. ~ega, immense. (pli)~igi, [UV] broaden, extend, enlarge, spread, widen. (pli)~iĝi, broaden, develop, dilate, spread, swell. Dis~igi (dis-etend-konig-sem-i), extend, promulgate, propagate, spread abroad. (extend) la flugilojn. ~~i famon, lingvon, influon. La ideo ~~iĝis (spread, was noised abroad). malvast-a, [UV] Narrow, limited, restricted. ~a rigardo, spirito. ~a loko, confined space, (phon) closed (vokalo). (cl) (strikta), tight. ~a pantalono. Ligi ~e. ~eco, n-ness. Mensa ~eco, pettiness. ~ega, exiguous, scanty. ~ejo, (mar) narrows, straits; (monta) defile, gorge, ravine. ~igi, n., circumscribe, restrict.

vat-o, [UV] 1 Wadding, Cotton-wool. Absorba ~o, absorbent c-w. ~i, pad, wad. ~i bandaĝon, veston. ~ita, wadded. ~bulo, tampon. ➞ ŭat.

Vatikan-o VA.

vaz-o, [UV] 1 Vase: Flor~o. 2 vessel; Lav~o, hand-basin, wash-pot. Nokta ~o, chamber. Trink~o, trough (for animals). 3 (phys) Sang~o. ~a, vascular. ~aro, plates and dishes, table-service. Arĝenta ~aro, silver plate. Ter~aro, crockery, earthenware. Lavi la ~ojn, wash up. ~akvo, dish-water.

vazelin-o, [OA] Vaseline, petroleum jelly. ~i, smear with v.

vazistas-o, fanlight (over door), ventilator (in window, over door).

ve, [UV] (interjection) Woe! Ho -!, Alas! Ah me! Heigh ho! Woe is me! ~ al, w. betide, w. unto (Jeĥ 30/2, Mt 23/13, Ap 8/13). ~(aspekt)a, w-ful, dejected, down-cast, lowspirited, lugubrious. ~o, plaint. Ĝemoj kaj ~oj (Jeĥ 2/10). ~(ad)i (krii ~e), lament, wail. La vento ~adis. ~inda, deplorable. PFX = of w. (grief, distress, mourning, sorrow). Saliko Babilona estas ~arbo. ~krio, cry of grief. La Jerusalema ~muro. Jeremia estis ~profeto. ~plena, lamentable. ~spiri, (heave a) sigh. II Sometimes = of ill omen. Korvo estas ~birdo. ~signo, harbinger of ill. ➞ lament.

veft-o, (tex) weft, threads crossing from side to side of web in loom, f La ~o (thread, web) de parolo, vivo. ➞ var p.

veget-i, [UV] Vegetat/e, exist as a plant, f lead dull monotonous uneventful life. ~i en la kamparo. Vivi ~e. ~ado, -ing. ~aĵo (planto) (Ps 37/2). ~aĵaro (flaŭro), flora. ➞ kreskaĵ, plant, vegetal.

vegetal-o, plant. ~a (planta) regno, vegetable kingdom. ~a butero (vegetalino), nut butter (fat). ~aro, vegetation.

vegetar-a, [OA] Vegetarian. ~a (sen- kadavra) dieto. ~ano, v. ~ismo, -ism.

vejn-o, [UV] Vein. 1 (phys): Kol~o, jugular v. 2 (min). Erc~o, Min~o, lode of ore; ~o el karbo, seam of coal. 3 similar marking, streak, stripe: ~oj sur floro, folio; nervure (of insect’s wing). ~(hav)a, -ed. ~i (-n), mark with veins, grain, marble, etc. ~aro, venous system. Ligna ~aro, (wood) grain. ~eto, v-let, thin streak, thread. ~ito (flebito). ~tranĉo, blood-letting.

vek-i (-n), [UV] Wake(n), rouse (from sleep). Li dormas, sed mi lin ~os. f arouse, give birth (rise) to, provoke, stir up. ~i atenton, dubon, esperon, kuraĝon, malamon, ribelon, ridon. Tiu bildo ~as memorojn. Spirito ~a, rousing, stimulating. ~iĝi, a-w,. regain consciousness, rise, w. up (Ps 3/5). f ~iĝis la voĉo de konscienco. ~isto, knocker-up. ~ita, ~iĝinta, wide awake. ~iteco, w-fulness. ➞ estig, komenc, maldorm, nask, viglig.

vekt-o, [UV] 1 beam, arm (of balance, scales). 2 similar object. Yoke (shoulder- piece) for carrying buckets, etc. (el) yoke of electro-magnet.

vektor-o, (geom) vector.

vel-o, [UV] (mar) Sail. Brajli, ferli, hisi la ~ojn. Antaŭ~o, fore-s; Ĉiel~o, sky-s; Gaf~o, gaff-s; Granda ~o, main-s; Latin~o, lateen-s; Laŭlarĝa ~o, square-s; Laŭlonga ~o, fore and aft s; Lugra ~o, lug-s; Sprit~o, sprit-s; Staj~o, stay-s; Top~o, top-s. ~iri, ~veturi, s., scud along. ~aĵo, (~tolo), s-cloth, canvas. ~preta, outward bound. ~faristo, s-maker. ➞ kanvas. 2 (anat) Palata ~o, soft palate.

veld-i, Weld, unite by hammering or pressure. ~ado, w-ing. ~ita (ŝtalo), w-ed, wrought. ~punkto, -ed joint (seam). ➞ braz, lut, sold.

velen-o, [UV] vellum. 1 calf-skin prepared for writing. 2 sim, paper. ➞ pergamen.

velk-i, [UV] Droop, Fade, Wither; lose beauty (freshness, lustre), wilt. La floro, koloro, vizaĝo ~is. Kies folio ne ~as (Ps 1/3). f (kadukiĝi, konsumiĝi, senfortiĝi), decline, languish, waste away. Lia energio, entuziasmo, sano ~is. (el) =fadi. ~(int)a, f-(w-)ed, drab, flabby, flaccid. ~a animo, mano. ~inta folio. Siaj manoj pendis ~e (senergie). ~ema, d-(f-languish-) ing. ~igi, w. up, blight (esperojn). La suno ~igis la florojn. ~(sek)iĝi, dry up, atrophy. ~ozo, (hort) wilt. For~i, f. (w. pine) away, die away (down) Ne~ema, fast, indelible (koloro). ➞ senkoloriĝ, sensukiĝ, ŝrump.

velociped-o, [OA] velocipede, foot-moved vehicle. ➞ bicikl, tandem.

velur-o, [UV] Velvet. Sur la ventro ~o, en la ventro murmuro. Kotona ~o, -een. ~(ec)a, (~e mold), -y, downy, mellow, smooth as v. ~a persiko, vango. f Esti sur ~o.

ven-i, [UV] (nt) Come. 1 (to the speaker, to a place): ~u ĉi tien, step this way. Mi ~as, I’m -ing. Lasu la infanojn ~i al mi (Mt 19/14). 2 (alveni): arrive at, reach. ~i hejmen. ~is du leteroj. ~i al celo, konvinko, interkonsento. La akvo ~is ĝis liaj genuoj. Unue~into, first comer. 3 (originate): ~i de Parizo. Tiu vorto ~as el la Latina. De tio ~as malpaco. 4 (estiĝi), occur: Fine ~is la horo, somero. -onta, approaching. En la ~onta (coming, future, next) semajno, tempo. Tuj ~onta, imminent. -o, advent, arrival, ~igi, bring, fetch, get, obtain, procure, send for. ~igi fiakron, kuraciston, pacon. Al~i, arrive. Li ĵus ~~is. La horo de lia ~~o. ~~ebla, accessible. Antau~i, precede. ~~into, forerunner, precursor. de~i (de) [OA], c., arise, be derived, originate, proceed, result (from). ~~o, derivation, extraction, origin, parentage, source. ~~igi, deduce (derive) from. Miks~~a, of mixed origin. El~i, c. out. ~~o, issue, out-c. En~i, c. in, enter, f (Ge 19/31, 38/16). Inter~i, c. between, intervene, step in, take a hand. Kun~i, c. together, assemble, meet. ~~i en kafejo, por diskuto, sur la strato. ~~o, Meeting. ~~o politika, religia, sporta, de du amikoj, de instruistoj. ~~ejo, m-place, assembly room, hall. ~~igi, call (convene, convoke, summon) a meeting. ~~intaro, m., assembly, gathering. Post~i, c. after (next), succeed. ~veninto, successor. Re~i, c. back (again), return. hejmen, al la demando. ~~igi, bring back. Ne~~igebla (sen~~a), irre-medi(-par-voc)able. Sen~~e perdita, irretrievably lost, past praying for. Bon~a, ~o, ~igi, ~inta, welcome.

vend-i (-n) [UV], Sell; realize (securities). ~i por du pencoj (= for 2d); po du pencoj (= at 2d). ~i kontante, kredite. ~o, sale. Proponi ~e, for s. ~anto, vendor. ~ebla, marketable, saleable. ~ejo, market, salesroom, shop. ~iĝi, s., be sold. -isto, salesman. ~ita, sold. ~ota, for (on) sale, to be sold. El~i, For~i, s. out. El~ita, out of print (stock). For~i sian havon. Ne~eblaĵo, junk. Re~i, re-s. ~~aĵo, second-hand goods. ~~isto, s-h dealer. Vest~~isto, old-clothes man, wardrobe dealer. Strat~isto, vag~isto, hawker, pedlar, ~arto, salesmanship. ➞ aĉet.

vendred-o, [UV] Friday. Sankta ~o, Good F.

venen-o [UV] 1 (tokso), Poison. Rat~o, rat’s bane. Striknino estas ~o. 2 venom. ~o de serpento. f gall, spleen. ~a, -ous, toxic, venemous. f noxious, pernicious. ~a fungo, gaso. ~a dento, p-fang. ~i, p. ~i hundon. f embitter, envenom, mar, vitiate. ~i rilatojn, la vivon. ~ita, -ed, embittered. Kontraŭ~o (antidote). Ne~a, harmless. Sin~o, ➞ antidot, difekt, mortig, sumak, toks.

vener-a, venereal, of sexual intercourse. ~a deziro, malsano.

Venezuel-o [OA 8] VE.

venĝ-i, (al iu, pro io) [UV] 1 Avenge, (take) Revenge, wreak Vengeance, exact satisfaction, inflict retribution. La krimo (sia morto) estos ~ita. 2 Be a-(r-)ed, have (take) r. on, retaliate, wreak v. on. ~i al iu (pay him out) pro la ofendo. ~o, r., v., requital (retribution). ~a, a-ing. ~anto, a-er. ~ema, r-ful, resentful, vindictive. ~emo, thirst for v., rancour, vindictiveness. ~enda, that calls for r. Re~o, reprisal, retaliation. ➞ pag.

venk-i, (-n, abs), [UV] Conquer, Vanquish; beat, defeat, overthrow, prevail against, triumph over. 1 (in battle) (~bati): ~i armeon, malamikon. Nia lando nepre ~os. ~(akir)i landon. 2 (in competition): gain the victory. ~i ĉiun rivalon. f master, overcome. ~i la alfabeton, baron, antaŭjuĝon, timon. La vero ~os en la fino. ~o, conquest, victory. Atingi, gajni la ~on. ~(oplen)a, victorious. ~e, with success, ~into, c-or. ~ita, c-ed, v-ed, beaten. Dis~i, put to flight, rout. Mal~o, defeat, f La ~~oj de la vivo. ~~i, suffer defeat, be overthrown. Ne~ebla, insuperable (invincible), not to be beaten. Super~i (surmount, get over) krizon. ➞ konker, triumf.

vent-o, [UV] Wind. ~o mara, norda. ŝanĝiĝi kiel la ~o. Disiĝi kiel polvo en ~o. f Kvietigi la ~on. Ĉirkaŭpelata de ĉiu ~o de doktrino (Ef 4/14). Dors~o, leading w. Ŝtorm~o (uragano), gale. Turn~o, whirl-w. ~~ego (ciklono). ~a, -y, boisterous, stormy, unsettled, f (aera, malfirma, senbaza, senvalora): ~aj vortoj, (Ij 16/3). ~a entrepreno, loko. ~(ad)-i, be -y, blow. Forte ~as. ~aĵo (Pr 2/17). f empty chatter, idle (mere) words. ~ego (ŝtormo, tempesto), strong w. Neĝ~ego, blizzard, f ~ego da riproĉoj. ~egi, blow great guns, storm, rage. ~eto, breeze. ~ulo, w-bag, weathercock. ~um-i, [UV] fan, winnow. Gren~~aĵo, chaff (Ps 1/4). ~~ilo, fan. ~frapo, gust. Al~e, ~en, wind-ward. Ek~o, gust of w. Kontraŭ-e, in the teeth of (against) the w. Mal~a (lee) flanko. Mal~en, leeward. Plena sen~o (kalmo), calm. Ekvatoraj sen~oj, doldrums. Kirl~o, whirl-w. Tra~o, air-current, draught. ➞ blov, spir, vant, ventol.

ventol-i, [UV] Ventilat/e, air. ~i ĉambron, tunelon. f ~i demandon. ~ado, -ation. ~ejo, air-trap, vane. ~ilo, -ing fan, -or (of chimney). ➞ aerum.

ventr-o, [UV] 1 Belly, abdomen:Kuŝi sur~e, grovel. 2 (col) tummy: Okuloj pli grandaj, ol la ~o. 3 womb: Filo de mia ~o. Senfrukta ~o. f b., bulge, swell (de botelo, ondo, ŝipo, k.s.) ~a bendo, saddle-girth (horse). ~a doloro, colic. ~aĉo, ~ego, paunch, "corporation". ~oforma, distended, ventricose. ~opleno, b-full. Dik~a, corpulent, obese, potbellied. ➞ abdomen, stomak, uter.

ventrikl-o (kavaĵo), (anat) ventricle. ~o de la cerbo, koro.

vepr-o, brushwood, underwood, scrub. ~aĵo, brake, copse, thicket. ~ejo, the bush, brushwood-covered heath. Sen~igi, clear of undergrowth.

ver-a, [UV] Tru/e, authentic, genuine, real, veritable. ~a amiko, diamanto, rakonto. ~a opinio montriĝas en ebrio. ~o, Truth. La tempo malkaŝos la ~on. Amiko estas kara, sed ~o pli kara. ~e, -ly, candidly, frankly, genuinely, verily. ~epar0/-(re.s7>o«/ -)i. ~e malsana. ~e ne! ~aĵo, fact, verity. La ~aĵoj de religio, scienco. ~eco, t-fulness, genuineness, veracity. Dubi, pruvi la ~econ de aserto. ~igi, confirm, ~ama, sincere, t-loving. ~dire, to tell the t., ~(dir)ema (~parola), t-ful, veracious. ~ŝajna, likely, plausible, probable, seeming. ~~eco, verisimilitude, Ne~~a, unlikely. Mal~a, apocryphal, false, counterfeit, lying, mendacious, spurious. ~~a kiel epitaĵo. ~~a atesto, f. witness. ~~o, lie, un-truth. Pli~e, more correctly, rather. Sen~a, devoid of t., unfounded, unjustified. Vivo~a, t. to life, realistic, vivid. ➞ fals, ĝust, mensog.

verand-o, [OA] veranda, roofed portico of gallery.

veratr-o, white (false) Hellebore (Veratrum). ~o verda, green h., bear’s foot. ➞ helebor.

verb-o, [UV] Verb. ~a, -al. ~igi. -alize. ~igi adjektivon.

verbask-o, Mullein, Aaron’s rod (Verbaseum). Nigra ~o, dark m.

verben-o [OA], Vervain (Verbena).

verd-a, [UV] Green, verdant. La ~a Stelo. ~aj fazeoloj, pizoj, pomoj. Botel~(hel~mar~ musk~pom~smerald~)a. (mar) ~a flanko, starboard. ~en! Starboard! ~o, g. ~i, be g. ~as la herbo en Majo. ~aĵo, g., verdure. ~aĵo Pariza, (agr. hort) Paris g. (insecticide). ~eta (iom ~a), -ish. Ee. ŝtono ~iĝas, se ĝi longe ne moviĝas.

verdigr-o, [UV] verdigris, green rust on copper. ~iĝi.

verdikt-o, [OA] Verdict, finding of the jury, judicial decision (1 Rg 20/40). Konfirmi, kontesti, skribi ~on. ~i, liveri ~on. ➞ sentene.

veris-o, (bot) cowslip (Primula veris).

verg-o, [UV] 1 Rod, Stick; staff, switch, wand. Ĉarpentista ~o, foot-rule. Fe~ (Sorĉ~)o, magic wand. Fera ~o, r. of iron. Kurtena ~o, curtain-r, tringle. Pedela verge. Plat~o, (typ) rule. Raketa ~o, rocket-s. Tambura ~o, drum-s. Tir~o (puŝstango), (org) s-er (➞ pivotaĵ). Vid~o, (surv) aim-post, range-pole. ~aĵo, ~fasko, bundle of ss (twigs etc.). ➞ bastonet, branĉeto, stanget. 2 (for punishment) Cane. ~i, beat, birch, cane, flog, spank. ~i infanon. ➞ skurĝ, vip.

verk-i (-n), [UV] Writ/e, make (by mental labour). ~i libron, poemon, raporton, compose (a. komponi) muzikon, fugon. ~o, work, composition, opus, production writing. La ~oj de Z. Ĉef~o (Majstro~o), masterpiece. ~ado, composition. ~aro, complete (set of) works. ~eto, booklet, pamphlet, sketch, treatise. ~into, ~isto, author, -er. Dram~isto, dramatist. Re~i, recast, rewrite, adapt, revise. ➞ aŭtor, kre, kompon, skrib.

verm-o, [UV] 1 Worm. 2 grub, larva, maggot. Sag~o, arrow-w. Ter~o (lumbriko), earth-w. Ventumila ~o, fan-w. f Enŝteliĝis en lian cerbon la ~o de dubo. ~oj, (med) ww. ~borita, w-eaten. Kontraŭ~aĵo (~icido, ~forigilo, ~pulvoro), vermicide, vermifuge. Sen~igi kampon. ➞ askarid, larv, nereid, raŭp, teni, tered.

vermiĉel-o, [UV] (cul) vermicelli,

vermiljon-o (artefarita cinabro), Vermillion, red colour from cinnabar.

vermut-o, [OA] 1 (bev) vermuth. 2 wormwood, various bitter plants, f bitterness. La memoro estas ~o kaj galo (PI 3/19, Am 6/12).

vernier-o, vernier, slide-gauge,

verniz-o, Varnish, Glaze (us. from gum or rezin). ~o alkohola, celuloza, kopala, olea, terebinta, spirit-(celulose-copal-oil -turpentine-)v. Polura ~o, French polish. Ungo~o. ~i, (v., g.,) pentraĵon (meblon). ~ado, v-(g-)ing. ~itaj ŝuoj, patent-leather shoes. ➞ glace, glazur, lak.

veronal-o, (pharm) veronal.

veronik-o, speedwell, bird’s eye (Veronica) > bekabung.

vers-o, [UV] Vers/e. 1 line of poetry. ~ero, foot. ~duono, hemistitch, half-line of v. Dek~o, Kvar~o, 10-(4-)line stanza. 2 (a. ~aĵo), v. in gen., piece of v. ~o libera, free v. ~o senrima, blank v. ~a, in v. ~(far)i, make (write) in v. ~aĉo, doggerel. ~etoj, light v. (En)~igi, -ify, put into v. 3 v. (of Bible, Koran, etc.). Citi ĉapitron kaj ~on. ➞ stanz, strof.

verst-o, [UV] verst, Russian measure. (2/3 English mile).

verŝ-i (-n) [UV], Pour out (liquids), discharge. ~i inkon en inkujon; lakton en kruĉon. ~i larmojn, shed tears. ~i betonon, lay (spray) concrete, f ~i mokon(sur), p. ridicule (on). ~i dolĉan lumon, shed soft light. ~iĝi, fall (rain), flow. ~ilo, -er, watering-can. ~isto, cup-bearer, etc. De~i (Trans~i), p. off, decant. Dis~i, p. all over, diffuse, spill. EM, p. out, empty. Edzino pli ~~as per funelo, ol edzo en~as per sitelo. ~~i sian sangon. (kor) ~~o, effusion. En~i, p. into. ~~i novan energion en la movadon. Pri~i (Sur~i), water, spray (florojn), razenon, liton per larmoj (Ps 6/6). Super~i (inundi, kovri), overflow, run over. Kampo tute ~~ita (flooded). Pejzaĝo ~~ita (bathed) de sunradioj. ~~iĝi, spill over. Sang~o, bloodshed. ➞ pluvig.

vert-o, [UV] crown, pate, top of head (Ge 49/26; 2 Sa 14/25). Frakasi ies ~on. vertag-o (melhundo), badger-dog, basset- hound (Canis vertagus).

vertebr-o [UV] (spinosto), Vertebr/a. ~a, -al. ~aro (~a kolono, spino), spine, backbone. ~ulo, -ate. Sen~ulo, invertebrate.

vertic-o, vertex, apex, highest part or point, top (of an angle, etc.).

verticil-o, (bot) whorl, verticil,

vertiĝ-o, (med) vertigo, dizziness, giddiness, swimming of the head.

vertikal-a, [UV] Vertical, perpendicular (rel. to horizon), plumb, sheer, upright. ~o, ~(il)o, v., plummet (Am 7/7; Jes 28/17; 34/11). ~e, -ly, straight up and down. ~igi, stand upright. ➞ perpendikl.

veruk-o, [UV] Wart (bot) gnarl, knobby growth on tree. ~eto, verrucosity. ~ozo, w-disease, e.g., terpoma malsano.

verv-o, [OA] verve, animation, "go", life, spirit, vim, zest. Deklami, gesti, ŝerci kun ~o. ~a, breezy, lively, spirited. ~e paroli, marŝi, polemiki. Sen~a, dull, flat.

vesp-o, [UV] Wasp (Vespa). ~(osimil)a, ~(ec)a, -ish. ~aro, swam of ww. ~ejo, w’s nest, ~otalia.

vesper-o, [UV] Evening (Ge 1/5). f Atingi la ~on de sia vivo. ~a, of the e., vesper. ~a Diservo, himno, stelo. ~a krepusko, e-twilight, dusk, gloaming. ~e, in the e. Matenas, ~as, kaj tago malaperas. ~iĝas, the day is drawing in. ~(iĝ)e, at eventide, in the gloaming. Antaŭ~o, eve (of festival).

vespert-o, [UV] bat (Vesper tilio). ➞ noktol,plekot.

vespr-o, vespers. ~a sonorilo, vesper bell.

vest-i (-n) [UV], Cloth/e, Dress, Robe. ~i nudulon. Ne havi ion por sin ~i, have nothing to wear. Ĉifone ~ita, d-ed in rags. ~o, [UV] ~aĵo, article of c-ing, apparel, d., garb, gar-(rai-)ment. De~meti, sur~meti (Ŝanĝi) ~on. ~o multekolora. Kap~o, head-gear. Pied~o, foot-wear. Ŝtorm~o, sou-wester. ~oj, ~aro, cc., outfit. Sport~oj, sporting outfit. ~aĉo, cast-offs, duds, slops, tatters. ~ejo, cloak-(d-ing)room; vestry. ~eto, child’s d. ~iĝi (sin ~i), c. one’s, d. f La kampo ~iĝis per greno. (th) ~istino, d-er. ~faristo, c-ier. Ali~i, disguise. Mal~i (sen~igi) (-n), un-d. Sen~a, naked. ~~iĝi, un-d, disrobe, strip. Danco sen~iĝa, strip-tease. Super~o, overall. [Do not say "Si vestis (dressed!) la botojn, (la jupon)". Ŝi surmetis ilin (put them on), por vesti la piedojn (sin)].

vestal-o, vestal virgin.

vestibl-o, [UV] Vestibule, ante-chamber, entrance hall, lobby, (anat) Kora ~o.

veŝt-o, [UV] waistcoat, vest. Trikota ~o, cardigan.

vet-i (-n, abs), [UV] Bet, Wager, lay, stake. ~i por ĉevalo, back a horse. ~i, ke io (ne) okazos. ~i kontraŭ, lay against. ~i por kaj kontraŭ, hedge. ~o, b., w. Gajn-(perd-)i ~on. ~e, for a w. ~aĵo, -mono, stake. ~anto, punter. ~libro, betting book. ~ludi, gamble. ~peristo, bookmaker.

veter-o, [UV] Weather. ~o bel-(j’rost-prin- temp-storm-)a. ~informoj, w- forecasts (reports). ~a stato, w-conditns. ~oficejo, meterological office.

veteran-o, [OA] ~a, veteran. ~a soldato, old campaigner, fold hand.

veterinar-o [OA] (bestkuracisto), veterinary surgeon.

veto-o, veto. ~o absoluta, provizora. ~i proponon. ~rajto. ➞ malpermes, prohib.

vetur-i, [UV] go (travel) by vehicle; Drive, fly, ride, sail. ~i Oslon (al Oslo) per (sur) ŝipo, per (en) vagonaro. Sip~o, voyage. Aer~ ado, aviation. Mar~ado, navigation. ~anto, passenger. ~ebla, negotiable (route, etc.). ~igi, d., cart, carry, convey, transport. ~igisto, driver, chauffeur, coachman (➞ koĉer, ŝofor). ~ilo, carriage, conveyance, vehicle. Aer ~ilo, air-craft. Ĉel~ilo, prison van. ĉerk~ilo, hearse. glit~ilo [UV] (sledo), sled(ge), sleigh, toboggan. Kirasa ~ilo, armoured vehicle. Loĝ~ilo (Ruldomo), caravan. Puŝ~ilo, barrow, push-cart. Ŝarĝ~ilo (kamiono), cart, dray, lorry, van. Tram~ilo, tramcar, streetcar. Tren~ilo, trailer. ~ila, vehicular. ~ilaro, traffic (trafiko). ~ilejo, cab-stand, coachhouse (remizo). Ĉirkaŭ~i, El~i, En~i, For~i, Kun~i, Preter~i, Re~i, Sur~i, Tra~i, d. round (out, into, away, with, past, back, on, through). Ek~i, set off, start out. (mot). Sur-i, run over. Trans~i, cross, pass over. Pet~i, hitch-hike. ➞ fiakr, kaleŝ, navig, promen, rajd, vojaĝ.

vezik-o, [UV] 1 Bladder: ~o gala, piedpilka, urina. 2 (~eto, haŭt~o), blister (sur kalkano, pentraĵo); flaw (en vitro, metalo). 3 bubble (bobelo): Aer~o, sap~o. ~iga, vesicant. ➞ kist, kolute.

vezir-o, [UV] vizier, Turkish minister. Ĉef~o, grand-v.

vi, [UV] You (sing, and pi), ~ estas (a) bela, (b) belaj. ~a, [UV] your (libro). La libro estas ~a (yours). Mi amas ~n. ~aflanke, as far as you are concerned, for your part.

viadukt-o, [OA] viaduct.

viand-o, [UV] Meat, flesh used, for food. Ĝi estas nek ~o, nek fiŝo. Ĉevala ~o. ~ejo, butcher’s shop. ~isto, butcher. ~ujo, m-safe. ~omanĝa, carnivorous. Dieto sen~a, m-less. ➞ buĉ, karn, vegetar.

vibr-i (nt) [OA], Vibra/te, flutter, quiver. ~is kordo, sonorilo, la sono de flutoj. f Mil ĝojaj sentoj ~is en lia koro. ~(ad)o, vibration, tremor. ~(ant)a, resonant, throbbing, v-nt. (phon) ~a (a. voĉa), voiced (konsonanto). ~eco, (med) fremitus (fremito). ~igi, cause to v. ~igi la kordojn de la animo, move the soul. Tra~iga, thrilling. ~ilo, buzzer, vibrator. ~afono, (m.i.) vibraphone. ➞ balanciĝ, pendol.

viburn-o, [UV] viburnum, wayfaring (mealy) tree (V. lantana) > opol.

vic-o, [UV] Line, Rank, Turn. 1 file, row, succession, suite (side by side, or one after another): ~o da arboj, domoj, soldatoj, veturiloj. La unua ~o de seĝoj, row (tier) of seats, (chs, drs) rank. (org) rank, register, stop. En ~o, in line. Po ses en ~o, in ranks of six. 2 series of events: ~o de bataloj, eraroj, jaroj, malfeliĉoj. 3 Turn, innings, rota: Nun estas mia ~o. La parol~o estas al vi. Ĉiu sia~e, in his turn. ~o. ~aro, ranks, rank and file. La Filiŝtoj starigis siajn ~ojn. Densigi la ~ojn, close the ranks. (bells) changes. ~a, serial, successive. (Laŭ)~e, in turn, one after another, point by point, seriatim. Atendi ~e, queue. ~e de (~~anstataŭ). ~ego (da), long string (of insults, words, etc.). ~igi, align, range in lines. (En)~iĝi, fall into line, join the ranks., take one’s place. Ekster~e, out of turn. Sorto~o, vicissitude. Unu~e, in single file. Unua~e, foremost. PFX: Vice-: acting in place of, or second in rank to (another). Vic-admiralo, ~prezidento. ~grafo, viscount. ~reĝo, viceroy. ➞ len, seri, stif.

vici-o, (bot) vetch (Vicia). ➞ latir (= vetchling).

vid-i (-n), [UV] See, Sight. 1 be witness of, behold, set eyes on: Mi ~as per la okuloj. ~i estas kredi. Aliajn gvidas, sed mem ne ~as. Ne ~i, miss, not s., overlook, f ~i la infanojn de siaj infanoj. (Ps 128/6). ~i ruĝe (col), s. red. ~i la tombon (morti). Mi ~u! Let me s.! 2 (konstati) (Ge 1/12): Mi ~as, ke mi trompiĝis. 3 (kompreni, konscii): Mi ne ~as la signifon de tio. 4 (viziti): ~i muze-(pacient-)on. ~o, Sight, view. ~o flanka, fronta. (mus) Ludi le ~o, at s. ~(pov)o, eye-s, vision. Havi bonan ~on, perdi la ~on. Cambro kun ~o (outlook) sur la maron (with a seaview). ~aĵo, s., scene, spectacle, view. ~aĵoj de Parizo. ~a, ocular, optic, visual. ~ebla, clear, visible. Okul~eble, evidently, obviously. Montri ~eble, afford ocular proof. ~ebleco, visibility. ~ebliĝi, come into s. Ne~ebla, invisible. ~igi, exhibit, show. ~iĝi, appear, be evident (seen). ~ilo (lorneto), spy-glass, etc. ~inda, worth s-ing. ~indajo, beauty spot, s. ~into, eye-witness. Antaŭ~i, anticipate, fore-s. ~~ema, fore-ing. ~enda, that must be seen. Ek~i, catch s. of, descry, perceive. ~~o, glimpse. Inter~iĝo, interview, meeting. Laŭ~e, by s. Ne~ata, unseen. Ne~ema, incurious, oblivious, un-ing. Preter~i, not notice, overlook, pass over. Re~i, s. agn. Ĝis la ~~o! au revoir! Retro~a, retrospective. ~~ilo, rear-view mirror. Sen~a, s-less, without perspective. ~~eco, visibility nil. Tra~i, s. through. ~~ebla, limpid, pellucid, transparent. Ricevi ~~on, catch a glimpse through (4 FA 127/8). Unua~e, at first s. ~al~e, face to face, facing (fronte al). ➞ blind, dazl, diafan, okul, rigard, spekt, vizi.

vidv-o, [UV] Widow/er. ~(iĝint)a, -ed. ~ino, w. ~inon kaj orfon ne premu. Pajla ~ino, grass widow (4 FA 224/29). ~inajoj (~ina vesto), w’s weeds.

vigl-a, [UV] animated. 1 bright, fresh, keen: ~a humor-(vizaĝ-)o. 2 lively, nimble, quick, spirited, sprightly: ~a danco, knabo, stilo. 3 energetic, vigorous: ~a grup-(labor-trafik-)o. 4 alert, vigilant, wide-awake: ~a singardo. ~e bright -(vigorously. with spirit, (mus) allegro. ~i, be alive to. ~eco, animation, vigour, vim. ~igi, enliven, rouse, spur, stimulate. Pli~igi la vivon de la grupo. ~igilo, pick-me-up. ~iĝi, bestir one’s, brighten up. ~iĝu! Look alive! Mal~a, apathetic, dull, heavy lifeless, spiritless. ~~a fajro, slow fire. ~~eco, prostration. ~~igi, deaden, depress, enervate, take the life out of. Re~igi, put new heart into, re~ate, revive. ➞ energi, viv.

vikari-o, [UV] 1 deputy, substitute (for official). 2 (ecc) curate. ~a vicarious. ~i, act as ~o. ~eco, curacy. ➞ anstataŭ [Ne= parohestr],

viking-o, viking. ~edzino (4 FA 24/6).

viktim-o, [OA] Victim 1 (oferato) of sacrifice. 2 (suferanto) of cruelty, hardship, etc. ~o de milito, trompo. ➞ trompit. ~igi, -ize.

vikun-o, vicugna (Lama vicugna). ~a lano.

vil-o, [UV] villus (~oj, villi), slender soft hair on fruit, plant, skin, etc. ~oj intestaj. ~a (harkovrita), villous, hairy, shaggy, hirsute, untrimmed. ~a barbo, brovo, felo, homo, kapro (Da 8/21). ~aĵo, mat, tangle. ~eco, villosity. ~igo, buffing (shoe). ➞ har, hirt, tuf.

vila-o (kampdomo, somerdomo), villa, cottage, country house, summer residence.

vilaĝ-o, [UV] Villag/e. ~a, v., rural, rustic. ~ano, [UV] -er, ~ego, important village, small town. ~estro, squire. ~eto, hamlet. ~ulino, country lass (woman). ➞ kamparan.

vimen-o (salika tigo), Osier, shoot of Willow. ~a ligilo, osier-tie, binder, withy. ~a tego, o-covering, e.g., of bottle. ~a vergo, willow-sprig. ~aĵo, willow-basket, willow-work. ~ejo, o-bed.

vin-o, [UV] Wine. ~o blanka, ruĝa; dolĉa. seka; grosa, oranĝa. Miel~o, (medo), mead. Pir~o, perry. Pom~o (cidro), cider. ~(ec)a, vinous. ~ejo, ~kelo, wine-cellar, vault. ~isto, butler, cellarer. ~istestro (Ge 41/9), chief cupbearer. ~vendisto, w-merchant, vintner. ➞ most.

vinagr-o, [UV] Vinegar. ~a, -ary. f cantankerous, crabby. ~a konservaĵo, pickle. ~a humoro. Havi ~on en la mieno. preserve in (season with) v. ~ujo, v-cruet. ➞ acid, malafabl, maldolĉ.

vinber-o, [UV] Grape. sek~o [UV] (rosino), raisin. Sek~eto (korinto), currant. ~aro (grapolo), bunch of grapes. ~ejo (vitejo), vineyard. ~ujo (vito), vine.

vinĉ-o, (tirlevilo, turnlevilo), winch, mine- hoist, winding-drum. Ankra ~o (vindaso), windlass. ➞ kapstan.

vind-i [UV] (ĉirkaŭvolvi), Swaddl/e, wind (wrap) round, ~ita per morta tolaĵo. ~(aĵ)oj, -ling-clothes. Ankoraŭ en ~oj, not yet shortened, f ~oj (trammels) de superstiĉo. ~iĝi, coil (twine) round. Sia robo ~iĝis ĉirkaŭ ŝiaj kruroj. Ĉirkaŭ~ita (Lk 2/12). El~igi, free from restraint. ~~iĝi, extricate one’s from difficult situation. Trans~i suĉinfanon, bebon, change nappies. ~infano. ➞ bend, imbrik.

vindas-o, (mar) windlass. Vapor~o, donkey-engine, steam-winch.

vinjet-o, [OA] (typ) vignette, tail-piece, ornamental cut or border.

vink-o, [OA] (bot) ‘periwinkle (Vinca) (2 FA 58/37).

vinkt-o, [OA] rivet (for china) (2FA108/11), clip, paper-fastener, snap (for gloves). ➞ agraf, nit.

vintr-o, [UV] Winter. Kiu taŭgas por somero, ne taŭgas por ~o. ~a, w. ~a sezono, vesto, vetero. ~e, in the winter. ~ado, wintering. (Tra)~i, pass the w. ~eca, wintry. ~ejo, w-quarters. Tra~iĝi, (plants) survive the w. ~odormi, hibernate. ~omeza, midwinter.

viol-o, [UV] Violet (Pansy, viola). ~o hirta, hairy v. (V. hirta). ~o hunda, dog v. (V. canina and riviniana). ~o kampa, field v. (V. arvensis). ~o korna, garden v. (V. cornuta). ~o marĉa, marsh v. (V. palustris). ~o odora, sweet v. (V. odorata). ~o trikolora (penseo), p., heartsease (V. tricolor). ~eta, ~kolora, violet (colour). Preter~a, Trans~a, Ultra~a, ultraviolet.

violon-o, [UV] Violin, fiddle. Se vi prenis ~on, prenu ankaŭ la arĉon. ~i (ludi ~on), ~aĉi, scrape. ~isto, -ist. Ĉef~isto, leader of orchestra. ~ujo, v-case. Ald~o, viola. Bas~o (kontrabaso), double-bass, Najl~o, nail-v.

violonĉel-o, [UV] violoncello.

vip-o, [UV] Whip, lash. ~i (-ri), (beat with) whip, lash, f Hajlo ~is lian vizaĝon. Herbo ~ata de la vento. f criticize caustically, unmercifully. Li ~is ĉiun per mokaj vortoj. ~egi, flog, thrash. ~eti, touch with the w. ~krako, crack of w. ~stango, ~tenilo, grip (stock) of whip. ~ŝnuro, w-thong. ➞ skurĝ.

vipur-o, [UV] Viper (Vipera). Veneno de ~o (Ps 140/3). Piki kiel ~o (Se 23/32; Ag 28/3). Pufa ~o (bitiso), puff adder (Bitis). f Lango ~a, venomous tongue. ~edoj, viperidae. f ~idoj (Mt 23/33, Lk 3/7). ➞ aspid, cerast, kolubr. Rim.: Diru vipuro, ne vipero (Z, LR /45).

vir-o, [UV] 1 (virseksulo), male (opposite female). 2 Man (opp woman). 3 Man, adult (opp child). ~(ec)a, male, manly, masculine, virile. ~a sekso (vizaĝo). (pros) masculine, ending with stressed syllable. ~eco, [UV] virility, etc. ~eto, little man, whipper-snapper. ~iĝi. attain puberty, grow up, reach ra-hood. ~(iri)iĝanta, adolescent. ~iĝinto, adult. ~ino, [UV] Woman, female. ~ino bela (saĝa). ~o kaj ~ino (Ge 1/27). Krom~ino, concubine. ~ina, w-ly. ~ina amemo (babilemo). ~inaro, w-kind. ~~ato, hag. ~ineco, [UV] femininity, ~inejo (Es 2/9), w’s quarters, harem, etc. Mal~a, Ne~a. ~ineca, effeminate, unmanly. ~aspekta, mannish. PFX: Male. ~bestoj kaj ~inbestoj (Ge 7/3). ~bovo, bull. ~ĉevalo, stallion. ~infano, male child. ~ŝafo, ram. ➞ horn, in, maskl.

virg-a [UV]. 1 Virgin, chaste: ~a fraŭl(in)o. 2 Unexplored, uncultivated, untouched, fresh: ~a arbaro, tero. 3 pure, spotless: ~a koro. ~a blanko de neĝo. ~a bluo de la ĉielo. ~eco, -ity. Konservi sian ~econ. ~ulino, v., maid. La Sankta ~~ino. mal~igi, [UV] deflower, dishonour, rape, ravish, vioiate. ➞ cast, pur, makul, virt.

virt-o, [UV] Virtu/e, moral excellence, uprightness. El neceso fari ~on. Pli bona ~o sen oro, ol oro sen ~o. ~a, -ous, good, righteous, upright. ~a ag-(edzin-)o. ~ulo, -ous person, good man, Mal~o, vice. ~~a, depraved, vicious, wicked. ~~igi, corrupt, pervert. ~~ulo, evil-doer, Niaj ~oj ofte estas maskitaj mal~oj. ➞ cast, moral.

virtual-a, virtual, for practical purposes, though not formally or actually. ~a promeso. ~e, -ly, as good as, to all intents and purposes.

virtuoz-o, [UV] Virtuos/o, brilliant perform-(play-)er; artist with outstanding talent. ~eco, -ity.

virus-o, Virus. ~a malsano. Kontraŭ~a, anti-v. ➞ bakteri, malign.

viscer-o, viscus, internal organ. ~oj, viscera.

visk-o, [OA] mistletoe (Viscum album).

viski-o, [OA] whisky.

viskoz-a, Visc-id, -ous; glutinous, gluey, sticky. ~eco, -osity. ~iĝi, become v., jell, thicken.

vist-o, [OA] (cgm) Whist. ~rondo, ~turniro, w-drive.

vistari-o, (bot) wistaria (Wistaria).

viŝ-i, [UV] Wipe (clean, dry, mop up) (Lk 7/38). ~i fenestron, frunton, nazon, vizaĝon. ~ilo, [UV] w-er, clout, dish-cloth, sponge, etc. Man~ilo (mantuko), towel. Plum~ilo, pen-wiper. Polvo~ilo, duster. El~i, w. clean. ~~i pladon (2 Rĝ 21/13. For~i, obliterate, w. (rub) away (off, out). For-i larmojn, ŝuldojn, panerojn. f Ne for~u miajn bonajn agojn (Ne 13/14). For~ita de la tempo.

vit-o (vinberujo), (grape-)Vine (Vitis ampelos). ~o sovaĝa, wild v. ~ejo, v-yard. -kultivado, viticulture. ~Ŝimo (melduo), v-mildew. ➞ grapol, vinber.

vital-a (vivesenca), (phi). Vital. ~ismo, -ism.

vitamin-o, vitamin.

vitel-o, Vitellus, Yolk of egg. ~ino, -ine. ~a membrano, y-sac.

vitr-o, [UV] 1 Glass (substance). ~o klara, polurita. Botel~o. Dom~o, sheet (window) g. Drat~o, wired g. Plumba ~o (flinto), flint g. Nesplitebla ~o, safety g. 2 Obj of g. Fenestra ~o, window pane. Grandiga ~o (lupeo), magnifying glass. okul~oj, [UV] eyeglasses, spectacles. Sun~~oj, sunglasses. ~a, of glass. ~a domo, lano, okulo, papero. ~a glaso, glass tumbler. ~a ŝranko (vitrino). ~a vergo, glass rod. ~(iz)i, provide with glass, glaze. ~aĵo, g-object. ~aĵaro, g-ware. Tuba ~aĵeto (bido), bugle. ~eca, -y, hyaline, vitreous. ~eca okulo, rigardo. ~isto, glazier. ~igi, ~iĝi, glaze, vitrify, f Larmoj ~igis ŝiajn pupilojn. ➞ flint, glas, glazur, kraŭn, silikat.

vitral-o, leaded light, stained-glass window. ~a fenestro, latticed window.

vitrin-o (vitroŝranko), 1 shop-window. 2 glass show-case (cabinet).

vitriol-o [UV] (H2S04), Vitriol, concentrated sulphuric acid. ➞ sulfat. ~a, f -ic, scathing, extremely caustic. ~a plumo.

viv-i (nt), [UV] 1 Liv/e, be Alive, have Life: ~i nur unu tagon. Oni devas manĝi por ~i. ~u (Long 1.) la reĝo! Tosti ~uon, ~ui, (4 FA 213/11) cheer, hurrah. 2 remain alive, endure, last: Kiu ~os, tiu vidos, 1. and learn, time will show. ~u kaj lasu ~i. 3 remain in memory: Lia nomo ~os eterne. 4 manage, maintain 1., subsist (on): ➞ sin teni. ~i bone, lukse, malriĉe; de sia plumo (rentoj). 5 conduct one’s 1.; ~i emerite, honeste, pie, virte. 6 (loĝi) dwell: ~i kun amiko, en urbo. ~o, Life. ~o bonfara, estonta, intelekta. Perdi la ~on. Esti inter ~o kaj morto. ~aranĝo, ~maniero, 1., activities, existce. ~o aktora, artista, serioza, ~a, 1 (~anta), -ing, that -s. Pentri laŭ ~a modelo. 2 (~eca, ~ema, ~oplena), -ly, vital, vivid. ~a disputo (simpatio). ~e, with life, brightly, (mus) vivace. ~adi, l. on. ~aĵo, -ing thing. La ~antoj kaj la mortintoj, the quick and the dead. ~eco, animation, vitality, vivacity. ~eca, sprightly, ~ega, impetuous, vigorous. ~eti (vegeti), just exist, keep body and soul together, l. sparingly. ~iga (~dona), life-giving. ~igi, give life to, animate, quicken, vivify. ~igi la fajron. ~iĝi, become a. ~ulo, -ing being. ~okapabla, ~ipova, ~iva, able to live, capable of life, viable, ~rimedoj, ~pano, ~(sub)teno, por~aĵoj, means of -lihood, maintenance, sustenance. Dum~a, for life. ~~a puno, life-sentence. Ĝis~i (atingi), live to see (till); attain, reach. ~~i la centan jaron. Kun~i, live together., co-exist (-habit). ~~ant(in)o, companion, consort. life-partner. Mal~a, dead, not a. ~~e naskita, still-born. Post~i, Trans~i, 1 outlast, outlive: Post~i la filon. 2 live after death. Lia influo, memoro, verkaro lin ~~os. ~~o, after-1. Por~aĵo, livelihood Re~i, relive, l. again. ~~igi, bring back to life, raise from the dead, resuscitate, revive. ~~igi droninton. ~iĝo, resurrection. Sen~a (a. mal~a), -less, inanimate. ~~aĵo, -less object. ~~igi, deprive of life, kill. ~~iga, deadening. Tra~i, 1. (pass) through, experience, meet. ~~i epokon, sperton. ~~aĵo, experience. Bon~o, 1. of pleasure, good -ing. ~~anto, bon vivant, person who enjoys life. Kvazaŭ~a, 1-like. Long~eco, longevity. ➞ anim, ekzist, vigl.

vivisekci-o, [OA] vivisection. 1 = vivisekcado. 2 s. experimental actions on living animals.

viz-o, [OA] Visa. 1 ~i, v., endorse (pasporton), countersign (dokumenton), certify (ĉekon).

vizaĝ-o, [UV] Fac/e, countenance, look, visage, (col) phiz. mug. Bela ~o. Nur pano kun fromaĝo, sed afabla ~o. ~o kontrau ~o, face to face. Turni al (Forturni de) iu la ~on. Diri al iu rekte en la ~o (to his face). Rigardi la morton en la ~o (fronti la ~on). f La ~o de la tero. (col) fari sian ~on, make up. ~a, -ial. ~eto, (pretty) little face. Du~a, twofaced. ➞ fizionomi, mien, trajt.

vizi-o, [OA] Vision, apparition, imagined or supernatural appearance. ~o de poetoj. Nokta ~o, v. of the night. Li diris al Abram en ~o (Ge 15/1, Jes 1/1). ~a, -ary, fanciful. see in a vision, have visions. Profetaĵo kiun ~is Miĥa (Mi 1/1). ~ulo, -ary, dreamer. ➞ aper, fantazi, utopi.

vizier-o, [UV] vizor, beaver (of helmet), peak (of cap). ➞ bek, kasked.

vizit-i (-n), [UV] Visit. 1 Call on, go to see: ~i amikon, muzeon, urbon. ~i (attend) pacienton. 2 (ĉeesti), attend: klinikon, preĝejon, spektaklon. ~o, v., call. ~o ceremonia, formala, kondola, oficiala. ~o de kuracisto (pastro). Mizero faras ~on, ne atendante inviton. ~adi kurson (lernejon). Rond~ado, round (de kuracisto, laktisto). ~anto, -or, caller. Someraj ~antoj. Ne~ata, lonely, sequestered, unfrequented. Tre~ata, well attended, etc. ~ejo, room for -ors. ~isto, district -or.

vizon-o, American Mink (Mustela vison). ~pelta mantelo, m. coat. ➞ lutreol, mustel.

Vjetnam-ujo, Vjetnamio VN.

vjol-o (praviolono), viol. Bas~o, viola da gamba.

voĉ-o, [UV] Voice. 1 (sono): ~o dolĉa, forta, sincera, de birdo. Levi (perdi) la ~on. 2 (parolo): obei la ~on de Dio. f La ~o de konscienco (prudento), de la popolo, maro, ŝtormo. La ~o de la sango de via frato (Ge 4/10). 3 (mus) Part: ~o soprana (tenora). Kvar~a kanto, four-part song. Plur~a kanto, part-song. Fugo por 5 ~oj. 4 (~dono), vote, expression of opinion: Decida ~o, casting vote. 10 ~oj kontraŭ 9. Akcepti proponon ĉies~e, ĉiu~e, unu~e (unanimously). ➞ unuanim. 5 (gram) v. of verb: ~o aktiva (pasiva). ~a, oral, vocal. ~a instruo (muziko). Legi ~e, vocally, viva voce. Proklami ~e kaj skribe. ~(don)i, vote. Mi ~as por Aprilo! ~donrajto. ~done superita, out-voted. Duon~e, mez~e, sub~e, in a low voice. (undertone), sotto voce, under one’s breath. Krii laut~e, plen~e, shout at the top of one’s voice. Mult~a, Plur~a, polyphonic. Sen~a, dumb, mute, speechless, (phon) ~~a, (breathed, voiceless) konsonanto. ➞ balot, kri, mut, vok.

vodevil-o, vaudeville, light comedy with song.

vodk-o, vodka, Russian rye brandy.

voj-o, [UV] Way, Path, Road, Track. La~o al Bath. ~libera, pavimita. Alira ~o, drive, gateway. Aŭto~o, motorway. Batita ~o, beaten track. Brut~o, drove-road. Cikla ~o, cycle-path. (Ne)ĉefa ~o, Major (minor) road. fer~o, [UV] railway. Zona ~~o, circle ry. Flug~o, air-route. Grund~o, field t. Kava ~o, sunken road. (astr) Lakta V~o, milky way. Lika ~o, leakage path. Mul~o, mule track. Pied~o, foot-p, walk. Publika ~o, thoroughfare. Rajd~o, bridle-path, ride. Spur~o, track. Sub~o, subway. Super~o, viaduct, etc. Trafika ~o, arterial r. Tren~o, tow-p. Malfermi (trabati al si) ~on. Montri la ~on. f Fari (Iri) sian ~on. Iri la ~on de ĉio tera (= morti). 2 path of moving object. e.g. planed~o, river~o, vent~o. means of attaining end: La ~o ĝusta, irenda, de prudento. Ni iru la ~on celitan. Li trovis ~on al mia koro. Kie estas volo, tie estas ~o. ~e (per ~o) de, via. ~(ir)i, be on one’s w. Hundo bojas, homo ~as (P). ~eto, p., passage. ~isto, road-labourer (r-mender). ~ulaĉo, guttersnipe, tramp. Apud~a, roadside, wayside. De~iĝi, ~erari, be on the wrong track, go astray, lose one’s way. De~iĝema, froward. wayward, perverse. Dis~iĝo (~forko), fork of the road. Sur~e, en route, on the way. Duon~e, Mez~e, halfway, midway. ➞ irej, manier, pad, strat, ŝose, vojaĝ.

vojaĝ-i, [UV] (make a) Journey, Travel; (birdoj) migrate. Rim.: Wider meaning than "vojage". ~i aeroplane, omnibuse, ŝipe, vagonare. ~i eksterlande. Multe ~i, get about a good deal. (Dum)~e, while t-ling. ~o, j., trip. ~o esplora, feria, plezura. Mar~o, (sea) vojage. Prova ~o, trial trip. Rond~o, circular tour, round trip. Bonan ~on! a pleasant j.! ~a kosto, kostumo. ~ado, t-ling. ~anto, t-ler. Pendola ~anto, commuter. Kaŝ~anto, stowaway. ~ema, fond of t. ~eto, trip. Komerca ~isto, (~anta komizo), commercial traveller. Ek~i, set out (start off). Tra~i, traverse. Mult~inta, t-led. Pied~i, hike. ➞ migr, vagabond, vetur, vojir.

vojevod-o, voyivode, Slavonic governor.

vok-i (-n, al) [UV], 1 Call to, cry out: ~i al amik-(hundo, fiakristo. ~u pli laŭte! Ne ~u diablon, ĉar li povas aperi. 2 call in, ask (invite) to appear (come, visit): ~i kuraciston, pastron. 3 call upon, appeal to, invite, summon (por devo, al ofico): ~i al batalo, al Dio por helpo. Dio (la devo, la konscienco) min ~as. Multaj ~itoj, sed ne multaj elektitoj. ~o, call, summons. Li ne aŭdis mian ~on. ~egi, shout. Al~i, appeal to, invoke. ~~ iun kiel atestanton. ~~o, appeal, entreaty, invitation, invocation. ~iteco, vocation. El~i, 1 c. forth (out): elicit, evoke. ~~i iun al ludo, mortinton per sorĉo. 2 (veki): bring into being, cause, excite. ~~i emocion, intereson, malpacon, ridon, skandalon. ~~iva, evocative. Kun~i, call together, convoke. ~~i amikojn, komitaton, kunvenon. ~~o, convocation. Re~i, call again (back), recall, repeal, revoke. ~~i senditon; al la memoro; en memoron. Ne~~ebla, irrevocable. Kontrol~o, Nom~o, muster, rollcall. ➞ apel, kri, nom, vol.

vokal-o, [UV] Vowel (a, e, i, o, u). ~izi, -ize. Duon~o, semi-v (j, u). (sten) ~o enŝovita (interpolated).

vokativ-o, [OA] (gram) vocative case.

vokt-o, taskmaster, overseer, supervisor (of forced labour) (El 5/6).

vol-i (~n, -i) [UV] 1 Will (use w-power), choose, determine, have a mind, mean (to realize an aim): Kiu ~as, tiu povas. Mi ~as, ke vi iru, I mean you to go. 2 Desire, like, want, wish for: Se vi ~as, if you like. Kiom vi ~as, as much as you like. Ĉu vi ~us iri? Would you like to go? Mi ~as (iri) malsupren. (4 FA 140/11,19). Faru kiel vi ~as, Do as you please. Dio ~u! Please God! Kion vi ~as? What do you want? Ne demur, hold back, object. Li ne ~as pagi, he won’t pay. ~o, w., choice. ~o energia, forta, libera. Laŭ la ~o de Dio, as God wills. ~(it)a, conscious, intentional. ~a ago (movo). ~e (aŭ) ne ~e, whether one likes or not, willy-nilly, ~ado, exercise of w-power, volition. ~eto, fancy, inclination, slight wish, stray, impulse. Laŭ~a, facultative, optional. ~~e, as you please, at w. Kontraŭ~a, against one’s w. (the grain), constrained, forced. Edziĝo ~~a. Mal~i, decline, kick at, fight shy of, set one’s face against. Preter~a, involuntary, unintentional (K 120/10). Ne~a, reluctant, un-ing. Sen~a, characterless, spineless, weak-minded. ~~eco, (med) abulia. Bon~o, benovolence, good w., kindness. ~~e, kindly, please. ~~<? kantu (~~u kanti), please sing, be so good as to sing. ~~ulo, man of good w. Mai~~o, malevolence. Liber~a, free-w., spontaneous. Mem~e, propra~e, voluntarily, on one’s own account (initiative). Plaĉi~a, affable, amiable, engaging. Plen~e, with a w. Pli~e, preferably. Sci~a, inquisitive. Mi ~~as (wonder), lu. ~~igi, arouse curiosity. ➞ bezon, cel, decid. dezir, intenc, -os, volont.

volan-o (plumpilko), (gm) shuttlecock, ~ludo, badminton. ➞ raked.

Volapuk-o, Volapük. Tio estas por mi ~aĵo, That is all Greek to me. ~isto.

volatil-a (vaporiĝema), volatile.

volb-o, Arch(way), Vault(ing). ~o de katedralo (la ĉielo), Eĝ~o, groined a. ~a, arched, vaulted. (person) stooping. ~i, a., v. La blua ĉielo ~is super ni. La kato ~igis la dorson. ~iĝo, bend, curve (of a.). ➞ ŝton.

volfram-o, (chem) Wolfram (W) (a. tungsteno).

volitiv-o (U-modo), (gram) optative (voli- tive) mood. ➞ -u.

volont-e, [UV] Willingly, gladly, readily, fain, with pleasure. ~e akcepti inviton; plenumi deziron. Mi iras ~e, go with pleasure, like to go, am fond of going. Mi ~e ĝin aĉetas, it finds a ready purchaser in me. ~e mi trinkus, I could do with a drink. ~e mi venus, I should like to (fain word) come. Li ~e iros, he will be pleased to go, won’t mind going. ~i, be ready and w., volunteer. ~a, w., ready. ~eco, alacrity, eager-(readiness) (Ps 54/6). ~igi (-n), dispose, incline, induce. ~ulo, volunteer. Mal~e, Ne~e, reluctantly, with a bad grace. ~~e .../, be averse (disinclined, loath) to. ➞ afabl, ĝoj, plaĉ, vol. Rim.: memvole suggests konsenton, volonte plaĉon.

volt-o, (el) Volt. Alt~a. ~aro, -age. ~metro, -meter. Mili~o.

voltaec-a, voltaic.

volucel-o, (ent) buzzing swift-flier (hover-fly) (Syrphus).

volum-o, [UV] Volume, pages bound together with cover. Verko du-a. ~ego, tome.

volumen-o, [OA] Volum/e, bulk, mass (space occupied). ~o de materialo. ~a, -inous, of v. ~eco, -inosity. ➞ ampleks, volum.

volupt(am)a, [UV] voluptuous, sensual, carnal, lascivious, licentious, ~(aĵ)o, sensual delight (pleasure). <?«/ ~on. ~eco, ~emo, s-al appetite. ~ulo, voluptuary, sensualist.

volut-o [1], volute, spiral, curl, whorl, (arch, vn) volute, scroll, f ~o el fumo, ondo.

volut-o [2], (zoo) marine gastropod (Voluta).

volv-i (-n) [UV]. Wrap, Roll, wind. 1 (round another object.): ~i bandaĝon ĉirkaŭ brako; skarpon - kolo; ŝnuron - bastono. 2 (round itself): ~i paperon, folion, ombrelon, rubandon, lanon en bulon. ~ado, wrapping. ~(aĵ)o, ball of wool, paper, etc. (el) winding. ~e rampi (grimpi), climb (as tendril). ~iĝi, sin ~i, coil, curl, wind itself. Hedero ~iĝis ĉirkaŭ la arbo. ĉirkaŭ~i, envelope in, tie up, wrap round. ~~i brakon per bandaĝo. ~~o (mar) lash. Dis~i, El~i, expand, extend, spread out. ~~i rulaĵon, standardon. f develop, widen. ~~i siajn talentojn. ~~i argumenton. planon. ~~iĝi, expand, develop, evolve. La industrio, literaturo ~~iĝis. La floro ~~iĝis (opened). En~i, w. up, enfold, envelope, pack up. ~~i pakaĵon en papero, sin en mantelo. f La nokto ~~is la teron per nigra vualo. Esti ~~ita en komplikaĵoj. Kun~i, r. (w.) up (together), ~~aĵo, r. of objj. Mal~i, un-r., unfold, unwind. ~~i kurtenon, mapon; unpack, unwrap pakaĵon. Kun manikoj Supren~itaj. ➞ rul, vind.

vom-i (-n, abs), [UV] Vomit, be Sick, bring (throw) up, spew. Kiel ebriulo ŝanceliĝas ~ante (Jes 19/14). ~i sangon. f belch forth. Kamentubo ~as fumon; vulkano lafon. Esti ~ema, feel sick. ~igilo, emetic. Kiel hundo revenas al sia ~itaĵo (Se 26/11). Ek~i, retch. La fiŝo el~is Jonan (Jona 2/10). f insultojn.

vombat-o, (zoo) wombat (Phaseolomys).

vor-i (glutegi, manĝegi), devour, wolf. ~a, (six), (~manĝa), -ivorous. ~ema, voracious.

vort-o, [UV] 1 Word, vocable: ~o dubesenca, ĝusta, koda, kunmetita. Per unu ~o, in a w. Per malmultaj ~oj, briefly, tersely. Lig~o, copula. Pas~o, pass-w. Signal~o, cue. 2 speech, message. (Jĝ 3/20): Deziri ~on kun iu. De ~o ĝentila ne doloras la lango. Lasi al iu la lastan ~on. 3 Promise: Je mia ~o, upon my w. Plenumi, teni sian ~on. 4 (rel) (Gk logos): La Vorto (Jn 1/1), ~a. of a w., verbal. ~aj promesoj. ~aĉo, coarse expressn, ugly w. ~aro [UV] (~libro), dictionary. ➞ konkordanc, leksikon, terminar. Rim~~o, rhyming dictionary. ~areto, vocabulary, ~aristo, lexicographer. ~ero, w-element. Enmeti ~eton. ~igi, draw up, formulate, put into words. Ne~igita, implicit, tacit. Laŭ~a, ~e literal(ly), verbatim, textual, w. for w. Ripe to ~~e. ~~a traduko. Sen~e, without (saying) a word, silently. Ali~e, in other ww. Saĝa kapo duon~on komprenas. Fi~o, bad (dirty, indecent, nasty, swear) w. Mult~a, -y, diffuse, prolix, verbose. Pra~o, primitiv w. Kejl~o, stop-gap, word used merely to supply another syllable. Kruc~o, cross-w. Unu~e, in a w., shortly. ➞ dir, parol, termin.

vortic-o (turniĝo), vortex. ~o de akvo, vento. (also figuratively) ➞ ciklon, kirlaj.

vost-o, [UV] Tail. 1 (of animal, bird, fish), brush (fox). Ĉiu vulpo sian ~on laŭdas. Korniko vundita propran ~on timas. 2 End, last part: la ~o de kometo, robo, de frako (= basko). (mus) crook (hook) of note. ~o libera, ligita. 3 queue. ~a, tail, caudal. Ruĝ~ulo (fenikuro). Sen~uloj (batrakoj), batrachians (bufo, rano). ~umi (svingi la ~on). Vulp~o (bot), (alopekuro). ➞ trenaĵ.

vot-o (sankta promeso), ~i, Vow. ~a, votive, consecrated (offered) in fulfillment of a v. ➞ voĉdon.

vrak-o, (ŝipruino), wreck.

vring-i (elpremi, eltordi), Wring, w. out (also figuratively).

vual-o, [UV] Veil. ~o de virino. (rel) Alpreni la ~on, take the v. Kul~o, mosquito net. f ~o (blur) de larmoj. La ~oj (shades) de la nokto. ~o falis de liaj okuloj. La tempo tiros ~on sur la tragedion. ~i, veil. 1 cover. Densaj nuboj ~is la ĉielon. Kiam nokto ~as, ĉiuj koloroj egalas. 2 confuse (hinder) vision, draw a v. over. Larmoj ~is liajn okulojn. ~aĵo, -ing (material). ~eto, (hat)-v, fall. ~iĝi, put on a v. ~ita, -ed. Sen~igi (~iĝi), unveil.

vulgar-a, [OA] Vulgar (in the sense Common, everyday, generally prevalent, of the people, usual). ~a antaŭjuĝo, kutimo, opinio. ~a eraro, common mistake, v. error. ~a lingvo, v. tongue, vernacular, language of the people. ~e, commonly. ~e akceptita teksto, c-ly received version. ~aĉa, v., coarse, low, plebian, unrefined, ~igi, popularize, v-ize. ~igo de scienco. ~ismo (~a esprimo), vulgarism. ~ulo, c-er, man of the people. ~uloj, c. people, vulgar herd. ➞ krud, maldec, maldelikat, ordinar, popol, trivial.

vulgat-o, vulgate, Latin Bible (by Jerome, 4th century).

vulkan-o, [UV] volcano. ~a, volcanic.

vulkaniz-i, volcanize.

vulp-o, [UV] Fox (Vulpes). Ruza, kiel ~o. Ne ekzistas naiva ~o. Vizaĝo sen kulpo, sed koro de ~o. ~o arĝenta, arkta, ruĝa. ~o feneka, fennec fox (Fennecus zerda) ~a, foxy, cunning, crafty, vulpine. ~ido, f-cub. ~ino, vixen. ➞ alopekur.

vultur-o, [UV] vulture (Vultur). ➞ gip, gipaet, grif, kondor, milv, perknopter.

vulv-o, (anat) Vulv/a. ~a, -ar. ~ito, -itis. ~oforma, -iform.

vund-i (-n), [UV] Wound (by abrasion, blow, cut, tear, etc.). Hurt. ~i la brakon. Kiu batas edzinon, tiu ~as sin mem. f ~i reputacion, sentojn. Via diro ~is min profunde. ~o hurt, wound, sore. Saĝa hundo post la ~o. Brog~o, scald. Brul~o, burn. Grat~o, scratch. Paf~o, bullet-w. Pik~o, stab. Skrap~o, chafe, gall, graze. Spron~o, spur-gall. Streĉ~o, rick, strain. Ŝir~o, laceration. Tranĉ~o, cut. f Langa ~o plej profunda. ~a, traumatic. ~a loko, tender (sore, weak) spot. ~ebla, susceptible to injury, vulnerable. Ne~ebla. ~eti, w. slightly. ~iĝi, be -ed, hurt. ~ita, ~ito, -ed. Flegi ~ojn. Sen~a, unhurt (uninjured, unscathed). ~osaniga, vulnerary. ➞ cikatr, damaĝ, kontuz, lez, ofend.


Z

Z-o [F], letter Z. Z-fero.

Zambi-o ZM.

ze-o, (ich) John Dory (Zeus).

zebr-o, [UV] Zebra (Equus zebra) > quagga. ~ostria, strip-ed, -y.

zebu-o, (zoo) zebu (Bos indieus).

zefir-o, [OA] zephyr, soft light wind.

Zeland-o. Nov-Zelando NZ.

zelot-o, zealot, fanatical enthusiast. ➞ fanatik.

zenit-o, [UV] (astr) zenith. La suno atingis la ~on. f highest point. Lia famo estis ĉe la ~o. La entuziasmo atingis sian ~on,apoge, kulmin.

zeŭgm-o (rh) zeugma, one verb applied to two nouns, another verb being understood, e.g., La popolo vidis la tondrojn kaj la fulmojn (El 20/18). Figuron vi ne vidis, nur la voĉon (Rd 4/12).

zibel-o, [UV] Sable, s-marten (Martes zibellina). ~aĵoj, sables, furs. ➞ martes.

zigen-o, (ent) burnet moth (Zygaena).

zigzag-o, [OA] ~a, Zigzag. ~a vojo, linio. La fulmoj ~e sin ĵetis en la maron. ~i (~e iri), z., lurch; fork (fulmo); tack (ŝipo).

Zimbabv-o ZW. Zimbabwe.

zimbalon-o (m.i.) dulcimer (Hungarian: (c)zimbalon). ➞ citr, ziter.

zingibr-o, [UV] Ginger (plant and spice) (Zingiber). ~a biero. ~a konfitaĵo, preserved ginger.

zini-o, (bot) zinnia (Zinnia).

zink-o, [UV] Zinc (Zn). Kruda ~o, spelter. ~a pulvoro, z-dust. ~i (coat with) z., galvanize. ~oksido, z-oxide, zinc-white, Chinese white. ~ogravuro, -ography. ~sulfido, zinc-blend.

zip-o = glitfermilo, tirfermilo. zip fastener.

zirkon-o, Zircon. ~io, -ium (Zr).

ziter-o, zither (m.i. typical of the Tyrol, with 30-45 strings). Akord~o, harp~o, autoharp. ➞ citr, zimbalon. Rim.: G. Zither = (a) zitero, (b) citro.

zizel-o, [UV] souslik (Citellus). ➞ marmot.

zizif-o (bot) Jujube, Indian plum (Zizphus jujuba). ~arbo, j-tree.

zoark-o, (ich) eel pout, viviparous blenny (Zoarces).

zodiak-o, [OA] zodiac. ~a, zodiacal.

zom-i, (av) zoom, mount at high speed. ~o, steep rapid climb.

zon-o, [UV] Zone. 1 Belt, girdle, waistband, e.g., de jupo, pantalono. Leda ~o. Ĉeval~o, ventro~o, belly-band, girth. Kartoĉa ~o, cartridge belt. Naĝ~o, swimming-b. Sav~o, life-b. 2 similar obj: Krur~o, garter. Mam~o, brassiere, bust-bodice. Rubanda ~o, sash. Sekuriga ~o, safety belt. ŝultra ~o, (balteo), shoulder-b. f (talio). Naĝi (Nuda) ĝis la ~o. 3 (ter~o): z. on earth’s surface. ~o glacia, norda, mezvarma. ~o tropika (varmega), torrid, f ~o milita, okupacia, poŝta. ~a, zonal. ~i, gird on, surround (as with a z.): ~i la lumbo(j)n, gird up one’s loins. Dio ~is min per ĝojo. ~ita de potenco, girt with might, f neĝaj suproj ~is la horizonton. 2 (surmeti): ~i glavon sur sia femuro; sabron al sia flanko. Duon~o, half-b. Sen~igi, unbelt. Sel~o, saddle-girth. ➞ jartel, ruband, vind.

zoofit-o, (animalo plantsimila), zoophyte.

zoolog-io [F], zoolog/y. -o, [OA] -ist.

zorg-i (pri, -n) [UV]. 1 Care (for) attend (see) to, be in charge of, bestow c. (keep an eye) on, look after, watch over: Pli ~as unu patrino pri dek infanoj, ol dek infanoj pri unu patrino. Faru vian aferon, Dio ~os ceteron. ~u, ke li venu.< 2< Be anxious (concerned, troubled) about: En tempo de sekeco (arbo) ne ~as (Jer 17/8). ~o, 1 care, attention, effort, trouble: Patrina ~o. Akcepti infanon sub sian ~on. 2 anxiety, concern, solicitude, uneasiness, worry: De ~oj, ne de jaroj, blankiĝas la haroj. Rusto manĝas feron, kaj ~o la homon. Ofico sen ~oj, sinecure. Pezaj ~oj premas mian bruston. Ne ~i pri, be remiss about. ~(em)a, ~oplena, c-ful, attentive, conscientious, scrupulous, solicitous, watchful. ~a okulo. ~e (with care, closely) korekti provaĵon. ~e de X (in address), C/o X. ~anto, [UV] guardian, foster-father, protector, tutor. ~ato, [UV] foster-child, ward. ~ataro, charge, flock. ~ateco, protection, tutelage, ward-ship. Antaŭ~a, c-ful, provident. Esti ~~a, kaj sin asekuri. ~~o, precaution; ~~i, take precautions. ~iga, causing anxiety. Mal~i, neglect, pay no attention to. ~~i sian devon, meton, sanon; siajn aferojn (amikojn). ~~o, negligence, slackness. Ne~ita, neglected, unc-ed for. Pri~i (flegi, varti), look after. Socia pri~ateco, social security, (mot) ~~o, upkeep, service. Sen~a, Ne~ema, carefree, careless, heedless, thoughtless, reckless, slovenly, untidy. ~~ulo, careless fellow. ➞ atent, fleg, gard, ĝen, okupiĝ, vart.

zoster-o, eel-grass, sea-grass, grass-wrack (Zostera). Used as padding or stuffing. ➞ aling, fuk.

zostr-o, (med) shingles (Herpeto zona).

zuav-o, [OA] zouave, infantryman (Fr. African army).

zum-i, [UV] 1 Buzz (fly); drone (bee, wasp); hum (motor); purr (= ronroni, cat). 2 (kanteti), hum. f Muŝo ~as en lia kapo, he has queer ideas. La kanto (pensoj) ~as en mia cerbo. La kuloj ~adis. ~ado, throbbing (whirring) (machine). Mallaŭta ~ado de konversacio. Surdiga ~ado de kugloj.


APPENDIX

PROPER NAMES (See B.E. 1947/65; 1948/152, 190, 199; 1949/54)

In English some names have an English form: others are used in a foreign form unaltered. Similarly in other languages. Esperanto, in the same way, has generally accepted forms for names in common use. Names of continents, lands, places, personages, if of international importance, or famed in Esperanto history, are usually assimilated (Esperantized), and (as nouns) take the ending -o (e.g., Afriko, Salomono), and form derivatives (Afrikano, Salomona saĝo). The assimilated form is an approximation to the national name.

But there is no rule that all names should be Esperantized, even were this possible or desirable. Less common names may well be used in their national form, unassimilated, unless time and usage decide otherwise; and their pronunciation may (if desired) be indicated in brackets by the phonetic alphabet. An ideal assimilation is not always possible. Take Adelaide (aedoleid), for example. Adelaido, too long (5 syllables; Adelajdo, strange to eye and ear; Adelejdo, strange to eye; Adeledo, best, but least easily recognizable. The sounds u and e in Butler (bAtla), cannot be reproduced in Esperanto spelling; but Butler and Butlero are acceptable approximations. For Bath (ba:0), neither Bat nor Bad is satisfactory: still worse would be a translation Bano (Bananoj!).

The following lists are obviously not exhaustive. Nor are they official: they simply record some forms more or less in general use.

Notoj 2014

1 Dekomence ĝis nuntempe, propraj nomoj kaj ilia subgrupo landaj aliaj geografiaj nomoj (toponimoj) estas disputataj kaj probable “eterne” disputotaj. Dum la jardekoj aperis tricifera nombro de fakaj artikoloj pri la temo (jam nur serĉo je “propraj nomoj” en Elektronika Bibliografio de Esperantaj Artikokoj – EBEA – je www.esperantoland.org/ebea/ liveras pli ol 175 trafoj, tiu je “landnomoj” pli ol 200). Plurfoje la Akademio faris rekomendojn pri la temo, parte sin kontraŭantajn reciproke.

2 La (ĉefe) landnomojn troveblajn en la rekomendo de Akademio de 2009 ni enmetis en la vortaron en la ĝustan alfabetan ordon. Kelkajn malmultajn formojn en la listoj de Butler ni modernigis laŭ la nuna uzo, kiel ĝin registras PIV 2005 (ekz. Bengalio anstataŭ Bengalo, Bocvano anstataŭ Botsvano, Haitio anstataŭ Hajtio, Munkeno anstataŭ Munĥeno, Singapuro anstataŭ Singaporo, Ukrainio anstataŭ Ukrajno, k.t.p.).

3 Pluraj nomoj pro la politika evoluo de la lasta duona jarcento fariĝis historiaj aŭ nun estas disputitaj: La iama Rodezio nun nomiĝas Zimbabvo, el ĝia ĉefurbo Salsburio fariĝis Harareo. La ŝtatnomo Srilanko (de 1972) malmodernigis la ĝistiaman formon Cejlono, kiu tamen estas daŭre uzita, se temas ne pri la ŝtato, sed pri la insulo (ferii en Cejlono). Simile estas ekz. pri urboj en Hindio (nun foje nomita Barato): La nuna nomo de Bombajo estas Mumbajo, de Kalkuto Kolkato laŭ la nomo en la hindua. Apud la formo Dancigo bazita sur la germana nomo de la havenurbo (kaj tra ĝi ekz. en la franca Dantzig k.t.p.), troveblas nuntempe la formo Gdansko surbaze de la pola, apud Bilbao (hispane) Bilbo (eŭske) apud Budapesto (germane kaj internacie) Budapeŝto (hungare), apud Kievo (ruse kaj internacie), Kijivo (ukraine), apud Falklandoj (angle) Malvinoj (hispane) k.t.p. Ni provizore lasis la nomojn, kiel ilin notis Butler, sed okaze atentigas pri tiaj “politike-historiaj” variaĵoj en rondaj krampoj. La prefero de unu aŭ alia formo ne tiom estas lingva demando, sed ĉefe “politike-idiologia”. La fenomeno cetere ekzistas en ĉiuj lingvoj, kaj kompreneble ankaŭ en la angla. Butler tradukas Gujano per Br. Guiana, t.e. la nomo de la tiama kolonio (ĝis 1966). Ni ŝanĝis al la nuna angla nomo de la sendependa ŝtato, nome al Guyana. Simile: “Tongo (Friendly Is, now: Tonga)”, k.t.p.

LANDS, ISLANDS

(Most counties, provinces, states, are omitted)

As in other languages, these names are in two classes. (I) The root names the land. (II) The root names the inhabitant or race.

Class I. The inhabitant is an -ano: Azio, Aziano.



Acoroj

Admiraltoj

Afriko

Alderneo

Alĝerio

Ameriko

Andoro

Angolo

Antarktiko

Antiloj

Argentino

Arkto

Aŭstralazio

Aŭstralio

Aŭstrio

Azio

Bahamoj

Balearoj

Barbado

Bermudo

Birmo

Bocvano

Bolivio

Borneo

Brazilo

Cejlono (nun: Srilanko)

Celebeso

Ĉado

Ĉilio

Dahomeo (nun: Benino)

Ejro (Irlanda Respubliko)

Ekvadoro

Eŭropo

Falklandoj (a: Malvinoj)

Farooj

Fiĝioj

Filipinoj

Finnlando

Gambio

Ganao

Gernzeo

Gronlando

Gujano (Guyana)

Gvatemalo

Gvineo

Haitio

Hebrideoj xxx

Helgolando

Honduraso

Iberio

Indonezio

Irako

Irano

Irlando

Islando

Israelo (mod)

Izraelo (ant)

Jamajko

Jemeno

Javo

Jordanio

Ĵerzeo

Kambodio (nun: Kamboĝo)

Kameruno

Kanado

Kanarioj

Kaŝmiro

Kenjo

Kipro

Kolombio

Kongo

Koreo

Korsiko

Kostariko

Kreto

Krimeo

Kubo

Labradoro

Laoso

Laplando

Lesoto

Libano

Liberio

Libio

Liĥtenstejno

Luksemburgo

Madagaskaro

Majorko

Malajo

Malajzio

Malavio

Malto

Manĉurio

Manikinsuloj (Channel Is)

Manks(insul)o

Maroko

Maŭricio

Meksiko

Mezopotamio

Minorko

Monako

Montenegro

Mozambiko

Natalo

Nederlando

Nepalo

Niĝerio

Nikaragvo

Nordirlando (Ulstro)

Nova Gvineo

Novhebrideoj xxx

Novlando

Novzelando

Oceanio

Omano

Oranĝio

Orkadoj (Orkneys)

Pakistano

Panamo

Paragvajo

Paskinsulo

Patagonio

Peruo

Polinezio

Portoriko

Reunio

Rodezio (nun: Zimbavo)

Saharo

Salomonoj

Salvadoro

Samoo

Sandviĉinsuloj

Sanmarino

Sardinio

Senegalo

Siberio

Sicilio

Sieraleono

Singapuro

Sirio

Skandinavio

Somalio

Sovet(un)io

Spicbergo

Sudafriko

Sudano

Sumatro

Surinamo

Tahitio

Tajlando (Siamo)

Tajvano (Formoso)

Tanzanio

Tasmanio

Tibeto

Tobago

Togoo

Tongo (Friendly Is, now: Tonga)

Transvalo

Trinidado

Tripolio

Tunizio

Ugando

Ukrajno

Urugvajo

Usono (U.S.A.)

Ŭajt(insul)o

Venezuelo

Vjetnamo

Zambio

Zetlando (Ŝetlandoj)


Alternativoj: Tongoj, Tongaj Insuloj; Tonga insularo; k.s.


CLASS II. Race-names. The name of the land is formed by adding -ujo or -lando to the root. Thus, from Dan-o, Angl-o, we get Dan-ujo or Dan-lando: Angl-ujo or -olando, of course omitting the hyphen.

A proposal in some political circles to replace -ujo by -io was rejected by Zamenhof; unless approved by the Lingva Komitato, whose decision he regarded as decisive. Three times, after full discussion, the L.K. (Akademio) definitely rejected this proposal as a breach in the Fundamento, and introducing many difficulties and irregularities.

Jugoslavujo (Class II) seems preferable to Jugoslav-io, -ianoj (Class I), because Serboj, Kroatoj, Montenegranoj, Slovenoj, . . , are all Jugoslavoj (= South Slavs).

On the other hand, Aŭstri-o, -ianoj (Class I) seems preferable to Aŭstrujo, Aŭstroj (Class II), because there is no race of Aŭstroj. Belgujo and Svisujo are open to similar objection. But they are well-established; and the inhabitants are united by national ties, if not by race.

In the case of a few other lands also, usage at present varies. —


Notoj 2014:

1 Malgraŭ tiuj ĝustaj konstatoj de Butler en 1967 la fakta lingvo uzo kaj plej multaj lernolibroj kutime preferas la formojn je –io al tiuj je –ujo, do ekz. “Germanio” al “Germanujo”, “Francio” al “Francujo”, k.t.p. La Akademio intertempe nuligis sian malrekomendon de –io, tiel ke tiu formo nun denove libere konkurencas kun -ujo.

2 Kelkaj malmultaj radikoj laŭ PIV 2005 transiris de klaso I al klaso II, ekz. Bengalo, laŭ Butler estas la azia regiono, la loĝanto pro tio Bengalanobengalano (klaso I). Laŭ PIV tamen, Bengalobengalo estas la loĝanto, la regiono pro tio BengalioBengalujo (klaso II).

3 La Fundamento estas malkohera pri la uskleco de loĝantoj; malĝrau Butler kaj PIV, kiuj preferas (majusklan) Brito al (minusklan) brito, la praktiko plej ofte uzas la minusklajn formojn, hispano, italo, japano, k.t.p. Sendiskute majuskle skribitaj tamen estas la landonomoj derivitaj de la loĝantoj, do Hispan-io (aŭ Hispan-ujo), Ital-io (aŭ Ital-ujo), Japan-io (aŭ Japan-ujo), k.t.p.



Abisen-ujo

Afgan-ujo

Alban-ujo

Angl-ujo

Arab-ujo

Armen-ujo

Bavar-ujo

Belg-ujo

Belorus-ujo

Breton-ujo

Brit-ujo

Bulgar-ujo

Ĉeĥ-ujo

Ĉeĥoslovak-ujo

Ĉerkes-ujo (Circassia)

Ĉin-ujo

Dan-lando, Dan-ujo

Egipt-ujo

Eston-ujo

Etiop-ujo

Flandr-ujo

Franc-ujo

German-ujo

Grek-ujo

Hind-ujo (a: Barato)

Hispan-ujo

Hungar-ujo

Ital-ujo

Japan-ujo

Jugoslav-ujo

Katalun-ujo

Kimr-ujo

Kroat-ujo

Latv-ujo

Litov-ujo (Lithuania)

Mongol-ujo

Norveg-ujo

Pers-ujo (ant.)

Pol-ujo

Portugal-ujo

Prus-ujo

Ruman-ujo

Rus-ujo

Serb-ujo

Skot-lando, Skot-ujo

Slovak-ujo

Sloven-ujo

Svazi-lando

Sved-ujo

Svis-lando, Svis-ujo

Turk-ujo

Turkmen-ujo

Zulu-lando


MOUNTAINS

La en 2014 kutimaj nomoj de montaroj foje estas en pluralo (Alpoj), foje en singularo (Himalajo, HindukuŝoBU, PIV, Uralo), foje varias (ApeninojPIV, Apenino). Se Butler registras formojn, kiuj devias de tiuj troveblaj en PIV, ni ŝanĝis ilin al la PIV-aj formoj, ekz. HimalajojBU (ĉe Butler plurale) al HimalajoPIV (en PIV en singularo), UralojBU al UraloPIV. Simile: FiĵimontoBUFuĵimontoPIV.


Akonkagvo

Aleganoj

Alpoj

Andoj

Apeninoj

Ardenoj

Balkanoj

Blanka Monto

Dolomitoj

Etno

Everesto

Fuĵimonto

Himalajo

Hindukuŝo

Karpatoj

Kaŭkazoj

Kilimanĵaro

Neĝa montaro

Peninoj

Pireneoj

Roka montaro

Strombolo

Uralo

Vesuvo



Alternatives: Uralo; Uralaj montoj; Urala montaro; k.s.



HYDRONYMS



Noto 2014: Hidronimoj (nomoj de lagoj, riveroj, maroj, oceanoj k.t.p.) ofte konsistas el du elementoj. Ĝenerala vorto indikas la specon de akvoaglomeraĵo (ekz. “maro”), atributo, pri kiu konkreta – ekz. – “maro” temas. Butler skribis la klasoindikan vorton minuskle, ekz. Arkta maro, Balta maro, Blanka maro. La nuntempa uzo preferas skribi ambaŭ elementojn majuskle, ĉar ili kune formas la propran nomon, do Arkta Maro, Balta Maro, Blanka Maro. Ni rekomendas sekvi tiun uzon kaj adaptis la liston laŭe.





LAKES


Bajkalo

Ĉad(lag)o

Kaspia Maro

Konstanca Lago

Lago de Kvar Kantonoj

Lemano (Ĝeneva Lago)

Morta Maro

Njasa Lago

Tanganjika Lago

Viktoria Lago


RIVERS


Amazono

Amuro

Danubo

Don(river)o

Dvino

Elbo

Eŭfrato

Gangeso

Induso

Janceo

Jordan(river)o

Kongo(rivero)

Makenzo

Misisipo

Misuro

Niagaro

Nigero

Nilo

Poo (Eridano)

Rejno

Rodano (Rhône)

Sejno

Tamizo

Tibero

Tigriso

Vistulo

Volgo

Zambezo


SEAS, OCEANS, etc.


Adria Maro

Atlanta Oceano

Arkta Maro

Balta Maro

Blanka Maro

Beringa Maro

Dardaneloj

Egea Maro

Flava Maro

Hinda Oceano

Japana Maro

Karibea Maro

Magelana Markolo

Malaja Maro

Manik(a Markol)o.

Mediteraneo

Nigra Maro

Norda Maro

Pac(if)a Oceano

Panama Kanalo

Ruĝa Maro

Sueza Kanalo




CITIES AND TOWNS


The inhabitants are -anoj: Pariz-o, Parizanoj.


Noto 2014: 1 Butler skribas formojn kun fremdlinga San (“sankta”) en unu vorto: Sandomingo, Sanfrancisko k.t.p. PIV 2005 disigas la vortpartojn laŭ la modelo San-Domingo, San-Francisko k.t.p. Simile Riodeĵanejro de Butler laŭ PIV estu Rio-de-Ĵanejro, TelavivoBUTel-AvivoPIV, k.t.p. Ĉar tiuj formoj faciligas la rekonon, ni adaptis ilin al la uzo registrita en PIV.

2 Kelkajn formojn kun –ĥ– ni ŝanĝis al la nuntempe preferata uzo kun –k– (Munkeno, Zuriko).



Adelajdo

Aleksandrio

Alĝero

Amsterdamo

Antverpeno

Ateno

Aŭklando

Bagdado

Baltimoro

Bankoko

Barcelono

Bazelo (Basel)

Bejruto

Belfasto

Belgrado

Berlino

Bilbao

Birminhamo

Bjalistoko

Bombajo (nun: Mumbajo)

Bonajro

Bonno

Bordozo

Bostono

Brazilio

Bremeno

Bresto

Brisbano

Bristolo

Bruĝo

Brunsvigo

Bruselo

Budapesto

Bukareŝto

Bulonjo

Bombajo

Bonaero

Ĉestro ĉikago

Damasko

Dancigo

Delio

Detrojto

Dijono

Dovro

Dresdeno

Dublino

Durbano

Edinburgo

Filadelfio

Florenco

Frankfurto

Gibraltaro

Glasgovo

Granado

Grenoblo

Grenviĉo

Ĝakarto

Ĝenevo

Ĝenovo (Genoa)

Ĝorĝtaŭno

Hago

Hamburgo

Hanovro

Harbino

Harogato

Havano

Havro

Helsinko

Hobarto

Holivudo

Honkongo

Istanbulo

Jerusalemo (ant.)

Jokohamo

Johanesburgo

Jorko

Kabulo

Kaburbo

Kadizo

Kajro

Kalezo

Kalkuto (nun: Kolkato)

Kanbero

Kantono

Karaĉio

Kardifo

Kartumo

Kebeko

Kembriĝo

Kievo (a. Kijivo)

Kinstono

Kioto

Klevlando

Kobeo

Kolonjo

Kolombo

Kopenhago

Kordovo

Korinto

Krakovo

Kvala Lumpuro

Lahoro

Lankastro

Lasao

Lieĝo

Limao

Limoĝo

Liono

Lisbono

Liverpolo

Livorno (Leghorn)

Londono

Losanĝelo

Madraso

Madrido

Manĉestro

Manilo

Marsejlo

Meko

Melburno

Miĉigano

Milano

Milvokio

Montekarlo

Montevideo

Montrealo

Moskvo

Munkeno (Munich)

Nagasako

Nagojo

Nairobo

Nankingo

Napolo

Nico

Nov-Delio

Nov-Jorko

Nov-Orleano

Nurenbergo

Odeso

Oksfordo

Orleano

Osako

Oslo

Otavo

Padovo (Padua)

Palermo

Parizo

Parmo

Pekino

Pitsburgo

Pizo

Pompeo

Porto (Oporto)

Portarturo

Portospeno

Portsajdo

Prago

Pretorio

Ranguno

Ravalpindo

Recifo

Rejkaviko

Riodeĵanejro

Rigo

Romo

Roterdamo

Salsburio

Salvadoro

San-Domingo

San-Francisko

San-Luiso

San-Paŭlo

San-Remo

San-Sebastiano (a. Donostio [eŭske])

San-Stefano

Santiago

Sidneo

Singaporo

Sirakuzo

Smirno

Sofio

Stokholmo

Strasburgo

Suezo

Ŝanhajo

Tanĝero

Teherano (a.: Tehrano)

Tel-Avivo

Tifliso

Tokio

Toledo

Tonkino

Torino (Turin)

Toronto

Trento

Triesto

Tripoliso

Tulono

Tuluzo

Tunizo

Upsalo

Valparaiso

Vankuvro

Varsovio

Vaŝintono

Velintono

Venecio

Verakruco

Verono

Versajlo

Vieno

Vilno

Vinipego

Vladivostoko

Zagrebo

Zuriko (a.: Zuriĥo)



Rim.: A land and its capital with the same name maybe distinguished thus: Meksiko, Mexico; Meksikurbo, Mexico city; Brazilo, Brazil; Brazilurbo (or Brazilio), Brazilia. Similarly: Aden(urb)o, Kuvajt(urb)o, Luksemburg(urb)o; Panam(urb)o; Singapur(urb)o. ➞ Kongolando, Kongorivero.

Rim.: When the meaning is clear from the context, the endings -insulo, -lago, -monto, -rivero, -urbo, may often be omitted.


PERSONAL NAMES


These are generally assimilated, and (as nouns) end with -o: Petro, Tomaso, Rozo. But one may also use a national form unchanged; Peter, Tom, Rose; especially when, as in a translation, they give local colour. The use of Johano does not bar the use of John, Jan, Jean, Johann, Ivan, Ian, Janis … where wished, as non-Esperanto names.

Rim.: Z. sometimes used assimilated forms: Josuo, Moseo, Salomono. Sometimes unassimilated transcriptions: Aaron, Amos, Esav, Ester, Habel, Ijob; Elija, Eliŝa, Ezra, Jehu, Jona, Manase. Noa, Omri, Vaŝti. With the latter he formed the accusative by adding -on to a consonant (Esavon, Habelon, Hamanon); and -n to a vowel (Elijan, Jehun, Omriri). In quotations from the Bible the Biblical name should be used: (Moseo, Naomi; not Moiso, Noemi).

Rim.: The innumerable variants possible with -ĉj and -nj are omitted.

Rim.: No attempt has been made to list non-European names.



Bartolomeo

Bazilo

Benedikto

Benjameno

Bernardo

Bertrando

Cecilo

Cirilo

Danielo

Denizo

Donaldo

Duglaso

Edgaro

Edmundo

Emanuelo

Emilo

Eriko

Ernesto

Eŭgeno

Evelino

Eŭstaco

Felikso

Ferdinando

Filipo

Francisko

Frederiko

Gabrielo

Gaspardo

Gastono

Georgo

Gerardo

Gideono

Gilberto

Godfredo

Gregoro

Guido

Gustavo

Ĝeraldo

Ĝilo

Haroldo

Hektoro

Henriko

Herberto

Hermano

Hilario

Horaco

Huberto

Hugo

Humberto

Ivo

Izidoro

Jakobo

Jeremio

Jeromo

Jesuo

Johano

Josuo

Jozefo

Julo

Kar(o)lo

Keneto

Klarenco

Klaŭdo

Klemento

Konrado

Kristoforo

Lamberto

Lanceloto

Laŭrenco

Leonardo

Leopoldo

Ludoviko

Luko

Makso

Malkolmo

Manuelo

Marcelo

Marko

Marteno

Mateo

Maŭrico

Mikaelo

Natano

Nigelo

Nikodemo

Nikolao

Normano

Olivero

Oskaro

Osvaldo

Otto

Patriko

Paŭlo

Percevalo

Petro

Rafaelo

Rajmondo

Ralfo

Reĝinaldo

Rikardo

Roberto

Roĝero

Rolando

Ronaldo

Rudolfo

Samuelo

Sebastiano

Serĝo

Sidneo

Sigismundo

Simeono

Simono

Silvestro

Stanislao

Stanleo

Stefano

Teobaldo

Teodoro

Teofilo

Terenco

Timoteo

Tomaso

Urbano

Valeriano

Valenteno

Valtero

Viktoro

Vilfredo

Vilhelmo

Vincento



FEMININE NAMES


There is no need to Esperantize every name. Names may be unassimilated (e.g., Dorcas, Myfanwy). If names are assimilated, they end with -o, as nouns. Many often end with -a Elza, (Klara, Nora, Olga), unassimilated. In the list below some may end either way. There is no rule on the matter.

Rim.: Some masc. and fem. similar names may be differentiated by -o, ~a, respectively. E.g., Denizo, Deniza; Eriko, Erika; Evelin-o, -a; Gabriel-o, -a; Korneli-o, -a; Marcel-o, -a; Tedor-o, -a. Juliuso, Julius, Julio, Julia. Mariuso, Marius; Mario, Mary. The form Maria is usual for the Virgin Mary.

Rim.: Some fem. names may be formed from the masculine by -ino, thus: Anton-ino, Deniz-ino, Emil-ino, Ernest-ino, Gerald-ino, Johan-ino, Jozef-ino, Kar(o)l-ino, Klaŭd-ino, Klement-ino, Krist-ino, Ludovik-ino, Paŭl-ino, Tomas-ino, Viktor-ino, Vilhelm-ino.



Adelo

Adelino

Agato

Agneso

Alico

Amalio

Amelio

Amio

Anabelo

Arabelo

Anĝelino

Anio (Anno)

Beatrico

Belindo

Brendo

Brigito

Cecilio

Cintio

Ĉarloto

Dafneo

Diano

Dianto

Doriso

Doroteo

Edito

Eleonoro

Elizo

Aprilo

Aŭdreo

Barb(a)ro

Elizabeto

Esper(in)o

Etelo

Fanjo

Feliĉo

Filiso

Filomeno

Floro

Florenco

Gertrudo

Gladiso

Greto

Grizeldo

Graco

Gvendolino

Ĝojo

Hedvigo

(H)eleno

Helmo

Henrieto

Hermiono

Hiacinto

Hildo

Hortenso

Ireneo

Iriso

Irmo

Izabelo

Jakelino

Jasmeno

Jocelino

Judito

Juli(et)o

Junio

Kamelio

Karmeno

Katerrno

Katlino

Klorindo

Kolombino

Kordelio

Laŭro

Leonoro

Lidio

Lilio

Liliano

Lucio

Lacilo

Luizo

Mabelo

Magdaleno

Majo

Margareto

Mario

Mariano

Matildo

Maviso

Melanio

Milicento

Mirando

Moniko

Natalio

Neĝero

Odeto

Ofelio

Olivo

Pamelo

Penelopeo

Perlo

Primolo

Prudento

Raĥelo

Reĝino

Rozo

Rozalio

Rozalindo

Rozamundo

Sibilo

Silvio

Stefanio

Stelo

Sunfloro

Suzano

Terezo

Ursulo

Valerio

Veroniko

Viktorio

Vinifredo

Viol(et)o

Virginio


HISTORICAL NAMES





Aleksandro

Aristofano

Aristotelo

Arkimedo

Atanazio

Atilo

Baĥo (J.S.)

Bonaparto

Budho

Cezaro

Cicerono

Ciro

Damoklo

Danto

Darvino

Demosteno

Diogeno

Epikteto

Epikuro

Erasmo

Eŭklido

Ezopo

Galileo

Gutenbergo

Hanibalo

Herodoto

Herostrato

Hipokrato

Homero

Horacio

Juliano

Juvenalo

Kalvino

Kartezio

Katono

Katulo

Kleopatro

Konfuceo

Koperniko

Krezo

Krizostomo

Kromvelo

Kserkso

Lutero

Mahometo

Makiavelo

Maltuso

Mark-Aŭrelio

Mendelo

Mikaelanĝelo

Miltono

Moliero

Moseo

Napoleono

Nerono

Neŭtono

Omaro

Origeno

Ovidio

Periklo

Petrarko

Pindaro

Pitagoro

Platono

Plinio

Plutarko

Rembranto

Seneko

Sofoklo

Sokrato

Ŝekspiro

Ŝilero

Tacito

Temistoklo

Tertuliano

Tolstojo

Trajano

Virgilio

Voltero

Zoroastro





MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES





Adoniso

Ajakso

Antigono

Afrodito

Apolono

Arguso

Artemiso (Diano)

Asklepio

Atlaso

Ganimedo

Bakuso

Hebo

Cereso

Hektoro

Ciklopo

Herkulo

Eneo

Hermeso

Eroso

Ikaro

Febo

Ifigenio

Filomelo

Iziso

Junono

Jupitero

Kupido

Marso

Meduzo

Megero

Mentoro

Merkuro

Midaso

Minervo

Morfeo

Narciso

Nemezo

Neptuno

Nestoro

Odiseo

Oziriso

Pajno (Pan)

Pandoro

Parcoj (Fates)

Pegazo

Perseo

Persefono

Priamo

Prokrusto

Prometeo

Prozerpino

Pigmaliono

Remo

Romulo

Saturno

Sizifo

Stentoro

Tantalo

Terpsikoro

Tritono

Venuso

Vulkano

Zefiro

Zeŭso



ASTRONOMICAL NAMES





Constellations Zodiacal


(vir) Ŝafo

(vir) Bovo

Gemeloj

Kankro

Leono

Virgulino

Pesilo

Skorpio

(sag) Pafisto

Kaprikorno

(akvo) Verŝisto

Fiŝoj


Others


Amdromedo

Cigno

Ĉaristo

Delfeno

Drako

Herkulo

Hundo

Hundeto

Kasiopeo

Krono

Leporo

Liro

Oriono

Pegazo

Perseo

Sago

Serpento

(Suda) Kruco

Urs(in)o

Urseto

Stars

Alciono

Aldebarano

Algolo

Antareso

Arkturo

Betelĝuzo

Denebolo

Fomalhaŭto

Hijadoj

Kapelo

Kastoro

Miro

Plejadoj

Polusa stelo

Polukso

Prociono

Regulo

Rigelo

Siriuso

Spiko

Vego


Planets


Merkuro

Venuso

Marso

Planedetoj

Jupitero

Saturno

Urano

Neptuno

Plutono



ADDENDUM


At the present moment (Spring, 1967), the Academy is considering the publication of an OKA OFICIALA ALDONO of some 150 words. Probably all are in this volume, though [without the mark “[OA 8]”. …].


Noto 2014: OA 8, anoncita de Butler en la “Addendum” en printempo 1967, fine aperis en 1974 (!). Prave li antaŭvidis, ke ĝi enhavas nenion, kio ne jam troviĝas en lia vortaro. La indikojn “[OA 8]” ni aldonis por tiu prilaborita eldono.






Verkoj de la sama prilaborinto (selekto)



Berlina Komentario pri la Vortaro Oficiala de Esperanto [BK] – Ĉiuj vortelementoj en Fundamento kaj Oficialaj Aldonoj klarigitaj per komentoj. Berlino: Aŭtoro 2014.


Kabe. Vortaro de Esperanto. Senŝanĝa represo de la eldono 1910 Kun enkonduko kaj komentoj. Berlino: Prilaborinto 2013.


Berlina Komentita Bibliografio de Vortaroj kaj Terminaroj de Esperanto [BKB] – en preparo; kunlaboremuloj povas peti malneton per la adreso notita sur p. 2.



Butler, Esperanto – English Dictionary, 1967


Ankaŭ post preskaŭ 50 jaroj, la vortaro Esperanto-Angla de Butler (1967) daŭre meritas oftan konsultadon, eĉ fare de Esperantistoj, kiuj ne aŭ ne bone regas la anglan. Ĝis en nia epoko la vortaro elstaras pro sia „klasikeco“ bazita ĉefe sur la verkaro de Zamenhof (ofte precize citita) kaj la multaj sinonimoj, kiuj faras ĝin kvazaŭ tezaŭro. Ĉe bazaj vortoj kiel "levi", "preni", "ĵeti" k.t.p. oni facile trovas 20 ĝis 30 kunmetaĵojn kaj derivaĵojn apud la baza radiko, krome aregon de vortoj, kiujn oni kutime kombinas kun ili, same kiel abundo de referencoj al simil aŭ kontraŭsencaj vortoj (sinonimoj kaj antonimoj).

Ĉi tiu prilaborita eldono celas ebligi perkomputilan konsultadon de la klasikulo. Ĝi donas unuajn indikojn pri la lingvoevoluo de Esperanto dum la lasta duona jarcento.





[1] See full discussion in The British Esperantist, 1944, 118; and 1950, 177-178, 186-188.

[2] See full discussion in The British Esperantist, 1951, 52-53, 77-78, 100-101.

[3] Compare azen, delfen, ermen, frakseti, gelaten, ingven, jasmen, platen, rosmaren, sukcen; OA floren, palanken; unofficial abdomen, bukcen, frankolen, gramen, gluten, kartaben, kardamen, marĝen, miksen, pingven, traken.

[4] Compare F artikol, fenkol, kukol, lupol, muskol, orakol, pendol, pilol, pirol, popol, primol, ranunkol, regol, skapol, skrofol, titol, tremol; OA garol, medol, tegol; and unofficial ampol, drakunkol, forfikol, galbol, galinol, kampanol, krasol, mergol, mimol, strangol, tinunkol, tipol; with OA kalendul, konvolvul. (Compare I. convoholo, luppolo, ranuncolo). Z. used forfikul, kampanul, mergul; but both aŭrikol and aŭrikul; asperol and asperul.

[5] Compare F fringel, makzel, mirtel, pastel, zizel; with F angil, kamomil, kariofil, koĉenil; and OA mespil.

[6] Nove enkonduktia de BP en 2014.